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Green, Jeremy James. "Taguchi methods in internal combustion engine optimisation." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52475.
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Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Statistical experimental design techniques are powerful tools that are often approached with suspicion and apprehension by experimenters. The trend is to avoid any statistically structured and designed experimentation program, and to rather use the traditional method of following ones "gut feel". This approach, more often than not, will supply a satisfactory solution, but there is so much more information availablefor the same amount of effort. This thesis strives to outline the method and application of the Taguchi methodology of experimental design. The Taguchi method is a practical, statistical experimental design technique that does not rely on the designer's knowledge of the complex statistics typicallyneeded to design experimental programs, a fact that tends to exclude design of experiments from the averageengineers' toolbox. The essence of the statistical design of experiments is this: The traditional method of varying one variable at a time and investigating its effect on an output is no longer sufficient. Instead all the input variables are varied at the same time in a structured manner. The output trends resulting from each input variable are then statisticallyextracted from the data in the midst of the variation. Taguchi method achieves this by designing experiments where every level of every input variable occurs an equal number of times with every level of every other input variable. The experimental designs are represented in orthogonal arrays that are chosen and populated by the experimenter by following a simple procedure. Four case studies are worked through in this text and, where possible, compared to the "traditional" approach to the same problem. The case studies show the additional information and time savings availablewith the Taguchi method, as well as clearlyindicating the importance of using a stable system on which to do the experiments. The Taguchi method generated more information in fewer experiments than the traditional approaches as well as allowing analysis of problems too complex to analysewithout a statisticaldesign of the experimentation procedure.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Statistiese eksperimentele ontwerptegnieke is besonder kragtige instrumente wat baie keer met agterdog deur ekspermenteerders beheen word. Die neiging is om enige statistiese gestruktureerde and ontwerpte eksperimentele program te vermy, en om liewer die tradisionele metode, wat op 'n mens se intuïsie staatmaak, te gebruik. Hierdie benadering sal baie keer 'n bevredigende oplossing gee, maar daar is veel meer inligting vir dieselfde hoeveelheid inspanning verkrygbaar, wanneer die Taguchimetode gebruik word. Hierdie tesis strewe om die metode en toepassing van die Taguchimetodologie van eksperimentele ontwerp voor te lê. Die Taguchimetode is 'n praktiese statistiese eksperimentele ontwerptegniek .wat nie op die ontwerper se kennis van komplekse statistiek om eksperimentele programme te ontwerp berus nie. Hierdie komplekse statistiek neig ook om eksperimentele ontwerp van die gemiddelde ingenieursvaardigehede uit te sluit. Die kern van statistiese eksperimentele ontwerp is die volgende: Die tradisionele metode van een veranderlike op 'n slag te varieer om die effek op die uitset te ondersoek, is onvoldoende. In plaas daarvan, word al die insetveranderlikes gelyktydig gevarieer in 'n gestruktureered manier. Die neigings van elke veranderlike is dan statisties ontleed van die data ten midde van die variasie van al die ander veranderlikes. Die Taguchimetode bereik die ontwerpte eksperimente deur elke vlak van elke insetveranderlik in 'n gelyke aantal keer met elke vlak van elke ander insetveranderlike te varieer. Hierdie is verteenwoordig deur ortogenale reekse wat gekies en gevul is deur 'n eenvoudige wisselpatroon te volg. Vier gevallestudies is deurgewerk en, waar moontlik, vergelyk met die tradisonele siening van dieselfde probleem. Die gevallestudies wys hoe toereikbaar die additionele inligting in die Taguchimethode toepassings is. Hulle beklemtoon ook die belangrikheid van 'n stabiele sisteem waarop die eksperimente berus. Die Taguchimetode het meer inligting verskaf met minder eksperimente as die tradisionele toenaderings, en ook toegelaat dat die analise van probleme, te kompleks om te analiseer sonder om 'n statistiese ontwerp van eksperimentele prosedure te volg, opgelos kon word.
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Greenman, Matthew David. "Design and construction of a miniature internal combustion engine." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10829.
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Van, Vuuren Christiaan Michael. "Modelling of internal combustion engine intake and exhaust processes." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52343.
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Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is concerned with unsteady, one-dimensional flow, which closely mimics those found in the manifolds of internal combustion engines. The physical equations describing problems of this nature are presented and some of the important concepts introduced. These equations and concepts were verified by comparison to published results. The Method of Characteristics (MaC) for unsteady one-dimensional flow with friction and heat transfer was used to analyse the gas flow through the inlet and exhaust systems of an engine. The theoretical derivation of unsteady gas dynamic boundary conditions is presented and the integration with the unsteady pipe flow explained. A simulation flow model was developed to analyse the flow by using the Mae. Thisflow model was then incorporated into an engine simulation program, ESA,to simulate internal combustion engines and to predict the performance of a specific engine. A cam-profile model and an in-cylinder thermodynamic model are used to complete the ESAsoftware. Experimental work was done on a modified Nissan Z24/NA20 engine to evaluate the simulation model. The manifolds of the Nissan Z24/NA20 were modified to isolate one of the cylinders for a proper single cylinder model. More experimental work was done on a Volkswagen 1.6£ 8-valve and a 1.6£ 20-valve engine to obtain performance data on two inlet manifolds developed using the ESAsoftware. Performance data and pressure traces in the inlet manifold of the Nissan Z24/NA20 were recorded for comparison with the ESA software. Good correspondence was found between tested and modelled data and the differences varied between ±5% on engine performance data and pressure wave frequency predictions, and ± 10% on pressure pulse amplitudes.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis handeloor bestendige, eendimensionele vloei, wat die gasvloei in spruitstukke van binnebrandenjins naboots. Die nodige vergelykings wat hierdie tipe probleme beskryf asook van die belangrikste konsepte, word bespreek. Hierdie vergelykings en konsepte is met behulp van gepubliseerde data geverifieer. Die Metode van Karakteristieke (MVK) vir bestendige, eendimensionle vloei met wrywing en warmte oordrag, is gebruik om die gasvloei deur inlaat en uitlaat sisteme van 'n enjin te analiseer. Die teoretiese afleiding van bestendige gasdinamiese randvoorwaardes asook hul integrasie met die bestendige pypvloei, word verduidelik. 'n Simulasie vloeimodel is ontwikkelom die vloei met behulp van die metode van karakteristieke te analiseer. Hierdie vloeimodel is deel van 'n omvattende enjinsimulasie program, ESA. Dit word gebruik om binnebrandenjins te simuleer en enjinwerkverrigting te voorspel. 'n Nokprofielmodel en 'n termodinamiese ontbrandingsmodel word gebruik om die enjinsimulasie program af te rond. Eksperimentele toetse op 'n gemodifiseerde Nissan Z24/NA20 enjin is gebruik om die simulasie model te evalueer. Die spruitstukke van die Nissan Z24/NA20 is aangepas om een van die silinders te isoleer om so 'n geskikte enkelsilindermodel te skep. Verdere eksperimentele toetse is gedoen op Volkswagen 1.6£8- klep en 1.6£ 20-klep enjins. Werkverrigtingsdata is verkry op twee nuwe inlaatspruitstukke wat met behulp van die ESAsagteware ontwerp is. Werkverrigtingsdata en drukverdelingsdata in die inlaatspruitstuk van die Nissan Z24/NA20is aangeteken om te vergelyk met die resultate van die ESAsagteware. Goeie ooreenstemming is verkry tussen toets- en gemoduleerde data. Die verskille varieer tussen ±5% op enjin werkverrigtingsdata en drukpulsfrekwensie voorspellings, en ± 10%op drukpuls-amplitudes.
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Ismail, Fareed. "Variable Stroke Crank Shaft for an Internal Combustion Engine." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1279.
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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Technology in Mechanical Engineering
in the Faculty of Engineering
at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012Our planet is continuously being depleted of its natural resources leading to a need to conserve energy and the environment. One of the major energy consumers is the conventional internal combustion engine. Many attempts have been made to make these conventional internal combustion engines more efficient focussing mostly on the combustion side of the engine. The focus of this study is on the modification of the reciprocating and rotating components of the sub-assembly of a conventional internal combustion engine. An in-depth review was carried out on the fundamentals of spark ignition internal combustion engines and savings on fuel consumptions. A prototype single piston internal combustion engine was developed that can adjust its stroke length. Lengthening or shortening the stroke and simultaneously extending or retracting the connecting rod’s travel distance, allows the internal combustion engine to function very efficiently consequently reducing the free space between the piston and cylinder head at TDC position. This allows the internal combustion engine to alter its power capability on demand whilst maintaining relatively high compression efficiency. The method of altering the stroke length is achieved by manipulating gears situated internally and externally of the engine sub-assembly. The control of these eccentric gears lowers or lifts the crankshaft in a radial motion. The eccentrics also control the automatic extension or retraction of the connecting rod’s travel distance. The externally concentric gears control the mechanism that allows the internal combustion engine to change its capacity easily as adapted for automation. This study does not extend into the automation issues of the external mechanism. The prototype engine that was built could not endure vigorous testing and it failed after running for a short while. The primary focus had been on the kinematics of the engine mechanism – and to show whether the idea was feasible. The engine passed the kinematics test but failed possibly due to dynamic loads. Investigating this requires measuring instantaneous temperatures from which peak pressures can be deduced. This was not done because it was outside the scope of the project.
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Rangarajan, Bharadwaj. "Robust concurrent design of automobile engine lubricated components." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/18897.
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Blomgren, Niklas. "Decoupled Design of Auxiliary Systems for Internal Combustion Engines." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fluida och mekatroniska system, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-123991.
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This thesis investigated if decoupled design of the air intake and exhaust systems for four-stroke internal combustion engines is possible. Using the information found design guidelines were set up for the formula student team ELiTH Racing. The literature study revealed that the systems are not uncoupled, and the inuence of exhaust geometry on air intake behavior needed more thorough investigation. Experiments were designed, using a single cylinder engine with simple intake and exhaust geometries. The tests were attempted, but had to be abandoned due to time constraints. Successful tests would have yielded results in the form of pressure measurements, froma Prandtl-tube, in the air intake, and footage of smoke tests. As a secondary task the potential of computer simulations during the design process was investigated, which yielded a suggestion on how to set up a complete reasonable computational model of the systems. This also resulted in that the design guidelines included how to use computer simulations for the design process. Finally a few ways to expand this work are presented.
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Stewart, Marcus Clayton. "Design and analysis of a variable-compression, ratio internal-combustion engine : the Alvar engine concept." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43419.
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Erling, Fredrik. "Static CFD analysis of a novel valve design for internal combustion engines." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för Informationsvetenskap, Data– och Elektroteknik (IDE), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-15521.
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In this work CFD was used to simulate the flow through a novel valve design for internal combustion engines. CFD is numerical method for simulating the behaviour of systems involving flow processes. A FEM was used for solving the equations. Literature on the topic was studied to gain an understanding of the performance limiters on the Internal combustion engine. This understanding was used to set up models that better would mimic physical phenomena compared to previous studies. The models gave plausible results as to fluid velocities and in-cylinder flow patterns. Comsol Multiphysics 4.1 was used for the computations.
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Cakmak, Nevzat. "Design, Construction And Testing Of A Computerized Ignition Circuit For An Internal Combustion Engine." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614739/index.pdf.
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In this study, an ignition unit was designed and constructed for a new design engine with eight cylinders and sixteen pistons. The ignition coils with two high voltage outputs were used to ignite sixteen spark plugs on the system. They were driven by PIC16F628A based igniter circuits triggered with digital signals. The igniter circuits receive ignition signals in a square wave form from a main control circuitthey open or close primary voltage of the induction coils to ignite spark plugs. This main control circuit is based on PIC16F877A
and there are two of them. The duty of main control circuit is to determine ignition advance according to engine speed and cooling water temperature, and send proper ignition signals to the igniter circuits. This main control circuit receives engine speed from the other main circuit (secondary control circuit) with serial communication and reads cooling water temperature and then it reads advance value from external eeprom memory according to engine speed and temperature. The main control circuit receives cylinder position signals from the secondary control circuit and adds advance value on them to form ignition timing signals which triggers igniter circuits. The secondary control circuit reads engine speed and determines cylinder positions with two magnetic pick-ups and LM2907 circuits on a gear wheel. This gear wheel was used to simulate disks on the crank shaft of the cars, and driven with an electric motor. The ignition unit was tested for different engine speeds, and its proper working was proved.
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Van, der Westhuizen H. J. "Computational and experimental investigation of chamber design and combustion process interaction in a spark ignition engine." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53334.
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Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The automotive industry in South Africa is expanding as a result of pressure on the world economy that forces vehicle manufacturers to outsouree work to developing countries. In order to add value to automotive engine development, the capability to perform state-of-the-art engineering must be developed in this country. Threedimensional fluid flow simulation is one such area and is being developed in this study in order to enhance the ability to develop combustion systems. Another capability being developed at the University of Stellenbosch is the simulation of valve train dynamics. It was realised that there is a lack of research results of in-cylinder flow characteristics and how they influence combustion chamber processes. This project focuses on the investigation of two different combustion chamber geometries and how they influence the flow and combustion processes in two different combustion chambers. The aim is to gain a better understanding of combustion chamber flow as an indirect result from comparing the flow in two fundamentally different engines under similar operating conditions. The difference in the engines is that one was developed for reduced exhaust gas emissions while the other was developed to achieve high performance. The numerical simulation capability is developed in the process of achieving this goal. To achieve the above-mentioned aim, a literature study was performed on the different combustion chamber flow characteristics and how they are influenced by different configurations. An experimental method of measuring combustion characteristics is studied in order to establish the ability to perform the latter. Theory of numerical flow simulation is also studied with this same goal in mind. Experimental testing is performed and combustion analysis is done on the results. In conjunction to the experimental work, numerical flow simulations are performed on the two different combustion chambers. The results from experimental testing and numerical simulations have shown that obstructions in the flow into the combustion chamber, together with a port configuration that cause flow around the longitudinal axis of the cylinder, increases the rate at which fuel burns in the combustion chamber and thereby reduce the production of toxic emissions from the engine. The study also proved that reducing resistance to flow increases the amount of air that is breathed by the engine and thereby results in increased torque generation. Through this study, opportunities for further research are identified. The results of the study can be used when new combustion systems are developed, especially in the light of ongoing tightening of emission regulations. The contribution to numerical flow simulation capabilities developed in this study add value to the ability to develop new combustion systems in the future, especially when complimented by some of the further research topics identified.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die motorbedryf in Suid-Afrika is besig om vinnig te ontwikkel as direkte gevolg van druk op die wêreldekonomie wat internasionale motorvervaardigers forseer om werk na ontwikkelende lande uit te kontrakteer. Hoogs gesofistikeerde ingenieurstegnieke moet ontwikkel word in Suid-Afrika met die doelom waarde toe te voeg aan enjin ontwikkeling. Drie-dimensionele vloei simulasie is een van hierdie vermoëns en word tydens hierdie studie ontwikkelom die verbrandingstelsel ontwikkelings-vaardighede te bevorder. Nog 'n vaardigheid wat tans ontwikkel word aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch is die vermoë om nok-en-klepstelsel dinamika te simuleer. Daar bestaan egter 'n leemte in navorsingsresultate van vloei eienskappe binne in die verbrandingsruim en hoe dit verbrandingsruim prosesse beïnvloed. Die projek fokus dus op 'n ondersoek van twee verskillende geometriese konfigurasies van die verbrandingsruim en hoe dit die vloei- en verbrandingsprosesse in die twee konfigurasies beïnvloed. Die doel is om 'n beter begrip te ontwikkel van verbrandingsruim prosesse as 'n indirekte gevolg van die vergelyking tussen twee fundamenteel verskillende enjins onder eenderse bedryfstoestande. Die verkil tussen die twee enjins is dat een ontwikkel is met die doelop verlaagde uitlaatgas emmissies en die ander ontwikkel is om verbeterde werkverrigting. Die numeriese simulasie vermoë is ontwikkel in die proses om die doel te bereik. Om bogenoemde doel te bereik is 'n literatuurstudie gedoen wat verskillende vloeieienskappe in die verbrandingsruim ondersoek, asook hoe dit deur verskillende konfigurasies beïnvloed word. 'n Eksperimentele metode III die bepaling van verbrandingseienskappe is ook bestudeer met die doelom laasgenoemde uit te voer. Teorie aangaande numeriese vloei simulasie is ook bestudeer met bogenoemde doel. Eksperimentele toetse is gedoen en verbrandingsanalise uitgevoer op die resultate. In kombinasie met die eksperimentale werk is numeriese simulasies van die prosesse in die twee verbrandingsruim konfigurasies uitgevoer. Die resultate van die eksperimentele toetse en numeriese simulasies toon dat obstruksies in die vloei na die verbrandingsruim, gesamentlik met die poort konfigurasie wat veroorsaak dat lug om die longitudinale as van die silinder vloei, die tempo waarteen die lug-brandstof mengsel verbrand verhoog en sodoende die vrystelling van skadelike uitlaatgasse na die atmosfeer verminder. Die studie het ook getoon dat die vermindering van weerstand teen vloei, die hoeveelheid lug wat in die verbrandingsruim invloei vermeerder en sodoende die wringkrag wat deur die enjin gelewer word verhoog. Deur die studie is verdere navorsingsgeleenthede uitgewys. Die resultate van die studie kan gebruik word in die ontwikkeling van nuwe verbrandingstelsels, veral in die lig van verstrengende regulasies rakende uitlaatgas emmissies. Die bydrae tot numeriese vloei simulasie vermoëns ontwikkel in hierdie studie voeg waarde toe tot die vermoë om nuwe verbrandingstelsels te ontwikkel, veral wanneer dit gekomplimenteer word met van die verdere navorsingsonderwerpe wat geïdentifiseer is.
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Lauden, Jonathan W. "Experimental Engine Characterization for Spring Design of Novel Automotive Starter." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1366717912.
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Tessaro, Ioannes Paulus Bohn. "Caracterização da geometria e do funcionamento do conceito do motor rotativo de palhetas." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/142841.
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O conceito de um motor rotativo de palhetas é apresentado e o modelo que opera similar aos motores recíprocos dois tempos é analisado. Este motor é formado por estator cilíndrico, rotor descentralizado, palhetas radiais e tampas laterais, similar aos compressores de palhetas radiais. Parâmetros geométricos estão definidos para que o motor possua características similares a dois motores recíprocos comerciais igualmente modelados. Suas geometrias estão detalhadas, assim como a modelagem termodinâmica e suas hipóteses, as quais devido ao caráter comparativo do trabalho não têm grande influência no alcance dos objetivos. Em relação aos motores recíprocos, o novo conceito prospecta algumas vantagens: maior compacidade; menor nível de vibrações; maior facilidade de alteração da razão de compressão; possibilidade de produção e montagem em módulos; e devido a todas estas, as maiores possibilidades para o projeto, fabricação, montagem e operação dos motores. Para melhor entendimento de algumas tendências relativas a estas vantagens, a sensibilidade dos parâmetros geométricos é estudada, com variações nos diâmetros do estator e do rotor, na espessura do rotor e das palhetas, na excentricidade entre rotor e estator, e no número de palhetas do conceito. Este estudo demonstra características únicas do motor rotativo de palhetas, dentre elas, a variação da espessura do rotor se destaca por proporcionar a alteração do tamanho do motor sem modificar os demais aspectos. A excentricidade entre o rotor e estator demonstra grande potencial na capacidade de alterar a razão de compressão do equipamento, inclusive podendo ser modificada após a construção do motor ou até mesmo durante sua operação. Também se destaca o número de palhetas, o qual tem influência direta sobre a curva de torque do ciclo e a efetividade do posicionamento das janelas de admissão e exaustão. Com isto, é concluída a caracterização da geometria e do funcionamento do motor rotativo de palhetas, obtendo uma boa base para as próximas etapas de seu desenvolvimento.The concept of a rotary vane engine is presented and the model that operates similar to twostroke reciprocating engines is analyzed. This engine is formed by a cylindrical stator, decentralized rotor, radial vanes and side housing plates, similar to the radial vane compressors. Geometrical parameters are defined so that the motor has similar characteristics to two commercial reciprocating engines also modeled. Their geometries are detailed, as well as the thermodynamic model and its assumptions, which due to the comparative nature of the work do not have significant influence in achieving the objectives. With respect to reciprocating engines, the new concept is prospecting some advantages: higher compactness; lowest level of vibration; ease of adjustment of compression ratio; possibility of manufacture and assembly in modules; and due to all these, the numerous possibilities to the design, manufacture, assembly and operation of the engines. For a better understanding of some these advantages trends, the sensitivity of geometric parameters are studied, with variations in the diameters of the stator and rotor, in the thickness of the rotor and the vanes, in the eccentricity between rotor and stator, and in the number of vanes of the concept. This study demonstrates unique rotary vane engine characteristics, among them, the range of rotor thickness stands out for providing a change in engine size without changing other aspects. The eccentricity between the rotor and stator shows great potential for the ability to change the compression ratio of the equipment and can be modified even after the construction or even during operation of the engine. It also highlights the number of vanes, which has a direct influence on the torque curve of the cycle and the effectiveness of the positioning of inlet and exhaust ports. Therewith, the characterization of rotary vane engine geometry and operational design is complete, obtaining a good basis for its next development stages.
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Horler, Greg. "The design and use of a digital radio telemetry system for measuring internal combustion engine piston parameters." Thesis, De Montfort University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/10702.
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During the course of this project, a digital radio telemetry system has been designed and shown to be capable of measuring parameters from the piston of an internal combustion engine, under load. The impetus for the work stems from the need to sample the appropriate data required for oil degradation analysis and the unavailability of system to perform such sampling. The prototype system was designed for installation within a small Norton Villiers C-30 industrial engine. This choice of engine presented significant design challenges due to the small size of the engine (components and construction) and the crankcase environment. These challenges were manifest in the choice of carrier frequency, antenna size and location, modulation scheme, data encoding scheme, signal attenuation, error checking and correction, choice of components, manufacturing techniques and physical mounting to reciprocating parts. In order to overcome these challenges detailed analysis of the radio frequency spectrum was undertaken in order to minimise attenuation from mechanisms such as, absorption, reflection, motion, spatial arrangement and noise. Another aspect of the project concerned the development of a flexible modus operandi in order to facilitate a number of sampling regimes. In order to achieve such flexibility a two-way communication protocol was implemented enabling the sampling system to be programmed into a particular mode of operation, while in use. Additionally the system was designed to accommodate the range of signals output from most transducer devices. The sampling capabilities of the prototype system were extended by enabling the system to support multiple transducers providing a mixture of output signals; for example both analogue and digital signals have been sampled. Additionally, a facility to sample data in response to triggering stimuli has been tested; specifically a sampling trigger may be derived from the motion of the piston via an accelerometer. Ancillary components, such as interface hardware and software, have been developed which are suitable for the recording of data accessed by the system. This work has demonstrated that multi-transducer, mixed signal monitoring of piston parameters, (such as temperature, acceleration etc.) using a two-way, programmable, digital radio frequency telemetry system is not only possible but provides a means for more advanced instrumentation.
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Smedley, Grant 1978. "Piston ring design for reduced friction in modern internal combustion engines." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/27129.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (p. 113-115).
Piston ring friction losses account for approximately 20% of the total mechanical losses in modern internal combustion engines. A reduction in piston ring friction would therefore result in higher efficiency, lower fuel consumption and reduced emissions. The goal of this study was to develop low-friction piston ring designs to improve engine efficiency, without adversely affecting oil consumption, blowby, wear, or cost. These are desirable objectives for today's engine manufacturers as they strive to improve engine performance while trying to meet increasingly stringent emissions regulations. Using an existing piston ring friction and lubrication model, the main contributors to friction in modern internal combustion engines were identified as the top ring around top dead center of the compression/expansion strokes and the oil control ring throughout the engine cycle. Model predictions indicated that the top ring friction could be reduced by implementing a skewed barrel profile design or an upward piston groove tilt design, and oil control ring friction could be reduced by decreasing ring tension. An increase in groove wear was predicted to occur with the upward piston groove tilt design, which could be eliminated by the introduction of a positive static twist on the top ring. An increase in oil consumption was predicted to occur with the low-tension oil control ring design, which could be mitigated either by the introduction of a negative static twist on the second ring, or by the implementation of the skewed barrel top ring design. Model predictions indicated that by combining the low-friction designs, a reduction in piston ring pack friction of 30-35% could be achieved, without an increase in blowby, wear, or oil consumption.
(cont.) Experimental results conducted on a full-scale natural gas power generation engine supported the model predictions for the low-tension oil control ring design. The predicted reduction in piston ring friction would translate to a 0.5-1% increase in brake thermal efficiency, which would result in a significant improvement in fuel economy and a substantial reduction in emissions over the life of the engine.
by Grant Smedley.
S.M.
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Young, Ryan F. "Utilization of a Neural Network to Improve Fuel Maps of an Air-Cooled Internal Combustion Engine." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1282143527.
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Overend, Elizabeth. "Structural design and CFD modelling of a new type of hydrogen fuel injector for internal combustion engine applications." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12743.
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A new type of fuel injector, incorporating a steel, annular diaphragm as the open/close device has been designed. This design would avoid sliding contact between components and exhibit low wear when metering hydrogen fuel. Further, it has been shown by simulation that the injector can a designed to withstand cyclic stresses and deliver hydrogen fuel at a rate suitable for direct injection to the cylinder of an IC engine. Investigation of the possibility of incorporating a pump in the injector unit to provide elevated pressure shows that a minimum of 3.4% of the fuel energy supplied would be required to power hydrogen compression. Structural analysis of the clamped diaphragm component shows that bending stress would be at least 236 MPa when sufficient deflection is achieved. Material such as spring steel, with a high yield strength and fatigue endurance limit, would need to be used to avoid failure. CFD analysis of compressible flow models of two commercial injectors shows good agreement with published data, indicating the expected linear relationship of mass flow rate to supply pressure in the super-sonic range. A model of a commercial annular plate injector on which the new design is based indicates mass flow rate up to 50% lower than published data, and the model indicates a discharge coefficient of 22%. This is the result of key differences between actual and modelled injector geometries. Good agreement between results of a CFD model of the diaphragm injector geometry and compressible flow theory is obtained. These results show agreement of the relationship between back pressure and shock wave formation, and sub- and super-sonic mass flow rate-pressure relationship. The model suggests that 66 bar supply pressure would be required to achieve the highest design mass flow rate of 23 g/s, and that the discharge coefficient of the new injector design would be 90% under these conditions.
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Aran, Gokhan. "Aerothermodynamic Analysis And Design Of A Rolling Piston Engine." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608449/index.pdf.
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A rolling piston engine, operating according to a novel thermodynamic cycle is designed. Thermodynamic and structural analysis of this novel engine is carried
out and thermodynamic and structural variables of the engine were calculated. The losses in the engine, friction and leakage were calculated and their effects on the engine were demonstrated.
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Hudson, Christopher. "The design and evaluation of an intelligent instrument for the control of the ignition timing of an internal combustion engine." Thesis, Brunel University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296172.
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Ercan, Taylan. "Thermodynamic And Structural Design And Analysis Of A Novel Turbo Rotary Engine." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606482/index.pdf.
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A novel turbo rotary engine, operating according to a novel thermodynamic
cycle, having an efficient compression phase, a limited temperature combustion
phase followed by a long power extraction phase is designed. Thermodynamic and
structural design and analysis of this novel engine is carried out and two prototypes
are manufactured according to these analysis. High performance figures such as
torque, power and low specific fuel consumption are calculated. Also the component
tests of the manufactured prototypes are completed and their results are
demonstrated.
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Chen, Anqi. "Application of computational fluid dynamics to the analysis of inlet port design in internal combustion engines." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1994. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6730.
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The present research describes an investigation of the flow through the inlet port and the cylinder of an internal combustion engine. The principal aim of the work is to interpret the effects of the port shape and valve lift on the engine's "breathing" characteristics, and to develop a better understanding of flow and turbulence behaviour through the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), using a commercial available package STAR-CD. A complex computational mesh model was constructed, which presents the actual inlet port/cylinder assembly, including a curved port, a cylinder, moving valve and piston. Predictions have been carried out for both steady and transient flows. For steady flow, the influence of valve lift and port shape on discharge coefficient and the in-cylinder flow pattern has been examined. Surface static pressures predicted using the CFD code, providing a useful indicator of flow separation within the port/cylinder assembly, are presented and compared with experimental data. Details of velocity fields obtained by laser Doppler anemometry in a companion study at King's College London, using a steady flow bench test with a liquid working fluid for refractive index matching, compared favourably with the predicted data. For transient flow, the flow pattern changes and the turbulence field evolutions due to valve and piston movement are presented, and indicate the possible source of cyclic variability in an internal combustion engine.
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Antonello, Miguel Guilherme. "PROPOSTA DE METODOLOGIA PARA O PROJETO DE MOTORES DE COMBUSTÃO INTERNA." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8359.
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The internal combustion engine contributed in replacing animal effort and streamlining production processes. It has been enhanced by the man since its beginnings. Given the wide application of the internal combustion engine and the unavailability of a specific methodology for its development in the modern literature, it becomes clear the importance of knowledge systematization to this product s design. This dissertation presents a methodology to assist in decision making during the process of the internal combustion engine project. The methodology was developed to assist engineering students to develop internal combustion engines to apply mainly didactically, those being led and guided by a set of phases and tasks to reach the ultimate goal. It is also important to highlight the importance of the process of organizing knowledge, as an exemplification and aid tool for product design and design methodology courses. The methodology is structured in six phases: planning and information on the engine design, generation and selection of engine conception, engine concept detailing, engine manufacturing, assembly and engine testing, and finally the engine design closing phase. All phases are composed of a description of the stage, task/sub-task identifier, task/sub-task explanation, person responsible for carrying out the task and the output of the current phase. In addition to the methodology it was developed a spreadsheet with all the information on the phases and it was also provided management and project control tools such as a schedule and two project control charts. After its development, the methodology was assessed by professionals and 68% of the respondents claimed that this method is fully compliant as a helper in an internal combustion engine development process. Therefore, the design methodology expressed in the PMCI reached its initial goal.Desde seus primórdios, o homem tentou substituir o esforço animal por máquinas. Tanto para minimizar os esforços, agilizar os processos, como também para a satisfação pessoal com a capacidade de romper as barreiras do conhecimento. O motor de combustão interna pode representar essa satisfação e desde os seus momentos iniciais vem recebendo inovações e aperfeiçoamentos feitos pelo homem. Destacando a importância do motor de combustão interna e por não haver disponível na literatura atual uma metodologia específica em planilha interativa para o desenvolvimento destes, entende-se a importância da organização do conhecimento para o projeto de motores de combustão interna. Com isso, esta dissertação apresenta uma metodologia para auxiliar nas tomadas de decisões para o projeto de motor de combustão interna. A metodologia para projeto de motor de combustão interna PMCI - foi desenvolvida com o intuito de auxiliar os acadêmicos dos cursos de engenharia a desenvolver motores de combustão interna para aplicações, principalmente didáticas, sendo estes guiados e orientados por um conjunto de fases e tarefas para se chegar ao objetivo final. Também para ressaltar a importância do processo de sistematização e organização de conhecimento, sendo uma ferramenta de exemplificação e auxílio em disciplinas de projeto de produto e metodologia de projeto. Estruturada por seis fases: planejamento e informações sobre o projeto do motor, geração e seleção da concepção do motor, detalhamento da concepção do motor, manufatura do motor, montagem e teste do motor, e por fim a fase de encerramento do projeto do motor. Todas as fases estão compostas por uma descrição da entrada da fase, identificador da tarefa/subtarefa, explicação da tarefa/subtarefa, o responsável pela realização da tarefa e a saída da corrente fase. Além da metodologia foi elaborado uma planilha eletrônica com todas as informações das fases e também disponibilizado ferramentas de gerenciamento e controle do projeto como um cronograma e dois gráficos de controle do projeto. Após o desenvolvimento, a metodologia foi posta à avaliação por profissionais relacionados com o tema e obteve-se resultado satisfatório. 68% dos respondentes afirmaram que esta metodologia atende totalmente como auxiliadora no processo de desenvolvimento de um motor de combustão interna. Desta forma, a metodologia de projeto expressa no PMCI alcançou o seu objetivo inicial.
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Moritz, Henrique. "Desenvolvimento de um motor de combustão interna para Fórmula SAE." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18147/tde-28072016-073720/.
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A presente dissertação trata do projeto de um motor de combustão interna de quatro tempos, ciclo Otto, destinado à categoria de competição Formula SAE, adequado ao mercado brasileiro. Uma extensa pesquisa bibliográfica e de mercado foi realizada para o direcionamento do projeto, além de análises experimentais para obtenção de dados. No estudo experimental foi utilizado um motor monocilíndrico de 300 cc de deslocamento volumétrico, arrefecido a ar, oriundo de uma motocicleta comercial atual, denominado nesta dissertação como \"motor base\". Esse motor foi instalado em uma bancada de dinamômetro e instrumentado de forma a permitir sua avaliação mecânica e termodinâmica. Estudos de desempenho, análises de combustão e emissões também foram realizados, incluindo utilização de etanol, variações da razão ar/combustível e sobrealimentação. Igualmente, foram feitos ensaios experimentais de componentes específicos utilizados no projeto. Os dados experimentais foram utilizados como parâmetros para o projeto mecânico do novo motor Formula SAE, e para a modelagem e simulação do motor base em fluidodinâmica computacional unidimensional (CFD-1D), que foi utilizada como ferramenta auxiliar do projeto. O escopo do projeto mecânico do motor foi restrito ao bloco, virabrequim e alguns componentes de integração, uma vez que todos os demais componentes foram extraídos do motor base e de outros motores presentes no mercado nacional. O motor Formula SAE foi projetado em ambiente computacional (CAD), sendo que para o projeto mecânico do bloco e virabrequim foram realizadas simulações computacionais estruturais, utilizando o método dos elementos finitos (FEA), para verificação da distribuição de tensões nos componentes projetados. O novo motor Formula SAE apresentou vantagens significativas em relação aos custos para aquisição de peças de montagem e reposição, e proporcionou flexibilidade de montagem e operação.The present dissertation addresses the design of a 4 stroke Otto cycle internal combustion engine dedicated to Formula SAE student program and fitted to the Brazilian market. An extensive literature review and a market benchmark were performed, in order to provide guidance to the project, and experimental analysis for data acquisition. For the experimental study, a 300 cm3 single cylinder air cooled motorcycle engine has been used, taken from a motorcycle currently in production, available in Brazilian market, called in this dissertation as \"base engine\". This engine has been installed in a dynamometer test bench and instrumented in order to allow its mechanical and thermodynamic evaluation. Performance, combustion and emissions analysis were also performed, including ethanol fueling, air/fuel ratio variation and supercharging. Experimental tests with specific engine components were performed to provide necessary design data. The experimental data were used as input parameters for the mechanical design, as well as for modeling and simulation of the base engine on one-dimensional computer fluid dynamics, which was used as an auxiliary tool for this project. The scope of mechanical design of this engine was restrict to the crankcase, crankshaft and some assembly components, since all other components were taken from the base engine and other engines from the national market. The design was assisted by computer aided design (CAD). In order to verify the crankcase and crankshaft mechanical design regarding stress distribution, computational structural analysis have been performed using the finite element method (FEA). The new Formula SAE engine presented significant advantages regarding purchasing costs of parts for assembly and maintenance, and provided assembly and operation flexibility.
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Green, Johney Boyd Jr. "Application of deterministic chaos theory to cyclic variability in spark-ignition engines." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16809.
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Everett, Ryan Vincent. "An Improved Model-Based Methodology for Calibration of an Alternative Fueled Engine." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1321285633.
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Alshammari, Fuhaid. "Radial turbine expander design, modelling and testing for automotive organic Rankine cycle waste heat recovery." Thesis, Brunel University, 2018. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/16007.
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Since the late 19th century, the average temperature on Earth has risen by approximately 1.1 °C because of the increased carbon dioxide (CO2) and other man-made emissions to the atmosphere. The transportation sector is responsible for approximately 33% of the global CO2 emissions and 14% of the overall greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, increasingly stringent regulations in the European Union require CO2 emissions to be lower than 95 gCO₂/km by 2020. In this regard, improvements in internal combustion engines (ICEs)must be achieved in terms of fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Given that only up to 35% of fuel energy is converted into mechanical power, the wasted energy can be reused through waste heat recovery (WHR) technologies. Consequently, organic Rankine cycle (ORC) has received significant attention as a WHR technology because of its ability to recover wasted heat in low- to medium-heat sources. The Expansion machine is the key component in ORC systems, and its performance has a direct and significant impact on overall cycle efficiency. However, the thermal efficiencies of ORC systems are typically low due to low working temperatures. Moreover, supersonic conditions at the high pressure ratios are usually encountered in the expander due to the thermal properties of the working fluids selected which are different to water. Therefore, this thesis aims to design an efficient radial-inflow turbine to avoid further efficiency reductions in the overall system. To fulfil this aim, a novel design and optimisation methodology was developed. A design of experiments technique was incorporated in the methodology toexplorethe effects of input parameters on turbine performance and overall size. Importantly, performance prediction modelling by means of 1D mean-line modelling was employed in the proposed methodology to examine the performance of ORC turbines at constant geometries. The proposed methodology was validated by three methods: computational fluid dynamics analysis, experimental work available in the literature, and experimental work in the current project. Owing to the lack of actual experimental works in ORC-ICE applications, a test rig was built around a heavy-duty diesel engine at Brunel University London and tested at partial load conditions due to the requirement for a realistic off-high representation of the performance of the system rather than its best (design) point, while taking into account the limitation of the engine dynamometer employed. Results of the design methodology developed for this projectpresented an efficient single-stage high-pressure ratio radial-inflow turbine with a total to static efficiency of 74.4% and an output power of 13.6 kW.Experimental results showed that the ORC system had a thermal efficiency of 4.3%, and the brake-specific fuel consumption of the engine was reduced by 3%. The novel meanlineoff designcode (MOC) was validated with the experimental works from three turbines. In comparison with the experimental results conducted at Brunel University London, the predicted and measured results were in good agreement with a maximum deviation of 2.8%.
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Schwaller, Jean-Michel. "Etude et conception d'un support de catalyseur de post-combustion automobile a matrice metallique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR13070.
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Conception d'un pot catalytique et etude de l'efficacite de la catalyse. Mise au point d'un support metallique. Preparation du support par passivation de l'alliage fer-chrome-aluminium. Stabilisation de l'alumine par ajout de terres rares. Utilisation de platine et de palladium comme materiaux catalytiques
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Gaudart, Louis. "Incidences des configurations de fonctionnement de navires militaires sur la suralimentation a deux etages de leurs moteurs diesel de propulsion pag btc." Nantes, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NANT2061.
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Lima, e. Silva Rafael Augusto de 1984. "Projeto mecânico de biela automotiva baseado em otimização estrutural." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265973.
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Orientador: Marco Lúcio BittencourtDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: O trabalho descreve o projeto mecânico convencional de uma biela automotiva de motor de combustão interna e apresenta uma metodologia alternativa baseada em métodos de otimização estrutural com o objetivo de reduzir a massa do componente. Para tal, é feita a descrição de todos os parâmetros de projeto assim como a definição de critérios de projeto. Em virtude da criticidade da aplicação selecionada, motor de ciclo Diesel utilizado em caminhões de trabalho pesado com picos de pressão de combustão de até 240 bar, a biela foi projetada sem bucha utilizando-se extensivamente os métodos numéricos. O Método dos Elementos Finitos foi aplicado para cálculo de tensões, deslocamentos, pressões de contato, flambagem, fadiga e para a síntese modal de componentes utilizados na análise dinâmica de multicorpos com mancais elasto-hidrodinâmicos. Dois modelos de fadiga dos materiais foram estudados: o modelo americano baseado no diagrama de Goodman e tensões principais e o modelo alemão baseado no diagrama de Haigh e efeito do gradiente de tensões multiaxiais; dos quais concluiu-se que o modelo americano é suficiente para o projeto da biela ao passo que o modelo alemão traz oportunidades adicionais de redução de massa. A otimização topológica, otimização de forma e análise de sensibilidade permitiram a obtenção de uma biela 210g (3\%) mais leve e com melhor desempenho dos mancais hidrodinâmicos. Finalmente, concluiu-se que o Método da Otimização Topológica apresenta oportunidades interessantes aos projetistas na fase de conceituação de produtos como alternativa aos desenhos convencionais, no entanto, demanda esforço adicional para o atendimento de todos os critérios de projeto do componente
Abstract: The present work consists of the conventional mechanical design description of an internal combustion engine connecting rod and also the proposal of an alternative methodology based on optimization methods with the objective of reducing the component mass. Therefore, it is performed a detailed view of all design parameters as well as the definition of design criteria. Because of the critical application selected, Diesel engine of heavy duty truck with combustion pressure reaching up to 240bar, the connecting rod was designed without bushing and with extensive use of numerical methods. The Finite Element Method was applied to assess stresses, displacements, contact pressures, buckling, fatigue and to perform the Component Modal Synthesis for multi-body dynamics simulation with elasto-hydrodynamic bearings. Two fatigue models were studied: the American model based on Goodman's diagram and principal stresses and the German model based on Haigh's diagram and multiaxial stress gradient effect; from which it was concluded that the American model is enough to design the connecting rod, while the German model presents additional weight reduction opportunities. The topology optimization, shape optimization and sensitivity analysis enabled a 210g (3\%) lighter connecting rod with improved bearings performance. Finally, it was concluded that the Topology Optimization Method presents good opportunities for the design engineers in the conceptual phases of product development with alternatives to the conventional designs. However, additional effort is necessary to fit the concept into all design criteria
Mestrado
Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
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Yamawaki, Marcio. "Evolução tecnológica dos materiais e geometria de pistões para motores de combustão interna e um estudo de caso de pistão para aplicação em motor diesel com trinca no cubo." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2013. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/1336.
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Previous issue date: 2013-10-17Pistons are one of the most challenged components on an internal combustion engine. The range of thermal and mechanical loads on these components reach limit levels where the applied materials cannot react and are not able to go back to its original condition. We can say that pistons are the fuses of an internal combustion engine. The adequate selection of materials for the pistons must take in account the usage of the engines. For passenger cars for instance, typically light alloys are chosen in order to attend the low fuel consumption and emission level demands. For commercial vehicles there are more freedom choosing the materials because weight does not play the same level of role but on the other hand requires materials that can resist the very high loads involved. The objective of this work is to describe the criteria s involved on a piston design and how closed they are connected with the adequate material selection. A case study of a aluminum piston for Diesel engine application that presented a pin bore crack related to feathery grain formation will be shown.
Os pistões são um dos componentes mais solicitados em um motor de combustão interna. O conjunto de cargas térmicas e mecânicas nestes componentes chega a atingir limites onde os materiais empregados não conseguem mais reagir de maneira a retornar a sua condição original. Pode-se dizer que os pistões são os fusíveis de um motor à combustão interna. A escolha dos materiais mais adequados para a confecção dos pistões passa por um critério de seleção que deve levar em conta o tipo de aplicação dos motores. A aplicação de motores em carros de passeio por exemplo, tipicamente exige a utilização de ligas mais leves em seus componentes visando atender aos requisitos de redução do consumo de combustíveis e também de emissão de poluentes. Já para a aplicação em veículos utilitários pesados existe uma maior liberdade para a escolha dos materiais dos componentes pois o peso já não tem a mesma influência sobre a performance mas por outro lado exige a utilização de materiais mais resistentes devido às altas cargas envolvidas. O objetivo do trabalho é discorrer também sobre os critérios envolvidos no projeto dos pistões e como eles estão correlacionados com a escolha dos materiais mais adequados. Será mostrado também um estudo de caso de um pistão de alumínio aplicado em um motor Diesel e que apresentou uma trinca no cubo relacionada à formação de dendritas gêmeas.
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Armstrong, J. D. "Internal combustion engine inlet manifold development." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373798.
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Baker, Alan T. "Turbo-discharging the internal combustion engine." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/16337.
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This thesis reports original research on a novel internal combustion (IC) engine charge air system concept called Turbo-Discharging. Turbo-Discharging depressurises the IC engine exhaust system so that the engine gas exchange pumping work is reduced, thereby reducing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. There is growing concern regarding the human impact on the climate, part of which is attributable to motor vehicles and transport. Recent legislation has led manufacturers to improve the fuel economy and thus reduce the quantity of CO2 generated by their vehicles. As this legislation becomes more stringent manufacturers are looking to new and developing technologies to help further improve the fuel conversion efficiency of their vehicles. Turbo-Discharging is such a technology which benefits from the fact it uses commonly available engine components in a novel system arrangement. Thermodynamic and one-dimensional gas dynamics models and experimental testing on a 1.4 litre four cylinder four-stroke spark ignition gasoline passenger car engine have shown Turbo-Discharging to be an engine fuel conversion efficiency and performance enhancing technology. This is due to the reduction in pumping work through decreased exhaust system pressure, and the improved gas exchange process resulting in reduced residual gas fraction. Due to these benefits, engine fuel conversion efficiency improvements of up to 4% have been measured and increased fuel conversion efficiency can be realised over the majority of the engine operating speed and load map. This investigation also identified a measured improvement in engine torque over the whole engine speed range with a peak increase of 12%. Modelling studies identified that both fuel conversion efficiency and torque can be improved further by optimisation of the Turbo-Discharging system hardware beyond the limitations of the experimental engine test. The model predicted brake specific fuel consumption improvements of up to 16% at peak engine load compared to the engine in naturally aspirated form, and this increased to up to 24% when constraints imposed on the experimental engine test were removed.
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Zavier, Christian Chandrakumar. "Charge stratification for an internal combustion engine." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Mechanical Engineering, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6418.
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The effect of charge stratification on the lean mixture combustion in a Ricardo E6 single cylinder, variable compression, spark ignition engine has been investigated. The charge stratification process involved injecting small amounts of pure methane gas into the engine cylinder through a modified spark plug just prior to ignition, at a relatively low pressure. Methane injection timing and methane injection duration (or injection rate) were controlled electronically and varied over a range of values. The charge stratification experiment was performed with two different types of inlet mixture. They were :-
(1). gasoline fuel injected into the inlet manifold
(2). methane gas carburetted through the inlet manifold
To examine the effects of charge stratification, a few optimisation studies were undertaken prior to the main combustion experiments.
A combustion chamber simulation was performed to visualise the effects of the velocity field on the injected methane gas. For this a constant volume bomb was built with the same bore as that of the Ricardo engine cylinder. A typical set of velocity fields around the spark plug gap location were established using hot wire anemometry, and relevant positions of the injected methane gas at different times from the injection point in the simulated velocity field were captured through Schlieren photography.
The present work has led to the following conclusions:-
(1). lean limit of the inducted fuel mixture is extended through the charge stratification process
(2). effectiveness of charge stratification is well pronounced at lean air - fuel ratios
(3). HC emission is higher with stratified charge combustion compared with base line operation
(4). CO emission with stratified charge combustion is almost the same as or little lower than with base line operation, at leaner air - fuel ratios
(5). the initially small and compact shape of the injected methane gas appearing in the Schlieren photographs could have a positive influence on the flame initiation phase.
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Glasson, Neil. "Hydrogen fuelling of an internal combustion engine." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Mechanical Engineering, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8047.
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This thesis traces and critically reviews recent developments in hydrogen fuelling of internal combustion engines. It reports the development of an improved fuelling system that has been tested on a Ricardo E6 variable compression spark ignition engine, in the Thermodynamics laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Canterbury.
The introduction of hydrogen to an internal combustion engine via the inlet manifold (external mixture formation), often results in the occurrence of pre-ignition. This is because hydrogen, with its low ignition energy and extreme lean limit of flammability, is easily ignited by residual gases or hot spots in an engine cylinder. If pre-ignition occurs before inlet valve closure, the mixture may burn back through pre-mixed gases in the inlet manifold. Another serious disadvantage with external mixture formation is that hydrogen displaces a large volume of air, effectively reducing the volumetric efficiency of the engine.
To overcome these problems hydrogen may be injected directly into an engine combustion chamber during the compression stroke, although if injection commences too early in the stroke pre-ignition may still occur. It is thus considered that the most desirable system for fuelling an internal combustion engine on hydrogen is to employ direct gaseous injection at high pressure late in the compression stroke.
There are a number of problems involved with the design and development of a suitable high pressure hydrogen direct injector. In particular the injector must actuate rapidly and be controllable to a high degree of accuracy to consistently meter precise quantities of fuel at each injection. Leakage of hydrogen through the injector when closed must be minimised in order to avoid unnecessary fuel wastage and to prevent the build up of a flammable pre-mixed mixture that could lead to pre-ignition.
A suitable injector has been designed and tested. The injector is electromagnetically actuated for electronic control of injection timing and duration (control of injection duration being necessary to vary the quantity of fuel delivered). The injector has a nominal lift distance of 0.2 mm and can be opened for durations as short as 1 ms. A fluorocarbon elastomer Quad-ring was used in the seat of the valve to provide a leak free seal for the high pressure hydrogen.
Engine testing was conducted to determine the performance of the valve. The engine was tested on hydrogen for compression ratios of 8:1, 10:1 and 12:1 over a range of operating conditions. Results of engine performance, complete with combustion chamber pressure traces and exhaust gas emission analysis are presented.
The design concept has proven to be successful with satisfactory operation of the engine on hydrogen without any combustion related problems. The elastomeric seal, although providing leak free operation, had an average lifetime of about 30 minutes. Future injector development work should focus on devising a highly durable injector seat seal which minimises leakage.
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Ghelfi, Matteo. "Large Eddy Simulation in internal combustion Engine." Phd thesis, Matteo Ghelfi, 2013. https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/3600/7/Diss_Matteo.pdf.
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Abstract
Large Eddy Simulation in internal combustion Engine
Dipl.-Ing Matteo Ghel�
The internal combustion (IC) engine simulation is nowadays one of the most difficult proceeding during engine development. Simultaneously this is one of the most important phase because it leads to better acknowledgment of in-cylinder phenomena and suggests new method of emission reduction and control.\\
Large Eddy Simulation (LES) can help this process because of its instationary nature, in perfect agreement with motion, injection and combustion, typical instationary components in this kind of study.\\
This work focuses on a method which includes all the phenomena happening during IC engine cycle in a LES. \\ The main purpose of this work is to include combustion on the simulation obtaining a complete engine cycle. The work concentrates in particular on models development and investigation of the perfect computational domain movement, necessary to reach an optimal resolution during all the engine cycle phases. \\
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Dodd, Robert David. "Laser Ignition of an Internal Combustion Engine." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485846.
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The continued development of increasingly compact and efficient laser sources, advanced laser optics and optical techniques has provided the basis for significant steps forward in research towards practical proof-of-concept demonstration of LI in IC engines. Before this goal could be realised, however, research was needed to characterise the laser beam parameters required for LI under true engine conditions and to. demonstrate the feasibility of an optical system capable of delivering such laser beam parameters from the most' appropriate high power pulsed laser source available. This dissertation discusses research undertaken in the Department of Engineering at the University of Liverpool, in which a prototype laser ignition system has been developed and used to successfully ignite, and run for extended periods, one cylinder of a 4-cylinder petrol-fuelled IC test engine. The laser ignition system was based on a Q-switched lamp-pumped Nd: YAG laser operating at 1064 nm wavelength and with pulse duration configurable between 6ns and 15ns. The research was supported by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), through a 3Y2 year project 'Laser Ignition in IC Engines (LASIIC)' awarded under the Foresight Vehicle LINK initiative to partners Ford Motor Company, GSI Group and the University of LiverpooI. The experimental work has largely addressed the development and implementation of free-space (or direct) laser beam delivery in order to practically realise the prototype LI system, although optical fibre delivery was also addressed in part. The variation of several laser parameters and their effect on the control of engine performance are discussed, but primarily centring on the influence of pulse energy and focused beam waist· diameters at the combustion point. The engine performance was measured in terms of changes in Coefficient of Variation (COV) of mean and peak engine cylinder pressure values with laser input parameters. Laser pulse energies of up to 30 mJ at the cylinder were used to obtain power densities at the focused· beam waist of up to 4470 GWcm·2 • The minimum ignition energy (MIE) required for successful ignition (no misfires) was measured as 4 mJ for a pulse length of 6 ns, which compares to 30 mJ in I ms for a typical spark plug and suggests the likely ·laser and power supply requirements of a future laser ignition system. The power density required to be delivered into the combustion volume has a minimum value of 545 GW/cm2 , which gave comparable or better COVs, than conventional spark ignition. These power densities are significantly less than that required to produce dielectric breakdown in air, due to the high values ofpressure in the cylinder up to 20 bars, but are high enough to conclude that dielectric breakdown is the dominant mechanism ofLl in this case. One potential benefit of LI realised during the work has been the ability to vary the focal position within the combustion chamber, which is not available with spark ignition due to the fixed spark plug. Using a 'design, build and test' approach, the work therefore investigated the effect of varying the focal point position of the beam waist within the combustion volume through a number of configurations of the laser ignition system optics. Once stable combustion had been achieved, further investigations were carried out into optimising laser parameters for ignition control. Earlier work had suggested that laser-induced damage in optical media could affect the achievement of a robust LI system for continuous delivery of such high pulse energies and short pulse lengths, or at least detennine the most appropriate fonn of beam delivery for such high power pulsed laser sources. Hence, a study was also undertaken on laser parameters and beam conditions that could give rise to laser-induced optical damage in system components and the damage mechanisms involved. The work also considers a self-cleaning effect of the pulsed laser radiation and its role in preventing 'sooting' of optical window materials placed at the boundary of the combustion chamber, which has been one of the key problems in earlier LI studies. To complete the experimental work, the prototype laser ignition system was further developed for implementation on a spray guided direct injection (SGDI) test engine at Ford Motor Company's European test facility at Merkenich in Germany. The results obtained were both unique and publishable.
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Vokac, Adam 1978. "An experimental study of the oil evolution in critical piston ring pack regions and the effects of piston and ring designs in an internal combustion engine utilizing two-dimensional laser induced fluorescence and the impact on maritime economics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/27132.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (p. 191-194).
Faced with increasing concern for lubricating, oil consumption and engine friction, it is critical to understand the oil transport mechanisms in the power cylinder system. Lubricating oil travels through distinct regions along the piston ring pack before being consumed in the combustion chamber, with the oil distribution and dominant driving forces varying substantially for each of these regions. This experimental work focuses on specific regions in the piston ring pack. A detailed 2D LIF (Two Dimensional Laser Induced Fluorescence) study has been performed on the oil distribution observed with the LIF generated real time high-resolution images, as were changes in piston and ring design. The results reveal the third land, located between the second compression ring and the oil control ring, oil flow patterns and timing are consistent and predictable at each operating point. Speed and load variation alter the basic flow pattern and oil balance through a corresponding change in inertia and gas dragging effect respectively, with ring design variation instigating specific and repeatable phenomenon onto the consistent oil flow pattern. Second land, the region between the top two compression rings, geometric and flow patterns throughout the entire cycle of a single cylinder spark ignition engine. The impact of speed and load were experimentally changes were found to have a significant impact on inertia driven oil transport; however, their effects on oil consumption were not as clear. As the majority of lubricating oil consumed in the engine crosses the third land at some point, an understanding of the timing and magnitude of the oil transport processes will allow means to be specifically developed to reduce the net oil flow across the third land
(cont.) towards the combustion chamber. This work forms a foundation for developing oil control strategies for the third land and for identifying how and when oil reaches the upper piston ring pack regions that directly contribute to oil consumption. The ability to control, or impact, oil transport on the piston ring pack will have an impact on all engine classes, including engines in the maritime community. This experiment study is directly comparable to small marine engines, and can be used to help reduce maritime exhaust emissions related to lubrication consumption; additionally, this approach would be much more rugged and cost effective then other current technological improvements being investigated. Were a similar 2D LIF experiment to be performed on large slow speed diesel engifes, the annual savings per vessel, assuming only a 10% reduction in lube oil consumption was achieved, could amount to $30,000 as cylinder lube oil is one of the most expensive operating costs for large slow speed diesel engines.
by Adam Vokac.
S.M.
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Mears, Kevin S. "Water distillation using waste engine heat from an internal combustion engine." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36725.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (leaf 36).
To meet the needs of forward deployed soldiers and disaster relief personnel, a mobile water distillation system was designed and tested. This system uses waste engine heat from the exhaust flow of an internal combustion engine to vaporize water for the purpose of removing impurities. The vapor is condensed back down to water in a finned condenser that experiences forced convection. The system pumps heat transfer oil through a 0.61 meter long, cross flow, annulus-type heat exchanger installed over a section of exhaust pipe where the oil experiences a AT of 7°C. The hot heat transfer oil is then piped to a boiler where it releases its heat to the water and returns to the exhaust heat exchanger to be reheated. Testing demonstrated that the system has a heat up time of 30 minutes, and a steady state distillation rate of 2 gallons per hour. In steady state, the system removes and transfers heat from the exhaust at a rate of 4600 Watts.
by Kevin S. Mears.
S.B.
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Söder, Martin. "Numerical Investigation of Internal Combustion Engine Related Flows." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Strömningsfysik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-124237.
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Internal combustion engines has been used for more than 100 years. The use of the abundant energy supply stored as hydrocarbon fueled unprecedented economic growth. The use of hydrocarbons increased the work output of human labor significantly, thus increasing the economy and prosperity. However, during the latter part of the twentieth century negative consequences of the internal combustion engine has been noticed. Initially the being emissions of local pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and unburnt hydrocarbons. These pollutants have to this day in the western world been reduced significantly and further reductions are under way. Thereafter, has the focus been shifted somewhat to global emissions such as carbon dioxide due to the effect on the climate. However, as the most accessible oil resources have been exhausted the price of oil has five folded since the turn of the century, straining the exponential economic growth enjoyed for two centuries. Heavy duty diesel engine efficiency is still below 50\%, there is thus a need and a possibility to further increase engine efficiency. In this thesis, work has been done to increase the understanding of the flow prior to combustion. A better knowledge of pre-combustion in-cylinder flow would increase the possibility to reduce engine emissions and fuel consumption, through better mixing and lower heat transfer. The work presented is ordered in such a way that the flow structures created during the intake is presented first. Thereafter, the effect of compression is investigated. Intake flow structures are studied using Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) and experiments on a steady swirl test rig. The effects of compression are studied using simulations of predefined flow structures undergoing compression. It is found that the flow structures created during intake is qualitatively different depending of intake valve lift. And that a single Swirl Number (SN) is an insufficient quantity to characterize the flow created at low valve lifts, due to high fluctuations. During compression it is found that a high swirl number suppress small scale turbulence while the compression has an increasing effect of axial fluctuations due to vorticity-dilation interaction. Additionally, it is shown that turbulent kinetic energy is introduced in the flow field by the piston in the absence of tumble breakdown.QC 20130704
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Chastain, John H. "Internal combustion engine cooling strategies theory and test /." Connect to this title online, 2006. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1171042757/.
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Saville, Allan Charles. "Numerical simulation of the Pivotal internal combustion engine." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Mechanical Engineering, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6625.
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This thesis describes the development of a one-dimensional internal combustion engine simulation program for the Pivotal two-stroke engine. The Pivotal two-stroke engine has many features in common with the standard reciprocating piston engine, but differs in its novel kinematics, which are based around a four bar linkage. The new engine arrangement opens up many new design options and required a flexible and specific simulation tool for research and development.
The initial project goals were to develop a simulation code, validate the code against engine data and develop a user interface for easier application. However, it was not possible to realise all of these goals and the project was mostly concerned with the development of the simulation numerical code. Validation will be required before the simulation tool can be used with confidence. Engine simulation is a relatively mature field of research and the simulation program includes many established standard methods.
The simulation incorporates a standard single zone thermodynamic cylinder model and a Riemann quasi-one-dimensional finite volume gas dynamics scheme, which includes total variation diminishing variable extrapolation. The calculation of flow through valves uses standard equations for orifice flow and the application to pipe boundary conditions utilises the propagation of characteristic information out of the pipe boundary. Simulation of reed valve deflection has been implemented with the finite element method using direct integration in time.
The entire code has been implemented in the Fortran programming language using Compaq Visual Fortran 6.5. To establish a flexible simulation the program has been devised so that the input text data file determines the arrangement of the engine, allowing most engine configurations to be modelled with the one simulation tool. Summary data, including engine power, is outputted to a text file, which can be read by any text editor. Detailed simulation results are written to Matlab mat-files, which require Matlab 5.3, or greater, to open and analyze.
In its current form the simulation code is capable of running arbitrary engine arrangements, including the Pivotal engine, and can predict the performance of these engines. However, the code is un-validated against real engine data. Where possible sub-models have been tested and proven against special test cases that have an analytic solution. The next logical extension beyond the current project is to thoroughly validate and compare the engine simulation against real engine test data. Other areas in which the code could be improved include; extending the simulation code to incorporate more advanced models and improving the ease with which engine simulations can be set-up, run and analysed.
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Kahraman, Erol Özerdem Barış. "Analysis of a hydrogen fueled internal combustion engine/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2005. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/enerjimuh/T000321.pdf.
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Wiseman, Marc William. "Spark ignition engine combustion process analysis." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1990. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11131/.
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Cylinder pressure analysis is widely used in the experimental investigation of combustion processes within gasoline engines. A pressure record can be processed to reveal detail of charge burning, which is a good indicator of combustion quality. The thesis describes the evaluation of an approximate technique for calculating the mass fraction of the charge that has burnt; a novel approach for determining heat loss to the block; the development of a powerful system for combustion analysis; and the investigation of the correlation between the crank angle location of the 50% mass burnt and minimum timing advance necessary to obtain the maximum engine torque. A detailed examination has been carried out into the uncertainties in the determination of the mass fraction burnt as suggested by Rassweiler and Withrow. A revised procedure has been developed which does not require a priori identification of the combustion end point, and a new approach is suggested to calculate the polytropic indices necessary for the pressure processing. This particular implementation of the analysis is able to identify late burning and misfiring cycles, and then take appropriate steps to ensure their proper analysis. The problems associated with the assumption of uniform pressure; alignment of the pressure changes to the volume changes; pressure sampling rate; clearance volume estimation; and calibrating the acquired pressure to absolute are also evaluated. A novel method is developed to ascertain, directly from the pressure history, the heat loss to the cylinder block. Both experimental and simulated data are used to support the accuracy of the suggested heat loss evaluation, and the sensitivity of the method to its inputs is examined. The conversion of procedures for combustion analysis into a format suitable for undertaking high speed analysis is described. The analysis techniques were implemented so that the engine can be considered to be on-line to the analysis system. The system was entitled Quikburn. This system can process an unlimited number of cycles at a particular running condition, updating the screen every 1.5 seconds. The analysis system has been used to study the potentially beneficial correlation between the location of the 50% mass burnt and MBT. The correlation is examined in detail, and found to be valid except under lean fueling conditions, which is seen to be caused by slow flame initiation. It is suggested that the optimum location of the 50% mass burnt can be used as a reference setting for the ignition timing, and as an indicator of combustion chamber performance. An engine simulation was employed to verify that changes in bum shape account for the small variation seen in the optimum 50% bum locations at different operating conditions of the engine. The bum shape changes also account for the range of optimum locations of the 50% mass burnt encountered in different engines.
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Chung, Nguyen Thai. "Pre-integrated non-equilibrium combustion-response mapping for internal combustion engine emissions." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412952.
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Ranasinghe, D. J. "Modelling partially premixed turbulent combustion in a spark ignited internal combustion engine." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272095.
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Meyer, Jason. "Engine modeling of an internal combustion engine with twin independent cam phasing." Connect to resource, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/24538.
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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages: contains 92 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 92). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.
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Petreanu, Sorin. "Conceptual analysis of a four-stroke linear engine." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2084.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2001.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 126 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 122-126).
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Seward, Balaji B. "Small engine emissions testing laboratory development and emissions sampling system verification." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/11024.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2010.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 110 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 108-110).
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Robinson, Kevin. "IC engine coolant heat transfer studies." Thesis, University of Bath, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275444.
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DeFilippo, Anthony Cesar. "Microwave-Assisted Ignition for Improved Internal Combustion Engine Efficiency." Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3593810.
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The ever-present need for reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with transportation motivates this investigation of a novel ignition technology for internal combustion engine applications. Advanced engines can achieve higher efficiencies and reduced emissions by operating in regimes with diluted fuel-air mixtures and higher compression ratios, but the range of stable engine operation is constrained by combustion initiation and flame propagation when dilution levels are high. An advanced ignition technology that reliably extends the operating range of internal combustion engines will aid practical implementation of the next generation of high-efficiency engines. This dissertation contributes to next-generation ignition technology advancement by experimentally analyzing a prototype technology as well as developing a numerical model for the chemical processes governing microwave-assisted ignition.
The microwave-assisted spark plug under development by Imagineering, Inc. of Japan has previously been shown to expand the stable operating range of gasoline-fueled engines through plasma-assisted combustion, but the factors limiting its operation were not well characterized. The present experimental study has two main goals. The first goal is to investigate the capability of the microwave-assisted spark plug towards expanding the stable operating range of wet-ethanol-fueled engines. The stability range is investigated by examining the coefficient of variation of indicated mean effective pressure as a metric for instability, and indicated specific ethanol consumption as a metric for efficiency. The second goal is to examine the factors affecting the extent to which microwaves enhance ignition processes. The factors impacting microwave enhancement of ignition processes are individually examined, using flame development behavior as a key metric in determining microwave effectiveness.
Further development of practical combustion applications implementing microwave-assisted spark technology will benefit from predictive models which include the plasma processes governing the observed combustion enhancement. This dissertation documents the development of a chemical kinetic mechanism for the plasma-assisted combustion processes relevant to microwave-assisted spark ignition. The mechanism includes an existing mechanism for gas-phase methane oxidation, supplemented with electron impact reactions, cation and anion chemical reactions, and reactions involving vibrationally-excited and electronically-excited species. Calculations using the presently-developed numerical model explain experimentally-observed trends, highlighting the relative importance of pressure, temperature, and mixture composition in determining the effectiveness of microwave-assisted ignition enhancement.
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Esposito, Delia. "Torque Model Calibration of a Motorcycle Internal Combustion Engine." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/15964/.
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Optimizing the performance of internal combustion engines increases complexity of control strategies and makes the calibration process long and expensive.
The first activity of this Thesis explains the possibility of reduce tests on the bench saving in terms of working hours and operating costs. In particular, through MATLAB codes, it’s shown how extrapolating data of spark advance min and extramin from the spark advance dynamic sweep.
The tests are usually demanded by the ECU supplier, who is responsible for the final calibration, but the calibrator engineer still has the task of checking the work of the supplier. For this reason the second activity of this Thesis was to create a simplified Torque-based model that determines the behavior and response of the engine (R2 = 0.98). Cases of study are explained in details and various simulations are realized.