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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Internal effects of load

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Academic literature on the topic 'Internal effects of load'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Internal effects of load"

1

Lima, Ricardo Franco, Ana Silva, José Afonso, Henrique Castro, and Filipe Manuel Clemente. "External and internal Load and their Effects on Professional Volleyball Training." International Journal of Sports Medicine 41, no. 07 (February 14, 2020): 468–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1087-2183.

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AbstractThe purpose of this study was twofold: (i) characterize the external and internal training load of professional volleyball players with a focus on intra-week changes and (ii) test the relationships between internal and external load measures. Eight male professional players (age: 23.0±5.22 yo; body mass: 84.5 ± 7.58 kg; height: 193.0±9.71 cm; BMI: 22.0±0.02 kg/m2) were monitored daily over 15 weeks. The monitoring process included both internal (rate of perceived exertion [RPE] and session-RPE [s-RPE]) and external load variables, which were measured by an inertial measurement unit. Results revealed that, within-week variations revealed that RPE was significantly higher during MD-2 (d=0.59) and MD-3 (d=0.56) than MD-1. A significantly higher number of jumps was observed on MD-2 than MD-1 (d=0.69). Considering the relationships between internal and external load measures, small positive correlations were found between RPE and the number of jumps (r=0.17) and between s-RPE and the number of jumps (r=0.49). In conclusion, a tapering strategy was observed on the day before a match, as internal and external loads decreased. Both internal and external load measures are necessary to provide an accurate perception of the impact of training stimuli on players.

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Frantziskonis, G. "Surface Effects in Brittle Materials and Internal Length Estimation." Applied Mechanics Reviews 45, no. 3S (March 1, 1992): S62—S70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3121392.

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The concept of state of degradation is employed as a tool to study the effect of initial material (structure) inhomogeneity and the implications of surface (skin) effects on brittle material response. The initial heterogeneity pattern and its growth under external load is studied experimentally via ultrasonic scanning measurements on prismatic simulated rock samples subjected to mechanical load. Numerical solutions are compared with the experimental results. The skin effects are also studied experimentally through the spatial variation of dissipated energy within the samples tested. In addition, microstructure considerations highlight the skin effect and its implications. The material length for the simulated rock is estimated (for load levels up to peak load) through the experimental observations which yielded 1≃0.24 inches (0.61 cm). The analytical solution of a simple problem including microstructure considerations for the same material yielded 1≃0.21 inches (0.53 cm). This paper integrates and extends the recent work of the author and co-workers.

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Iannaccone, Alice, Daniele Conte, Cristina Cortis, and Andrea Fusco. "Usefulness of Linear Mixed-Effects Models to Assess the Relationship between Objective and Subjective Internal Load in Team Sports." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 6, 2021): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020392.

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Internal load can be objectively measured by heart rate-based models, such as Edwards’ summated heart rate zones, or subjectively by session rating of perceived exertion. The relationship between internal loads assessed via heart rate-based models and session rating of perceived exertion is usually studied through simple correlations, although the Linear Mixed Model could represent a more appropriate statistical procedure to deal with intrasubject variability. This study aimed to compare conventional correlations and the Linear Mixed Model to assess the relationships between objective and subjective measures of internal load in team sports. Thirteen male youth beach handball players (15.9 ± 0.3 years) were monitored (14 training sessions; 7 official matches). Correlation coefficients were used to correlate the objective and subjective internal load. The Linear Mixed Model was used to model the relationship between objective and subjective measures of internal load data by considering each player individual response as random effect. Random intercepts were used and then random slopes were added. The likelihood-ratio test was used to compare statistical models. The correlation coefficient for the overall relationship between the objective and subjective internal data was very large (r = 0.74; ρ = 0.78). The Linear Mixed Model using both random slopes and random intercepts better explained (p < 0.001) the relationship between internal load measures. Researchers are encouraged to apply the Linear Mixed Models rather than correlation to analyze internal load relationships in team sports since it allows for the consideration of the individuality of players.

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Chan, Leonard C. Y., and Neil W. Page. "Particle fractal and load effects on internal friction in powders." Powder Technology 90, no. 3 (March 1997): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-5910(96)03228-7.

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Visweswara Rao, G. "Linear Dynamics of an Elastic Beam Under Moving Loads." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 122, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1303822.

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The dynamic response of an Euler-Bernoulli beam under moving loads is studied by mode superposition. The inertial effects of the moving load are included in the analysis. The time-dependent equations of motion in modal space are solved by the method of multiple scales. Instability regions of parametric resonance are identified and the moving mass effect is shown to significantly affect the transient response of the beam. Importance of modal interaction arising out of the possible internal resonance is highlighted. While the external resonance is due to the gravity effects of the moving load, the parametric and internal resonance solely depends on the load mass parameter—ratio of the moving load mass to the beam mass. Numerical results show the influence of the load inertia terms on the beam response under either a single moving load or a series of moving loads. [S0739-3717(00)01703-7]

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Lu, Hai Xiang, Jing Hua Diao, and Zeng Zhi Li. "Research on the Selecting Control Sections of Internal Force Envelope by Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 226-228 (November 2012): 1467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.226-228.1467.

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The simulation optimization of internal force envelope in plane bar structure subjected to complex moving loads, including arbitrary concentrated force, concentrated couple, linearly distributed force and etc, was mainly discussed. By means of Vsap2011, the plane bar structure analyzing software, the effects of internal force envelope’s control sections on the solving precision of internal force envelope were analyzed. The research had reached to some important conclusions that in order to the obtain higher solving precision of internal force envelope, the element passed by moving loads should be divided by steps; more than enough dividing points should be inserted between load acting points for the element arbitrarily distributed with live loads; the element without any loads should be divided by defined interval when its both ends are rigid-jointed, while it should not be divided when its single or both ends are hinged-jointed.

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MA, XIN-LONG, JIAN-XIONG MA, TAO MA, DAN XING, JIE WANG, YANG YANG, SHAO-WEN ZHU, et al. "THE BIOMECHANICAL EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT INTERNAL FIXATIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 13, no. 01 (January 10, 2013): 1350004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519413500048.

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The objective of this study was to contrast the biomechanical effects of standard internal fixations for femoral neck fracture treatment and provide a theoretical basis for the selection of the ideal internal fixation in the clinic. Twelve artificial PMMA femoral models were selected, and the central necks of the specimens were sawn with a electric saw at Pauwels angle of 70° to form an adduction-type femoral neck fracture model. After anatomic reduction, we fixed the specimens respectively with the DHS, three hollow screws, PFN, and dynamic sleeve three-wing screw according to the operative approach. Instron-8874 servo-hydraulic mechanical testing machine was used to fix the specimens which simulated uniped standing. We selected 15 key points on the proximal femur as test points and gave the model gradation loading at the rate of 10 mm/min with linear load 0 ~ 1200 N. The strain of each point under 1200 N load, head sink displacement under different loads, and the strain of eight points on principal pressure side were measured. A peak was observed at the eight resistance strain gages at 1200 N load, with the strain values of the DHS, three hollow screws, PFN, and dynamic sleeve three-wing screw were (-700 ± 35), (-756 ± 14), (-1362 ± 136), and (3024 ± 127) με, showing statistical significance (P < 0.01). Under the same load, the head sink displacement in the group with the dynamic sleeve three-wing screw was greater than the hollow screws and PFN groups (P < 0.01), but smaller than the DHS group (P < 0.01). The strain values at the eight resistance strain gages in the group with the dynamic sleeve three-wing screw was larger than the other three groups under the same load, showing statistical significance (P < 0.01), and the strain values demonstrated an increasing trend with the increase of load at the same fixation group. The dynamic sleeve three-wing screw has good biomechanical stability for the treatment of femoral neck fractures, which can be applied in clinical practice.

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Hosseini-Toudeshky, Hossein, and Ebrahim Fadaei. "Effects of Composite Patch Geometry on Collapse Load of Pressurized Steel Pipes with Internal Longitudinal Flaws." Applied Mechanics and Materials 152-154 (January 2012): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.152-154.381.

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Abstract. Internal and/or external corrosions may frequently occur in pressurized pipes in offshore engineering components and many other industries. Corrosion defects reduce the collapse load of pipes, which can be improved by composite repairs. In this article, elastic-plastic finite elements analyses of pressurized repaired pipes with internal longitudinal flaws are performed to obtain the plastic collapse loads of them. The effects of composite patch geometries such as thickness and length on the improved collapse loads of repaired pipes are investigated. It is shown that the limit load of the repaired pipes may reach to the un-defected pipe by increasing the patch thickness (i.e. 25% of flaw depth for the pipe and patch material used in this study).

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Yousuff, M., and N. W. Page. "Particle material, morphology and load effects on internal friction in powders." Powder Technology 76, no. 2 (August 1993): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-5910(05)80023-3.

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Sutarja, Nyoman, Gede Pringgana, and Made Wikrama. "The effects of earthquake and tsunami loadings on structural behavior of reinforced concrete building." Journal of Applied Engineering Science 19, no. 2 (2021): 282–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jaes0-25655.

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This study aimed to evaluate the performance of structures such as drift ratios and internal forces arising on structural components due to earthquake and tsunami loads. The structures were modeled in three dimensions with varying heights of 3, 5, and 7-story according to the allowable building height in Bali, Indonesia. The earthquake load was designed in accordance with Indonesian standard SNI-1726-2012 and Tsunami loading refers to FEMA P646-2012. Three different loads were applied namely earthquake load, combined tsunami load 1 (T1), and combined tsunami load 2 (T2). The results showed that the drift ratios of the 3-story building structure subjected to all loads meets the criteria for a building with risk category IV, should less than 1%. However, for the 5 and 7-story building structures, the drift ratio on the first floor was only due to the earthquake load fulfilled (<1%). The drift ratio of 1.44% and 2.13% respectively were due to the loads T1 and T2 for 5-story and 2.88% and 4.67% for the 7-story building. These results indicated that the 5-story and 7-story building structure is unable to withstand the lateral forces due to the tsunami load neither load T1 nor T2.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Internal effects of load"

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Huang, Yiqun. "The effects of fuel volatility, structure, speed and load on HC emissions from piston wetting in direct injection spark ignition engines." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3035951.

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Bell, Harold James. "The effects of constant vs. interval load training at and about the first ventilatory threshold on endurance performance indicators." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ52020.pdf.

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Gutierrez-Franco, Juan. "THE EFFECTS OF OBESITY ON RESULTANT KNEE JOINT LOADS FOR GAIT AND CYCLING." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2016. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1624.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of cartilage and bone tissue and the most common form of arthritis, accounting for US$ 10.5 billion in hospital charges in 2006. Obesity (OB) has been linked to increased risk of developing knee OA due to increased knee joint loads and varus-valgus misalignment. Walking is recommended as a weight-loss activity but it may increase risk of knee OA as OB gait increases knee loads. Cycling has been proposed as an alternative weight-loss measure, however, lack of studies comparing normal weight (NW) and OB subjects in cycling and gait hinder identification of exercises that may best prevent knee OA incidence. The objective of this work is to determine if cycling is a better weight-loss exercise than gait in OB subjects as it relates to knee OA risk reduction due to decreased knee loads. A stationary bicycle was modified to measure forces and moments at the pedals in three dimensions. A pilot experiment was performed to calculate resultant knee loads during gait and cycling for NW (n = 4) and OB (n = 4) subjects. Statistical analyses were performed to compare knee loads and knee angles, and to determine statistical significance of results (p < 0.05). Cycling knee loads were lower than gait knee loads for all subjects (p < 0.033). OB axial knee loads were higher than NW axial knee loads in gait (p = 0.004) due to the weight-bearing nature of gait. No differences were observed in cycling knee loads between NW and OB subjects, suggesting cycling returns OB knee loads and biomechanics to normal levels. The lack of significant results in cycling could be due to the small sample size used or because rider weight is supported by the seat. Limitations to this study include small sample size, soft tissue artifact, and experimental errors in marker placement. Future studies should correct these limitations and find knee joint contact force rather than knee resultant loads using v EMG-driven experiments. In conclusion, cycling loads were lower than gait loads for NW and OB subjects suggesting cycling is a better weight-loss exercise than gait in the context of reducing knee OA risk.

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Pavelka, Radomil. "Pohon vřeten pětivřetenového soustružnického automatu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231522.

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The subject of the thesis is design of independent spindle drive for multi-spindle automatic lathe MORI-SAY TMZ 520 CNC manufactured by TAJMAC-ZPS. The thesis will introduce the representatives of manufacturing program of TAJMAC-ZPS multi-spindle automatic lathes division and there will be a brief description of their main constructional parts. The main objective of the thesis is an engineering design of testing device which will be bulit for verification of the correct drive concept. There is also many calculations and detailed description of the engineering design. The testing device is made for internal needs of TAJMAC-ZPS.

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Meunier, Pierre. "Psychophysical assessment of load-carrying in internal and external-frame backpacks." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05022009-040630/.

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Güngör, Güven. "Biaxial Load Effects on Fatigue Properties." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/19079/.

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This study aims to aid many issues related to fatigue, namely biaxial loading, the definition of the finite geometry correction factor of the stress intensity factor and the understanding of the energy dissipation per fatigue crack growth. In our work, we are using the geometry correction factor definition that uses the ratio of external work introduced to the material. Using different biaxiality ratios varies the external work done, thus makes it possible for us to observe how the geometry correction factor handles this variation. The trend of strain energy release rate per crack growth is also investigated through biaxiality. Moreover, the common discussion of the effects of biaxiality on fatigue properties is aided with yet another study. For this purpose, cruciform shaped plate specimen from an aluminum alloy are manufactured and biaxially loaded. Crack growth is observed while load-to-displacement data is recorded to evaluate the external work done on the specimen. As a result, it is seen that biaxiality delays the fatigue failure. Crack growth rates decreases as the biaxiality increases for a given effective stress intensity factor. Making use of the work values for the calculation of the finite geometry correction factor handles the effects of biaxiality well. Strain energy release rate increases as the crack propagates, but there is no trend between strain energy release rate and biaxiality of the loading. In the future works, observing also the crack tip plasticity and trying out a wider range of biaxiality ratios with different types of material would result in more generalizable conclusions. Moreover, more repetitions of the fatigue tests would give more accurate values for the amount work introduced to the material with changing biaxiality.

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Sole, C. J., Caleb D. Bazyler, Ashley A. Kavanaugh, Satoshi Mizuguchi, and Michael H. Stone. "Relationship between Internal and External Estimates of Training Load Using Wearable Inertial Sensors." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3837.

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PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between an external estimate of training load obtained from a wearable accelerometer device and perceived training load in women’s volleyball. METHODS: Participants of this study were thirteen NCAA Division I women’s volleyball players (Age: 20.3±1.2 y, height: 174.9±7.9cm, body mass: 68.1±12.7 kg). A wearable accelerometer device (Catapult Sports, MiniMaxX S4) was used to estimate external training load during volleyball practice sessions. In addition, following each session a rating of perceived exertion was obtained from each player using a 0-10 scale. Based on previously established methods, ratings of perceived exertion were then multiplied by the duration of practice in minutes to provide an estimate of internal training load. A Pearson product-moment zero order correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between external and internal training load estimates for each individual over eight practices. RESULTS: On average a positive relationship (r = 0.75±0.15) was found between training load estimates. Individual r values ranged from 0.39 to 0.92, with eight of the thirteen achieving statistical significance (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the relationships found between internal and external estimates of training load, both methods may be considered as an option for quantifying on-court training loads in NCAA women’s volleyball. However, the degree to which these estimates relate may vary by individual.

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Rashel, Masud Rana. "Modeling photovoltaic panels under variable internal and environmental conditions with non-constant load." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/23565.

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This thesis focuses on the modeling and simulation of photovoltaic electric energy conversion systems, that considering different internal and environmental parameters, important for the forecast of the electric energy production. For the cell or panel modeling, the single diode five-parameter model is used. The internal parameters considered are the photocurrent, the cell temperature, the ideality factor, the series resistance, the shunt resistance and the saturation current; and on the other hand the external parameters considered are solar irradiance, ambient temperature and wind speed. New contributions are presented in the context of the modeling and simulation of the error function that identifies the more and less sensitive internal parameters of the cell model and the sensitivity of the external parameters. In the context of obtaining the experimental results, a monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic panel is used. And a signal generator, data acquisition device, an anemometer, a pyranometer and a sensor for measuring the ambient temperature are used. In the context of internal relation between external parameters, correlation studies are performed in order to show the relationships between them; and the obstacle concept is presented as a generalization of shadow types, namely dust and elements that reduce solar irradiance on the surface of the cell or panel; Modelação de painéis fotovoltaicos sob condições internas e ambientais variáveis com carga não constante Resumo: Esta tese incide sobre o tema da modelação e simulação de sistemas de conversão de energia elétrica fotovoltaica considerando diferentes parâmetros internos e ambientais, importantes para a previsão da produção de energia elétrica. Para a modelação da célula ou do painel é utilizado o modelo de cinco parâmetros de um díodo. Os parâmetros internos considerados são a corrente que atravessa o díodo, a temperatura interna da célula, o fator de idealidade, a resistência série da célula, a resistência paralela da célula e a corrente de saturação; os parâmetros externos considerados são a irradiância solar, a temperatura ambiente e a velocidade do vento. São apresentadas novas contribuições no contexto da modelação e simulação da função de erro que identifica os parâmetros internos mais e menos sensíveis do modelo da célula e a sensibilidade dos parâmetros externos. No contexto para a obtenção dos resultados experimentais foram utilizadas células e um painel fotovoltaico de silício monocristalino respetivamente, um gerador de sinais, dispositivos aquisição de dados, um anemómetro, um piranómetro e um sensor para medir a temperatura ambiente. Em ambos contextos, são realizados estudos de correlação entre os parâmetros externos no sentido de mostrar as relações entre eles; e é apresentado o conceito de obstáculo como uma generalização dos tipos de sombras, nomeadamente a poeira e elementos que reduzem a irradiância solar na superfície da célula ou do painel.

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Brown, Iain. "Internal field effects in InGaN quantum wells." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2005. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55968/.

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InGaN/GaN based quantum well structures are strained and due to the lack of a centre of symmetry large internal fields are present which skew the potential of the quantum wells, this has a large effect on the properties of these structures. InGaN/GaN based quantum well structures are studied using a theoretical method based on the Pade model and comparison made with experimental results. The importance of using a correct description for the depletion widths of p-i-n structures for use in interpreting measurements of the internal field is established in this work. Interpreting the results from reverse bias photocurrent absorption measurements of an In0.1Gao.9N quantum well structure, a value of-1.9 MVcm-1 for the internal field has been determined, which is within 5 % of the field of -1.8 MVcm-1 calculated using piezoelectric constants interpolated from the binaries. Comparison of the results of the Pade model and experiment demonstrate that the experimental absorption magnitude is an unreliable indication of the internal field due to the carrier extraction efficiency at low bias, hence the absorption peak energy should be used. Using a theoretical model governed by pumping and recombination processes time-resolved photoluminescence experiments performed at Sheffield University have been modelled. It was found that the observed shift of the emission peak arises from a delicate balance between the contributions from bandgap renormalisation, screening of the internal field and the Coulomb interaction. Comparisons between the free carrier and Pade models, found that the energy shift and magnitude of the peak intensity are underestimated when using the free carrier model. Although the internal field is strongly screened at high carrier density, the increase in the dipole matrix element is small. It was found that at threshold the screened internal field is still of the order of -1 MVcm-1, hence inclusion of the screened internal field is essential in laser gain-current calculation.

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Fedorov, Alexey V. "Nonlinear effects in surface and internal waves /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9737309.

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Books on the topic "Internal effects of load"

1

Bell, Harold James. The effects of constant vs. interval load training at and about the first ventilatory threshold on endurance performance indicators. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2000.

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Tabarra, Mohammad. Load factor effects on thermally stratified solar storage tanks. Leicester: Leicester Polytechnic, 1985.

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Richmond, M. J. A stripyield model including effects of hold periods at constant load. Amsterdam: National Aerospace Laboratory, 1993.

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Lok, Gordon Tat Kwong. Load induced microcracking and its effects on the air permeability of mortar. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999.

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Mrad, Nezih. Effects of wheel-load spatial repeatability on road damage: A literature review. McLean, VA: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Research and Development, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, 1998.

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Mrad, Nezih. Effects of wheel-load spatial repeatability on road damage: A literature review. McLean, VA: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Research and Development, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, 1998.

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Mrad, Nezih. Effects of wheel-load spatial repeatability on road damage: A literature review. McLean, VA: Federal Highway Administration, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, 1998.

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Mrad, Nezih. Effects of wheel-load spatial repeatability on road damage: A literature review. McLean, VA: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Research and Development, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, 1998.

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Peters, Sean Michael. The effects of LCAC load policy on the duration of amphibious assault. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1994.

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Hirst, Eric. Effects of energy-efficiency programs on load-growth uncertainty for electric utilities. Oak Ridge, Tenn: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Internal effects of load"

1

Xu, Guoyi, and Yiwen Jian. "The Effect of Internal Load on the Selection of Heat Radiator." In Environmental Science and Engineering, 1401–8. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9528-4_141.

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Johannes, Martin, and Ole Thybo Thomsen. "Localised Effects in Sandwich Structures with Internal Core Junctions:Modelling and Experimental Characterisation of Load Response, Failure and Fatigue." In Major Accomplishments in Composite Materials and Sandwich Structures, 229–77. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3141-9_10.

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Calabretta, Michele, Alessandro Sitta, Salvatore Massimo Oliveri, and Gaetano Sequenzia. "Simulation of Dynamic Stresses on High Performance Engine Valve Spring System Considering Coil Clashing Effect." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 108–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70566-4_18.

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AbstractThe valve train plays a major role in the performance of internal combustion engines by controlling the combustion process and it is therefore one of the key aspects for increasing the efficiency of combustion engines. Considering the dynamics, the spring force must be high enough to reliably close the valve preventing from seating bouncing due to surge modes after the valve closure. On the other side, the spring force should be kept as low as possible in order to reduce the engine friction losses and consequently the fuel consumption. In the high-performance engines, the valve springs have to be designed and optimized for sustaining higher stresses with compact dimensions leading to critical material and manufacturing processes. This requires a reduction of moving masses and a strong focus on design and process optimization of the coil springs for reducing the mechanical load and the friction losses at low engine speed. At the same time, valve train should be reliable at high engine speed. The calculation of stresses and contact forces for moving parts under dynamic load is essential for durability analysis. A method to calculate the contact of moving masses is described and proposed to justify valve motions experimental results. To fully understand the failure mechanism of test bed reliability trials, the dynamic stresses have been calculated modeling the real springs’ shape. The contact forces have been reproduced considering the coil clash effects and the dynamic behavior of the flexible spring.

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Kiefer, Jürgen. "Effects of Internal Exposure." In Biological Radiation Effects, 336–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83769-2_21.

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Huggett, Renée. "Internal Effects of 1992." In Markets, 64–68. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11600-3_11.

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Sweller, John, Paul Ayres, and Slava Kalyuga. "The Worked Example and Problem Completion Effects." In Cognitive Load Theory, 99–109. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8126-4_8.

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Eitel, Alexander, Lisa Bender, and Alexander Renkl. "Effects of informed use." In Advances in Cognitive Load Theory, 168–79. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429283895-14.

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Romero, Manola, and Léon Levy. "Internal Charging and Secondary Effects." In The Behavior of Systems in the Space Environment, 565–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2048-7_23.

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Winke, Florian. "Internal Combustion Engine." In Transient Effects in Simulations of Hybrid Electric Drivetrains, 63–96. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-22554-4_3.

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Sweller, John, Paul Ayres, and Slava Kalyuga. "Facilitating Effective Mental Processes: The Imagination and Self-Explanation Effects." In Cognitive Load Theory, 183–92. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8126-4_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Internal effects of load"

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Wahyuddin, M. Iwan, Purnomo Sidi Priambodo, and Harry Sudibyo. "Direct current load effects on series battery internal resistance." In 2017 15th International Conference on Quality in Research (QiR): International Symposium on Electrical and Computer Engineering. IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/qir.2017.8168465.

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Vada, T. "An Investigation of the Effect of Internal Fluid Dynamics on the Fatigue on an FPSO." In Structural Load & Fatigue on Floating Structures 2015. RINA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3940/rina.slf.2015.01.

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Hartley, James. "Effects of Frame Constraints on Internal Module Damage During Mechanical Load Testing." In 2021 IEEE 48th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc43889.2021.9519057.

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Hoang, Phuong H., Kunio Hasegawa, Bostjan Bezensek, and Yinsheng Li. "Effects of Bending Moment and Torsion on the Internal Pressure Limit Load of Locally Thinned Pipes." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57731.

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The pipe wall thinning stress evaluation procedures in Code-Case N-597-2 [1] of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel (B&PV) Code are essentially based on Construction Code [2] stress evaluation. Stresses in the hoop and the axial directions are evaluated separately to meet the Construction Code allowable stress. Using Construction Code rules for local pipe wall thinning stress evaluation in Class 2 & 3 piping may be too restrictive. An alternative approach is to use the limit loads of locally wall thinned pipe in conjunction with an appropriate Z-Factor and the structural factors of the ASME B&PV Section XI, Appendix C [3]. Such approach may require a combined effect of pressure, bending, axial load and torsion loads on locally thinned pipe. In this paper, the effects of bending moment and torsion on the internal pressure limit load of locally thinned straight pipes are investigated. Large strain finite element limit load analysis with elastic - perfectly plastic materials are performed for a parametric matrix of piping models with various pipe R/t ratios, flaw depths, axial and transverse flaw extents. Based on the results, the allowable pressure for axial flaws in C-5420 of the ASME B&PV Section XI, Appendix C [3] may be used for piping local wall thinning as an alternative evaluation procedure to the current minimum pipe wall thickness evaluation procedure in the Code Case N-597-2 [1].

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Chang, Junseok, Zoran S. Filipi, Tang-Wei Kuo, Dennis N. Assanis, Paul M. Najt, and Rodney B. Rask. "Investigation of Mixture Preparation Effects on Gasoline HCCI Combustion Aided by Measurements of Wall Heat Flux." In ASME 2007 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2007-1698.

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The gasoline HCCI engine holds a promise of achieving very high part-load efficiency combined with extremely low NOx and soot emissions. However, the load range of HCCI operation is limited by the misfire limit at the low end, and knock limit at the high end. Therefore, the future practical implementation will likely be a dual-mode engine, operating in the HCCI mode at part load and switching to SI at higher loads. Expanding the limits will be critical for maximizing the fuel economy benefits in the vehicle. The mixture stratification, both thermal and compositional, can have very tangible impact on HCCI combustion; and gaining a deeper insight into these effects is critical for expanding the HCCI range of operation. This paper presents results of the comprehensive experimental investigation of the mixture preparation effects on a single-cylinder gasoline engine with exhaust re-induction. The effects include type of mixture preparation (external mixing vs. direct injection), charge motion, and injection timing. A combination of pressure-based combustion diagnostics, emissions analysis, and heat flux measurements on the combustion chamber wall quantifies the effects on combustion and provides insight into reasons for observed engine behavior. As an example, the instantaneous temperature and heat flux measurements show the fuel impingement locations and allow assessing the fuel film dynamics and their effect on mixture stratification. The effects of direct injection and partial closing of the swirl control valve were relatively small compared to extending the injection timing late into the intake process or completely closing the swirl control valve and allowing charge storage in the port.

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Dumitrescu, Cosmin E., W. Stuart Neill, Hongsheng Guo, and Wallace L. Chippior. "Dilution Effects on Partially-Premixed Combustion of an Ultra-Low Sulphur Diesel Fuel Under Low-Load Operation." In ASME 2012 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2012-81236.

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Dilution of partially-premixed combustion (PPC) using different combinations of excess air (λ>1) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) was investigated in a single-cylinder, heavy-duty diesel engine equipped with common-rail fuel injection. The experiments were limited to a single fuel injection event using ultra-low sulphur diesel fuel at a low engine load (∼3 bar BMEP) and engine speeds of 900 and 1350 rpm. The start of injection was varied to optimize the combustion performance and emissions. The experimental results show that increasing air dilution at constant EGR reduced BSFC slightly. CO and HC emissions decreased significantly due to the increased oxygen concentration, but NOx and soot emissions increased. For a given level of charge dilution, there was an optimal EGR rate to minimize BSFC. NOx emissions decreased significantly as the proportion of dilution by EGR was increased, but CO and HC emissions increased due to the reduced in-cylinder temperature and oxygen concentration, which increased the combustion duration.

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Wu, Yifeng, and Rolf D. Reitz. "Effects of EGR and Boost Pressure on Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) Engine at High Load Operating Conditions." In ASME 2014 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2014-5485.

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Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) at engine high load operating conditions is investigated in this study. The effects of EGR and boost pressure on RCCI combustion were studied by using a multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. The model was first compared with a previous CFD model, which has been validated against steady-state experimental data of gasoline-diesel RCCI in a multi-cylinder light duty engine. An RCCI piston with a compression ratio of 15:1 was then proposed to improve the combustion and emissions at high load. The simulation results showed that 18 bar indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) could be achieved with gasoline-diesel RCCI at an EGR rate of 35 % and equivalence ratio of 0.96, while the peak pressure rise rate (PPRR) and engine combustion efficiency could both be controlled at reasonable levels. Simulations using both early and late direct-injection (DI) of diesel fuel showed that RCCI combustion at high load is very sensitive to variations of the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) amount. Higher IMEP is obtained by using early diesel injection, and it is less sensitive to EGR variation compared to late diesel injection. Reduced unburned hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), soot and slightly more nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions were seen for early diesel injection. HC, CO and soot emissions were found to be more sensitive to EGR variation at late diesel injection timings. However, there was little difference in terms of peak pressure, efficiencies, PPRR and phasing under varying EGR rates. The effect of boost pressure on RCCI at high load operating conditions was also studied at different EGR rates. It was found that combustion and emissions were improved, and the sensitivity of the combustion and emission to EGR was reduced with higher boost pressures. In addition, cases with similar combustion phasing and reasonable PPRR were analyzed by using an experimentally validated GT-Power model. The results indicated that although higher IMEP was generated at higher boost pressures, the brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) was similar compared to that obtained with lower boost pressures due to higher pumping losses.

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Dougan, Caroline L., Song-Charng Kong, and Rolf D. Reitz. "Modeling the Effects of Variable Intake Valve Timing on Diesel HCCI Combustion at Varying Load, Speed and Boost Pressures." In ASME 2005 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2005-1020.

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It is well known that homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) operated engines have the potential to provide the efficiency of a typical diesel engine, but with very low NOx and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions. One of the main challenges with this type of engine, however, is that it can be difficult to control the combustion event, especially at high loads. The development of Variable Valve Timing (VVT) technology may offer an important advantage in the ability to control HCCI combustion. This work investigates the potential of using late intake valve closure times to delay auto-ignition and to expand the HCCI operation range through proper combustion control. A multi-dimensional KIVA/Chemkin model is used in conjunction with detailed chemical kinetics, based on an available n-heptane mechanism. The model is used to evaluate the effectiveness of late intake valve times as load, speed, and boost pressure conditions are varied. Furthermore, a larger understanding of diesel HCCI combustion is sought by investigating the major parameters affecting combustion control under these various operating conditions.

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Littlefair, B., S. Howell-Smith, H. Rahnejat, and S. Theodossiades. "Assessment of Thermo-Structural Effects on EHL Piston Skirt Lubrication." In ASME 2012 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2012-81125.

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The in situ profiles of the piston skirt and cylinder bore surface are subject to thermo-elastic global deformation due to differential operating temperatures and forces. In operation, a lubricant film is entrained into and pressurized within the gap between these profiles. This film not only supports the prevailing contact load, but also inhibits direct interaction of surfaces, thus reducing friction and thereby improving fuel efficiency. The reduction of reciprocating mass in motorsport applications has been achieved through the use of partial circumferential skirts for a number of years now. The response of the shape to both mechanical and structural loadings differs from the classic full circumferential skirt studies. This paper provides a ‘snapshot’ into how the inherent piston side load is supported by the piston skirt. It highlights the importance of the operational temperature on the skirt profile, conjunctional gap and the lubricant film. Additionally, it shows how a given piston skirt shape and its structural stiffness perform in operation.

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Tang, Meng, Yuanjiang Pei, Hengjie Guo, Yu Zhang, Roberto Torelli, Daniel Probst, Carsten Fütterer, and Michael Traver. "Piston Bowl Geometry Effects on Gasoline Compression Ignition in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine." In ASME 2020 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2020-2990.

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Abstract A design optimization campaign was conducted to search for improved combustion profiles that enhance gasoline compression ignition in a heavy-duty diesel engine with a geometric compression ratio of 17.3. Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations were employed using the software package CONVERGE. A large-scale design of experiments (DoE) approach was used for the optimization. The main parameters explored include geometric features, injector specifications, and swirl motion. Both stepped-lip bowls and re-entrant bowls were included in the optimization effort in order to assess their respective performance implications. A total of 256 design candidates were prepared using the software package CAESES for automated and simultaneous geometry generation and combustion recipe perturbation. The design optimization was conducted for three engine load points representing light to medium load conditions. The design candidates were evaluated for fuel efficiency, emissions, fuel-air mixing characteristics, and global combustion behavior. Simulation results show that the optimum designs were all stepped-lip bowls, which exhibited better overall performance than re-entrant bowls due to improvements in fuel-air mixing, as well as reduced heat loss and emissions formation. Improvements in indicated specific fuel consumption of up to 3.2% were achieved while meeting engine-out NOx emission targets of 1–1.5 g/kW·hr. Re-entrant bowls performed worse compared to the baseline design, and significant performance variations occurred across the load points. Specifically, the re-entrant bowls were on par with the stepped-lip bowls under light load conditions, but significant deteriorations occurred under higher load conditions. As a final task, selected optimized designs were then evaluated under simulated full-load conditions.

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Reports on the topic "Internal effects of load"

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Chen, Fang. Effects of Cognitive Load on Trust. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada552227.

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Henyey, Frank S. NPAL Modeling-Internal Wave Effects/Theory and Modeling of Internal Wave Effects on Acoustic Propagation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada470676.

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Fang, X., D. Christensen, G. Barker, and E. Hancock. Field Test Protocol. Standard Internal Load Generation for Unoccupied Test Homes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1219235.

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Fang, X., D. Christensen, G. Barker, and E. Hancock. Field Test Protocol: Standard Internal Load Generation in Unoccupied Test Homes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1018106.

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Marusich, R. M. The effects of load drop, uniform load and concentrated loads on waste tanks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/330744.

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Marusich, R. M. ,. Westinghouse Hanford. The effects of load drop, uniform load and concentrated loads on waste tanks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/662150.

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Wu, Yanlin, and C. Z. Cheng. Alpha particle effects on the internal kink modes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10176063.

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Oliveira, Rafael, João Brito, Markel Rico-González, Nalha Matilde, Adrián Moreno-Villanueva, and Filipe Clemente. Reference Values for External and Internal Load Monitoring in Female Soccer Players: A Systematic Review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.7.0010.

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SHUKLA, PAVAN, and ROBERT SINDELAR. EFFECTS OF RESIDUAL WATER ON STORAGE CANISTER INTERNAL COMPONENTS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1676415.

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Weerasooriya, T., and T. Nicholas. Overload Effects in Sustained Load Crack Growth in Inconel 718. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada162739.

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