Journal articles: 'Internal divisions or separations'

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Jaśkowiak, Irmina. "Tożsamość żydowska na pograniczu kultur i narodów." Refleksje. Pismo naukowe studentów i doktorantów WNPiD UAM, no. 12 (October 31, 2018): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/r.2015.11.

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Identity construction is one of the fundamental human needs. The process takes place in two areas simultaneously: internal, self-reflexive and external, associated with a sense of belonging to a particular group. The Jews, until the beginning of the nineteenth century constituted quite uniform society voluntarily separating themselves from other communities. As a result of emancipation and assimilation processes, various influences affect their identity. As a consequence the Jews faced two difficulties. The first one was the dilemma between own nation and territorial homeland while the other was the progressing deep internal divisions. At present Jewish identity is most of all national and ethnical identity strongly reinforced by historical memory and fight with anti-Semitism. After the period of the twentieth century crisis and in the light of the western world secularization it has become also cultural identity.Identity construction is one of the fundamental human needs. Theprocess takes place in two areas simultaneously: internal, self-reflexiveand external, associated with a sense of belonging to a particulargroup. The Jews, until the beginning of the nineteenth century constitutedquite uniform society voluntarily separating themselves fromother communities. As a result of emancipation and assimilation processes,various influences affect their identity. As a consequence theJews faced two difficulties. The first one was the dilemma betweenown nation and territorial homeland while the other was the progressingdeep internal divisions. At present Jewish identity is most of allnational and ethnical identity strongly reinforced by historical memoryand fight with anti-Semitism. After the period of the twentieth centurycrisis and in the light of the western world secularization it hasbecome also cultural identity.

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Kurnicki, Karol. "Dzielenie przestrzeni, praktyki graniczenia. Parkowanie, własność i przynależność na polskich osiedlach mieszkaniowych." Kultura i Społeczeństwo 62, no. 3 (September 27, 2018): 143–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2018.62.3.8.

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Space gains significance through processes of social differentiation and bordering, and in consequence is connected with the creation and maintenance of social divisions. The author seeks confirmation of this fact at the level of everyday practices in housing settlements, tracking the mechanisms used by people in situations of contact and confrontation with others in the social space. He sets himself several aims: (1) he attempts to analyze selected spatial practices (parking within the settlement, the creation of belonging), reflecting the internal structuring strategies of housing settlements; (2) he points to the causes of that structuring, that is, the main contexts in which these practices occur and are strengthened; (3) he highlights the important role of space in processes of bordering and differentiation. Practices connected with parking and the creation of belonging, although apparently disparate and deriving from contrary spheres of social life make it possible to hypothesize that the striving for separation and the increased importance of space determine the organization of borders, divisions, and social relations in housing settlements.

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Soros, Connie L., and Nancy G. Dengler. "Leaf morphogenesis and growth in Cyperus eragrostis (Cyperaoeae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 74, no. 11 (November 1, 1996): 1753–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b96-212.

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We identified the zones of leaf extension, cell division, cell elongation, and cell differentiation in developing leaves of a sedge species, Cyperus eragrostis Lam. (Cyperaceae). The zone of leaf extension was located by measuring the separation between pinhole markers and by observing the staining pattern of Calcofluor White after pulse-labelling growing leaves. These observations were supported by determining growth rates of control and punctured leaves and by scanning electron and light microscopy of developing leaves. The location of the zone of cell division was assessed by enumerating mitotic figures, and the zone of cell elongation was established by measuring lengths of epidermal cells in cleared leaves. These studies indicated that the zone of leaf elongation is within the basal 10–15 mm of a leaf and that cell divisions are restricted to the basal 0.2–1 mm. Radial enlargement of internal tissues begins in the basal half of the elongation zone and cells are fully differentiated within a short distance above it. Expanding leaves can be divided into three zones: zone 1, a basal meristematic zone where cell division and some cell elongation occur; zone 2, a zone above the base where cells are elongating but cell division has ceased; and zone 3, a zone where elongation is complete and cells have reached their final length. This pattern of leaf development is similar to, but more condensed than, feat found in the related monocotyledonous family, the Poaceae. Keywords: Cyperus eragrostis, leaf development, leaf extension zone, Cyperaceae, cell enlargement.

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Zake, Ieva, and Graham Gormley. "Integration or separation? Nationality groups in the US and the Republican Party's ethnic politics, 1960s-1980s." Nationalities Papers 38, no. 4 (July 2010): 469–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2010.482132.

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Using examples of American Latvians, Estonians and Ukrainians in the states of Minnesota, New Jersey and New York this article explores the ambiguous nature of integration of nationalities groups inside the Republican Party during the 1960s-1980s. Based on the analysis of available archival information, it is shown that the Republican Party intentionally brought in the ethnics during the discussed period and created the Nationalities Sections within specific electoral campaigns, Nationalities Divisions inside the state party organizations and the National Republican Heritage Groups (Nationalities) Council within the Republican National Committee in order to recruit the ethnics and engage in the partisan struggle with the Democrats. Consequently, the nationalities were given a sense of importance, but little real power to actually influence the internal processes inside the party. At the same time, the nationalities eagerly responded to the invitation to join the Republican national and state-level organizations specifically designed for the ethnics. Yet in doing this they perceived themselves primarily as ethnics with a distinct, mainly anti-communist, agenda and only secondarily thought of themselves as Americans dedicated to Republican politics. Consequently, the Republican political strategy of creating Nationalities Sections and Divisions seemed to integrate the ethnics on the surface, while in reality intensifying political separation and even ghettoization of the ethnics in American politics. This research initiates a larger project, which will compare the Republican and Democratic strategies of directly involving ethnic groups and minorities inside the party organizations in the second part of the twentieth century.

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Melton, JK. "Bridging the Colonial Divide." Exchange 47, no. 4 (October 25, 2018): 350–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1572543x-12341499.

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Abstract Conflicts over human sexuality are creating schisms within many churches, increasing the ecumenical challenges faced by the wider church. While there are legitimate theological disagreements, there has been a separation between “Global South” and “Global North” members of the denominations, as can be seen in the examples of United Methodism, Anglicanism, and Lutheranism. Schisms such as those based on human sexuality cannot overlook colonialism as a factor. Addressing this, Receptive Ecumenism has potential as a potent postcolonial method because Receptive Ecumenism offers tools that allow there to be dialogue among Christians who are particularly divided within denominations along lines created by colonialism, largely because of its posture of learning and listening. Indeed, if churches were to receive the methods of Receptive Ecumenism, by adopting a stance of active listening and learning, rather than a stance of self-advocacy and argument, the churches may find ways to heal internal divisions.

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Andersen, Mark T., Richard D. Newcomb, Lia W. Liefting, and Ross E. Beever. "Phylogenetic Analysis of “Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense” Reveals Distinct Populations in New Zealand." Phytopathology® 96, no. 8 (August 2006): 838–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-96-0838.

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The phytoplasma “Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense” has been reported from New Zealand and Australia, where it has been associated with a range of host plants, especially since the 1970s. Partial tuf gene sequences of 36 New Zealand (NZ) isolates from four different host genera revealed nine different variants, which clustered into two distinct groups without any obvious correlation with host or geographic region. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences, together with those available from Australian isolates, revealed three distinct clades: one found solely in Australia, one found solely in NZ, and a third with representatives from both countries. These divisions are consistent with differences observed in the 16–23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer region; therefore, we conclude that they represent three distinct subgroups: tuf 1, tuf 2, and tuf 3. We estimated a time of divergence for the three clades based on a synonymous substitution rate calculated by comparing the complete tuf gene sequence from the Loofah witches'-broom phytoplasma and “Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense”. Using a calibration date of 110 million years, the estimated time to a common ancestor for all clades (6 to 9 million years ago) suggests divergence during the Miocene, well after the geological separation of NZ and Australia.

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Rahmawanti, Pungky, Endang Masitoh, and Anita Wijayanti. "Penerapan Sistem Pengendalian Intern atas Persediaan Barang pada PT.Mica Jaya Pratama." Owner 4, no. 1 (January 25, 2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33395/owner.v4i1.213.

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This study aims to find out how the application of internal control over inventory of goods at PT Mica Jaya Pratama Solo. This research is a qualitative research that is by conducting both structured and unstructured interviews to determine the internal control carried out by the company. In this study the variables are the principles of internal control such as adequate separation of duties (organizational structure), determination of adequate responsibilities (system of authority), design and use of documents and adequate records (healthy practices), physical control of assets and records adequate (healthy practice), independently verify performance (HR). The result of this study is that the inventory control system at PT. Mica Jaya Pratama is in accordance with the SOP, but in an adequate separation of duties there is no division between the purchasing division and the finance division.

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Kilimnik, Evgenii Vital'evich. "Operative activities of the Ministry of the Interior of Lithuania against national-separatists in 1944 - 1953." Полицейская деятельность, no. 2 (February 2021): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0692.2021.2.35439.

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Based on the historical-legal approach, the author studies the national-separatist organization The Forest Brothers that was acting in Lithuania in 1944 - 1953 and was resisting the authorities by means of terrorist acts. The research subject is the set of measures aimed at suppressing nationalist armed groups. Special attention to this research is caused by the necessity to analyze the activities of the Forest Brothers, as in Lithuania since the Post-Soviet period, the actions of nationalists have been heroified, many of whom, during the occupation, served in divisions under the German administration. The purpose of the research is the historical and legal assessment of the activities of separatists in postwar Lithuania. Special attention is given to the operative activities of NKVD aimed at suppressing regional extremism and introducing legal order in postwar Lithuania. Special contribution of the author is the consideration of the problem of national-separatism in Lithuania. It’s been established that to suppress and oppose the Forest Brothers, the bodies of NKVD and the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic developed a set of operative, tactical and ideological measures which helped as early as by the late 1945 to change the situation in the Republic and achieve the permanent annual decrease of destructive actions of nationalists, and since the late 1940s - the early 1950s to fully control the criminogenic situation in the Republic. It’s been established that the set of measures against Lithuanian separatists consisted of five main directions which included the creation of People's Defense Platoons known as “Destroyers”, constant mopping up of forests for extinguishing the resistance zones, intelligence work, large scale amnesty of fighters, deportation of persons who shared the ideas and supported nationalism and separatism. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the critical scientific insight into Lithuanian separatism, its prerequisites and methods of struggling against it by the internal affairs bodies of Lithuania in 1944 - 1953.   

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Brandon, Pepijn. "Between the Plantation and the Port: Racialization and Social Control in Eighteenth-Century Paramaribo." International Review of Social History 64, S27 (March 26, 2019): 95–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085901900004x.

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AbstractStarting from an incident in the colonial port city of Paramaribo in the autumn of 1750 in which, according to the Dutch governor Mauricius, many of the proper barriers separating rich and poor, men and women, adults and children, white citizens and black slaves were crossed, this article traces some of the complexities of everyday social control in colonial Suriname. As gateways for the trade in commodities and the movement of people, meeting points for free and unfree labourers, and administrative centres for emerging colonial settlements, early modern port cities became focal points for policing interaction across racial and social boundaries. Much of the literature on the relationship between slavery and race focuses on the plantation as “race-making institution” and the planter class as the immediate progenitors of “racial capitalism”. Studies of urban slavery, on the other hand, have emphasized the greater possibilities of social contact between blacks,mestizos, and whites of various social status in the bustling port cities of the Atlantic. This article attempts to understand practices of racialization and control in the port city of Paramaribo not by contrasting the city with its plantation environment, but by underlining the connections between the two social settings that together shaped colonial geography. The article focuses on everyday activities in Paramaribo (dancing, working, drinking, arguing) that reveal the extent of contact between slaves and non-slaves. The imposition of racialized forms of repression that set one group against the other, frequently understood primarily as a means to justify the apparent stasis of the plantation system with its rigid internal divisions, in practice often functioned precisely to fight the pernicious effects of mobility in mixed social contexts.

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Furstenberg, George M. von, and Jianjun Wei. "Overcoming Chinese Monetary Division and External Anchoring in East Asia." Asian Economic Papers 3, no. 1 (January 2004): 27–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1535351041747941.

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There are few recent historical precedents for maintaining the high degree of separation that still prevails between the internal monetary arrangements of Hong Kong and mainland China. This paper explains why this separation is likely to erode and considers the economics of the different forms that monetary unification of China could take. It argues that achieving such unification without resorting to capital controls or expropriation is a precondition for developing a second major international currency in East Asia that would rival the yen. Until the renminbi has been established as an international currency within a unified and sound financial system that has achieved Hong Kong's current standards, there can be no progress toward a regional monetary union in East Asia. An internal goal of Chinese monetary union is banking reform and financial integration, and an external goal is to help emancipate both China and East Asia as a whole safely from the U.S. dollar standard.

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11

Mandelblatt, Jeanne S., Rhodes S. Adler, Nancy M. Bennett, Oliver T. Fein, Susie Hoffman, and Thomas J. Mattimore. "Divisions of general medicine." Journal of General Internal Medicine 2, no. 6 (November 1987): 388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02596363.

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Grechenko, V. A. "1941 (pre-war half-year period): changes in the NKVD structure of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic." Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 82, no. 3 (November 27, 2018): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/v.2018.3.01.

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1941 is a landmark in the history of the world in the whole and Ukraine in particular. The absolute attention of the historical scientific community is concentrated on the events associated with the beginning of the Soviet-German war. Therefore, a very small number of publications is focused on the pre-war half-year period of 1941. However, the reorganization of the NKVD continued during this period aiming at adapting its activities to new tasks. The study of controversial pages of law enforcement agencies at this time is important for the reproduction of an objective picture of its activity, for the establishment of historical truth. The author of the publication has studied the transformations in the structure of the NKVD of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic during the first pre-war half-year period of 1941. The structural changes in the NKVD of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in the first half of 1941 have been researched for the first time; the leadership of the regional departments of the NKVD of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in the mentioned period has been specified and summarized; provisions on the role and tasks of the units on combating banditism have gained further development. It has been demonstrated that there were rather significant changes concerning the separation of the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs into two parts in the first half-year period of 1941 in the structure of the NKVD of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in accordance with the model of the NKVD of the USSR. One of them had to deal directly with state security, and the creation of appropriate departments in the regions and districts. Transformations were also associated to the establishment of the Main Office for Combating Banditism and relevant departments and field offices. The essence of these changes has been analyzed; it has been demonstrated how new units of militia were created, in particular agencies on combating banditism. The data on the leadership of the NKVD of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and its regional departments have been systematized; the functions of the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs, departments and divisions on combating banditism have been highlighted. The author believes that the intensification of attention on this issue was largely due to the mainstreaming the activities of the nationalist underground in Western Ukraine.

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JOHNSON, GEORGE K. "Research in Divisions of General Internal Medicine." Annals of Internal Medicine 104, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-104-2-279_2.

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Alifanny, Sheila. "Analisis Sistem Akuntansi Persediaan Bahan Penolong Terhadap Pengendalian Internal CV Bumi Nusantara." e-Journal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Akuntansi 7, no. 2 (September 3, 2020): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ejeba.v7i2.15821.

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The study aims of analyze and evaluating the accounting system for component inventory and internal control of CV Bumi Nusantara. This type of research is qualitative research with a case study method, through direct observation and structured interviews. Data analysis is performed is an analysis of component inventory systems and analysis of internal controls related to organizational structure in separating duties and responsibilities, authority systems and procedures of enumeration as well as healthy practices that cannot be separated from competent employees. The results showed that the procedures in the accounting system for component inventory carried out by CV Bumi Nusantara has run well but there are still weaknesses and shortcomings in the documents, records and functions related to the system and procedures. There is still a dual role in the function carried out with no separation of duties in the procurement and warehouse division, some documents are not in the company, do not record in the journal. In addition, the physical calculation system that is carried out needs an evaluation because it is only done by the warehouse. A good component inventory accounting system is very influential in improving the internal control of CV Bumi Nusantara because the network of procedures, documents, records and functions will affect the running process of an existing internal control, with the completeness of documents, records, and functions related to the supply of component will facilitate the internal control of CV Bumi Nusantara and improve the level of reliability of accounting information.

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Friedman, Robert H., Joel J. Alpert, and Larry A. Green. "Strengthening academic generalist departments and divisions." Journal of General Internal Medicine 9, S1 (April 1994): S90—S98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02598123.

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Newitt, Malyn, and Corrado Tornimbeni. "Transnational Networks and Internal Divisions in Central Mozambique." Cahiers d'études africaines 48, no. 192 (December 9, 2008): 707–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/etudesafricaines.15471.

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KARPF, MICHAEL. "Divisions of General Internal Medicine: Accomplishments and Needs." Annals of Internal Medicine 103, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-103-3-456.

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Green, Bryan. "The Essential Ambiguity of the Social." Philosophy of the Social Sciences 49, no. 2 (January 24, 2019): 108–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0048393118821185.

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Methodological divisions in sociology, the study of the social, are not just deep and persistent but patterned—most obviously in the separate development of qualitative methods in ethnography and grounded theory, but also in subsidiary divisions within those separations, following the same pattern. The pattern being too deep-rooted to be explained as empirical happenstance, it will be explored here as the effect of an equally deep-rooted condition. More exactly, through postulating that sociology’s subject-matter, the social, is ontologically rooted in an essential ambiguity between abstraction and individuation. Four criteria are drawn from the idea of the dichotomy being constitutively essential, which this or any alternative candidates must meet. The article conducts the postulate through the criteria, and applies the criterion of separating better from worse sociological theory to the work of Pierre Bourdieu.

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Gomes, L. S., and J. B. Volpon. "Experimental physeal fracture-separations treated with rigid internal fixation." Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 75, no. 12 (December 1993): 1756–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199312000-00004.

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Zhang, Xue Wei, and Liang Hua Chen. "Compensation Incentive of CEO and Internal Capital Market Allocation Efficiency." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 4433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.4433.

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In the agency theory of internal capital market, the compensation incentive of Headquarters is discussed as a key factor to the efficiency of internal capital market, using KKT. Assumed that equity incentive and investment incentive are Headquarters’ compensation body, investments in divisions are decided by the comparison between equity incentive and investment incentive, the comparison results in internal capital market “Socialism”. Furthermore, for the maximum of equity incentive and investment incentive, Headquarters prefers to overinvestment in divisions.

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Djukanovic, Dragan. "“Identity issues” and lines of internal divisions in Montenegro." Medjunarodni problemi 66, no. 3-4 (2014): 395–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1404395d.

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The history of Montenegro in the 20th and the early 21st century shows that the divisions were very prominent, these including the moment when the Kingdom of Montenegro had been created (after 1918), the period during World War II (1941-1945) as well as the time when its state and legal position was to be resolved. Similar lines of divisions in the Montenegrin society became dominant again during the dissolution of former SFR Yugoslavia (1991-1999) as well as immediately before and after the referendum on the status of the state in 2006 concerning primarily the set of the so-called identity issues. Those issues include the images and contents of Montenegro?s state symbols, the official language (the Montenegrin language since 2007) and the status of the canonically unrecognised Montenegrin Orthodox Church. At the same time, the author points to the disagreements of political actors in Montenegro regarding its membership in the NATO. This prevents the possibility of achieving as broad as possible consensus on the foreign policy identity and orientation of this country. Finally, the author concludes that it is necessary to achieve a broad internal consensus and make a compromise in Montenegro concerning the set of identity issues mentioned above in order to prevent the traditional division in the society.

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Knechel, W. Robert, and Harold P. Benson. "An Optimization Approach for Scheduling Internal Audits of Divisions." Decision Sciences 22, no. 2 (March 1991): 391–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1991.tb00354.x.

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Nikolowa, Radoslawa. "Developing new ideas: Spin-outs, spinoffs, or internal divisions." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 98 (February 2014): 70–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2013.12.001.

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Suchkov, Maxim A. "Partisan Divisions and Future of the U.S. Internal Politics." Problemy natsional'noi strategii, no. 3 (2021): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52311/2079-3359_2021_3_13.

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Vakhnina, V. V., L. N. Kostina, and Irina V. Efimova. "Dynamics of Mental and Emotional State of the Heads of District-Level Internal Affairs Divisions in the Process of Developmental Counselling." Psychology and Law 10, no. 4 (2020): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2020100405.

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The article considers the problem of developmental psychological counselling for the heads of the district-level internal affairs divisions. Modern requirements which are imposed on the senior leadership of internal affairs divisions guide the officials towards continuous self-development, self-realization and modernizing of their psychological, managerial and innovative potential and the psychotechnology of developmental counselling is viewed as one of methods for that. We substantiate the relevance of the study of positive developments in the personalities of the heads of district-level internal affairs divisions in the process of developmental counselling. This psychotechnology (seen as a kind of psychological counselling) facilitates positive changes in the personalities of subjects of management activities (i.e. heads of internal affairs divisions) and optimizes their professional and personal development, helps to resolve psychological problems and crises arising in course of their careers. We also presented the results of the study of the prevailing background functional states of leadership's personalities.

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Harrow, Aram W., and David J. Rosenbaum. "Uselessness for an Oracle model with internal randomness." Quantum Information and Computation 14, no. 7&8 (May 2014): 608–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic14.7-8-5.

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We consider a generalization of the standard oracle model in which the oracle acts on the target with a permutation selected according to internal random coins. We describe several problems that are impossible to solve classically but can be solved by a quantum algorithm using a single query; we show that such infinity-vs-one separations between classical and quantum query complexities can be constructed from much weaker separations. We also give conditions to determine when oracle problems -- either in the standard model, or in any of the generalizations we consider -- cannot be solved with success probability better than random guessing would achieve. In the oracle model with internal randomness where the goal is to gain any nonzero advantage over guessing, we prove (roughly speaking) that k quantum queries are equivalent in power to 2k classical queries, thus extending results of Meyer and Pommersheim.

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Chen, I.-Ju. "Corporate Governance and the Efficiency of Internal Capital Markets." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 19, no. 02 (June 2016): 1650013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091516500132.

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This study investigates whether the governance structure of a diversified firm affects its internal capital market and the associated investment efficiencies. We propose that managers of well-governed diversified firms are more subject to the disciplinary power of shareholders and thus are less likely to undertake the inefficient capital investment between divisions. We find that the small segment investment of well-governed diversified firms has less sensitivity with regard to cash flows, but is more sensitive to growth opportunities. Our empirical results suggest that governance mechanisms play an important role in capital allocation among divisions of diversified firms.

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Piegat, A., and M. Pluciński. "Fuzzy number division and the multi-granularity phenomenon." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 65, no. 4 (August 1, 2017): 497–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bpasts-2017-0055.

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AbstractThe paper presents difficulties connected with fuzzy and interval division. If operations such as fuzzy addition, subtraction and multiplication provide as a result one compact, multidimensional granule, then a result of the fuzzy division can consists of few separated granules. Such results are more difficult to use in next calculations. The paper shows that the number of solution granules can be higher than 2 and that in certain problems division does not occur explicitly. In certain problems, separation of particular solution granules can be considerable. The paper also shows how to realize the fuzzy division when its denominator contains zero. Most types of fuzzy arithmetics forbid such operation. However, the paper shows that it is possible. Multidimensional fuzzy RDM arithmetic and horizontal membership functions which facilitate detecting of solution granules are also described. The considered problems are visualized by examples.

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Burakova, Alina. "Planning and internal control of funds." KANT 37, no. 4 (December 2020): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24923/2222-243x.2020-37.8.

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Internal control in a competent organization is an effective tool for evaluating the effectiveness of functioning, which can be used to analyze the work of the entire enterprise or its individual divisions. The article describes the basic rules for the formation of a plan and internal control of cash flow as an effective tool for managing the company's activities.

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Lundgren, Magnus, Laurence Malandrin, Stefan Eriksson, Harald Huber, and Rolf Bernander. "Cell Cycle Characteristics of Crenarchaeota: Unity among Diversity." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 15 (May 23, 2008): 5362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00330-08.

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ABSTRACT The hyperthermophilic archaea Acidianus hospitalis, Aeropyrum pernix, Pyrobaculum aerophilum, Pyrobaculum calidifontis, and Sulfolobus tokodaii representing three different orders in the phylum Crenarchaeota were analyzed by flow cytometry and combined phase-contrast and epifluorescence microscopy. The overall organization of the cell cycle was found to be similar in all species, with a short prereplicative period and a dominant postreplicative period that accounted for 64 to 77% of the generation time. Thus, in all Crenarchaeota analyzed to date, cell division and initiation of chromosome replication occur in close succession, and a long time interval separates termination of replication from cell division. In Pyrobaculum, chromosome segregation overlapped with or closely followed DNA replication, and further genome separation appeared to occur concomitant with cellular growth. Cell division in P. aerophilum took place without visible constriction.

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Bao, W., M. G. Jurka, V. V. Kapitonov, and J. Jurka. "New Superfamilies of Eukaryotic DNA Transposons and Their Internal Divisions." Molecular Biology and Evolution 26, no. 5 (January 27, 2009): 983–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msp013.

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Haber, Matthias. "The legislative consequences of internal conflict and inter-party divisions." Research & Politics 2, no. 2 (June 2, 2015): 205316801558921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053168015589216.

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Dowsett, M. G., J. H. Kelly, G. Rowlands, T. J. Ormsby, B. Guzmán, P. Augustus, and R. Beanland. "On determining accurate positions, separations, and internal profiles for delta layers." Applied Surface Science 203-204 (January 2003): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-4332(02)00646-3.

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Makarenko, S. A. "INTERNAL CONTROL AND ECONOMIC SECURITY: FUNCTIONING AND INTERACTION." Vektor nauki Tol'yattinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya Ekonomika i upravlenie, no. 4 (2020): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18323/2221-5689-2020-4-19-25.

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For the efficient implementation of functions in the sphere of internal control depending on the activity scale and nature, organizations create services of internal control, internal audit, risk management, and economic security; however, the functionality of these structures are not clearly defined. The main goal of this study is the allocation of responsibilities for making and implementing the decisions in the sphere of internal control, which ensures the concurrence and effectiveness of implemented measures at simultaneous nonduplication of functions. The paper deals with the study of the internal control system of an economic entity. The study determined the functional interrelation between the level of the internal control system maturity and the organizational structure of an economic entity. The author considered the structure of control authorities and their functionality based on the maturity level of the economic entity’s internal control system. The paper presents the diagrams of the feed-forward and feed-back mechanism peculiar to the full-functional internal control. Based on the generalization of theoretical provisions, the author determined the role of the internal control services as an instrument for ensuring the state of economic security of an organization. The proposed mechanism of functioning of structural divisions involved in the internal control system promotes the improvement of business management efficiency and reduces the negative impact of the external and internal factors. While developing an economic entity, the internal control system should be reconsidered, taking into account the formation of a single methodological foundation for all divisions. As a result of the study, the author recommends regularly examining (at least once a year) the divisions’ functions within the internal control system using the procedure described in the study.

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Lurie, Nicole. "Health care for the poor in divisions of general medicine." Journal of General Internal Medicine 2, no. 6 (November 1987): 447–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02596378.

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Swanger, Susan L., and Eugene G. Chewning. "The Effect of Internal Audit Outsourcing on Financial Analysts' Perceptions of External Auditor Independence." AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 20, no. 2 (September 1, 2001): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/aud.2001.20.2.115.

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The practice of outsourcing the internal audit function to the external audit firm has raised fears by many parties such as the SEC of possible independence impairment. The fear stems from the increased economic bond that exists when additional services are provided to an audit client, as well as the long-held view that internal auditing is a management function and, as such, is incompatible with the external audit function. This paper reports the results of a two-phase study of the perceptions of financial analysts regarding external auditor independence when a CPA firm performs both external and internal auditing services. In phase 1, analysts' perceptions of auditor independence are greater when the client employs its own internal audit staff or outsources to a different CPA firm than when the external auditor also performs internal audit functions. Phase 2 results show that analysts' perceptions of auditor independence are higher when the internal audit services are provided by the staff of a different division of the CPA firm compared to a nostaff separation treatment. Perceptions do not differ between full and partial outsourcing treatments, which conflicts with the recent SEC rule limiting the extent of outsourcing arrangements.

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Borwankar, R. P., C. C. Chan, D. T. Wasan, R. M. Kurzeja, Z. M. Gu, and N. N. Li. "Analysis of the effect of internal phase leakage on liquid membrane separations." AIChE Journal 34, no. 5 (May 1988): 753–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340506.

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Pozdnyakov, V. M., T. V. Maltseva, and A. O. Burtsev. "Specifics of Subjective Vitality in Officers of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs with Various Post Statuses." Psychology and Law 10, no. 4 (2020): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2020100403.

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The purpose of this study is to identify the component parts of the subjective vitality in the officials and other personnel of internal affairs divisions and to reveal the difference between these data and those of similar-ranked professionals in civilian organizations. On the conceptual level one's subjective vitality is viewed through the personality's attitude to the genesis of its inner forces compared to the scale and feasibility of one's projected plans in various areas of activity. Based on the subject-activity approach, the concept of personality's psychological safety and the resource-based concept of stress we actualize the role of subjective vitality in health behavior. 80 individuals were examined using the Russian adaptation (made by Alexandrova L.A) of the methodology for identifying the subjective vitality developed by R. Ryan and C.Frederic within the framework of the self-determination theory. The study found that civilian staff and officials of the internal affairs divisions have the lowest subjective vitality, whereas in the officers of internal affairs divisions it is near average. It is revealed that women working within the Internal Affairs are more distinguished by "unstable vitality".

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Allison, Michael E., and Alberto Martín Alvarez. "Unity and Disunity in the FMLN." Latin American Politics and Society 54, no. 4 (2012): 89–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2012.00174.x.

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AbstractProblems of unity can affect an armed opposition group at many stages of its existence—during the war, in peace negotiations, and in its transition to political party. This article assesses how internal divisions affected the performance of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) in El Salvador. It finds that while the FMLN suffered significant internal divisions in the early years of the war, it remained remarkably unified from 1983 on. Significant divisions began to appear during the later war years but were not exacerbated until after the war's conclusion, when repeated fracturing occurred. The FMLN began to present itself as a programmatically coherent party only in 2005, and this ideological homogeneity allowed it to establish a series of partnerships with moderate, non-revolutionary sectors of Salvadoran society and to achieve victory in the 2009 presidential elections.

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Barham, H. P., P. Collister, V. D. Eusterman, and A. M. Terella. "The Relationship of the Facial Nerve to the Condylar Process: A Cadaveric Study with Implications for Open Reduction Internal Fixation." International Journal of Otolaryngology 2015 (2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/715126.

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Introduction. The mandibular condyle is the most common site of mandibular fracture. Surgical treatment of condylar fractures by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) demands direct visualization of the fracture. This project aimed to investigate the anatomic relationship of the tragus to the facial nerve and condylar process.Materials and Methods. Twelve fresh hemicadavers heads were used. An extended retromandibular/preauricular approach was utilized, with the incision being based parallel to the posterior edge of the ramus. Measurements were obtained from the tragus to the facial nerve and condylar process.Results. The temporozygomatic division of the facial nerve was encountered during each approach, crossing the mandible at the condylar neck. The mean tissue depth separating the facial nerve from the condylar neck was 5.5 mm (range: 3.5 mm–7 mm, SD 1.2 mm). The upper division of the facial nerve crossed the posterior border of the condylar process on average 2.31 cm (SD 0.10 cm) anterior to the tragus.Conclusions. This study suggests that the temporozygomatic division of the facial nerve will be encountered in most approaches to the condylar process. As visualization of the relationship of the facial nerve to condyle is often limited, recognition that, on average, 5.5 mm of tissue separates condylar process from nerve should help reduce the incidence of facial nerve injury during this procedure.

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Allen, Christine, Arcadio Poveda, and Alejandro Hernández-Alcántara. "Internal Motions of Trapezium Systems." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 191 (August 2004): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100008745.

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AbstractThe separations of the various components of 44 trapezia as a function of time are studied, taking advantage of many new, high precision observations for these objects. A previous study revealed that some systems have components moving with velocities larger than the escape velocity (Allen et al.1974). The present work updates our previous study, extending the observations by about 30 years, and thus allowing an improved determination of the relative transverse motions of the components. The analysis of the new data confirms the conclusions we reached in our previous work: most of the trapezia show the internal motions expected for bound, virialized small clusters, but a few have escaping components. The available observational material lends support to the concept that trapezia are unstable systems with lifetimes of the order of a few million years.

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Vernigorov, Yuri, Valery Lebedev, and Lidianna Chunakhova. "Selection of Non-Magnetic Fraction from the Slime Wastes of Metal Production in the Electromagnetic Field." MATEC Web of Conferences 297 (2019): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929704002.

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It is proved that the use of a variable inhomogeneous magnetic field, created by the superposition of constant and variable, strongly inhomogeneous fields, is considered to be very promising for the separation of non-magnetic fraction from powders of magnetic materials. This article introduces the effective technology of separation of non-magnetic fraction from the sludge wastes of metal production in the electromagnetic field, which allows to destroy the aggregates, to separate the abrasive and to get products of high purity. A complex on processing of grinding sludge includes the following blocks: the loading block with dispenser; block of preliminary squeezing and washing of DRC; the block of drying; the block of a refinement; the block of division of sludge fractions. Experimental approbation of the proposed technological scheme of sludge separation, which had been carried out on iron ore concentrate of class 63 microns with silica content of 4.57% of the mass, showed that with the field parameters close to the calculated, the magnetic vibrating layer of iron powder PZh-4M has the maximum development; increasing the separation time leads to more efficient separation in the interval of field induction gradient from 550 mT/ m to 610 mT/m.

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Cogan, Frank. "Reflections on Ireland’s Chairmanship in Office of the OSCE, 2012." Security and Human Rights 24, no. 1 (2013): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18750230-02401005.

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Ireland’s first Chairmanship in Office of the OSCE in 2012 came at a time when the organisation was facing a number of internal and external challenges and was suffering from significant internal divisions. Despite the challenges faced by Ireland, as a small country in the midst of a recession, the Chairmanship was broadly successful; the Dublin Ministerial Council adopted some important decisions; most of its modest and realistic objectives were successfully achieved and some progress was recorded in handling protracted conflicts. The one area in which there was disappointment was in the Human Dimension; this was largely due to structural flaws within the Organisation and divisions among its members.

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Cunningham, Kathleen Gallagher. "Actor Fragmentation and Civil War Bargaining: How Internal Divisions Generate Civil Conflict." American Journal of Political Science 57, no. 3 (March 18, 2013): 659–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12003.

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Namrueva, E. V. "Interaction of the internal affairs bodies with the mass media." Vestnik Majkopskogo Gosudarstvennogo Tehnologiceskogo Universiteta, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47370/2078-1024-2020-12-4-104-111.

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The article analyzes the problems of communicative interaction between the internal affairs bodies and the media. Since their appearance in the structure of government bodies in the late 1980s, press centers and press services have provided information support for specific events and long-term interaction with media representatives. These divisions (both at the federal and regional levels) have become a link between government authorities and the media and begun to play an important role in the state information space. By order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR No. 0162 of June 10, 1983, a press bureau was created in the structure of the central apparatus of the department, that was responsible for the information policy of the department. In the regional departments political divisions were formed, which included press services as a structural unit. The work of an inspector responsible for interaction with the media and informing the public was aimed at promoting legal knowledge, as well as creating a positive image of employees of the internal affairs bodies. Modern public relations in the internal affairs department is a management activity that involves interaction, organized using public relations technologies, with a mandatory feedback channel.

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Sterzik, Michael F., and Richard H. Durisen. "Are Binary Separations Related to their System Mass?" International Astronomical Union Colloquium 191 (August 2004): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100008447.

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AbstractWe compile most recent multiplicity fractions and binary separation distributions for different primary masses, including very low-mass and brown dwarf primaries, and compare them with dynamical decay models of small-N clusters. The model predictions are based on detailed numerical calculations of the internal cluster dynamics, as well as on Monte-Carlo methods. Both observations and models reflect the same trends: (1) The multiplicity fraction is an increasing function of the primary mass. (2) The mean binary separations are increasing with the system mass in the sense that very low-mass binaries have average separations around ≈ 4AU, while the binary separation distribution for solar-type primaries peaks at ≈ 40AU. M-type binary systems apparently preferentially populate intermediate separations. Similar specific energy at the time of cluster formation for all cluster masses can possibly explain this trend.

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LaMartina, Joey A., Brian C. Lau, Liane Miller, Madeleine A. Salesky, Brian T. Feeley, C. Benjamin Ma, and Alan L. Zhang. "Acute Fixation of Type IV and V Acromioclavicular Separations: An Internal Splint Technique." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, no. 7 (July 2018): 232596711878375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118783752.

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Bouveresse, Aude. "The Ambiguous Relationship Between the EU and its Internal Borders." Borders in Globalization Review 1, no. 2 (August 21, 2020): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/bigr12202019567.

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The free movement of EU citizens within the Union reveals the ambiguous relationship between the EU and borders. While the functioning of the internal market is essentially based on freedom of movement and implies the elimination of borders as barriers to trade, the freedom of movement of the European citizen remains defined largely within the conceptual framework of borders, since nationality is a prime requirement for European citizenship. Inside the EU, as this article highlights, borders are necessary and problematic at same time. The Court has played with the concept of borders to address these ambiguities with a view to deepening integration. The conclusion is that if the Court has been able to effectively remove obstacles related to internal borders concerning the free movement of goods and the movement of active economic persons, such has not been the case for the free movement of European citizens, economically inactive. It follows from the division of competences and the case law of the European judges that solidarity remains intrinsically linked to nationality and therefore inevitably leads to the re-establishment of borders and the separation of peoples. This demonstrates the resistance of the “paradigm of a European market citizenship”. By revaluing nationality in the context of the enjoyment of the rights linked to citizenship, the European Court of Justice could hamper the integration process by renationalising the individual and establishing new borders.

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Żelichowski, Ryszard. "Granice i miasta graniczne Królestwa Belgii." Studia Polityczne 48, no. 2 (September 25, 2020): 77–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/stp.2020.48.2.04.

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The Kingdom of Belgium appeared on the map of European countries relatively late, namely in 1830, as a result of the division of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands into two sovereign states. As the Kingdom of Belgium transformed from a unitary state into a federal state in the 19th century, in addition to the external (state) borders, it also has internal borders, which separate three autonomous regions, three linguistic communities and four linguistic regions. The basis of internal divisions is the linguistic conflict of two cultures colliding in the territory of the Kingdom of Belgium: French and Dutch-speaking (Roman and Germanic). These divisions also pass through towns and villages. This conflict was resolved in the 1960s by applying a unique concept of communes with linguistic facilities, where two different languages were allowed to function officially. Linguistic divisions were especially sharp in the two world wars, when the occupiers set these two separate cultures against one another. In this article, the author analyses particularly dramatic cases of this type of borders and their consequences for the residents of the borderland.

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Cherniakov, I. S., K. M. Vakhitov, S. G. Vintckovsky, and I. G. Shatsman. "Multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of a patient with acute stroke." Grekov's Bulletin of Surgery 179, no. 3 (August 3, 2020): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24884/0042-4625-2020-179-3-80-84.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Internal divisions or separations'

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