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Journal articles on the topic 'Internal languages'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Mateescu, A., GH P[acaron]un, G. Rozenberg, and A. Salomaa. "Characterizations of re languages starting from internal contextual languages∗." International Journal of Computer Mathematics 66, no. 3-4 (1998): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207169808804634.

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Ehrenfeucht, Andrzej, Gheorghe P↑n, and Grzegorz Rozenberg. "On representing recursively enumerable languages by internal contextual languages." Theoretical Computer Science 205, no. 1-2 (1998): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3975(97)00035-2.

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Upananda, Ven Theripaha. "Overview of Internal Linguistic Features of the Chinese Language in Sri Lanka." Journal of Language Studies 7, no. 1 (2023): 130–62. https://doi.org/10.4038/jls.v7i1.18.

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In focusing on language and society, various peculiarities of social language problems are encountered. Bilingualism, multilingualism, and monolingualism are among them. Even within the same language, many language forms are found. These include parimitha Languages, regional languages, verbal languages, propositional languages, etc. Among these, register languages show the nature of the language which is tied to the occasion of its use. There are many such registers and among them, the subject registers take prominence. The purpose of this study is to conduct a sociolinguistic analysis of regi

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Holm, Sophie, and Vladislav Rjéoutski. "“I ask Your Excellency most humbly to pardon me for writing in a foreign language”: French in Russian and Swedish internal diplomatic correspondence, c. 1720s-1740s." Langues et professions en Russie au XVIIIe siècle 2, no. 65 (2024): 327–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/123lc.

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To fully comprehend the rise of French as a “professional” language within European diplomacy in the century following the Peace of Westphalia, a comprehensive examination of diplomatic communications, both external and internal, is necessary. The essay explores the role of French in internal diplomatic correspondence, a topic far less studied than the language’s role in external exchanges. By comparing sources from Russian and Swedish archives, dating roughly from the time frame between the 1720s and the 1740s, we highlight the various reasons why French was used alongside the domestic langua

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Chistanov, Marat N. "Networked Language Communities: From Constructed Languages to Natural Languages." Humanitarian Vector 17, no. 4 (2022): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-4-176-183.

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Activities for the preservation and development of ethnic minority languages are considered as the most important part of the actions to preserve the cultural heritage of the peoples inhabiting the Russian Federation. The obligatory nature of such activities is enshrined in our country constitutionally. For the ethnic intelligentsia, any attempts to infringe on the linguistic rights of their peoples turn out to be very painful. This problem in domestic science is most often considered in the tradition of linguistic relativism. This approach comes from the Humboldtian tradition in linguistics a

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Rifki, Ahmad, Ali Mudlofir, and Muflihah Muflihah. "ANALISA REDUPLIKASI & MODIFIKASI INTERNAL DALAM BAHASA ARAB DAN BAHASA INDONESIA." Al Mi'yar: Jurnal Ilmiah Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab dan Kebahasaaraban 6, no. 2 (2023): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.35931/am.v6i2.2574.

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<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>No in-depth analysis comprehensively compares Arabic and Indonesian reduplication and internal modification phenomena. Therefore, this study aims to fill this knowledge gap and present a deeper understanding of how these two languages use reduplication and internal modification in word formation and their morphological consequences. The main problem to be solved is how this phenomenon operates in both languages, what the differences and similarities are, and how its use affects the structure and meaning of words in the linguistic context of each

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Dienst, Stefan. "The internal classification of the Arawan languages." LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, no. 8 (April 29, 2010): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/liames.v0i8.1471.

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ABSTRACT The Arawan language family of south-western Amazonia was named after the extinct Arawá language, which is only known from a short wordlist collected by William Chandless in 1867. This paper investigates what Chandless’s list tells us about the position of Arawá within the family and what can currently be said about the relationship between the living Arawan languages.KEYWORDS: Arawan, historical linguistics, linguistic classification. RESUMO A família lingüística Arawá do sudoeste da Amazônia recebeu o nome de uma língua extinta que é conhecida somente a partir de uma curta lista de p

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Dienst, Stefan. "The internal classification of the Arawan languages." LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas 8, no. 1 (2010): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/liames.v8i1.1471.

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The Arawan language family of south-western Amazonia was named after the extinct Arawá language, which is only known from a short wordlist collected by William Chandless in 1867. This paper investigates what Chandless’s list tells us about the position of Arawá within the family and what can currently be said about the relationship between the living Arawan languages.

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Koh, Thong-Wei, and C.-H. Luke Ong. "Internal Languages for Autonomous and ∗-Autonomous Categories." Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 29 (1999): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1571-0661(05)80313-5.

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Piper, Predrag. "On internal definite reference in Slavic languages." Juznoslovenski filolog, no. 70 (2014): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1470035p.

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The considered examples of use of the ?such and such? type of expression in Serbian and other Slavic languages and their analysis show that they represent a special type of reference and hold a special place in the system of pronominal words and expressions. Regardless of the fact that they can take a variety of functions, which are discussed in the article, their main function is to refer to what is determined for participants in a primary communicative situation, denoted by an utterance within an utterance, but which is undetermined for participants in a secondary communicative situation (wi

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Green, Christopher R. "Jarawan Numerals: Implications for History and Internal Classification." Anthropological Linguistics 64, no. 1-2 (2022): 136–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/anl.2022.a942069.

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Abstract: This article provides an overview of the numeral systems of Jarawan languages, an understudied group of languages spoken in Nigeria, and formerly in Cameroon. Lexical patterns and morphological micropatterns observed within this subset of the lexicon have implications for our understanding of Jarawan history, supporting the idea that there were two migrations of Jarawan speakers from Cameroon into Nigeria and suggesting that these migrations may have happened at very different times. This study complements others in demonstrating the value of incorporating linguistics, alongside arch

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Li, Zihao, Yucheng Shi, Zirui Liu, et al. "Language Ranker: A Metric for Quantifying LLM Performance Across High and Low-Resource Languages." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 39, no. 27 (2025): 28186–94. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v39i27.35038.

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The development of Large Language Models (LLMs) relies on extensive text corpora, which are often unevenly distributed across languages. This imbalance results in LLMs performing significantly better on high-resource languages like English, German, and French, while their capabilities in low-resource languages remain inadequate. Currently, there is a lack of quantitative methods to evaluate the performance of LLMs in these low-resource languages. To address this gap, we propose the Language Ranker, an intrinsic metric designed to benchmark and rank languages based on LLM performance using inte

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Shay, Erin, and Zygmunt Frajzyngier. "Language-Internal versus Contact-Induced Change: The Split Coding of Person and Number: A Stefan Elders Question." Journal of Language Contact 2, no. 1 (2008): 274–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000008792525336.

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AbstractThe aim of this study is to contribute to the methodology for determining whether a given characteristic of a language is a product of language contact or of language-internal grammaticalization. We have taken as a test problem a formal structure that is relatively rare across languages but that occurs in a few geographically proximate languages belonging to different families. The presence of a typologically rare phenomenon in neighboring but unrelated languages raises the question of whether the structure may be a product of cross-linguistic contact.The structures that we examine inv

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Blench, Roger. "Research on the Plateau languages of Central Nigeria." Afrika und Übersee 93 (December 31, 2020): 3–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/auue.2020.93.1.209.

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The paper is an overview of scholarship on the Plateau language group of Central Nigeria to November 2020. It reviews the existing published and manuscript sources and describes modern scholarship. It provides an overview of the literature on the internal and external classification of these languages and the issue of endangerment, which is severe for some languages. It summarises the use of Plateau languages in education and the media, which has undergone a major revival after 2010. There is now a concerted push for the use of Plateau languages in education. The paper then reviews each subgro

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Koizumi, Masatoshi, and Katsuo Tamaoka. "Psycholinguistic Evidence for the VP-Internal Subject Position in Japanese." Linguistic Inquiry 41, no. 4 (2010): 663–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00016.

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The question of whether the subject stays in its thematic position within the VP or moves to Spec, TP is difficult to answer with respect to free word order languages such as Japanese because the surface constituent orders in these languages do not necessarily provide sufficient information to determine syntactic positions. In this article, we present psycholinguistic evidence for the theoretical hypothesis that, in Japanese, the subject must move to Spec, TP in sentences with the subject-objectverb word order, but may stay within the VP in sentences with the object-subject-verb word order.

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Raharja, Sugeng, and Rawuh Yuda Yuwana. "HISTORICAL RELATIONS OF FLORES LANGUAGE KINSHIP." Acceleration: Multidisciplinary Research Journal 1, no. 01 (2023): 16–23. https://doi.org/10.70210/amrj.v1i01.6.

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A Comparative Historical Linguistic Study of Nine Languages in Flores aims to prove the typology relationship of Flores languages. This research focuses on the typological linguistics study of nine Flores languages. The method in this study is descriptive qualitative-comparative. The results of this study reveal that the Flores languages (Km, Mg, Rb, Ng, Li, Pl, Sk, Lh, and Kd are related. The qualitative evidence is shown by phonological and lexical innovations experienced by the Flores language group at the Proto, Meso, and lower levels. Then, based on the typological linguistic study of 9 F

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Tovena, Lucia M., and Alain Kihm. "Event internal pluractional verbs in some Romance languages." Recherches linguistiques de Vincennes, no. 37 (June 1, 2008): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rlv.1687.

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Kuppusamy, Lakshmanan, Shankara Narayanan Krishna, Rama Raghavan, and Carlos Martin-Vide. "Internal Contextual Grammars for Mildly Context-Sensitive Languages." Research on Language and Computation 5, no. 2 (2007): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11168-007-9027-1.

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McConvell, Patrick, and Claire Bowern. "The Prehistory and Internal Relationships of Australian Languages." Language and Linguistics Compass 5, no. 1 (2011): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818x.2010.00257.x.

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Gulinskii, P. Ya, and Z. L. Rabinovich. "Statistical approach to evaluation of internal computer languages." Cybernetics 25, no. 2 (1989): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01070132.

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O´G´Li, Boybutaev Jaxongir Egamberdi. "PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LEARNING FOREIGN LANGUAGES OF EMPLOYEES OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS BODIES." Frontline Social Sciences and History Journal 02, no. 10 (2022): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/social-fsshj-02-10-05.

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The factors influencing on the successful studying of a foreign language are viewed in the article. The author shows their correlation and influence on the process of studying of a foreign language. The methodical and psychological aspects of studying of a foreign language are examined in the article. Various types of psychological barriers that arise among cadets in the process of learning a second language are considered, some views of domestic and foreign psychologists on this topic are analyzed, and strategies for overcoming such psychological barriers are determined. The study of a foreig

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Ioanesyan, E. R. "Discursive Formulas Derived from Propositional Predicates." Nauchnyi dialog 11, no. 8 (2022): 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-8-24-39.

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The study is in line with the work on discursive formulas — multiword idiomatic remarks in response to the words of the interlocutor. Discursive formulas based on propositional predicates on the material of several languages, are considered. Discursive formulas of agreement and confirmation, disagreement and denial, surprise are presented as the object of description. The importance and relevance of studying discursive formulas is determined by the fact that they play an important role in the processes of oral communication, and also by the fact that these units are to a large extent linguisti

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Pat-El, Na’ama. "Contact or Inheritance? Criteria for distinguishing internal and external change in genetically related languages." Journal of Language Contact 6, no. 2 (2013): 313–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00602006.

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Several prominent scholars have recently doubted whether it is possible to differentiate borrowing from internal change, to the point that in some cases subgrouping is not feasible or is restricted (Dench, 2001; Dixon, 2001). Since a situation of prolonged and intense contact between closely related languages is very common, language contact and its results are a major problem if not a real hazard to historical linguistics. The main practical problem is how to differentiate internal changes, changes motivated by internal processes, from external changes, changes due to language contact, when t

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Ph.D, Yasir Salih,, Agung Prabowo, and Kalfin. "Language Evolution and Change Historical and Sociolinguistic Review." International Journal of Linguistics, Communication, and Broadcasting 2, no. 3 (2024): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.46336/ijlcb.v2i3.130.

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Language changes and developments, both nationally and internationally, are inevitable due to cultural acculturation and interactions between speakers of different languages. These changes can be internal, affecting the grammar system, or external, influenced by contact with other languages. Internal changes, which occur gradually, involve alterations in phonological systems, phrase order, and case and gender functions. External changes, resulting from interactions driven by economic, political, educational, and technological interests, can occur rapidly, often starting with lexical enrichment

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Hidayat, Dasrun, Gartika Rahmasari, and Darajat Wibawa. "The Inhibition and Communication Approaches of Local Languages Learning Among Millennials." International Journal of Language Education 5, no. 3 (2021): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/ijole.v5i3.16506.

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Local languages which are also referred as mother tongue should be attached to every child as individual. The re-orientation of language due to global influences should not mean forgetting the local language. Globalization and traditions can run simultaneously so that millennial generations are not only proficient in foreign languages, but also understand in using their local languages. This is a communication and culture research. The purpose of this study was to determine the millennials assumptions about local languages and the teaching approaches needed. An integrated teaching approach is

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Campbell, Lyle, and Verónica Grondona. "Internal reconstruction in Chulupí (Nivaclé)." Diachronica 24, no. 1 (2007): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.24.1.02cam.

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This paper is about internal reconstruction and the history of Chulupí, a Matacoan language of Argentina and Paraguay. We apply internal reconstruction and postulate several sound changes in the history of Chulupí. We bring the results of this internal reconstruction to bear on external comparisons based on cognates in other Matacoan languages, and in this way we check the validity of the internal reconstruction and contribute to aspects of Matacoan historical linguistics. We discuss some methodological implications for internal reconstruction in general and its relationship to the comparative

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Michael, Lev, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Keith Bartolomei, et al. "A Bayesian Phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní." LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas 15, no. 2 (2015): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/liames.v15i2.8642301.

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This paper presents an internal classification of Tupí-Guaraní based on lexical data from 30 Tupí-Guaraní languages and 2 non-Tupí-Guaraní Tupian languages, Awetí and Mawé. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis using a generalized binary cognate gain and loss model was carried out on a character table based on the binary coding of cognate sets, which were formed with attention to semantic shift. The classification shows greater internal structure than previous ones, but is congruent with them in several ways.

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Lightfoot, David. "Problems with variable properties in syntax." Cadernos de Linguística 2, no. 1 (2021): 01–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25189/2675-4916.2021.v2.n1.id306.

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Like those birds born to chirp, humans are born to parse; children are predisposed to assign linguistic structures to the amorphous externalization of the thoughts that we encounter. This yields a view of variable properties quite different from one based on parameters defined at Universal Grammar (UG). Our approach to language acquisition makes two contributions to Minimalist thinking. First, in accordance with general Minimalist goals, we minimize the pre-wired components of internal languages, dispensing with three separate, central entities: parameters, an evaluation metric for rating the

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Kristen, Susanne, Sabrina Chiarella, Beate Sodian, Tiziana Aureli, Maria Genco, and Diane Poulin-Dubois. "Crosslinguistic Developmental Consistency in the Composition of Toddlers’ Internal State Vocabulary: Evidence from Four Languages." Child Development Research 2014 (August 21, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/575142.

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Mental state language, emerging in the second and third years of life in typically developing children, is one of the first signs of an explicit psychological understanding. While mental state vocabulary may serve a variety of conversational functions in discourse and thus might not always indicate psychological comprehension, there is evidence for genuine references to mental states (desires, knowledge, beliefs, and emotions) early in development across languages. This present study presents parental questionnaire data on the composition of 297 toddler-aged (30-to 32-month-olds) children’s in

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Ataev, Boris Makhachevich. "SOME STRUCTURAL GENERALITIES OF THE AVAR-ANDIAN LANGUAGES." Herald of the G. Tsadasa Institute of Language, Literature and Art, no. 21 (March 16, 2020): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31029/vestiyali21/1.

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By the method of internal reconstruction the author attempts to identify some structural commonalities of the Avar-Andian languages and general trends in changing the phonetic and morphological structure of the Avar and Andian languages. In some cases, the innovative nature of affixes reveals their historical decomposability.

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Cherniack, Mitch, and Stanley B. Zdonik. "Rule languages and internal algebras for rule-based optimizers." ACM SIGMOD Record 25, no. 2 (1996): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/235968.233356.

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Abbasi, Muhammad Hassan, Maya Khemlani David, and Ameer Ali. "Internal migration and changes in language repertoire among Sindhi youth." Russian Journal of Linguistics 27, no. 4 (2023): 865–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-34258.

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Today many young members of the Sindhi community are migrating from villages to cities in Pakistan, where the national language, Urdu and the co-official language, English, dominates. This study investigates the daily language patterns of transplanted Sindhi speakers and the impact of such patterns on their mother tongue. Furthermore, as these speakers frequently switch from one language to another due to exposure to multilingualism in urban settings, this study determines the dominant language being used by young Sindhis in their mixed discourse, compared to the discourse of older Sindhis. Re

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Lobacheva, Marina V., and Svetlana V. Androsova. "ON THE STATUS AND MODIFICATIONS OF THE INTERNAL SYLLABLE STRUCTURE IN SYLLABIC LANGUAGES (BASED ON MANDARIN CHINESE)." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 3 (2017): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2016_2_4_23_40.

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The current paper touches upon two points of view on syllable nature in syllabic languages that are widely observed in literature. According to the first one, the syllable can be described as a grouping of smaller elements using the terms "phoneme," "allophone", "vowel", "consonant" that apply to non-syllabic languages. The second one is to regard the syllable as a minimal paradigmatic unit, similar to the phoneme in the non-syllabic languages. The obtained results enable to assume that such syllable constituents variation in Chinese spontaneous speech that might be a reflection of a common te

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Gianollo, Chiara. "DP-internal Inversion and Negative Polarity: Latin aliquis and its Romance Descendants." Probus 32, no. 2 (2020): 271–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/probus-2020-0005.

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AbstractI analyze the Romance descendants of Latin aliquis ‘some or other’, which are characterized by a complex pattern of variation in the contemporary Romance languages. I account for this variation in terms of diverging diachronic paths, tracing their determinants back to a process taking place between Classical and late Latin. Classical Latin only used aliquis as an epistemic indefinite, expressing ignorance about the identity of the referent. In late Latin a distributional extension is observed, and aliquis starts to be consistently found as an NPI in negative contexts. This multiplicity

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de Carvalho, Fernando O. "Numerals in Lokono-Wayuunaiki: Reconstruction and implications for internal classification." Folia Linguistica 51, s38 (2017): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flih-2017-0001.

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AbstractThe goal of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of the diachronic development of the Lokono-Wayuunaiki subgroup of the Arawak language family by focusing on a structured set of lexemes of recurrent interest for historical linguists. In this paper, I reconstruct the cardinal numerals from ‘one’ to ‘four’ in Proto-Lokono-Wayuunaiki (PLW). For each reconstructed etymon, I will discuss how regular sound change and attested morphological patterns support the reconstructed forms and the implied diachronic developments in the two daughter languages, Lokono and Wayuunaiki. On the

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Karimova, Könül, and Benő Csapó. "The Internal/External Frame of Reference of Mathematics, English, and Russian Self-Concepts." Journal of Advanced Academics 31, no. 4 (2020): 506–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1932202x20929703.

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The internal/external (I/E) frame of reference entails high, positive association of mathematics and verbal achievements with matching academic self-concepts but negative or near-zero correlation with their nonmatching self-concepts. This study aimed to extend the traditional I/E model by contrasting the mathematics domain with two foreign languages (English and Russian). A total of 540 Azeri eighth-grade students participated in this study. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed distinct domain-specific self-concepts for two foreign languages and mathematics, indicating a negative or near-zero

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Adelaar, K. Alexander. "The internal classification of the Malayic subgroup." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 56, no. 3 (1993): 566–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00007710.

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My This paper is a critical evaluation of B. Nothofer's definition of ‘Malayic’ (§1). It also discusses his classification of Iban (or ‘Sea Dayak’) as a separate primary branch in the Malayic language group, and his analysis of some aspects of Iban phonological history (§ 2).The Malayic language group consists of (literary, standard) Malay and all dialects and languages that are sufficiently close to Malay in order to form an exclusive subgroup with it within the Austronesian language family. In 1985 I finished a PhD thesis which is a phonological, lexical and morphological reconstruction of P

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HICKMANN, MAYA, and HENRIËTTE HENDRIKS. "Cohesion and anaphora in children's narratives: a comparison of English, French, German, and Mandarin Chinese." Journal of Child Language 26, no. 2 (1999): 419–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000999003785.

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The aim of this study is to determine universal vs. language-specific aspects of children's ability to organize cohesive anaphoric relations in discourse. Analyses examine narratives produced on the basis of two picture sequences by subjects of four ages (preschoolers, seven-year-olds, ten-year-olds, adults) in four languages: English (n = 80), German (n = 40), French (n = 40), and Mandarin Chinese (n = 40). Particular attention is placed on the impact of syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic factors in determining the uses of referring expressions and of word order in the maintenance of referenc

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Utsumi, Atsuko. "Semantic typology of voice systems in Western Malayo-Polynesian languages." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 75, no. 1 (2022): 129–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2022-1051.

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Abstract Western Malayo-Polynesian (WMP) languages exhibit inner diversity with regard to voice systems. While some lack verbal morphology encoding voice alternations, others demonstrate so-called symmetrical voice alternations. This paper discusses the internal typological grouping within the latter classification of languages, which are further categorized as being either Indonesian-type and Philippine-type. There are, however, certain languages that do not exhibit all the criteria of either category, but do display symmetrical voice alternations. These languages can be viewed as having ‘tra

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Kwatchka, Patricia. "Language Shift and Local Choice: On Practicing Linguistics in the 21st Century." Practicing Anthropology 21, no. 2 (1999): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.21.2.x866p6l648642087.

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Concern for endangered languages draws together two communities who have long been associated with each other, Native North American groups and linguists. The desire to maintain these languages, however, creates the need for a new working relationship between the two communities. This discussion formulates, first, some of the issues internal to Native American communities in their efforts to perpetuate their languages, and secondly, some of the steps that we, as linguists, can take to make our profession more responsive to these community issues.

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Karataeva, S., and K. Semiz. "Transformation of Sound Complexes V+C+V From Mongolian Languages to Turkic Language." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 3 (March 15, 2023): 493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/88/68.

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Of particular interest to specialists is the etymology of the long vowels of the Turkic and Mongolian languages, which are part of the Altai family, and the preservation of their various states. Despite the fact that these languages belong to the same language family, the periods of emergence and development of longitude of sounds differ. In the Mongolian languages, the process of transition of sound combinations V + C + V into long ones dates back to the 13-14th centuries. This process in the two language groups took place in different ways. If in the Mongolian languages, depending on the qua

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Urrutia, Iñigo, and Iñaki Lasagabaster. "Language Rights as a General Principle of Community Law." German Law Journal 8, no. 5 (2007): 479–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200005733.

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The territory of the European Union is made up of a rich and wide-ranging universe of languages. The European Union contains a wealth of languages. In its current form there are more than 60 autochthonous languages in the 27 Member States, with widely differing situations and legal statuses. The principal characteristic of the European linguistic diversity is the great heterogeneity of situations and internal legal statuses that the european languages display. Most of the languages of EU are spoken by very few people and few languages are enormously widespread. There are many languages in the

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Alexopoulou, Theodora, and Raffaella Folli. "Topic Strategies and the Internal Structure of Nominal Arguments in Greek and Italian." Linguistic Inquiry 50, no. 3 (2019): 439–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00315.

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In this article, we argue that a set of unexpected contrasts in the interpretation of clitic-left-dislocated indefinites in Greek and Italian derive from structural variation in the nominal syntax of the two languages. Greek resists nonreferential indefinites in clitic left-dislocation, resorting to the topicalization of an often bare noun for nonreferential topics. By contrast, clitic left-dislocation is employed in Italian for topics regardless of their definite/indefinite interpretation. We argue that this contrast is directly linked to the wide availability of bare nouns in Greek, which st

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Liang, Yongxian. "A Study on the Relationship between the Characteristics of Children’s Language Acquisition and the Intrinsic Structural Features of Language: Take the Acquisition of Semantic Types of Double Object Constructions as an Example." Scientific and Social Research 6, no. 11 (2024): 128–32. https://doi.org/10.26689/ssr.v6i11.8783.

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The double object constructions in language have different semantic types, which represent meanings such as giving, obtaining, and communication. The semantic types vary among different languages. Some semantic types are common to languages, while others are unique to certain languages. The quantitative distribution pattern of semantic types of double object constructions in languages is an external manifestation of the internal structural features of languages. This paper attempts to explore the relationship between children’s acquisition characteristics of semantic types and the intrinsic st

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Clements, J. Clancy. "Salikoko Mufwene, The ecology of language evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. xviii, 255. Hb. $65.00, pb. $22.00." Language in Society 32, no. 4 (2003): 587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404503234059.

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In this book, author Salikoko Mufwene offers a chronology of his views on language evolution as they have developed over the past 12 years. Mufwene understands the linguistic evolutionary process in terms of a language's external ecology – that is, its position relative to other languages with which it moves in and out of contact, the power relations among groups of different language varieties in the setting, and so on – as well as its internal ecology, or the coexistence in a given setting of the linguistic features, and their relative weight. Although Mufwene uses creole languages as a star

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Wasserstein, Abraham. "Note on the Phonetic and Graphic Representation of Greek Vowels and of the Spiritus Asper in the Aramaic Transcription of Greek Loanwords." Scripta Classica Israelica 12 (May 30, 2020): 200–208. https://doi.org/10.71043/sci.v12i.4529.

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This article discusses the transliteration of Greek into Semitic languages, and in particular the Semitic letter he. While Greek initial and especially internal aspiration is most often lost, the letter he, both initial and internal, frequently does not represent Greek aspiration but rather the Greek letter epsilon.

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Goro Christoph, Kimura. "Esperanto and minority languages." Language Problems and Language Planning 36, no. 2 (2012): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.36.2.05kim.

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Esperanto seems to share several basic characteristics with minority languages. Tendencies regarded as basic features of the Esperanto community, such as voluntariness, non-ethnic composition, non-territorial distribution or the “internal idea” can be observed also among minority languages. It can thus be argued that phenomena and tendencies that can be observed in the case of Esperanto are even clearer or more pronounced in the case of the (other) minority languages, and vice versa. The two can function as “mirrors” for one another. Not only their aims to promote multilingualism, but also the

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Van Way, John, and Bkhrashis Bzangpo. "Nyagrong Minyag." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 38, no. 2 (2015): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.38.2.06van.

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Nyagrong Minyag is an endangered language spoken on the periphery of the Chinese Tibetosphere. This article examines the external and internal forces that are contributing to the language’s endangerment. Nyagrong Minyag is at the bottom of a prestige hierarchy which also includes varieties of Tibetan and Chinese. Speakers’ shift away from Nyagrong Minyag and toward these other languages is occurring alongside changes in education, technology, language attitudes, and access to the Chinese economy. In addition, relocation as a result of the construction of a hydroelectric dam may have significan

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Zahran, Aron, and Sebastian Dom. "Reflexive-Reciprocal Syncretism in Eastern Bantu Languages of Tanzania: Distribution and Origins." Languages 9, no. 11 (2024): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages9110347.

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This paper presents an overview of the distribution of reflexive-reciprocal syncretism in Eastern Bantu languages spoken in Tanzania. Most Bantu languages encode reflexive and reciprocal constructions by means of two distinct verbal affixes. However, the Tanzanian Eastern Bantu languages under study have developed reflexive-reciprocal syncretism, in which the originally reflexive prefix has developed into a polyfunctional morpheme coding both reflexive and reciprocal constructions, to the detriment of the original reciprocal suffix. In a sample of 79 languages, reflexive-reciprocal syncretism

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Todorova, Ivelina D. "THE PECULIARITY OF THE COMMUNICATIVE PERSPECTIVE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE SYSTEM FROM THE STANDPOINT OF SYSTEMIC LINGUISTICS." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 10, no. 1 (2019): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2019-10-1-101-107.

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The article is devoted to the description of the peculiarity of the communicative perspective of the Russian language system from the standpoint of systemic linguistics (or the system typology of languages - the theory of the system-typological language determinant G.P. Mel’nikov). Achievements of a systematic approach to the language allowed to determinants the internal forms - the internal determinants of the four morphological types of languages identified by V. von Humboldt. From the standpoint of systemic linguistics, the internal determinant of the Russian language is event-driven. Accor

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