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Journal articles on the topic 'Internal intercostal'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

De Troyer, A., and V. Ninane. "Respiratory function of intercostal muscles in supine dog: an electromyographic study." Journal of Applied Physiology 60, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): 1692–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.5.1692.

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It is traditionally considered that the difference in orientation of the muscle fibers makes the external intercostals elevate the ribs and the internal interosseous intercostals lower the ribs during breathing. This traditional view, however, has recently been challenged by the observation that the external and internal interosseous intercostals, when contracting alone in a single interspace, have a similar effect on the ribs into which they insert. This view has also been challenged by the observation that the external and internal intercostals in a given interspace often change their length

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2

Iscoe, Steve, and Laurent Grélot. "Regional intercostal activity during coughing and vomiting in decerebrate cats." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 70, no. 8 (August 1, 1992): 1195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y92-166.

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Regional variations in the discharge patterns of the internal and external intercostal muscles of the middle and caudad thorax were studied in decerebrate, spontaneously breathing cats during coughing and vomiting. Coughing, induced by electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerves, consisted of increased and prolonged diaphragmatic activity followed by a burst of abdominal activity. Mid-thoracic external and internal intercostal muscles discharged synchronously with the diaphragm and abdominal muscles, respectively. Caudal external and internal intercostal muscles, however, discharge

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3

Greer, J. J., and T. P. Martin. "Distribution of muscle fiber types and EMG activity in cat intercostal muscles." Journal of Applied Physiology 69, no. 4 (October 1, 1990): 1208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.69.4.1208.

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The electromyogram (EMG) activity and histochemical properties of intercostal muscles in the anesthetized cat were studied. The parasternal muscles were consistently active during inspiration. The external intercostals in the rostral spaces and the ventral portions of the midthoracic spaces were also recruited during inspiration. The remaining external intercostals were typically silent, regardless of the level of respiratory drive. The internal intercostal muscles located in the caudal spaces were occasionally recruited during expiration. There was a clear correlation between recruitment patt

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4

Oliven, A., E. C. Deal, S. G. Kelsen, and N. S. Cherniack. "Effects of bronchoconstriction on respiratory muscle activity during expiration." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.1.308.

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The effect of methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction on the electrical activity of respiratory muscles during expiration was studied in 12 anesthetized spontaneously breathing dogs. Before and after aerosols of methacholine, diaphragm, parasternal intercostal, internal intercostal, and external oblique electromyograms were recorded during 100% O2 breathing and CO2 rebreathing. While breathing 100% O2, five dogs showed prolonged electrical activity of the diaphragm and parasternal intercostals in early expiration, postinspiratory inspiratory activity (PIIA). Aerosols of methacholine increased

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5

Ninane, V., M. Gorini, and M. Estenne. "Action of intercostal muscles on the lung in dogs." Journal of Applied Physiology 70, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): 2388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.6.2388.

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The action on the lung of interosseous intercostal muscles located in the third and the seventh interspaces was studied in 15 anesthetized-curarized supine dogs. Changes in pleural pressure, airflow rate, and lung volume produced by maximal stimulation of both intercostal muscle layers were measured at and above functional residual capacity (FRC). In five animals measurements were also obtained during isolated stimulation of the internal layer. At FRC, intercostal stimulation in the upper interspaces had invariably an inspiratory effect on the lung but no effect was detectable in the lower int

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6

Wilson, T. A., and A. De Troyer. "Respiratory effect of the intercostal muscles in the dog." Journal of Applied Physiology 75, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): 2636–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.6.2636.

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In a previous paper (J. Appl. Physiol. 73: 2283–2288, 1992), respiratory effect was defined as the change in airway pressure produced by active tension in a muscle with the airway closed, mechanical advantage was defined as the respiratory effect per unit mass per unit active stress, and it was shown that mechanical advantage is proportional to muscle shortening during the relaxation maneuver. Here, we report values of mechanical advantage and maximum respiratory effect of the intercostal muscles of the dog. Orientations of the intercostal muscles in the third and sixth interspaces were measur

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7

Bolser, D. C., B. G. Lindsey, and R. Shannon. "Medullary inspiratory activity: influence of intercostal tendon organs and muscle spindle endings." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 1046–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.3.1046.

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Studies were conducted to determine the effects of intercostal muscle spindle endings (MSEs) and tendon organs (TOs) on medullary inspiratory activity in decerebrate and allobarbital-anesthetized cats. Impeded muscle contractions, elicited by electrical stimulation of the peripheral cut end of the T6 ventral root, were used to stimulate external and internal intercostal TOs without MSEs. Impeded contractions of either the external or internal intercostal muscles reduced phrenic and medullary inspiratory neuronal activities. Vibration was used to selectively stimulate external or internal inter

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8

Reid, M. B., G. C. Ericson, H. A. Feldman, and R. L. Johnson. "Fiber types and fiber diameters in canine respiratory muscles." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 1705–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.4.1705.

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In the present study, we measured fiber types and fiber diameters in canine respiratory muscles and examined regional variation within the diaphragm. Samples of eight diaphragm regions, internal intercostals, external intercostals, transversus abdominis, and triceps brachii were removed from eight adult mongrel dogs, frozen, and histochemically processed for standard fiber type and fiber diameter determinations. The respiratory muscles were composed of types I and IIa fibers; no IIb fibers were identified. Fiber composition differed between muscles (P less than 0.0001). Normal type I percent (

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9

De Troyer, A., S. Kelly, P. T. Macklem, and W. A. Zin. "Mechanics of intercostal space and actions of external and internal intercostal muscles." Journal of Clinical Investigation 75, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 850–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci111782.

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10

Carrier, D. R. "Ventilatory action of the hypaxial muscles of the lizard Iguana iguana: a function of slow muscle." Journal of Experimental Biology 143, no. 1 (May 1, 1989): 435–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.143.1.435.

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Patterns of muscle activity during lung ventilation, patterns of innervation and some contractile properties were measured in the hypaxial muscles of green iguanas. Electromyography shows that only four hypaxial muscles are involved in breathing. Expiration is produced by two deep hypaxial muscles, the transversalis and the retrahentes costarum. Inspiration is produced by the external and internal intercostal muscles. Although the two intercostal muscles are the main agonists of inspiration, neither is involved in expiration. This conflicts with the widely held notion that the different fibre

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11

Loring, S. H., and J. A. Woodbridge. "Intercostal muscle action inferred from finite-element analysis." Journal of Applied Physiology 70, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): 2712–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.6.2712.

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The external and internal intercostal muscles are important respiratory muscles in humans, but their mechanical actions have been controversial. We used finite-element analysis based on anatomic and mechanical measurements in dogs to assess the action of the intercostal and other rib cage muscles in a model of an isolated canine rib cage. When intercostal muscle forces of either the internal or the external layer were applied in a single interspace, they pulled the adjacent ribs together, consistent with published observations in dogs. However, when the forces were applied in all interspaces,

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12

Rimmer, K. P., G. T. Ford, and W. A. Whitelaw. "Interaction between postural and respiratory control of human intercostal muscles." Journal of Applied Physiology 79, no. 5 (November 1, 1995): 1556–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.79.5.1556.

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To study the interaction between postural and respiratory control of intercostal muscles, we used electromyography of intercostal muscles of the lateral chest wall in conscious humans. Bipolar fine-wire electrodes were placed in external and internal intercostal muscles in the midaxillary line of four subjects who sat on a bench and breathed through a pneumotachograph. They were instructed to hold their breath at end expiration, rotate their thorax to the right or left, and then hold the rotation while resuming breathing. Holding a rotation induces steady tonic activity in either internal or e

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13

Shannon, R., D. C. Bolser, and B. G. Lindsey. "Medullary expiratory activity: influence of intercostal tendon organs and muscle spindle endings." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 1057–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.3.1057.

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Studies were conducted to determine the effects of intercostal muscle spindle endings (MSEs) and tendon organs (TOs) on medullary expiratory activity in decerebrate cats. Impeded intercostal muscle contractions, elicited by electrical stimulation of the peripheral cut end of the T6 ventral root, were used to stimulate intercostal TOs without MSEs. Impeded contractions of the intercostal muscles augmented expiratory laryngeal motoneuron activity, and either had no effect on or reduced the activity of bulbospinal expiratory neurons. Vibration was used to stimulate intercostal MSEs. Intercostal M

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14

CONACHER, I. D., J. C. DOIG, L. RIVAS, and A. K. PRIDIE. "Intercostal neuralgia associated with internal mammary artery grafting." Anaesthesia 48, no. 12 (February 22, 2007): 1070–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1993.tb07530.x.

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15

De Troyer, André, Peter A. Kirkwood, and Theodore A. Wilson. "Respiratory Action of the Intercostal Muscles." Physiological Reviews 85, no. 2 (April 2005): 717–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00007.2004.

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The mechanical advantages of the external and internal intercostals depend partly on the orientation of the muscle but mostly on interspace number and the position of the muscle within each interspace. Thus the external intercostals in the dorsal portion of the rostral interspaces have a large inspiratory mechanical advantage, but this advantage decreases ventrally and caudally such that in the ventral portion of the caudal interspaces, it is reversed into an expiratory mechanical advantage. The internal interosseous intercostals in the caudal interspaces also have a large expiratory mechanica

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16

Farkas, G. A., M. Decramer, D. F. Rochester, and A. De Troyer. "Contractile properties of intercostal muscles and their functional significance." Journal of Applied Physiology 59, no. 2 (August 1, 1985): 528–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.59.2.528.

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To have some insight into the functional coupling between the parasternal intercostals (PS) and the diaphragm (DPM), we have examined the isometric contractile properties of bundles from canine PS and DPM muscles. Bundles of external (EXT) and internal (INT) interosseous intercostals were studied for comparison. In addition we have related sonometrically measured length of the intercostals in vivo at supine functional residual capacity (FRC) to in vitro optimal force-producing length (Lo). We found that 1) intercostal twitch speed is significantly faster than DPM, thus displacing their relativ

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17

Carrier, D. R. "Function of the intercostal muscles in trotting dogs: ventilation or locomotion?" Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 7 (July 1, 1996): 1455–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.7.1455.

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Although the intercostal muscles play an important role in lung ventilation, observations from fishes and ectothermic tetrapods suggest that their primary function may be locomotion. To provide a broader understanding of the role these muscles play in locomotion, I measured ventilatory airflow at the mouth and activity of the fourth and ninth intercostal muscles in four dogs trotting on a treadmill. During rest and thermoregulatory panting, activity of the intercostal muscles was associated with inspiratory and expiratory airflow. However, during trotting, activity of the interosseous portions

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18

Whitelaw, W. A., G. T. Ford, K. P. Rimmer, and A. De Troyer. "Intercostal muscles are used during rotation of the thorax in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 72, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 1940–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.5.1940.

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To test the idea that the lateral intercostal muscles may be more suited to aid in rotational than respiratory movements of the thorax, we inserted bipolar fine-wire electrodes in external and internal intercostal muscles in the right midaxillary line in nine sitting subjects and examined the pattern of contraction of these muscles during voluntary axial rotations of the thorax (30–35 degrees), resting breathing, and CO2-induced hyperpnea. The right external intercostal muscles were strongly recruited in rotations to the left but were not active in rotations to the right. In contrast, the righ

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19

DiMarco, A. F., G. S. Supinski, B. Simhai, and J. R. Romaniuk. "Mechanical action of the internal intercostal muscles in dogs." Journal of Applied Physiology 75, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): 2360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.6.2360.

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The pattern of electrical activation and muscle length changes of the internal intercostal (II) muscles (9th or 10th interspace) of the lower rib cage were evaluated in supine anesthetized dogs. Studies were performed during resting breathing and expiratory threshold loading. Results were compared with simultaneous measurements of the better-studied triangularis sterni muscle (4th interspace). In general, both muscles lengthened with passive inflation and shortened with passive deflation. During resting breathing, both the II and TS muscles were electrically active and shortened below resting

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20

Sibuya, M., I. Homma, T. Hara, and N. Tsuyama. "Expiratory activity in transferred intercostal nerves in brachial plexus injury patients." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 1780–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.5.1780.

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Involuntary activity of transferred intercostal motor units was examined in patients with brachial plexus injury. Since the internal intercostal nerves were detached from the thorax to reinnervate the musculus biceps brachii, it was possible to record pure intercostal motor activity in humans. Respiratory activity was seen in the latter part of the expiratory phase, thus dividing the phase into two substages (E1 and E2) by the onset of the activity. CO2 rebreathing prolonged the duration of the intercostal motor activity and increased the tidal activity as determined from the integration curve

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21

Elton, C., A. Rahim, B. Youl, G. Goldspink, and M. Winslet. "Intercostal muscles in the rabbit: surgical anatomy and flap construction." Laboratory Animals 32, no. 4 (October 1, 1998): 422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367798780599901.

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Demos and colleagues (1967) obtained good antireflux results from transposing an intercostal myoneurovascular pedicle around the gastro-oesophageal junction in dogs. An intact neurovascular supply is essential for the viability of a muscle flap. The aim of this study was to delineate the nerve and arterial supply to the left 11th intercostal muscle in the rabbit and to assess whether this muscle could be mobilized as a viable flap. The innervation of the muscle was studied using the methods of gross dissection in cadaveric specimens, and histological staining techniques. The arterial supply wa

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22

Ford, T. W., C. F. Meehan, and P. A. Kirkwood. "Absence of synergy for monosynaptic Group I inputs between abdominal and internal intercostal motoneurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 112, no. 5 (September 1, 2014): 1159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00245.2014.

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Internal intercostal and abdominal motoneurons are strongly coactivated during expiration. We investigated whether that synergy was paralleled by synergistic Group I reflex excitation. Intracellular recordings were made from motoneurons of the internal intercostal nerve of T8 in anesthetized cats, and the specificity of the monosynaptic connections from afferents in each of the two main branches of this nerve was investigated. Motoneurons were shown by antidromic excitation to innervate three muscle groups: external abdominal oblique [EO; innervated by the lateral branch (Lat)], the region of

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23

Zitoun, Omar, Erik La Hei, and Jacob Goldstein. "Left internal mammary artery originating from the third intercostal artery." Asia Pacific Heart Journal 7, no. 3 (December 1998): 223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1328-0163(98)90040-9.

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24

Legrand, Alexandre, and André De Troyer. "Spatial distribution of external and internal intercostal activity in dogs." Journal of Physiology 518, no. 1 (July 1999): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.0291r.x.

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25

Miller, Alan D. "Respiratory muscle control during vomiting." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 68, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y90-037.

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The changes in thoracic and abdominal pressures that generate vomiting are produced by coordinated action of the major respiratory muscles. During vomiting, the diaphragm and external intercostal (inspiratory) muscles co-contract with abdominal (expiratory) muscles in a series of bursts of activity that culminates in expulsion. Internal intercostal (expiratory) muscles contract out of phase with these muscles during retching and are inactive during expulsion. The periesophageal portion of the diaphragm relaxes during expulsion, presumably facilitating rostral movement of gastric contents. Rece

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26

SÖDERBERGH, GOTTHARD. "Zona intercostal et symptômes moteurs du côté de l'abdomen." Acta Medica Scandinavica 52, no. 1 (April 24, 2009): 225–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1919.tb08281.x.

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27

SÖDERBERGH, GOTTHARD. "Syndromes moteurs de l'abdomen en présence de zona intercostal." Acta Medica Scandinavica 54, no. 1 (April 24, 2009): 170–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1921.tb15175.x.

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28

Seok Nam, Yong, Eunah Hong, Jin Geun Kwon, In-Beom Kim, Jin Sup Eom, and Hyun Ho Han. "Safety of Retrograde Flow of Internal Mammary Vein: Cadaveric Study and Anatomical Evidence." Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery 36, no. 05 (January 28, 2020): 316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1701032.

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Abstract Background Additional second vessels may be required to handle multiple flaps used to add breast volume, boost blood flow for supercharging, or use salvage recipient vessels. In these situations, retrograde internal mammary vessel flow can be used although this causes doubts and concerns. Patients and Methods Forty sides of the chests of 20 fresh cadavers with intact thoracic cages and internal mammary veins (IMV) were used in the study. IMV valve numbers and locations were checked, and the bifurcation was confirmed. A retrograde fluorescent angiography and a saline infusion test were

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29

Sbarouni, Eftihia, Laura Corr, and Albert Fenech. "Microcoil embolization of large intercostal branches of internal mammary artery grafts." Catheterization and Cardiovascular Diagnosis 31, no. 4 (April 1994): 334–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccd.1810310417.

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30

Fregosi, R. F., and D. Bartlett. "Internal intercostal nerve discharges in the cat: influence of chemical stimuli." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 687–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.2.687.

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We studied the influence of central and peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation on the activities of the phrenic and internal intercostal (iic) nerves in decerebrate, vagotomized, and paralyzed cats with bilateral pneumothoraces. Whole iic nerves of the rostral thorax (T2-T5) usually discharged during neural inspiration, whereas those of the caudal thorax (T7-T11) were primarily active during neural expiration. Filaments of rostral iic nerves that terminated in iic muscles generally discharged during expiration, suggesting that inspiratory activity recorded in whole iic nerves may have innervated

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31

LEDUC, DIMITRI, ERIC BRUNKO, and ANDRÉ DE TROYER. "Response of the Canine Internal Intercostal Muscles to Chest Wall Vibration." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 163, no. 1 (January 2001): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.163.1.2004166.

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32

Townsley, M. I., D. Negrini, and J. L. Ardell. "Regional blood flow to canine parietal pleura and internal intercostal muscle." Journal of Applied Physiology 70, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.1.97.

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Transcapillary Starling forces in the parietal pleura and the underlying interstitium may potentially contribute to the exchange of fluid across this barrier. However, the extent of blood flow to the parietal pleura has not been measured. Thus, using standard microsphere techniques, we compared blood flow to the parietal pleura, including the subpleural interstitium, with blood flow to the adjacent internal intercostal muscle, as well as with flows to other serous tissues, including mediastinal pleura, pericardium, and parietal peritoneum, in anesthetized dogs that were either breathing sponta

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33

De Troyer, André, Alexandre Legrand, and Theodore A. Wilson. "Respiratory mechanical advantage of the canine external and internal intercostal muscles." Journal of Physiology 518, no. 1 (July 1999): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.0283r.x.

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34

Wilson, Theodore A., Alexandre Legrand, Pierre‐Alain Gevenois, and André Troyer. "Respiratory effects of the external and internal intercostal muscles in humans." Journal of Physiology 530, no. 2 (January 2001): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.0319l.x.

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35

Bellingham, Mark C. "Synaptic Inhibition of Cat Phrenic Motoneurons by Internal Intercostal Nerve Stimulation." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 1224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.3.1224.

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Intracellular recordings from 65 phrenic motoneurons (PMNs) in the C5 segment and recordings of C5 phrenic nerve activity were made in 27 pentobarbitone-anesthetized, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated adult cats. Inhibition of phrenic nerve activity and PMN membrane potential hyperpolarization (48/55 PMNs tested) was seen after stimulation of the internal intercostal nerve (IIN) at a mean latency to onset of 10.3 ± 2.7 ms. Reversal of IIN-evoked hyperpolarization ( n = 14) by injection of negative current or diffusion of chloride ions occurred in six cases, and the hyperpolarization was r

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36

Matsumoto, Shigeji, and Takeshi Nagamine. "Effects of acetylcholine on internal intercostal muscle activity in the rabbit." Neuroscience Letters 80, no. 1 (September 1987): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(87)90496-4.

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Abe, Tomonobu, Hiroto Suenaga, Hideki Oshima, Yoshimori Araki, Masato Mutsuga, Kazuro Fujimoto, and Akihiko Usui. "An L-Shaped Incision for an Extensive Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm and Coronary Artery Bypass Using the Left Internal Thoracic Artery." AORTA 03, no. 02 (April 2015): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12945/j.aorta.2015.14-061.

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AbstractAn L-shaped incision combining an upper half mid-sternotomy and a left antero-lateral thoracotomy at the fourth intercostal space has been proposed by several authors for extensive aneurysms involving the aortic arch and the proximal thoracic descending aorta. This approach usually requires the division of the left internal thoracic artery at its mid position, thus making it unusable for coronary artery bypass. We herein report a modified surgical approach for simultaneous extensive arch and proximal thoracic descending aorta replacement and coronary artery bypass using the left intern

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38

DiMarco, A. F., J. R. Romaniuk, K. E. Kowalski, and G. Supinski. "Mechanical contribution of expiratory muscles to pressure generation during spinal cord stimulation." Journal of Applied Physiology 87, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 1433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.87.4.1433.

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Lower thoracic spinal cord stimulation (SCS) results in the generation of large positive airway pressures (Paw) and may be a useful method of restoring cough in patients with spinal cord injury. The purpose of the present study was to assess the mechanical contribution of individual respiratory muscles to pressure generation during SCS. In anesthetized dogs, SCS was applied at different spinal cord levels by using a 15-lead multicontact electrode before and after sequential ablation of the external and internal obliques, transversus abdominis (TA), rectus abdominis, and internal intercostal mu

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39

De Troyer, A., and A. Legrand. "Inhomogeneous activation of the parasternal intercostals during breathing." Journal of Applied Physiology 79, no. 1 (July 1, 1995): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.79.1.55.

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Recent computations of the mechanical advantage of the canine intercostal muscles have suggested that the inspiratory advantage of the parasternal intercostals is not uniform. In the present studies, we have initially tested this hypothesis. Using a caliper and markers implanted in the costal cartilages, we have thus measured, in four supine paralyzed dogs, the length of the medial, middle, and lateral parasternal fibers at functional residual capacity and after a 1-liter mechanical inflation. With inflation, the medial fibers always shortened more than did the middle fibers (-9.8 +/- 0.8 vs.

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40

He, Qingqing. "Internal mammary node biopsy for breast cancer patients: Issues for discussion and our practice." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): e22089-e22089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e22089.

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e22089 Background: The aims of this study was to determine the clinical implications of internal mammary node biopsy as staging, treatment with radiotherapy and systemic treatment and a prognostic factor in patients with breast cancer. Methods: Internal mammary node biopsy via intercostal space was performed in 344 cases of breast cancer. Anatomical location of internal mammary nodes were recorded. Pathological status of internal mammary node were detected by H and E stains. Results: Internal mammary node biopsy was successfully finished in 344 patients.There were 162 cases (48.26%) with posit

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41

MATSUMOTO, Shigeji. "Effects of transient hypoxia on internal intercostal muscle activity in vagotomized rabbits." Japanese Journal of Physiology 37, no. 2 (1987): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2170/jjphysiol.37.197.

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42

Sarnak, Mark J., and Andrew S. Levey. "Placement of an internal jugular dialysis catheter into the superior intercostal vein." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 14, no. 8 (August 1, 1999): 2028–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/14.8.2028.

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43

Mehmet, O. C., O. C. Bahar, and Ilhan Pasaoglu. "Anomalous Origin of Left Internal Thoracic Artery from the Second Intercostal Artery." International Journal of Morphology 30, no. 4 (December 2012): 1590–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-95022012000400051.

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44

La Hei, Erik R., and Cedric W. Deal. "Intercostal lung hernia subsequent to harvesting of the left internal mammary artery." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 59, no. 6 (June 1995): 1579–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(94)01035-b.

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45

Oliven, A., E. C. Deal, S. G. Kelsen, and N. S. Cherniack. "Effects of hypercapnia on inspiratory and expiratory muscle activity during expiration." Journal of Applied Physiology 59, no. 5 (November 1, 1985): 1560–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.59.5.1560.

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Persistence of inspiratory muscle activity during the early phase of expiratory airflow slows the rate of lung deflation, whereas heightened expiratory muscle activity produces the opposite effect. To examine the influence of increased chemoreceptor drive and the role of vagal afferent activity on these processes, the effects of progressive hypercapnia were evaluated in 12 anesthetized tracheotomized dogs before and after vagotomy. Postinspiratory activity of inspiratory muscles (PIIA) and the activity of expiratory muscles were studied. During resting breathing, the duration of PIIA correlate

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46

Comtois, A., W. Gorczyca, and A. Grassino. "Anatomy of diaphragmatic circulation." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.1.238.

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The diaphragmatic circulation was studied in 48 mongrel dogs weighing 10–35 kg by injecting acrylic coloring into the arteries and veins of the diaphragm. The phrenic arteries and internal mammary arteries were found to anastomose head to head, forming an internal arterial circle around the medial leaflet of the diaphragm tendon. This arterial circle emitted vascular branches that traveled between muscle fibers toward the periphery of the diaphragm. These branches anastomosed with vessels of the intercostal arteries to form costophrenic arcades all along the fibers of the crural and costal dia

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47

Barsoum, Emad A., Vratika Agarwal, Nikhil Nalluri, Samer Saouma, Peter Olson, Frank Tamburrino, James Lafferty, and Mohammad Zgheib. "CORONARY STEAL SYNDROME DUE TO LEFT INTERNAL MAMMARY INTERCOSTAL BRANCH: IMPROVED WITH COILING." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 71, no. 11 (March 2018): A2140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(18)32681-0.

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48

Zhang, Bin, Ke-Yi Li, Li-Cheng Jiang, Zhen Meng, Xiu-Mei Wang, Fu-Zhai Cui, Ying-Nan Zhu, and Ya-Ping Wu. "Rib Composite Flap With Intercostal Nerve and Internal Thoracic Vessels for Mandibular Reconstruction." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 27, no. 7 (October 2016): 1815–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0000000000003060.

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49

Kim, K. O., J. O. Jo, H. S. Kim, and C. S. Kim. "Positioning internal jugular venous catheters using the right third intercostal space in children." Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 47, no. 10 (November 2003): 1284–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1399-6576.2003.00247.x.

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Patel, Vipool, Steven R. Bailey, Edward O'Leary, and Mark H. Hoyer. "Novel technique for coil embolization of intercostal branch of internal mammary artery graft." Catheterization and Cardiovascular Diagnosis 42, no. 2 (October 1997): 229–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0304(199710)42:2<229::aid-ccd32>3.0.co;2-g.

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