Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Internal locus of control'

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a relationship exists between the scores subjects obtain on Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale and the type of therapy they prefer. Two hundred and fifty-four students in general psychology classes were given Rotter's Scale. Considering their upper- and lower-third scores, 54 were classified as " Internals," 53 as "Externals." Subjects also were given written descriptions of both psychoanalytic and behavioristic therapies. Each of these descriptions dealt with the goal and the specific therapeutic procedure of the respective therapies. Subjects were asked to identify which therapy they preferred and to provide a rationale for their choice.

Orientadores: Rosana de Fátima Possobon, Sérgio Tadeu Martins Marba
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: Esta dissertação, em formato alternativo, com a apresentação de um capítulo, aborda a temática do desmame precoce. O desmame precoce traz inúmeras desvantagens para a criança e para a mãe, sendo associado ao aumento da morbi-mortalidade infantil. Estima-se que 1,5 milhões de lactentes vão a óbito devido à alimentação inadequada, introduzida antes do sexto mês de vida. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação entre desmame precoce, as variáveis pré e pós-natal e o locus de controle das mães. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de coorte, utilizando instrumentos que investigaram os aspectos socioeconômicos e demográficos, as variáveis pré e pós-parto, e a escala multidimensional de locus de controle de Levenson. A amostra foi composta por 410 mães de crianças com idade entre 0 a 5 anos, que estiveram presentes no dia da campanha nacional de vacinação infantil contra a Poliomielite, realizada no mês de junho de 2013, pela Secretaria de Saúde do Município de Piracicaba-SP. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio de regressão logística múltipla hierárquica, avaliando a associação entre a variável dependente, o desmame precoce e as seguintes variáveis independentes sócio-demográficas: renda familiar, número de pessoas no lar, habitação, grau de instrução materno e paterno, chefe de família e profissão dos pais. As variáveis relacionadas ao desmame precoce e ao pré e pós-parto foram: idade materna e paterna, estado civil, idade e gênero da criança, paridade, experiência em aleitar e informações sobre o início do pré-natal, tipo de parto, problemas durante o parto com a mãe e/ou com a criança, permanência em alojamento conjunto, início da amamentação, acesso à informações sobre amamentação e manejo da lactação, vontade de amamentar, gravidez planejada, intercorrências mamárias, uso de chupeta e mamadeira, retorno ao trabalho e participação da avó. A escala de Levenson, composta por três subescalas - internalidade, externalidade outros poderosos e externalidade ao acaso. Estas variáveis foram divididas em blocos, sendo o primeiro composto por características maternas, o segundo por características do nascimento do bebê e o terceiro envolvendo características do bebê e assistenciais. Desta maneira, foram testadas no modelo multinível as variáveis com p?0,20 de cada bloco, permanecendo no modelo aquelas que continuaram associadas ao desmame com p?0,05, após o ajuste, para as variáveis do mesmo bloco e finalizando com as hierarquicamente superiores. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que a prevalência do desmame precoce foi de 40%. Encontrou-se associação estatisticamente significativa entre desmame precoce e a variável baixa escolaridade materna (IC95% = 1,18-3,22; p= 0,0131), ausência de experiência prévia em amamentar (IC95% = 3,76-9,75; p= <0,0001) e uso de chupeta (IC95% = 1,78-4,17; p= <0,0001). Não houve associação entre o tipo de locus de controle e o desmame precoce. Concluiu-se que ter maior nível de escolaridade materna, ter experiência prévia em aleitamento e não oferecer chupeta à criança são fatores de proteção ao aleitamento materno
Abstract: This dissertation, in alternate format, with the presentation of a chapter addresses the theme of early weaning. Early weaning has numerous disadvantages for the child and the mother, being associated with increased infant morbidity and mortality. It is estimated that 1.5 million infants will die due to inadequate nutrition, introduced before the sixth month of life. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between early weaning, pre and postnatal variables and Mother's locus of control. A retrospective cohort study was performed using instruments that investigated the socioeconomic and demographic indicators, pre variables and postpartum, and the multidimensional scale of Levenson's locus of control. The sample consisted of 410 mothers of children aged 0-5 years who were present on the day of national childhood immunization campaign against polio, held in June 2013, the Health Department of the city of Piracicaba-SP . Statistical analysis was performed using hierarchical multiple logistic regression, evaluating the association between the dependent variable, early weaning and the following socio-demographic independent variables: family income, number of people in the home, housing, degree of maternal and paternal education , householder and profession of parents. The variables related to early weaning and pre and post-delivery were maternal and paternal age, marital status, age and child gender, parity, breastfeeding experience and information on the initiation of prenatal care, type of delivery, problems during childbirth with the mother and / or with the child, remained in the accommodation, initiation of breastfeeding, access to information on breastfeeding and lactation management, desire to breastfeed, unplanned pregnancy, breast complications, pacifier use and bottle, return to work and grandmother participation. The scale Levenson, composed of three subscales - internality, other powerful external and external to chance. These variables were divided into blocks, the first composed of maternal characteristics, the second by Baby Birth characteristics and the third involving baby characteristics and care. In this way, were tested in the multilevel model variables with p?0,20 of each block, remaining in the model those who remained associated with weaning with p = 0.05 after adjustment for the variables of the same block and ending with the hierarchically superior. The results showed that the prevalence of early weaning was 40%. Statistically significant association between early weaning and the variable low maternal education (95% CI = 1.18 to 3.22; p = 0.0131), no previous experience in nursing (95% CI = 3.76 to 9, 75, p = <0.0001) and pacifier use (95% CI = 1.78 to 4.17; p = <0.0001). There was no association between the type of locus of control and early weaning. It was found to have higher levels of maternal education, previous experience in breastfeeding and not offer child pacifiers are protective factors for breastfeeding
Mestrado
Saude da Criança e do Adolescente
Mestra em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente

This dissertation aims to validate the Adolescent Internal Environmental Locus of Control (AINELOC) scales (green consumer, activist, advocate, and recycling attitude). The AINELOC was developed based on the lack of applicability in the original Internal Environmental Locus of Control (INELOC) scale to the adolescent population. This opportunity to adjust the language to make it more accessible for adolescents resulted in the construction of the AINELOC tool to research adolescents’ reasoning and innate ability to make interpretations about beliefs and motivations regarding the environment. It was demonstrated that persons with greater levels of internal environmental locus of control have positive mindsets and beliefs that affect their well-being, behavior, and attitude toward the environment. Collectively, the literature in this research explored the role of LOC as a driving factor and a strong predictor in shaping an individual’s eco-centric thoughts and behavior. The factor structure of the AINELOC was examined and data collected from a sample of adolescents to validate the internal consistency of scales for this novel construct. Correlations between the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLOC) measure with the new AINELOC tool were conducted to provide substantiation for the convergent and discriminant validity of the AINELOC.

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between two types of locus of control among a sample of Texas A&M varsity athletes and their frequency of selfreported injury in athletic competition and practice in a 12 month period. Using a webbased survey, 640 varsity athletes were asked to respond to a questionnaire which evaluated Locus of Control type using an adapted version of the Health Locus of Control Scale. Respondents were also asked to self-report their frequency of injury within the past 12 months. Locus of Control was not found to be a significant predictor of athletic injury.

The relationship between the business-formation process and the use of government or outside counselling is examined, by differentiating, among a total group of 78 small-firm owners, between those who created their ventures and those who bought them. The group of venture initiators was found as having requested government help in one-third of the start-ups, while none of the business buyers had resorted to such support. At the same time, the first group displayed a more internal locus of control disposition than the other, thus reinforcing earlier findings about entrepreneurs. Both groups, however, were strongly internal-oriented compared to general populations. SOMMAIRE: À partir d'un groupe de propriétaires, créateurs ou acquéreurs, de petites entreprises, l'auteur établit le rapport entre le processus d'établissement et le recours au counselling gouvernemental ou exterieur. On constate que le tiers des propriétaires qui ont créé leur entreprise ont demandé l'aide du gouvernement, contre aucun parmi ceux qui s'en sont portés acquéreurs. On a également constaté que le premier groupe avait une nette tendance à établir Ie siège du contrôle à l'interieur des structures comparativement aux autres, ce qui renforce les constatations précédentes au sujet des entrepreneurs. Toutefois, les deux groupes à l'étude mettaient un accent beaucoup plus prononcé sur le controle interne que le reste des entreprises.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2009.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 89 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 56-63).

The purpose of this study was to examine how work locus of control and self-esteem relate to job satisfaction. Quantitative data were collected through an online questionnaire. The study included 126 participants who filled out the Short Index of Job Satisfaction, Work Locus of Control Scale and Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale. It was hypothesized that work locus of control and self-esteem would be related to job satisfaction. Multiple regression analysis showed strong relations between the variables. Work locus of control and self-esteem explained 23 % of the variance in job satisfaction, which suggests that other variables also affect job satisfaction. The result from the study was consistent with previous research indicating that internal work locus of control and self-esteem predict job satisfaction. Future research is needed to investigate how individuals’ internal locus of control and self-esteem at the workplace could be increased.
Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur work locus of control och självkänsla relaterar till arbetstrivsel. Datainsamlingen utfördes kvantitativt genom användandet av ett självskattningsformulär. Studien omfattade totalt 126 deltagare som fyllde i Short Index of Job Satisfaction, Work Locus of Control Scale och Rosenbergs Self-Esteem Scale. Studiens hypoteser var att både work locus of control och självkänsla skulle relatera till arbetstrivsel. Resultatet från den multipla regressionsanalysen påvisade att arbetstrivsel har ett starkt samband med de undersökta variablerna. Work locus of control och självkänsla förklarade variationen i arbetstrivsel med ungefär 23 procent, vilket pekar på att även andra variabler kan påverka arbetstrivsel. Resultatet från denna studie var konsistent med tidigare forskning som indikerar att inre work locus of control och självkänsla predicerar arbetstrivsel. I framtida forskning hade det varit intressant att undersöka vad som ökar individers inre locus of control och självkänsla på arbetsplatsen.

The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between occupational stress and locus of control, to analyse and investigate the nature of nurses’ work and to determine the sources of stress and how they influence the nurses’ work environment and personal lives. The Work and Life Circumstances Questionnaire (WLQ) and Rotter’s 23-item scale were applied in a probability, simple random sample consisting of 302 South African nursing students and nurses currently employed in the private and public healthcare sector. Significant relationships were observed between the variables. Supporting evidence indicates that there is a negative correlation between occupational stress and locus of control. The results further indicate significant differences among the different locus of control orientations and the participants perceived level of stress; as well as a difference in the correlations between occupational stress and demographics such as marital status, working time and occupational level. Finally, the researcher was able to determine which stressors cause the highest level of stress among the participants. The findings should contribute valuable new information to the employee well-being literature and human resource management practices relating to employee assistance programmes, employee well-being and the retention of staff, especially in the healthcare sector. Copyright
Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Human Resource Management
unrestricted

The construct internal-external locus of control was utilized to examine the Soviet Pentecostal refugees' perception of life experiences in the United States as defined by three dimensions: social, economical, and political. Unlike the majority of immigration research, which focuses on structural variables, this research further addressed the concept of acculturation as a long term process of resettlement. Subjects completed an anonymous forced choice questionnaire consisting of the Rotter (1966) locus of control instrument scale. Pearson Product moment correlation coefficients were calculated to examine the strength of the relationships between the internal-external locus of control scores and five factor analyzed life experience categories. Positive and sometimes strong correlations could be found between the internal-external locus of control scores and the five life experience factors. All five hypotheses were confirmed by the results.

This study represented an examination of the social issue of increasing female aggression in the State of Connecticut and has clarified a predictive relationship among internal locus of control, pathological narcissism to include contingent self-esteem, self-sacrificing self-enhancement, hiding the self, devaluing, grandiose fantasy, entitlement rage, and the four manifestations of female aggression that included physical and verbal aggression, anger, and hostility.

Aggression perpetrated by young adult females has been problematic in terms of the direct cost to society through injuries or damage sustained, increased displacement, or negatively affected social circumstances of children as collateral damage created by sanctioning of the female parent. As a learned response, children emulate the aggressive values and behaviors of those adults both as a defensive coping strategy, as well as the multi-generational perpetuation of aggressive behavior as a learned behavioral choice. This study was conducted in Connecticut with a selective participant group of 174 self-reported adult females, aged 18–35, with histories of having been legally sanctioned for aggressive behavior. Participants were solicited through a receptive social service agency, The Connection, Incorporated and the social media network, Facebook. The data generated in this quantitative study were analyzed utilizing multiple and stepwise linear regression analyses; statistically significant, predictive relationships among the variables, internal locus of control, pathological narcissism, and female aggression were identified and measured independently, as well as in different groupings. The various combinations of internal locus of control and components of pathological narcissism were each more predictive of each of the specific forms of female aggression.

Due to the fact that the environment in which companies in 'South Africa are operating is constantly changing, these companies are undergoing a process of transformation. Organisations that intend competing successfully within this changing environment will have to have the right kind of leaders in order to stay afloat and even flourish. It is expected from companies' leaders at all levels to successfully navigate these troubled waters. Much of leadership has to do with the way in which leaders motivate their subordinates. Research has shown that there are succinctly different styles of leadership, and that each type of style has a different influence on the motivation of workers. Another factor, equally important, is the concept of locus of control. Research has also shown that people perceive differently, that which controls their destiny. Does the leader feel that he/she is controlled by this constantly changing environment in which he/she has to lead, or is he/she as the leader of an organisation in control of him-herself and his/her actions, and therefore also in control of the company itself? The question that inevitably arises is the following: is there any relationship between the style of leadership and the locus of control of the leader, and if so, what is the nature of this relationship? A quantitative design (two test survey design on a large population) was used to take the measurements on the style of leadership and the locus of control of the leaders. The Locus of Control Inventory (LCI) of Schepers (1998) and the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), form 5R of Bass and Avolio (1995), were administered. A statistical analysis was then carried out in order to determine the relationship that exists between the two measurements, as well as the nature of the relationship. There were 221 respondents from organisations in South Africa, most of whom were in a middle level of leadership. The results showed that an internal locus of control and a disposition towards autonomy were associated with a laissez-faire leadership style as well as a transformational leadership style. It also showed that an external locus of control was associated with a laissez-faire leadership style. Recommendations for organisations and for future research were made.
Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Orientador: Maria Helena Baena de Moraes Lopes
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) define como adolescentes as pessoas com idade entre dez e 19 anos. A adolescência é um período onde decisões importantes são tomadas a partir de pouca experiência de vida e tais decisões podem ter conseqüências para toda a vida. A sexualidade, presente em toda a trajetória de vida do ser humano, busca sua afirmação na adolescência. Pesquisadores demógrafos desenvolveram um modelo especial conhecido como estudo CAP (conhecimento, atitude e prática), numa tentativa de coletar informações sobre contracepção e comportamento reprodutivo. Sabe-se também que características pessoais e da personalidade influenciam o comportamento, e é o que a escala de locus de controle pretende avaliar. Locus de controle' é uma variável que se refere a uma característica individual das pessoas sobre a percepção de quem controla os acontecimentos. Pode ser interna, no caso do indivíduo acreditar que mantém o controle sobre sua vida; ou externa, no caso do sujeito atribuir o controle da sua vida a outras pessoas, entidades ou até mesmo sorte ou destino. Foi objetivo deste estudo avaliar a relação entre o locus de controle e o conhecimento, atitude e prática do uso de pílula e preservativo entre adolescentes, ingressantes de uma universidade pública do estado de São Paulo. Foi utilizado um questionário e a escala multidimensional de locus de controle de Levenson. A amostra foi composta por 295 adolescentes. Pouco mais da metade (51,2%) relatou não ter iniciado atividade sexual e dentre os que haviam iniciado, 91,7% afirmaram que utilizaram método contraceptivo na primeira relação sexual. Os métodos mais utilizados foram o preservativo e a pílula, isoladamente ou combinados com outros métodos. Dentre os estudantes que tinham iniciado atividade sexual, 75,7% não planejavam suas relações sexuais, ou planejavam, às vezes. Sobre o preservativo, 92,6% afirmaram que os adolescentes devem utilizá-lo em todas as relações sexuais e 23,1% consideraram que usar o preservativo diminui o prazer nas relações. Os adolescentes demonstraram ter maior conhecimento do que prática correta de uso de pílula e preservativo (71,4% vs 37,1%, p<0,001 pelo teste de Wilcoxon). Quanto ao locus de controle, observou-se maior externalidade-outros poderosos para o sexo masculino. Verificou-se correlação entre o locus de controle e a prática: quanto maior o escore do locus externalidade-outros poderosos, menor a prática correta de uso do método contraceptivo. Não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre o locus de controle e as características sociodemográficas. Conclui-se que os universitários iniciam atividade sexual mais tardiamente, buscam conhecimento sobre anticoncepção e a pílula e o preservativo masculino são os métodos mais utilizados. Embora apresentem conhecimento e atitudes adequados, precisam modificar algumas de suas práticas para uma anticoncepção eficaz. O locus de controle externalidade outros-poderosos influencia a prática anticoncepcional nesse grupo de adolescentes
Abstract: The World Health Organization (WHO) defines adolescents as people between ten and nineteen years old. Adolescence is a period of time in which many important decisions are made based on little life experience, decisions which may imply in consequences for the rest of their lives. Sexuality, which is present throughout the life of the human being life, is usually asserted during adolescence. Demographic investigators developed a special model known as KAP study (knowledge, attitude and practice), with the purpose of collecting information regarding contraceptives and reproductive behavior. It is already known that personal characteristics may affect behavior, and that is what the multidimensional Levenson?s locus of control scale intends to evaluate. ?Locus of Control? is a variable referring to the individual characteristics of people regarding the perception of who controls the facts in their lives. It can be internal if the person considers themselves as the source of the facts in which they are involved; or external, when the person attributes the control of their life to other people, entities, or even to luck or fate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the locus of control and the knowledge, attitude and practice concerning the use of contraceptive pills and male preservatives among teenagers at a Public University in the State of São Paulo. A questionnaire and the Levenson?s locus of control scale were utilized. The sample was composed of 295 teenagers. Over half of them (51.2%) had not yet initiated sexual activity. Among those who had initiated in sexual activities, 91.7% reported that they had utilized some type of contraceptive method during their first sexual intercourse. The most frequent methods used were preservatives and pills, or these in combination with other methods. It was verified that frequently (40.3%) the relationships were not planned. Regarding preservatives, 92.6% agreed that their use by adolescents was necessary during each and every sexual intercourse and 23.1% believed that using preservative diminished pleasure. The adolescents showed higher knowledge than correct practice concerning the use of contraceptive pill and preservative (71.4% vs 37.1%, p<0,001 with the Wilcoxon test). Male students had higher scores of powerful others externality. It was observed correlation between locus of control and the practice: the higher the rate of powerful others externality, the lower the correct use of contraceptives. It was no significant differences between the locus of control and social-demographic characteristics. It was concluded that this adolescents had sexual initiation late, seek information about contraception, and the contraceptive pill and the preservative were the most utilized method. Although they have corrects knowledge and practice, they need modified some of their practices for an effective contraception. The powerful others externality locus influenced the practice of contraceptive use in this group of adolescents
Mestrado
Enfermagem e Trabalho
Mestre em Enfermagem

The purpose of this study was to investigate the roles internal locus of control and self-efficacy play in moderating how employees manage their perceived work stress and positively engage in the behaviors that facilitate autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, self-acceptance, positive relations with others, and purpose in life. Investigators have documented the relationship between perceived workplace stress and strain and showed that how employees cope with perceived stress influences their psychological and physical health. However, there is less information available about the relationship between how employees cope with perceived workplace stress and engage in behaviors that facilitate their psychological well-being. A quasi-experimental methodology was used; male and female tire manufacturing production workers working in a shift work manufacturing environment were surveyed using a secure online server. Data collection tools included the Perceived Stress Scale, the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Form C 4 subscales, the Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale, and Ryff's 6 Scales of Psychological Well-Being. Hypotheses were analyzed using moderated multiple regression analyses. Employees who operate from an internal locus of control and who demonstrate high levels of self-efficacy reported lower levels of perceived stress and higher levels of self-acceptance. The implications for social change provide organizational leaders with insight into the potential benefits and saving of both financial and human capital by screening and training employees to better understand how to evaluate and develop their abilities to operate from an internal locus of control, as well as how to improve their self-efficacy skills.

This study sought to determine the extent a relationship exists between locus of control and the rate of completion for proposal and dissertation defense among doctoral students. Levenson's Internal, Powerful Others, and Chance scales were utilized to identify locus of control orientation. Findings indicated that: (1) a majority, 102, scored highest on the Internal scale; (2) Internal scale scores above the median related to increased probability of a proposal and dissertation defense and to reduced time in reaching those points; (3) no significant difference was found between male and female defensive externals in completing the proposal or dissertation defense; and (4) females tended to score higher than males on the Internal scale. Among conclusions drawn are: (1) Internal scale scores above the median relate to a reduced length of time to complete the proposal and dissertation defense; and (2) few doctoral candidates scoring higher on the Powerful Others or Chance scales were identified in this doctoral program after the point of qualifying examinations.

Regulatory Focus Theory predicts that the motivation to self-regulate goal-directed thought and behavior depends on two distinct regulation strategies: a promotion focus based on attaining gains and a prevention focus based on avoiding losses. This study took a social-cognitive approach predicting that regulatory focus has an impact on how family startups (several family related founders) explore “new ideas”, exploit “old certainties” and achieve the balance of both (ambidexterity), compared to lone founder startups (only one founder present). It was proposed that the social context of family ties among founders leads them to a prevention focus concerned with avoiding the loss of the socio-emotional benefits of those ties. In order to avoid such a loss, family founders were expected to increase their risk perceptions and thus, explore less than lone founders, who lack such socio-emotional ties. It was also proposed that two commonly used psychological traits in entrepreneurship research --achievement motivation and internal locus of control, predispose entrepreneurs to a promotion focus. Founders with a promotion focus, in turn, were hypothesized to lead startups to more risk-seeking behaviors and to more explorative orientation. The previous argument was used as a springboard to derive hypotheses about ambidexterity (the ability to exploit and explore simultaneously) and survival hazards. Using Regulatory Focus Theory, exploitative orientation, conceptualized as the motivational strength to continue on previous paths of action, was hypothesized to be not significantly different from that of lone founder startups. Taking previous arguments together, lone founder startups were hypothesized to be more ambidextrous than family startups. Finally, ambidexterity and internal locus of control were hypothesized to reduce survival hazards in family startups. The findings suggested that family startups explore less than lone founder startups even after controlling for group effects. Interesting but contradictory findings revealed that internal locus of control have both a positive direct effect and a positive interaction that increases the explorative and ambidextrous orientation gap of family startups over lone founder startups. As expected, ambidexterity and internal locus of control reduced survival hazards on family startups. Implications for practitioners were derived based on a sample of 470 nascent entrepreneurs.

The objective of this research study is to attempt to determine whether the realities or life-stories that successful' employees construct with input from both their cultures of origin (external culture) and the organisational (internal) culture impact on their state of motivation in the workplace. This mini-dissertation is approached from both a theoretical and practical point of view. Related theories and perspectives are explored in an attempt to arrive at an understanding of the philosophy pertaining to construction of reality and motivation in the workplace. Individual narrative discussions were conducted with successful employees, also referred to as respondents, in the research and development division of a South African target industry in an effort to determine whether internal and/or external locus of control impacted on construction of reality and subsequently on work-related motivation. The results from a motivation questionnaire were also incorporated in the research study in order to try to determine whether it supported the findings from the narrative discussions. It can be concluded from this study that successful employees are mostly also motivated employees and that both their cultures of origin and the organisational culture impact on their construction of reality regarding motivation in the workplace. Furthermore, this explanation revealed that an employee's construction of reality definitely impacts on his3 motivation. It is also evident from this research study that these employees have an internal and/or external locus of control. It seemed insignificant whether the respondents were motivated by internal or external factors, but what distinguished them from the other employees were the finding that they were in fact motivated by some or other factor. This study confirmed that different motivational factors impact on different employees as a result of their uniquely constructed realities regarding work-related motivation and success. The challenge for organisations therefore lies in determining which specific, culturally determined internal and/or external factors motivate individual employees. This will enable them to instigate, sustain or increase the motivation of their employees.
Thesis (M.A. (Sociology))--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2002.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between health attribution and the availability of organized internal resources and response style as measured by the Four Square of the Rorschach Inkblot Test. Forty-two subjects participated in this study. Six major hypotheses were explored in the study. None of the hypotheses was statistically significant. Several factors may have contributed to these results. The small sample size and the homogeneity of the sample limited the investigator's ability to interpret the results of the study. Statistically, health attribution may not be conceptually related to organized internal resources and response style since physical and emotional distress may require different coping mechanisms.

Dagens samhälle ställer höga krav på individer att vara sociala, kommunikativa och inneha en förmåga att hantera ett ökande informationsflöde. Samtidigt som det ligger mycket ansvar på den enskilde individen att sålla bland stora mängder information har olika individer skilda förutsättningar att möta dessa krav. Studiens syfte var att undersöka om upplevelse av kontroll och välbefinnande hos medarbetarna påverkar kommunikationstillfredsställelse och föredragna kommunikationskanaler. Som teoretisk referensram har teori om kommunikation och subjektivt välbefinnande samt Rotters (1966) teori om Locus of Control använts. En kvantitativ enkätstudie genomfördes på en förvaltning i Tidaholms kommun i Västra Götalands län där de upplevt kommunikationsproblem i sin internkommunikation. Resultatet visade signifikanta samband mellan upplevd kontroll på arbetsplatsen och kommunikationstillfredsställese (β = -.98) samt mellan välbefinnande och kommunikationstillfredsställelse (β = 1.43). De med hög upplevelse av kontroll föredrog elektroniska och skriftliga kommunikationskanaler mer än de med låg upplevelse av kontroll. Resultatet indikerade därmed på att upplevelse av kontroll och välbefinnande inte bara påverkar hur man kommunicerar, vilket tidigare studier har visat, utan att det även påverkar hur man uppfattar kommunikation.
Today’s society places high demands on individuals to be social, communicative and to have the ability to process an increasing flow of information. While there is a lot of responsibility on the individual to screen large amounts of information, different individuals have various abilities to meet these requirements. The purpose of this study was to examine if the experience of control and well-being of the employees affect their communication satisfaction and preferred communication channels. As a theoretical framework, theories of communication and subjective well-being and Rotters (1966) theory of Locus of Control were used. A quantitative survey was conducted in Tidaholm municipal administration in Västra Götaland county, Sweden, where they had experienced problems in their internal communication. The results showed a significant correlation between Work Locus of Control and communication satisfaction (β = -.98) and between well-being and communication satisfaction (β = 1.43). The employees with internal Locus of Control preferred written and electronic communication channels more so than the employees with external Locus of Control. The results indicate therefore that Locus of Control and well-being not only affects how individuals communicate, which previous studies have shown, but it also affects how individuals perceive communication.

An intrinsic religious orientation has been linked to improved cardiovascular health. Individuals may be protected by their beliefs against anger/hostility, which have been linked to increased cardiovascular reactivity and disease. Health locus of control differentiates between internals, who take responsibility for health, and externals, who attribute responsibility to chance or powerful others. Internal health locus of control has been linked to healthy behaviors, but its relationship to religious orientation is unclear. Intrinsically held religious beliefs and internally held expectancies for health may, through the mechanism of reactivity, reduce risk for cardiovascular disease. This study explored relationships among health locus of control, religious orientation, and cardiovascular reactivity to an interpersonal stressor in an older adult population. Intrinsic religiousness and internal health locus of control emerged as highly related potential buffers against anger/hostility and cardiovascular reactivity.

A presente pesquisa investigou a relação de alguns comportamentos de liderança, denominados de Liderança Executiva, com a concentração hormônio Testosterona, medido na saliva. Também foram analisadas as relações da Liderança Executiva com a Relação Digital (RD=2d/4d), definida pela razão entre o comprimento do 2º dedo (indicador) dividido pelo comprimento do 4º dedo (anelar) e com o conceito de internalidade do Lócus de Controle. Estes estudos visavam dar um subsídio maior para a adoção de um modelo bio-social no estudo da liderança. Um grupo de 169 participantes, estudantes de um curso de Pós-graduação, foram submetidos ao questionário de auto-avaliação (autopercepção) de liderança executiva, elaborado a partir do Inventário Fatorial de Personalidade - IFP. Com base no escore obtido foram divididos em três grupos: (1) baixa percepção de liderança (BPL), (2) média percepção de liderança (MPL) e (3) alta percepção de liderança (APL). Uma análise estatística permitiu selecionar 10 participantes mais característicos em cada grupo. Estes 30 participantes foram submetidos à coleta e análise da concentração de T salivar, utilizando-se o kit da Salimetrics Inc (catalog nº 1-2412). Também foram feitas medições do comprimento do segundo e quarto dedo, para o cálculo da Relação Digital. Para avaliação do Lócus de Controle (LoC) foi aplicada a Escala de Rotter. A hipótese principal de que os três grupos iriam diferir na concentração de Testosterona salivar foi confirmada estatisticamente, revelando uma relação direta positiva entre autopercepção de liderança e concentração de T salivar. A hipótese relativa à relação inversa entre percepção de liderança e relação digital não foi confirmada. Da mesma forma a relação entre percepção de liderança e internalidade do Lócus de Controle também não foi confirmada pelos dados da pesquisa. Os resultados obtidos oferecem uma contribuição importante para os projetos futuros de aperfeiçoamento de um modelo mais integrado, de natureza biossocial, para o constructo da liderança.
The current research investigated the relationship of some leadership behaviors, thereafter called Executive Leadership, with the concentration levels of testosterone found in the human saliva. The research also investigated the corelations among Executive Leadership behaviors, the digital ratio (2nd:4th) and the concept of internal Locus of Control. The digit ratio is defined as the division of the length of 2nd finger (index finger) by the length of 4th finger (ring finger). Such study aimed at providing additional subsidies for adopting a biosocial model to understanding leadership. A group of 169 male students enrolled in a postgraduation program was selected as participants. They answered an Executive Leadership behaviors self assessment questionnaire (self perception). The questionnaire was based on the Inventário Fatorial de Personalidade - IFP. The subjects were grouped based on their questionnaire\'s scores: (1) low self perception of leadership (BPL), (2) average self perception of leadership (MPL) e (3) high self perception of leadership (APL). Through statistic analysis the 10 most characteristic participants of each of the three groups were selected. These 30 participants were submitted to collection and analysis of saliva testosterone concentration level, using the kit provided by Salimetrics Inc (catalog nº 1-2412). On top of that, their index and ring fingers´s length was measured, as means to obtain data to calculate the digital ratio. The Rotter Scale was used to assess the Locus of Control (LoC). The main hypothesis - the three groups would differ with regards to the concentration of testosterone found in their saliva - was statistically confirmed, therefore there is direct positive relationship between self perception of leadership and concentration of T in the saliva. The hypothesis of inverse relationship between self perception of leadership and Digit Ratio was not confirmed. The research data also did not confirm relationship between internal Locus of Control and self perception of leadership. The results obtained through the research offer an important contribution for future studies of integrated biosocial leadership models.

Med utgångspunkt i det moderna arbetslivet och de krav som detta medför på dagens medarbetare har den aktuella studien valt att inrikta sig på den psykosociala arbetsmiljön. Studien utgår ifrån Julian Rotters teori om locus of control. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur inre och yttre kontrollfokus påverkar upplevelserna av möjligheten till återhämtning och delaktighet. Studien är kvantitativ, och har genomförts på uppdrag av en medelstor kommun i Västsverige. Webbaserad enkät har använts. Resultatet visar att inre kontrollfokus har en signifikant positiv påverkan på både den upplevda möjligheten till återhämtning och den upplevda delaktigheten. Inre kontrollfokus är dessutom av större betydelse för den upplevda möjligheten till återhämtning och den upplevda delaktigheten hos medarbetarna i kommunen, jämfört med de som är chefer med budget- och/eller personalansvar. Således anses inre kontrollfokus kunna påverka den psykosociala arbetsmiljön i positiv riktning.

Orientador: Maria Helena Baena de Moraes Lopes
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T23:10:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alves_AngelaFerreiraSilvaMiranda_M.pdf: 8133917 bytes, checksum: 2ddba523f4ac0561b3078da05e510508 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Resumo: A gravidez na adolescência é um problema de saúde pública, que traz complicações não somente aos adolescentes, mas à criança, à família e a toda a sociedade. De acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) a adolescência corresponde como sendo a segunda fase da vida e varia as idades entre 10 e 19 anos. Pesquisadores demógrafos desenvolveram um modelo especial conhecido como estudo CAP (Conhecimento, Atitude e Prática), que pretende medir o conhecimento, atitude e prática de uma população, permitindo fazer um diagnóstico e mostrar o que as pessoas sabem, sentem e como elas se comportam perante determinado tema. Determinadas características de personalidade contribuem para a adesão ou não da anticoncepção na adolescência, e isso é o que a escala de lócus de controle pretende avaliar, ou seja, quem ou o quê é responsável pelo controle de sua própria vida. Pode ser interna, no caso do indivíduo acreditar que mantém o controle sobre sua vida; ou externa, no caso do sujeito atribuir o controle da sua vida a outras pessoas, entidades ou até mesmo sorte ou destino. O presente estudo visa avaliar a relação entre o lócus de controle; conhecimento, atitude e prática na anticoncepção em um grupo de adolescentes do ensino médio de escolas públicas no interior de Minas Gerais, a fim de melhor subsidiar o desenvolvimento de intervenções específicas para esse público alvo. Tratou-se de um estudo descritivo e transversal, com abordagem quantitativa. A amostra foi composta por 1193 adolescentes. Iniciaram as relações sexuais 494 (41,4%) adolescentes, e dentre os que haviam iniciado, 424 (87%) relatou ter usado algum método contraceptivo na primeira relação sexual. Os métodos mais utilizados foram o preservativo masculino e a pílula anticoncepcional. Observou-se que 282 (74,7%) dos adolescentes buscam informações por meio de sugestões da família, do companheiro e de informações dadas pelos profissionais de saúde. Analisando o conhecimento em relação à prática, observou-se uma correlação positiva fraca (p<0,0001 e r=0,361), indicando que quanto maior os índices de conhecimento, maiores os de prática. Considerando-se a relação entre atitude e conhecimento, o adolescente que tem uma atitude positiva apresentou maior conhecimento sobre os métodos (p=0,0002). Em relação à prática, a atitude positiva também estava relacionada a uma prática mais adequada (p<0,0001), indicada pelos índices mais elevados de acerto das questões relacionadas. Comparando a pílula e o preservativo, há um maior conhecimento e prática em relação ao preservativo. Quanto ao lócus de controle, as adolescentes do sexo feminino tiveram maior Externalidade Outros Poderosos quando comparados com os adolescentes masculinos (p=0,0015). Na correlação do lócus de controle com a idade, os adolescentes com idade acima de 17 anos tem maior Externalidade Acaso (p=<0,0001) que os de menor idade. Os estudantes que fizeram uso de algum método anticoncepcional na primeira relação sexual apresentaram maior Externalidade Outros Poderosos (p=0,0107) e o uso de coito interrompido, como uso de contraceptivo, relacionou-se com maior Externalidade Acaso (p=0,0013). Os que faziam uso atual de algum método apresentavam maior Externalidade Outros Poderosos (p=0,0217) e Externalidade Acaso (p=0,0077), o uso atual de preservativo masculino também esteve associado a maior Externalidade Acaso (p=0,0001). A Internalidade foi inversamente proporcional à prática (p=< 0,05 e r= -0,075), porém a correlação foi ínfima. Não houve associação entre a atitude e as dimensões do lócus de controle. Conclui-se que os adolescentes iniciam atividade sexual precocemente, mas buscam informações sobre anticoncepção. Apesar do conhecimento dos adolescentes sobre anticoncepção, existe uma necessidade de ampliar o acesso a serviços especializados, como também, enfocar sobre a importância do processo educativo referente à sexualidade, promoção da saúde e a inclusão da família e da comunidade nesse processo. As dimensões do lócus de controle influenciam a prática contraceptiva nesse grupo de adolescentes, assim, elas podem ser consideradas nas intervenções relacionadas à anticoncepção
Abstract: Teenage pregnancy is a public health problem, which brings complications not just for adolescents but to the child, family and society as a whole. According to World Health Organization (WHO), the adolescence corresponds as the second phase of life and ages ranging between 10 to 19 years old. Researches demographers have developed a special study known as KAP (Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices), which aims to measure knowledge, attitude and practice of a population, allowing a diagnosis and to show what people know, feel and how they behave towards certain theme. Certain traits of personality contribute to the membership or not of contraception in adolescence, and this is what the scale of lócus of control to evaluate, and, who or what is responsible for controlling their own lives. It can be internal, in the case that the individual believe that he maintains the control over his life, or external, in the case of the subject to assign control over his life to other people, entities or even luck or fate. The present study evaluates the relation between lócus of control, knowledge, attitude and practice on contraception in a group of high school adolescents from public schools in the interior of Minas Gerais state, in order to better inform the development of specific interventions for this public target. This was a descriptive and transversal study with a quantitative approach. The sample comprised 1,193 adolescents. Of all these adolescents, 494 (41.4%) had already the first intercourse, and among those who had started, 424 (87%) reported having use a contraceptive method at first intercourse. The methods used were the condom and the birth control pill, observed that 282 (74,7%) of the teenagers seek information through suggestions from family, partner and information given by health professionals. Analyzing knowledge regarding the practice, there was a weak positive correlation (p <0.0001 and r = 0.361), indicating that the higher rates of knowledge, the largest of practice. Considering the relationship between attitude and knowledge, the teenager who has a positive attitude showed greater knowledge about methods (p = 0.0002). Regarding practice, positive attitude was also related to a more appropriate practice (p <0.0001), indicated by higher rates of correct questions. Comparing the birth control pill and condoms, there is a greater knowledge and practice about condom use. Regarding the lócus of control, female adolescents were more Powerful than Others Externality compared to male adolescents (p=0.0015). In the correlation of lócus of control with age, adolescents aged of 17 years have more chance externality (p=<0.0001) than those of younger age. Students who used a contraceptive method at first intercourse had higher Powerful Others Externality (p=0.0107) and the use of coitus interruptus, and contraceptive use, was related to greater Externality by Chance (p=0.0013). Those who were currently using some method had higher Powerful Others Externality (p=0.0217) and Chance Externality (p=0.0077), current use of condoms was also associated with greater externality Chance (p=0.0001). The Internality was inversely proportional to the practice (p=<0.05 and r=-0.075), but the correlation was insignificant. There was no association between the attitude and the dimensions of lócus of control. It is concluded that adolescents initiate sexual activity early, but seek information about contraception. Despite the knowledge of adolescents about contraception, there is a need to expand that access to specialized services, but also focus on the importance of the educational process about sexuality, health promotion and inclusion of the family and community in this process. The dimensions of lócus of control influence contraceptive practice in this group of adolescents, so they can be considered in interventions related to contraception
Mestrado
Enfermagem e Trabalho
Mestra em Ciências da Saúde

Pautada no modelo médico, a Psicologia tem direcionado seus esforços científicos muito mais para o estudo dos aspectos disfuncionais do indivíduo do que para suas potencialidades. Isso gerou um desequilíbrio no campo de estudos dessa ciência que, ao focalizar sua atenção quase que exclusivamente nos problemas humanos, acabou por deixar que temas, como a Felicidade, fossem apropriados pela chamada literatura de auto-ajuda. A partir do referencial teórico da Psicologia Positiva, este estudo busca compreender a felicidade humana a partir de uma abordagem científica, o que julgamos fundamental para a construção de um corpo teórico consistente sobre o tema e capaz de auxiliar no desenvolvimento de programas de saúde mental de caráter preventivo. Sendo assim, investigamos a relação entre felicidade e lócus de controle numa amostra de 106 sujeitos universitários utilizando-nos, para tanto da Correlação de Spearman e do Teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Os resultados indicaram que quanto maior o lócus de controle interno dos sujeitos pesquisados, maior também seus níveis de felicidade.
Developed around the medical model, Psychology has directed its scientific efforts principally toward the study of the dysfunctional aspects of human behavior rather than toward the potential of the individual. This has created a disequilibrium in the field of study of this science which by focusing its attention almost exclusively on human problems has relegated themes such as Happiness to the so-called self-help literature. Based on the theoretical reference of Positive Psychology, this study seeks to understand Human Happiness from a scientific point of view. We judge this approach fundamental to the construction of a body of theory consistent with the theme and capable of helping in the development of preventive mental health programs. Therefore, we research the relationship between happiness and control "locus" in a sample of 106 university students, using the Spearman Correlation and the Kruskal-Wallis test. The results indicate that the greater the internal control locus of the individuals studied, the greater their level of personal happiness.

Syftet var att undersöka skillnader mellan olika studentgrupper uppdelat efter år av arbetslivserfarenhet och ålder. Detta för att se om arbetslivserfarenhet och ålder hade någon betydelse för studenters interna motivation, externa motivation, amotivation och kontrollokus. I tvärsnittsstudien deltog 71 studenter (60 kvinnor och 11 män) från en högskola i Mellansverige och deltagarnas ålderspridning var 19-47 år. Undersökningen byggde på två enkäter; The Academic motivation scale (AMS-C28) for college students (Ryan & Deci, 2000) och Academic locus of control scale for college students (ALC) (Trice, 2013). Statistiskt signifikant skillnad fanns mellan en studentgrupp som var 19-22 år gamla och en studentgrupp som var 26 år och äldre på kontrollokus, där resultatet visade att den äldsta gruppen upplevde mer externt kontrollokus än den yngre gruppen. Statistiskt signifikanta skillnader fanns även mellan en studentgrupp som hade mellan 0-2 års arbetslivserfarenhet och en studentgrupp som hade mer än 4 års arbetslivserfarenhet på kontrollokus där de studenter som hade mer arbetslivserfarenhet upplevde mer externt kontrollokus än den grupp som hade mindre arbetslivserfarenhet. Arbetslivserfarenhet och ålder visade ett positivt statistiskt signifikant samband samt externt kontrollokus och ålder. Externt kontrollokus och arbetslivserfarenhet visade svagt positivt statistiskt signifikant samband och det fanns även ett svagt negativt samband mellan externt kontrollokus och extern motivation. Ytterligare ett positivt signifikant samband fanns mellan intern motivation och extern motivation. Resultatet visade inga skillnader eller samband vad gäller arbetslivserfarenhet och motivation. Ytterligare variabler är avgörande för att skapa en helhetsbild kring arbetslivserfarenhetens betydelse för studenter
The purpose was to examine differences between different groups of students disaggregated by years of work experience and age. The reason was to examine if the work experience and age had any significance for students' internal motivation, external motivation, amotivation and locus of control. Correlations between the above variables were also examined. In the cross-sectional study 71 students participated (60 women and 11 men) from a college in central Sweden with an age range of 19-47 years. The survey was based on; The Academic Motivation Scale (AMS- C28) for college students (Ryan & Deci, 2000) and the Academic locus of control scale for college students (ALC) (Trice, 2013). A statistically significant difference was found between one group of students who were 19-22 years old and a student group that was 26 years and older on locus of control, where the results showed that the oldest group experienced more external locus of control than the younger group. Statistically significant differences were also found among a group of students who had between 0-2 years of work experience and a student group that had more than 4 years of work experience on locus of control in which the students who had more work experience experienced more external locus of control than the group that had less work experience. Work experience and age showed a positive statistically significant relationship as well as between locus of control and age. Locus of control and work experience showed a weak positive statistically significant relationship and there was also a weak negative correlation between locus of control and external motivation. A positive significant correlation was shown between internal motivation and external motivation. The results showed no differences or relationships regarding work experience and motivation. Additional characteristics are essential to create an overall picture to the work practices relevant to students

The problem of this study was to identify variables in the family environment that may describe depressed adolescents' families. This study was based on Adlerian theory. The Family Environment Scale (FES) was used to measure the family atmosphere. The Lifestyle Scale (LS) was used to examine the adolescent's unique system of beliefs, values, and attitudes. The Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (IE) was used to measure the extent of external control exhibited by the adolescents and their parents. The subjects of this study were 31 depressed adolescents from 2 suburban psychiatric hospitals and one of each of the adolescent's parents. The subjects were from a homogeneous socioeconomic population showing no significant variation in the demographic categories of sex, race, chronological birth order, or marital status of the parents. Scores were compared with normative data. Product moment correlations were calculated between the results of the subscales on the 3 instruments. A principal components factor analysis was performed to determine if any patterns existed.

Depuis les années 90, l’employabilité est devenue un objet de recherche. Cependant, malgré l’engouement suscité en sa faveur, elle est encore peu étudiée. Le présent travail résulte de ce constat, avec pour objectifs de proposer une définition de l’employabilité et de bien cerner ses dimensions, de développer une échelle de mesure de ce concept, et d’identifier ses déterminants. Sur la base d’une d’arguments théoriques et de conclusions d’une étude qualitative exploratoire avec les acteurs de l’emploi, une définition de l’employabilité a été proposée et ses dimensions ont été ont été précisées. En outre, une échelle de mesure de l’employabilité de 62 items a été créée. Afin de valider sa qualité, cette échelle a été soumise, dans un premier temps, aux tests de l’analyse factorielle exploratoire et de cohérence interne. Dans un second temps, nous avons procédé à la consolidation des résultats de l’analyse factorielle exploratoire à travers une analyse factorielle confirmatoire. La version finale de l’échelle développé et validée comprend 42 items répartis en six dimensions. Par ailleurs, un examen de la littérature a permis de construire un modèle de recherche sur le développement de l’employabilité. Ce modèle théorique propose de retenir conjointement des déterminants organisationnels, personnels, et sociodémographiques. L’opérationnalisation du modèle s’appuie sur une étude quantitative (N=204). Les résultats obtenus montre que la formation professionnelle, l’apprentissage organisationnel, le soutien du supérieur hiérarchique, le sentiment d’efficacité personnelle, et le locus de contrôle interne sont des facteurs favorisant le développement de l’employabilité. Le diplôme, la situation familiale, et l’état de santé se sont également révélés explicatifs de l’employabilité
Since the 90s, employability has become an object of research. However, despite of its relevance this theme is less studied. This thesis is the result of this statement with the aims to propose a definition of employability and determine its dimensions, to develop a measuring scale of the concept, and to identify its determinants. On the basis of theoretical arguments and conclusions extracted from an exploratory study undertaken with actors of employment, a definition of employability was proposed and its determinants were précised. Then, a questionnaire including 62 items is created. In order to evaluate its quality, firstly the questionnaire was subjected to an exploratory factorial analysis and internal coherence tests. And secondly we have consolidated the exploratory factorial structure through confirmatory factor analysis. The final scale developed includes 42 items divided into six dimensions. In additions, thanks to an examination of literature, we built a theoretical model of employability development. This model simultaneously incorporates determinants about organizational, personal, and socio-Demographical variables. The empirical test of the model was performed in the third and final quantitative study with a heterogeneous population working in different companies (N=214). The results obtained show that training, organizational learning, the support of hierarchical superior, the self-Efficacy, and the internal locus of control are factor facilitating the development of employability. The diploma, the professional experience, the family situation, and the health also appeared to explain employability

This thesis studies the accounting and auditing approach to control where the concept of internal control has developed along with the theory and practice of accounting and auditing and its stated objectives. In this context, internal control has traditionally been regarded as a means of ensuring financial reporting quality as well as a way of preventing and detecting fraudulent activity.

We have surveyed scientific research on the subject of internal control and reviewed regulatory texts as well as practical frameworks and standards. Based on this literature study, we have investigated some of the findings from previous research. Components and particular features of internal control were described and discussed. We have also identified and summarized themes and issues that frequently occur in writings on the subject.

During recent years, demands have been made for greater accountability and transparency in corporate governance. The independent audit activity has become the primary tool for securing accountability. Some regard this as the emergence of an audit society. An important joint development has been the rise of internal control systems. Internal control, once a private matter for technical assurance specialists, has risen to be an autonomous field of expertise and a mode of organizing uncertainty. Traditionally internal control has had a fairly direct relationship to the accounting records. The wider approaches to internal control have expanded its boundaries significantly, far beyond the financial reports and the duties of the accountant. Internal control has become an all-encompassing process.

Enterprise risk management practices are growing and evolving. An associated development has been that internal control has become more closely tied to these risk management practices, and therefore also to the formulation and execution of strategies. New risk-related regulations and practical frameworks have contributed to the transformation of internal control into a co-extensive with risk management. Internal control is now considered to be a form of risk treatment through which risk may be managed in different ways.

Internal control is today a primary regulatory and formal olicy object. Lawmakers and supervisory authorities are increasingly concerned with the design and operating effectiveness of internal controls. Disclosure requirements imposed on firms are forcing them to provide public disclosures about their internal control systems, which were previously private to firms.

Both scientific research and practical writings suggest that internal control designs are contingent upon certain variables. These variables include company objectives and strategies, regulatory characteristics, risk and risk appetite, firm size and managements’ attitudes to risk and control. Building internal control capabilities is important if firms are to be able to design balanced, integrated, dynamic and cost-effective internal controls.

Internal control is considered to be a key corporate governance mechanism. Some researchers however, have pointed out that there is still much to learn about internal control quality and how internal control is associated with corporate governance quality. The fact that internal control is an inherently complex concept poses a significant research barrier, and while all research methods are valid, it is unlikely that archival studies or experiments are able to measure internal control quality. Instead, we recommend case studies of how firms design, apply and oversee their systems of internal control.

This study was made possible through the research collaboration between my former employer, Skandia, and Linköping University through the Research Programme for Auditors and Consultants. During the final stage, generous funding was provided by the Jan Wallanders and Tom Hedelius foundation as well as the Tore Browaldhs foundation.

Denna avhandling behandlar kontroll med utgångspunkt i ett revisionsperspektiv. I detta sammanhang har begreppet intern kontroll utvecklats tillsammans med revisionens teori och praktik samt dess uppsatta målsättningar. Traditionellt har intern kontroll betraktats som ett medel för att öka effektiviteten i revisionsinsatsen och ett sätt för företagen att undvika oegentligheter samt felaktigheter i redovisning.

Inom ramen för denna studie har vi undersökt befintlig vetenskaplig forskning om intern kontroll. Vi har även tagit del av regulatoriska texter samt praktiskt orienterade ramverk och standarder avseende intern kontroll. Baserat på denna litteraturstudie har vi analyserat några av de resultat som forskning så långt har kommit fram till. Begreppets olika komponenter och aspekter har beskrivits och diskuterats. Även återkommande teman och diskussioner inom befintlig forskning om intern kontroll har identifierats och sammanfattats.

Under senare år har det framförts krav på tydligare ansvar och transparens i ägar- och bolagsstyrning. Den oberoende revisionsaktiviteten har blivit ett huvudsakligt verktyg för att säkra sådant ansvar och forskare har benämnt denna ökning av revisionsaktivitet i termer av ett revisionssamhälle. En viktig sammanhängande del i denna utveckling har varit den interna kontrollens framväxt. Intern kontroll, ett begrepp som under lång tid främst varit av intresse för revisorer, har vuxit fram till ett självständigt område och ett sätt att hantera osäkerhet. Traditionellt har intern kontroll haft ett relativt direkt förhållande till redovisning och finansiell rapportering. Bredare definitioner av intern kontroll har väsentligt utvidgat dess gränser, långt bortom de finansiella rapporterna och redovisarens uppgifter. Intern kontroll har blivit en genomgripande process i företag.

Processer för riskhantering växer och utvecklas inom företag. Som en del av denna utveckling har intern kontroll blivit knuten allt närmare till riskhantering, och därmed även till företagets mål och strategier. Nya regelverk och praktiska ramverk kring riskhantering har bidragit till att intern kontroll omformats till en förlängning av riskhantering. Intern kontroll ses idag som en form av riskrespons genom vilken företagets riskexponering kan hanteras på olika sätt.

Idag är intern kontroll ett regulatoriskt objekt. Lagstiftare, normgivare och tillsynsmyndigheter är allt mer intresserad av den interna kontrollens utformning och effektivitet. Olika regelverk ställer krav på att företag redovisar för externa intressenter hur kontrollsystemet är utformat och fungerar, kontrollsystem som tidigare varit en privat angelägenhet för företag.

Såväl forskning som praktiskt orienterad litteratur om intern kontroll menar att det interna kontrollsystemets utformning är beroende av externa och interna variabler. Dessa variabler inkluderar bolagets mål och strategier, regulatoriska förhållanden, grad av osäkerhet i omgivningen, företagsstorlek, styrelsens riskaptit samt ledningens inställning till risk och kontroll. Att utveckla kompetens inom intern kontroll är viktigt om bolag skall kunna utforma balanserade, integrerade, dynamiska och kostnadseffektiva kontroller.

Intern kontroll beskrivs idag som en viktig mekanism i ägar- och bolagsstyrning. Vissa forskare hävdar dock att det fortsatt finns mycket att lära om kvalitet i intern kontroll samt hur detta i sin tur påverkar kvaliteten i ägar- och bolagsstyrningen. Det faktum att intern kontroll är en komplex process påverkar möjligheterna att utföra forskning inom området, och även om alla forskningsmetoder är viktiga, är det osannolikt att man via arkivstudier eller experiment kan fånga komplexiteten i begreppet. Istället rekommenderar vi fallstudier av hur bolag utformar, tillämpar och följer upp intern kontroll.

Denna forskningsstudie har kunnat genomföras tack vara samarbetet mellan min tidigare arbetsgivare, Skandia, och Linköpings Universitet via Forskningsprogrammet för Revisorer och Konsulter. I slutfasen av detta projekt har även Jan Wallanders och Tom Hedelius stiftelse samt Tore Browaldhs stiftelse bidragit med generös finansiering.

Studien syftade till att undersöka om det finns samband mellan conscientiousness, Locus of Control och arbetsmotivation samt om ålder och anställningslängd predicerar en del av ar-betsmotivation. Studien omfattade 63 anställda (28 kvinnor och 35 män) på ett telekommuni-kationsföretag i Sverige. För att studera conscientiousness användes ett egenformulerat test med god intern homogenitet, Cronbachs alfa = 0,85. För att mäta Locus of Control och ar-betsmotivation användes redan konstruerade test med god validitet och reliabilitet, skapade av Rotter (1966) och Cammann, Fichman, Jenkins och Klesh (i Bowling & Hammond 2008). I den statistiska prövningen användes både bivariat korrelation i form av Spearmans rho och MRA-standard och hierarkisk. Spearmans rho visade ett signifikant samband mellan consci-entiousness och arbetspsykologisk motivation. Standard MRA visar att endast conscientious-ness förklarar en del av arbetspsykologisk motivation. Varken ålder eller anställningslängd predicerade delar av arbetspsykologisk motivation, vilket inte stämmer överens med tidigare forskning. I diskussionen förs resonemang om resultatet i relation till tidigare forskning.
The study aimed to investigate whether there are correlations between conscientiousness, Lo-cus of Control and job motivation, and if age and length of service predict job motivation. The study comprised 63 staff (28 women and 35 men) at a telecommunications company in Swe-den. To study conscientiousness, we used a self-constructed test with good internal homo-geneity, Cronbach's alpha = .85. To study Locus of Control and job motivation we used al-ready developed tests, with high validity and reliability, created by Rotter (1966) and Cam-mann, Fichman, Jenkins and Klesh ( in Bowling & Hammond 2008). Statistical tests, using both bivariate correlations such as Spearman's rho and standard and hierarchical MRA showed significant relationship between conscientiousness and job motivation. Using stan-dard MRA shows that only conscientiousness predicts aspects of motivation. Neither age nor length of service predicted aspects of motivation, which is not consistent with previous re-search. The discussion is carried on effect on the outcome in relation to previous research.

Skillnader mellan förstfödda och senarefödda är ett vanligt undersökningsobjekt, där välkända stereotyper finns. Förstfödda anses vara mer målinriktade, konservativa, ansvarstagande och kravfyllda, medan senarefödda ofta påstås vara tvungna att bryta mönster och är därför mer rebelliska och öppna för nya erfarenheter. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka syskonplaceringens påverkan på sättet att attribuera orsakerna till händelser och prestationer. Rotters locus of control-skala användes i en Internetbaserad enkät, till vilken en öppen annonsering nyttjades. Studien använde en inomfamiljsdesign och begränsandes till att omfatta en traditionell kärnfamilj med biologiska föräldrar och enbart helsyskon. Hypotesen att förstfödda oftare än senarefödda styrs av inre locus of control kunde godtas. Resultatet visades i första hand gälla förstfödda män. Resultaten tros till största delen bero på föräldrarnas uppfostringsstil och olika ansvarsfördelning mellan syskon.

En majoritet bland ledare i olika organisationer har en bakgrund som storasyskon eller ensambarn (Hudson, 1990). Denna studie genomfördes för att få svar på om personer med ledaransvar skiljer sig åt gällande syskonplats och locus of control jämfört med de personer som inte har ledaransvar. Ledare och medarbetare på en statlig myndighet svarade på en enkät gällande plats i syskonskara, erfarenhet av ledarskap och locus of control. Resultatet visade att sistfödda i detta urval hade en högre grad av intern locus of control än förstfödda vilket kan tyda på en annan typ av sistfödd på denna myndighet. Urvalet var dock bristfälligt (N = 48) och slutsats kunde inte dras utan att riskera ett felaktigt resultat.

Counterfactual thinking is the tendency to view events that can easily be imagined otherwise as events that ought not to have been (Miller & Turnbull, 1990). Thirty-six male and sixty-five female subjects from introductory psychology courses completed a counterfactual thinking questionnaire and two personality measures assessing locus of control (Rotter Locus of Control Scale) and self-esteem (Texas Social Behavior Inventory). Results supported the hypothesis that people are more likely to generate counterfactual thoughts when their actions are perceived as easily mutable or when an event is easily imagined otherwise. Results also indicated that women were more likely to mutate events than were men. Finally, participants with high self-esteem were more likely to mutate events than were participants with low self-esteem. Results provided no evidence for a relationship between counterfactual thinking and locus of control. Factors that might have reduced the impact of the individual difference variables are considered.
Department of Psychological Science

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Eu analiso o papel que a interação entre pares tem na determinação do Locus de Controle, uma medida de quão pessoalmente responsável as pessoas se sentem com relação a diferentes aspectos de suas vidas. Eu estabeleço identificação através de variação no tamanho do grupo e de variáveis instrumentais baseadas na estrutura de painel dos dados. Eu estudo a questão no contexto escolar, utilizando os dados de alunos no Ensino Fundamental de um município brasileiro, que inclui o questionário de Tel Aviv de Locus de Controle. Minhas estimativas não apresentam sinais de peer effects endógenos ou contextuais.
I analyze the role of peer interaction in the determination of the Locus of Control, a measure of how personally responsible people feel about their life affairs. Identification is established using group size variation and instrumental variables based on the panel structure of the data. I study this question on an educational setup, using Middle School data in a Brazilian municipality that includes the Tel Aviv Locus of Control questionnaire. My estimates show no sign of endogenous nor contextual peer effects.

碩士
中國文化大學
國際企業管理研究所
99
In order to create the best performance and market share, the social networks will be the most important part. When the employee has weak social network, it will damage company profit. Therefore, it is important for company to choose employee who has the best social network. In this paper we want to examine the relationship between internal personality and social network. Study and adopt the convenient way of sampling, send out 420 questionnaires together, among them the valid questionnaire is 281, the rate of recovery of effective sample is 66.9%. Utilize SPSS to count the software as the analysis tool of basic research. Result of study find that there are positive relationships among internal personality,social network relationship as well as social network contact. In comparison with above finding, a negative relationship between internal personality and frequency of social network contact

This study aims to explore locus of control and care from the perspective of older people (aged 60 years and older) in relation to younger people. Nine older people (8 female and 1 male) living in the Vaalharts community in the Northern Cape province of South Africa participated in the research. From the perspective of older persons, locus of control in intergenerational relations refers to how they subjectively evaluate the control they exert in relation to the younger generation and the broader environment. The extent to which older persons subjectively evaluate rewards and punishments from the interpersonal context and the broader environment will inform the manifestations of control (internal or external). Internal locus of control refers to the subjective evaluation by older people: that they are in control of their lives and the environment, and that they can give and receive care. Older people with an external locus of control believe that their lives and environment are uncontrollable and governed by external factors. Little research has focused on locus of control and care in intergenerational relationships. The research was approved by the human research ethical committee of the Faculty of Health Sciences in the North-West University. Guidelines provided by the Health Professions Council of South Africa for psychologists were followed during and after the research process. A qualitative research approach was used. The participants were first selected by using purposive sampling. Data were gathered over three days by using the Mmogo method®. The older people were asked to make something using these materials to illustrate their experiences or the way in which they experienced care in relationship to younger people. The participants had the opportunity to explain their presentations and prompting questions were asked. The data were analysed by using thematic and visual analyses. Trustworthiness was ensured by testing for credibility, transferability, dependability and comformability. The data revealed four themes. First, the older people expressed internal locus control in relation to the younger people by accepting responsibility to care for them. In relation to the environment, they used the land proactively. In doing so, they demonstrated the expectation of being rewarded for their efforts: the land would provide them with the food as a reward. Second, older people demonstrated strategies associated with internal locus of control in relation to the younger people and the environment. They modelled expected behaviour, educated the younger people and monitored their school work. It is only in relation to disciplining younger people that older people demonstrated external locus of control. They sought external assistance to discipline the younger people, which included appeals to the police, God and the researchers. Third, the outcomes of the strategies to exercise control over the younger people were not effective, as the subjective expressions of disappointment and the rejecting behaviour of the younger people showed. Last, the older people tried to gain control over the younger people by applying escalating attempts at corporal discipline. These findings, in contributing to an understanding of locus of control and care, may be used to facilitate positive relationships between younger and older people, which are vital for both generations‟ well-being.
MA (Research Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

碩士
東吳大學
企業管理學系
92
Abstract Peter Drucker proposes that the major work force in 21 century is knowledge worker. How to motivate knowledge workers’ work morale, how to increase their job satisfaction, and how to make them focus more on their own duties are important issues needed to be examined. In dddition, it is also an important issue required to be investigated that how to create a suitable environment for knowledge workers in order to reduce absenteeism and turnover, and increase organization effectiveness. All the aformentioned are as well the problems that modern managers should concern about and solve. This research was conducted with survey method, the research results reveal that: 1) Internal/External locus of control have significant impact on job satisfaction. The employees with internal locus of control have higher job satisfaction; on the contrary, the employees with external locus of control have lower job satisfaction. 2) Job satisfaction significantly reduces intention to turnover. 3) Internal/External locus of control affects turnover intention through job satisfaction. The aforementioned actually shows that the technicians in high-tech companies with internal locus of control personality type have higher job satisfaction generally comparing to the technicians with external locus of control personality type, and due to their higher job satisfaction, their turnover intention is relatively lower. In a further correlation analysis, it was found that the job involvement and job satisfaction have significant positive correlation. As to the implication from the research findings, the companies should improve knowledge workers’ selection, work environment and facilities, and colleague relationships so as to enhance knowledge workers’ job satisfaction and then decrease their intention to turnover. Key words: Knowledge Worker、Internal/External Locus of Control、Job involvement、Job satisfaction、Turnover Intention.

碩士
元智大學
經營管理碩士班(領導學程)
100
The information flows faster and faster nowadays. Taiwanese people’s attitude towards working is affected by Western life style. We no longer take our job as our whole life. As the matter of fact, more and more Taiwanese are seeking a perfect work-life balance. However, sales representatives are usually under a great business pressure because their performance are mostly based on how much they sale. Hence, they don’t have regular and fixed working hours. Furthermore, they even have to contact with clients after work. To make it short, it’s hard for sales representatives to reach the balance between work and life. Many researches found out that an imbalance life style may make employees suffer from pressure which will further make them tired mentally and keep them away from work. The work-life balance we’re discussing here is not about how to manage the time efficiently but about the perfect balance between life and work. Everyone has his/her own perfect work-life balance. To sum up the above, the main purpose of this research is to discuss the relationship between internal/external locus of control and professional burnout first. And then discuss whether the work-life balance affects the relationship between internal/external locus of control and professional burnout. We use questionary as the mean of survey in this research and receive 400 valid samples from the pool which the survey pool members are sales representatives from various industries. Through SPSS and these valid samples, we can precede the regression model of the relationships regarding work-life balance, burnout, and internal/external locus of control in the hope of evaluating any practical probabilities that we get from empirical results to stimulate the quality in working space and the work-life balance of sales representatives.

碩士
中原大學
國際經營與貿易研究所
102
Today, the service industry has tended to customer-oriented and service-oriented, which means that a good service will increase competitive edge of business. In the exchange processes between service and customers, service failure is so difficult to avoid in service marketing. When a service failure occurs, how provide effective and appropriate of recovery strategies to solve the problem has become very important. There have been many studies to explore between perceived justice and word-of-mouth intentions, but few discuss the topics of adding locus of control. Therefore, this study was to explore the process in different personality traits consumers in the event of unsatisfactory service for the remedy of perceived justice, positive and negative emotions, satisfaction with recovery and word-of-mouth intention. Statistical methods, including factor analysis, reliability tests, and structure equation model (SEM) are used for further examination. A total of 400 questionnaires were sampled from forty factories, a total of 378 responses were deemed usable for the analyses, a 94.5% usable response rate. According to the results, the main findings indicated that: According to the result of this study are shown as follows: In internal locus of control, (1) Perceived justice of a service recovery has a significant positive effect on positive emotions; (2) Perceived justice of a service recovery has no significant effect on negative emotions; (3) Positive emotion has a significant positive effect on satisfaction with recovery; (4) Negative emotion has no significant effect on satisfaction with recovery; (5) Satisfaction with recovery has a significant positive effect on word-of-mouth. In external locus of control, (1) Perceived justice of a service recovery has a significant positive effect on positive emotions; (2) Perceived justice of a service recovery has no significant effect on negative emotions; (3) Positive emotion has a significant positive effect on satisfaction with recovery; (4) Negative emotion has no significant effect on satisfaction with recovery; (5) Satisfaction with recovery has a significant positive effect on word-of-mouth. Aggregately, internal locus of control has a more significant positive impact on perceived justice, positive emotions, satisfaction with recovery, and word-of-mouth.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
人力資源發展系
98
The main purpose of this study is based on Social Exchange view to probe the mediating role of Leader-Member Exchange Relationship in Internal Locus of control and Job Performance, and the associations among Internal Locus of control, Leader-Member Exchange Relationship and Job Performance. Empirical research is executed via questionnaire which based on the employees of service trade of Taiwan. A total of 304 questionnaires were presented and 265 completed surveys were returned and compliant a response ratio of 87.2%, hierarchical regression analysis proves relationships between different variables. The conclusions of this study are as followings: 1. Internal Locus of control has positive effects on Job Performance. 2. Internal Locus of control has positive effect on Leader-Member Exchange Relationship. 3. Leader-Member Exchange Relationship has positive effect on Job Performance. 4. Leader-Member Exchange Relationship is a mediating factor between Internal Locus of Control and Job Performance. This study provides academic and suggestions based on above findings.