Relevant bibliographies by topics / Internal divisions or separations

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Internal divisions or separations'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Internal divisions or separations"

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Jaśkowiak, Irmina. "Tożsamość żydowska na pograniczu kultur i narodów." Refleksje. Pismo naukowe studentów i doktorantów WNPiD UAM, no. 12 (October 31, 2018): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/r.2015.11.

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Identity construction is one of the fundamental human needs. The process takes place in two areas simultaneously: internal, self-reflexive and external, associated with a sense of belonging to a particular group. The Jews, until the beginning of the nineteenth century constituted quite uniform society voluntarily separating themselves from other communities. As a result of emancipation and assimilation processes, various influences affect their identity. As a consequence the Jews faced two difficulties. The first one was the dilemma between own nation and territorial homeland while the other was the progressing deep internal divisions. At present Jewish identity is most of all national and ethnical identity strongly reinforced by historical memory and fight with anti-Semitism. After the period of the twentieth century crisis and in the light of the western world secularization it has become also cultural identity.Identity construction is one of the fundamental human needs. Theprocess takes place in two areas simultaneously: internal, self-reflexiveand external, associated with a sense of belonging to a particulargroup. The Jews, until the beginning of the nineteenth century constitutedquite uniform society voluntarily separating themselves fromother communities. As a result of emancipation and assimilation processes,various influences affect their identity. As a consequence theJews faced two difficulties. The first one was the dilemma betweenown nation and territorial homeland while the other was the progressingdeep internal divisions. At present Jewish identity is most of allnational and ethnical identity strongly reinforced by historical memoryand fight with anti-Semitism. After the period of the twentieth centurycrisis and in the light of the western world secularization it hasbecome also cultural identity.
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Kurnicki, Karol. "Dzielenie przestrzeni, praktyki graniczenia. Parkowanie, własność i przynależność na polskich osiedlach mieszkaniowych." Kultura i Społeczeństwo 62, no. 3 (September 27, 2018): 143–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2018.62.3.8.

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Space gains significance through processes of social differentiation and bordering, and in consequence is connected with the creation and maintenance of social divisions. The author seeks confirmation of this fact at the level of everyday practices in housing settlements, tracking the mechanisms used by people in situations of contact and confrontation with others in the social space. He sets himself several aims: (1) he attempts to analyze selected spatial practices (parking within the settlement, the creation of belonging), reflecting the internal structuring strategies of housing settlements; (2) he points to the causes of that structuring, that is, the main contexts in which these practices occur and are strengthened; (3) he highlights the important role of space in processes of bordering and differentiation. Practices connected with parking and the creation of belonging, although apparently disparate and deriving from contrary spheres of social life make it possible to hypothesize that the striving for separation and the increased importance of space determine the organization of borders, divisions, and social relations in housing settlements.
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Soros, Connie L., and Nancy G. Dengler. "Leaf morphogenesis and growth in Cyperus eragrostis (Cyperaoeae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 74, no. 11 (November 1, 1996): 1753–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b96-212.

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We identified the zones of leaf extension, cell division, cell elongation, and cell differentiation in developing leaves of a sedge species, Cyperus eragrostis Lam. (Cyperaceae). The zone of leaf extension was located by measuring the separation between pinhole markers and by observing the staining pattern of Calcofluor White after pulse-labelling growing leaves. These observations were supported by determining growth rates of control and punctured leaves and by scanning electron and light microscopy of developing leaves. The location of the zone of cell division was assessed by enumerating mitotic figures, and the zone of cell elongation was established by measuring lengths of epidermal cells in cleared leaves. These studies indicated that the zone of leaf elongation is within the basal 10–15 mm of a leaf and that cell divisions are restricted to the basal 0.2–1 mm. Radial enlargement of internal tissues begins in the basal half of the elongation zone and cells are fully differentiated within a short distance above it. Expanding leaves can be divided into three zones: zone 1, a basal meristematic zone where cell division and some cell elongation occur; zone 2, a zone above the base where cells are elongating but cell division has ceased; and zone 3, a zone where elongation is complete and cells have reached their final length. This pattern of leaf development is similar to, but more condensed than, feat found in the related monocotyledonous family, the Poaceae. Keywords: Cyperus eragrostis, leaf development, leaf extension zone, Cyperaceae, cell enlargement.
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Zake, Ieva, and Graham Gormley. "Integration or separation? Nationality groups in the US and the Republican Party's ethnic politics, 1960s-1980s." Nationalities Papers 38, no. 4 (July 2010): 469–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2010.482132.

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Using examples of American Latvians, Estonians and Ukrainians in the states of Minnesota, New Jersey and New York this article explores the ambiguous nature of integration of nationalities groups inside the Republican Party during the 1960s-1980s. Based on the analysis of available archival information, it is shown that the Republican Party intentionally brought in the ethnics during the discussed period and created the Nationalities Sections within specific electoral campaigns, Nationalities Divisions inside the state party organizations and the National Republican Heritage Groups (Nationalities) Council within the Republican National Committee in order to recruit the ethnics and engage in the partisan struggle with the Democrats. Consequently, the nationalities were given a sense of importance, but little real power to actually influence the internal processes inside the party. At the same time, the nationalities eagerly responded to the invitation to join the Republican national and state-level organizations specifically designed for the ethnics. Yet in doing this they perceived themselves primarily as ethnics with a distinct, mainly anti-communist, agenda and only secondarily thought of themselves as Americans dedicated to Republican politics. Consequently, the Republican political strategy of creating Nationalities Sections and Divisions seemed to integrate the ethnics on the surface, while in reality intensifying political separation and even ghettoization of the ethnics in American politics. This research initiates a larger project, which will compare the Republican and Democratic strategies of directly involving ethnic groups and minorities inside the party organizations in the second part of the twentieth century.
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Melton, JK. "Bridging the Colonial Divide." Exchange 47, no. 4 (October 25, 2018): 350–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1572543x-12341499.

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Abstract Conflicts over human sexuality are creating schisms within many churches, increasing the ecumenical challenges faced by the wider church. While there are legitimate theological disagreements, there has been a separation between “Global South” and “Global North” members of the denominations, as can be seen in the examples of United Methodism, Anglicanism, and Lutheranism. Schisms such as those based on human sexuality cannot overlook colonialism as a factor. Addressing this, Receptive Ecumenism has potential as a potent postcolonial method because Receptive Ecumenism offers tools that allow there to be dialogue among Christians who are particularly divided within denominations along lines created by colonialism, largely because of its posture of learning and listening. Indeed, if churches were to receive the methods of Receptive Ecumenism, by adopting a stance of active listening and learning, rather than a stance of self-advocacy and argument, the churches may find ways to heal internal divisions.
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Andersen, Mark T., Richard D. Newcomb, Lia W. Liefting, and Ross E. Beever. "Phylogenetic Analysis of “Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense” Reveals Distinct Populations in New Zealand." Phytopathology® 96, no. 8 (August 2006): 838–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-96-0838.

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The phytoplasma “Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense” has been reported from New Zealand and Australia, where it has been associated with a range of host plants, especially since the 1970s. Partial tuf gene sequences of 36 New Zealand (NZ) isolates from four different host genera revealed nine different variants, which clustered into two distinct groups without any obvious correlation with host or geographic region. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences, together with those available from Australian isolates, revealed three distinct clades: one found solely in Australia, one found solely in NZ, and a third with representatives from both countries. These divisions are consistent with differences observed in the 16–23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer region; therefore, we conclude that they represent three distinct subgroups: tuf 1, tuf 2, and tuf 3. We estimated a time of divergence for the three clades based on a synonymous substitution rate calculated by comparing the complete tuf gene sequence from the Loofah witches'-broom phytoplasma and “Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense”. Using a calibration date of 110 million years, the estimated time to a common ancestor for all clades (6 to 9 million years ago) suggests divergence during the Miocene, well after the geological separation of NZ and Australia.
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Rahmawanti, Pungky, Endang Masitoh, and Anita Wijayanti. "Penerapan Sistem Pengendalian Intern atas Persediaan Barang pada PT.Mica Jaya Pratama." Owner 4, no. 1 (January 25, 2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33395/owner.v4i1.213.

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This study aims to find out how the application of internal control over inventory of goods at PT Mica Jaya Pratama Solo. This research is a qualitative research that is by conducting both structured and unstructured interviews to determine the internal control carried out by the company. In this study the variables are the principles of internal control such as adequate separation of duties (organizational structure), determination of adequate responsibilities (system of authority), design and use of documents and adequate records (healthy practices), physical control of assets and records adequate (healthy practice), independently verify performance (HR). The result of this study is that the inventory control system at PT. Mica Jaya Pratama is in accordance with the SOP, but in an adequate separation of duties there is no division between the purchasing division and the finance division.
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Kilimnik, Evgenii Vital'evich. "Operative activities of the Ministry of the Interior of Lithuania against national-separatists in 1944 - 1953." Полицейская деятельность, no. 2 (February 2021): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0692.2021.2.35439.

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Based on the historical-legal approach, the author studies the national-separatist organization The Forest Brothers that was acting in Lithuania in 1944 - 1953 and was resisting the authorities by means of terrorist acts. The research subject is the set of measures aimed at suppressing nationalist armed groups. Special attention to this research is caused by the necessity to analyze the activities of the Forest Brothers, as in Lithuania since the Post-Soviet period, the actions of nationalists have been heroified, many of whom, during the occupation, served in divisions under the German administration. The purpose of the research is the historical and legal assessment of the activities of separatists in postwar Lithuania. Special attention is given to the operative activities of NKVD aimed at suppressing regional extremism and introducing legal order in postwar Lithuania. Special contribution of the author is the consideration of the problem of national-separatism in Lithuania. It’s been established that to suppress and oppose the Forest Brothers, the bodies of NKVD and the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic developed a set of operative, tactical and ideological measures which helped as early as by the late 1945 to change the situation in the Republic and achieve the permanent annual decrease of destructive actions of nationalists, and since the late 1940s - the early 1950s to fully control the criminogenic situation in the Republic. It’s been established that the set of measures against Lithuanian separatists consisted of five main directions which included the creation of People's Defense Platoons known as “Destroyers”, constant mopping up of forests for extinguishing the resistance zones, intelligence work, large scale amnesty of fighters, deportation of persons who shared the ideas and supported nationalism and separatism. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the critical scientific insight into Lithuanian separatism, its prerequisites and methods of struggling against it by the internal affairs bodies of Lithuania in 1944 - 1953.   
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Brandon, Pepijn. "Between the Plantation and the Port: Racialization and Social Control in Eighteenth-Century Paramaribo." International Review of Social History 64, S27 (March 26, 2019): 95–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085901900004x.

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AbstractStarting from an incident in the colonial port city of Paramaribo in the autumn of 1750 in which, according to the Dutch governor Mauricius, many of the proper barriers separating rich and poor, men and women, adults and children, white citizens and black slaves were crossed, this article traces some of the complexities of everyday social control in colonial Suriname. As gateways for the trade in commodities and the movement of people, meeting points for free and unfree labourers, and administrative centres for emerging colonial settlements, early modern port cities became focal points for policing interaction across racial and social boundaries. Much of the literature on the relationship between slavery and race focuses on the plantation as “race-making institution” and the planter class as the immediate progenitors of “racial capitalism”. Studies of urban slavery, on the other hand, have emphasized the greater possibilities of social contact between blacks,mestizos, and whites of various social status in the bustling port cities of the Atlantic. This article attempts to understand practices of racialization and control in the port city of Paramaribo not by contrasting the city with its plantation environment, but by underlining the connections between the two social settings that together shaped colonial geography. The article focuses on everyday activities in Paramaribo (dancing, working, drinking, arguing) that reveal the extent of contact between slaves and non-slaves. The imposition of racialized forms of repression that set one group against the other, frequently understood primarily as a means to justify the apparent stasis of the plantation system with its rigid internal divisions, in practice often functioned precisely to fight the pernicious effects of mobility in mixed social contexts.
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Furstenberg, George M. von, and Jianjun Wei. "Overcoming Chinese Monetary Division and External Anchoring in East Asia." Asian Economic Papers 3, no. 1 (January 2004): 27–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1535351041747941.

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There are few recent historical precedents for maintaining the high degree of separation that still prevails between the internal monetary arrangements of Hong Kong and mainland China. This paper explains why this separation is likely to erode and considers the economics of the different forms that monetary unification of China could take. It argues that achieving such unification without resorting to capital controls or expropriation is a precondition for developing a second major international currency in East Asia that would rival the yen. Until the renminbi has been established as an international currency within a unified and sound financial system that has achieved Hong Kong's current standards, there can be no progress toward a regional monetary union in East Asia. An internal goal of Chinese monetary union is banking reform and financial integration, and an external goal is to help emancipate both China and East Asia as a whole safely from the U.S. dollar standard.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Internal divisions or separations"

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Zarrouk, Khaled. "La transmission intergénérationnelle des connaissances dans les banques tunisiennes : Ebauche d’une comparaison avec les banques allemandes." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CNAM0795/document.

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La transmission intergénérationnelle des connaissances au sein de la banque tunisienne au moyen de la formation sur le tas fait traditionnellement partie de la culture de branche inhérente au secteur bancaire. Ce mode de formation archaïque n’a pas disparu, et la banque tunisienne a même intégré de nouveaux modes plus modernes. La comparaison avec la situation des banques allemandes, pionnières dans le domaine de la formation professionnelle et surtout de la formation duale permet d’une part de mettre en relief l’avènement d’une entrouverture au recrutement externe de jeunes diplômés issus de l’université. Mais, également et d’autre part de montrer que l’adoption par les banques tunisiennes de ce mode de formation censé créer davantage de synergies entre les salariés contribue au contraire à dégrader davantage le climat social aussi bien entre qu’avec la hiérarchie. En effet, dans un contexte de renouvellement des générations, couplé avec une ouverture à la concurrence internationale, le management introduit de nouvelles pratiques gestionnaires, et veut modifier rapidement la culture interne tout en gardant cette transmission à des fins de codification
The intergeneration transfer of technical and professional knowledge within the Tunisian banking system thanks to the training on the job belongs to the traditional culture of the financial sector. This kind of archaic training, it hasn’t disappeared. The Tunisian banks have as well already integrated new and modern ways of training. The international comparison with German banks allows to underline the external recruiting of young graduated people from universities. Moreover, and despite the fact that the Tunisian banking system is following the German training example which is due to lead to more synergies between employees and hierarchy, we notice that the internal culture is deteriorating more and more because of the introduction of managing practises which only take into account the maximisation of the banks profit abilities. In a context of renew generation and opening to the international competition, the management introduce new management practices and want to change the internal culture with keeping this technical and professional knowledge to permitting a codification
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Sandrin, Paula. "Internal divisions and security cultures : the impact of Turkish membership on the European Union's foreign and security policies." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2013. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/8z163/internal-divisions-and-security-cultures-the-impact-of-turkish-membership-on-the-european-union-s-foreign-and-security-policies.

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This thesis aims to assess, with the help of the concept of security culture, the impact that Turkish membership will have on the European Union’s foreign and security policies. It argues that any analysis of the impact of Turkey on the EU’s role as an international actor needs to take into account existing divisions within Europe and within Turkey in terms of security culture. Neither the EU nor Turkey is a monolithic actor when it comes to security understandings and preferences. This thesis argues that, due to the existence of a plurality of security cultures within Europe, EU member states can be grouped according to those supporting the project of a Global Power Europe, Humanitarian Power Europe and Minimum Power Europe. For its part, Turkey has two security cultures, which I have called “Republican” and “neo- Ottomanist”. This thesis argues that an assessment of Turkey’s impact on the role of the EU in the world stage must take into account the three existing normative approaches for the future of the EU (Global, Humanitarian, and Minimum Power Europe) and the characteristics of Turkey’s Republican and Neo-Ottomanist security cultures. After locating where Turkey’s security cultures sit in the broader picture of European security landscape, this thesis concludes that Turkish membership is unlikely to significantly alter the EU’s role in the international system. With or without Turkey, the EU will probably continue to resemble a Humanitarian Power in the world stage. This finding makes an important contribution to the literature by challenging the binary logic that pervades the discussion about Turkish membership in the areas of foreign and security policies and has important implications for EU policy towards Turkey.
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Martin, Clare J. L. "Controversy and division in post-restoration Quakerism : the Hat, Wilkinson-Story and Keithian controversies and comparisons with the internal divisions of other seventeenth-century non-conformist groups." Thesis, Open University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396346.

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Tabone, Jana. "Přeměny společností - Rozdělení společnosti XY." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-72066.

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The attached diploma thesis explains the transformations of companies. It shows the development of transformations in the Czech Republic and also explains the different types of transformations with emphasis on divisions. In the theoretical part it also states most common reasons for transformaitons. The practical part takes the reader through a division of the company XY. It shows all the steps that are required not only by law but also for practical reasons. The division is evaluated.
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Books on the topic "Internal divisions or separations"

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Fase, Willem. Ethnic divisions in western European education. Münster: Waxmann, 1994.

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Wijesinghe, P. R. H. Eight states in Sri-Lanka: The internal divisions. [Trincomalee]: National Development Organisation, 1987.

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Zečević, Miodrag Dj. Frontiers and internal territorial division in Yugoslavia. [Belgrade]: Ministry of Information of the Republic of Serbia, 1991.

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Division of powers in European Union law: The delimitation of internal competence between the EU and the member states. Austin [Tex.]: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, 2009.

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Franklin, Rachel S. Domestic migration across regions, divisions and states: 1995-2000. [Washington, D.C?]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Census Bureau, 2003.

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National, Workshop on Internal Boundary Questions (1989 Abuja Federal Capital Territory Nigeria). Management of Nigeria's internal boundary questions: Proceedings of the National Workshop on Internal Boundary Questions, 23-25 October, 1989. Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria: Published for the Research and Documentation Centre, National Boundary Commission, the Presidency by Joe-Tolalu, 1993.

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Paul, T. Internal communications within central eastern Europe and Europe Africa distributors divisions of Unisys, Uxbridge, UK. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University, 1996.

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Khristov, Racho Iliev. Demografski izmerenii͡a︡. Veliko Tŭrnovo: Izd-vo "PIK", 1998.

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Stanoje, Ivanović, and Ninčić-Šoć Spomenka, eds. The Creation and changes of the internal borders of Yugoslavia. [Belgrade?]: Ministry of Information of the Republic of Serbia, 1991.

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Management of Nigeria's internal boundary questions: Proceedings of the National Workshop on Internal Boundary Questions, 23-25 October, 1989 (National Boundary Commission documentation series). Published for the Research and Documentation Centre, National Boundary Commission, the Presidency by Joe-Tolalu, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Internal divisions or separations"

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Marti, Roland. "‘Our People is Divided, Yes, and Torn Asunder …’: The Sorbian Language Community and Its Internal Divisions." In The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders, 206–29. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-34839-5_10.

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Wu, Da-Qin, Mei Cai, Yun Zhou, and Liang-Hua Chen. "Research on the Impact of Divisions’ Lobbying Activity on Efficiency of Internal Capital Market in Diversified Enterprises." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 378–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23065-3_55.

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Shcherbakova, Daria Vasilievna, and Oleg Anatolyevich Firsov. "Information and Analytical Support for Countering Crimes in the Sphere of Illegal Banking Activities by Operational Divisions of Department of Internal Affairs." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 336–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39296-3_25.

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Flach, Sabine. "Moving is in Every Direction." In Bewegungsszenarien der Moderne, 165–76. Heidelberg, Germany: Universitätsverlag WINTER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33675/2021-82537264-10.

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Traditionally, art history divided the arts into four genres: painting and sculpture, poetry and music. Hence the art-historical canon was dominated by a strict division into the arts of space and those of time. Movement (both of an internal and externalized kind) did not find a place within this classificatory corset. In 1766, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing framed the classical art-theoretical approach through his famous text ‚Laocoon: An Essay on the Limits of Painting and Poetry‘, in which he splits the arts into those unfolding in time and those unfolding in space. Lessing’s ‚Laocoon‘ is the founding text defining poetry and music as time-based, sculpture and painting as space-orientated. By 1900, this strict system of classification and hierarchization began to dissolve, giving way to cross-border experiments in the arts of the twentieth century up to the present day. This overturning of classical genre divisions between the static and the dynamic arts, between sculpture, installation, and performance enables us to examine artworks as variations of movement in terms of ‚constellations between scene and scenario‘. Furthermore, the development of movement as an artform implies the activation of the audience in participatory arts practice.
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Dusenbury, David Lloyd. "Epilogue." In The Innocence of Pontius Pilate, 239–48. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197602799.003.0021.

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According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the Roman trial of Jesus is the origin of Christian Europe’s fissile politics. Yet it seems to have gone unremarked in the literature on Rousseau’s thought that he rejects the Christian political legacy on the strength of his interpretation of Jesus’ Roman trial. Rousseau cites this trial at a critical moment of his Social Contract: “Jesus came to set up on earth a spiritual kingdom, which, by separating the theological system from the political system, led to the state’s ceasing to be one, and caused the internal divisions which have never ceased to convulse Christian peoples.” Salient in Rousseau’s theory of history is the moment when Jesus testifies to what he calls a “so-called kingdom of the other world” (prétendu royaume de l’autre monde). And when is that? None of Rousseau’s eighteenth-century readers could have failed to hear, in this, Jesus’ utterance before Pilate: “My kingdom is not of this world” (John 18:36). This is Jesus’ world-historical idea which, in Rousseau’s words, “could never have entered the head of pagans”.
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"Internal Divisions in the Labor Movement." In Hakibbutz Ha’artzi, Mapam, and the Demise of the Israeli Labor Movement, 89–126. Syracuse University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvj7wnpb.11.

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"External Challenges and Internal Divisions, 1956–1966." In From Buildings and Loans to Bail-Outs, 159–86. Cambridge University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511511714.007.

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Treacy, Matt. "Abstentionism and the growth of internal divisions." In The IRA 1956–69. Manchester University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.7765/9781847794178.00008.

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Treacy, Matt. "Abstentionism and the growth of internal divisions." In The IRA 1956-69, 45–61. Manchester University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719084720.003.0003.

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"The Kosovo Crisis and the Intensification of Internal Divisions." In Montenegro. I.B.Tauris, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755622467.ch-010.

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Conference papers on the topic "Internal divisions or separations"

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Chen, Ming, and Karen Schirmer. "A Modelling Approach to the Design Optimization of Catalytic Converters of I.C. Engines." In ASME 2003 Internal Combustion Engine and Rail Transportation Divisions Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2003-0729.

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In this paper, a modelling approach to the design optimization of catalytic converters is presented. The first step of the optimization is the model-assisted sizing of catalysts. For a given inlet exhaust condition, a semi-empirical, experimentally calibrated, 0-D steady state catalyst model is employed to sort through a data base of catalysts under given restraints, yielding few successful candidates. Following this screening process, a 1-D transient plug-flow catalyst model is used to analyze the species concentrations and the temperature variation across the catalyst. The second step deals with the flow optimization of the catalyst converter under the given geometric restraints. A commercially available CFD package is employed to simulate isothermal flow and to evaluate flow uniformity characteristics in the catalytic converter. The substrate is modelled as porous media, where viscous and initial resistances are specified via empirical formula. With the help of the CFD tool, the flow in the converter can be optimized using appropriate boundary layer control methods. In a specific example, the effects of perforated plate on the flow separation in a wide-angle diffuser are demonstrated. This paper also addresses the issue of flow resistance of perforated plates.
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Yamamoto, A., and E. Outa. "Low-Speed Annular Cascade Tests of an Ultra-Highly Loaded Turbine With Tip Clearance: Part 1 — Near Design Incidence." In ASME 1999 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/99-gt-212.

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Annular cascade tests were carried out to study the performance of an ultra-highly loaded turbine cascade (UHLTC) with a design turning angle of 160 deg. The UHLTC is for applications to future high-temperature gas turbine engines. This paper describes details of the secondary flows and the associated total pressure losses of the UHLTC obtained at a test incidence of −2.7 deg. The cascade flows were measured with a small five-hole Pitot probe located at 21 traverse measurement planes upstream, inside and downstream of the UHLTC. From the measurements, detailed flow structures and the loss evolution process were analyzed. Flow visualization tests were also carried out to see more details of the flows on the blade surfaces, on the endwalls and in the blade tip gap. Various flow separations and various small vortices associated with the passage and leakage vortices, such as corner vortices and edge vortices, separation bubbles, and the associated reverse flows, were seen. These were clarified from various flow lines showing separation, attachment/reattachment and division of each flow. The results obtained from the flow visualization were compared with those from the traverse measurements. Large total pressure losses occur inside the cascade passage as well as downstream of the cascade. Various strong passage vortices, strong leakage vortex, strong swirling flows upstream and downstream of the cascade and their associated various flow separations, are the main causes of the loss generation. The coefficient of total pressure loss generated inside the cascade was 0.28 at the test near-design incidence. The actual turning angle of the flow from the cascade inlet and the cascade outlet was 146 deg. Some schematic drawings of the flow structures in the present UHLTC were also given. The basic flow structures did not differ significantly from those seen in the conventional cascades with much smaller turning angles, except for stronger passage vortices, larger internal loss and larger downstream mixing loss due to the very high turning angle of the UHLTC.
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3

Smith, Barton L., Kristen V. Mortensen, and Spencer Wendel. "Oscillating Flow in Adverse Pressure Gradients." In ASME 2005 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2005-77458.

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Separating oscillating flow in an internal adverse pressure gradient geometry is studied experimentally. Phase-locked PIV measurements and simultaneous pressure measurements reveal that during the accelerating portion of the cycle, the flow remains attached in spite of a very large adverse pressure gradient. During the decelerating portion of the cycle, the flow is more prone to separation. The duration and extent of the separation depend strongly on the oscillation displacement amplitude relative to the cross-stream dimension. In some cases, the flow separates but reattaches as the separated shear layer is accelerated temporally. The time-varying pressure measurements are used to determine the resultant minor losses for the flow in each direction. These are found to be an increasing function of displacement amplitude and independent of the Reynolds number.
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4

Wade, W. R. "Near Zero Emission Internal Combustion Engines." In ASME 2003 Internal Combustion Engine and Rail Transportation Divisions Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2003-0775.

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Near zero emission levels from an internal combustion engine were achieved to meet California’s Partial Zero Emission Vehicle (PZEV) requirement beginning with the 2003 model year. Using a systems approach, the tailpipe emission requirements for the PZEV standard were cascaded to the base engine design, control system and catalyst system to achieve the engine-out emissions and catalyst efficiency requirements. Major emphasis was on low emission cold starting and rapid catalyst light-off. Overall catalyst efficiencies of over 99.9% for hydrocarbon emissions, 98.8% for carbon monoxide emissions and 99.5% for oxides of nitrogen emissions were achieved over 150K miles. In addition to achieving near zero levels for tailpipe emissions, on-board diagnostics were developed to detect malfunctions in the near zero emission control systems. Likewise, a near zero evaporative emission system was developed. Future PZEV developments are described as more vehicles will be required to meet the PZEV requirements in the future.
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5

Yelvington, Paul E., R. Paul Roth, Robert E. Mayo, Andrew L. Carpenter, and Jerald G. Wagner. "Oxygen-Enriched Combustion for Industrial Diesel Engines." In ASME 2015 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2015-1068.

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Oxygen-enriched combustion (OEC) is used in industrial combustion applications to increase the adiabatic flame temperature. OEC has also been studied previously as a means to increase the efficiency, power density, and low-quality fuel compatibility of internal combustion engines, including diesels. Although oxygen-enriched air can be produced in a number of ways, membrane air separating is the preferred method. Under this program, a high-flux membrane was experimentally tested for this application. A small-displacement (200 cm3), single-cylinder diesel engine was also modified for OEC. The modifications included development of a custom electronic fuel injection system and changes to the inlet manifold to dynamically change the oxygen concentration in the combustion air. Membrane testing, engine dynamometer testing, and system analysis demonstrated that current air-separation membranes require excessive parasitic losses for improvement of power density and efficiency. However, OEC can enable the use of low ignition-quality fuels. OEC was also observed to decrease carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke emissions, although nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions were observed to increase. Transient testing was also performed; a membrane-based OEC system was shown to respond to step changes in engine load with an acceptable time response.
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6

Wei, Yan, Penghua Guo, Ben Xu, Thomas Rodriguez, Luis Escobar, and Hermes Chirino. "A Theoretical Study of Saline Droplet Evaporation in Solar-Thermal Driven Full Separation Multi Effect Distillation (FS-MED) System." In ASME 2017 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2017-69508.

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The significant changes of population, environment and climate have led to the increased need for freshwater. However, the shortage of naturally available freshwater is becoming more frequent than ever. Desalination, removal of salt and other minerals from seawater, brackish water, and wastewater, is a promising solution to provide the increasing need of freshwater. Multi stage flashing (MSF) and multi effect distillation (MED) can be classified as conventional thermal-driven desalination technologies. Nevertheless, the disposal of high concentrated brine is a big environmental concern. Despite the tremendous improvements in conventional desalination technology, the desalination process is very energy consuming. Due to high expenses of the conventional energy resources, renewable energy sources can provide alternatives. Considering the fact that Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) has been significantly developed during the past two decades, inorganic salts are the perfect candidates as Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) for high temperature applications in solar thermal energy storage, fully separating water and salts in the desalination process arises naturally, since the leftover salts can be collected instead of disposing them to the environment. A full separation multi effect distillation (FSMED) system was proposed by other researchers, where the air fed to the full separation tank (FST) is preheated by a heat source, and the highly concentrated brine from the last effect is sprayed in the FST, so that the brine droplets can be completely evaporated by leaving behind inorganic salts. Obviously, the full separation process of salts and water involves multiphase heat and mass transfer. However, a key question is the characterization of the lifetime of brine droplets inside the FST during its entire evaporation process, and the effects from the internal circulation to droplet evaporation. If the droplet has strong internal circulation, the definition of two stages of evaporation becomes inaccurate, it has to be corrected based on the detailed calculation of time scale at each stage. In the current study, a 1D quasi-steady evaporation model was developed to characterize the effects from internal circulation to the life cycle of droplets in the FST, compared with the results using the dynamic evaporation model. To simplify the analysis, water droplet with impurity particles was considered, and a case study was also provided to compare the life cycle of water droplets without internal circulation. Finally, a correction to the definition of two-stage of water droplet evaporation was provided. It is expected that the computation results will be beneficial for thermal driven desalination community.
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7

Biruduganti, Munidhar, Sreenath Gupta, Bipin Bihari, Steve McConnell, and Raj Sekar. "Air Separation Membranes: An Alternative to EGR in Large Bore Natural Gas Engines." In ASME 2009 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2009-76054.

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Air Separation Membranes (ASM) could potentially replace Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) technology in engines due to the proven benefits in NOx reduction but without the drawbacks of EGR. Previous investigations of Nitrogen Enriched Air (NEA) combustion using nitrogen bottles showed up to 70% NOx reduction with modest 2% nitrogen enrichment. The investigation in this paper was performed with an ASM capable of delivering at least 3.5% NEA to a single cylinder spark ignited natural gas engine. Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) is one of the pathways to meet the mandatory ultra low NOx emissions levels set by regulatory agencies. In this study, a comparative assessment is made between natural gas combustion in standard air and 2% NEA. Enrichment beyond this level degraded engine performance in terms of power density, Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions for a given equivalence ratio. The ignition timing was optimized to yield maximum brake torque for standard air and NEA. Subsequently, conventional spark ignition (SI) was replaced by laser ignition (LI) to extend lean ignition limit. Both ignition systems were studied under a wide operating range from ψ: 1.0 to the lean misfire limit. It was observed that with 2% NEA, for a similar fuel quantity, the equivalence ratio (Ψ) increases by 0.1 relative to standard air conditions. Analysis showed that lean burn operation along with NEA and alternative ignition source such as LI could pave the pathway for realizing lower NOx emissions with a slight penalty in BTE.
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Fang, Tao, and Satbir Singh. "Predictions of Flow Separation at the Valve-Seat for Steady-State Port-Flow Simulation." In ASME 2014 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2014-5667.

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Steady-state port-flow simulations with static valve lift are often utilized to optimize the performance of intake system of an internal combustion engine. Generally, increase in valve lift results in higher mass flow rate through the valve. But in certain cases, mass flow rate can actually decrease with increased valve lift, caused by separation of turbulent flow at the valve-seat. Prediction of this phenomenon using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models is not trivial. It is found that the computational mesh significantly influences the simulation results. A series of steady-state port flow simulation are carried out using a commercial CFD code. Several mesh topologies are applied for the simulations. The predicted results are compared with available experimental data from flow bench measurements. It is found that the flow separation and reduction in mass flow rate with increased valve lift can be predicted when high mesh density is used in the proximity of the valve seat and the walls of the intake port. Higher mesh density also gives better predictions of mass flow rate compared to the experiments, but only for high valve lifts. For low valve lifts, the error in predicted flow rate is close to 13%.
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Yan, Ziming, Brian Gainey, Deivanayagam Hariharan, and Benjamin Lawler. "Investigation Into Reactivity Separation Between Direct Injected and Premixed Fuels in RCCI Combustion Mode." In ASME 2019 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2019-7130.

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Abstract This experimental study focuses on the effects of the reactivity separation between the port injected fuel and the direct injection fuel, the amount of external-cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and the direct injection timing of the high reactivity fuel on Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) combustion. The experiments were conducted on a light-duty, single-cylinder diesel engine with a production GM/Isuzu engine head and piston and a retrofitted port fuel injection system. The global charge-mass equivalence ratio, ϕ′, was fixed at 0.32 throughout all of the experiments. To investigate the effects of the fuel reactivity separation, different Primary Reference Fuels (PRF) were port injected, with the PRF number varying from 50 to 90. To investigate the effects of EGR, an EGR range of 0 to 55% was used. To investigate the effects of the injection timing, an injection timing window of −65 to −45 degrees ATDC was chosen. The results indicate that there are several tradeoffs. First, decreasing the port injected fuel reactivity (increasing the PRF number) delays combustion phasing, decreases the combustion efficiency by up to 9%, increases the gross indicated thermal efficiency up to 22%, enhances the combustion sensitivity to the direct injection timing, and slightly increases the UHC, CO, and NOx emissions. Second, increasing the EGR percentage delays combustion phasing, lowers the peak heat release rate, and lowers the NOx emissions. The combustion efficiency first increases and then decreases with EGR percentage for high reactivity fuels (low PRF number), but only decreases for low reactivity fuels. Finally, delaying the injection timing advances combustion phasing and increases the combustion efficiency, but decreases the gross indicated thermal efficiency and increases the NOx emissions. Across all of the experiments, delays in CA50 increase the gross indicated thermal efficiency and decrease the combustion efficiency, which represents an inherent tradeoff for RCCI combustion on a light-duty engine.
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10

Choi, Jeongyong, Sridev Satpathy, John Hoard, Daniel Styles, and Chih-Kuang Kuan. "An Experimental and Computational Analysis of Water Condensation Separator Within a Charge Air Cooler." In ASME 2017 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2017-3609.

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In recent years, many engine manufacturers have turned to downsizing and boosting of gasoline engines in order to meet the ever more stringent fuel economy and emissions regulations. With an increase in the number of turbocharged gasoline engines, solutions are required to manage knock under a range of operating conditions. The charge air cooler has been introduced to mitigate knock. Moreover, the engine is required to operate with spark retard and/or boost reduction to provide knock reduction leading to reduced fuel economy. Under some operating conditions water can condense in the charge air cooler (CAC). Corrugated plate separators have been widely used in gas-water separation and oil-water separation in many industries including marine diesel engines. However, this sort of separator has not been applied to gasoline engines in vehicles to separate the condensation in the charged air. In this paper, a 1-D condensation model to estimate the potential amount of water condensation and entrainment from the charge air coolers is presented. An approach to designing a unit to separate condensation in the flow from the charge air cooler while maintaining a low pressure drop is described. The design approach provides correlations of separator geometries versus separation and pressure drop performance. The study is developed using a 3-D computational model for analyzing charge air and condensation flow. The model results of the 1-D condensation model and the 3-D computational model have been validated by experiments on an engine-dynamometer based test cell. The set-up incorporates a 4 cylinder gasoline direct injection (GDI) turbocharged engine. An air-to-air charge air cooler is mounted under the engine. The intake air for the engine is supplied using a combustion air unit which enables the operators to control the temperature and humidity. Test conditions have been identified to demonstrate the phenomenon of CAC water condensation. Measurements of water condensation and motion through the system confirm the results of models. A separator has been designed that achieves high separation efficiency and low pressure drop.
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