Relevant bibliographies by topics / Internal operation

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Internal operation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Internal operation"

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PION-BERLIN, DAVID. "THE MILITARY AND INTERNAL SECURITY OPERATIONS IN LATIN AMERICA." Revista Política y Estrategia, no. 130 (December 27, 2017): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.26797/rpye.v0i130.131.

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The nature of 21st century threats to internal security require, in certain situations, the introduction of the armed forces. Can the military be used effectively, and in ways that are consistent with standards of humane conduct, and that will minimize collateral damage? It very much depends on the precise nature of the operation. It is important to know whether an operation coincides with a military’s professional skills and preferences. The probability of operational success and civilian protection is enhanced when the operation is congruent with military capabilities, where soldiers can confine themselves to military-like operations and not engage in police work.
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Chen, Jason, Ming-Hsien Yang, and Tian-Lih Koo. "A Control-Data-Mapping Entity-Relationship Model for Internal Controls Construction in Database Design." International Journal of Knowledge-Based Organizations 4, no. 2 (April 2014): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijkbo.2014040102.

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The internal controls construction of a transaction system is important to management, operation and auditing. In the environment of manual operation, the internal controls of the transaction process are all done by manual mechanism. However, after the transaction processing environment has been changed from manual operation to computerized operation, the internal control techniques have been gradually transformed from manual mechanisms to computerized methods. The essence of internal controls in operational activities is the data expressions or constraints. The adoption of information systems often results in internal control deficiencies and operating risks due to the data unavailable in database for the data expressions of internal controls. Hence, how to design database schema to support internal controls mechanism is becoming a crucial issue for a computerized enterprise. Therefore, this paper referred Entity-Relationship model (ER model) in order to propose a Control-Data-Mapping Entity-relationship (CDMER) model by manipulating the required fields of tables to design database to support internal controls construction. Finally, a simple simulated case is prepared for illustration of the CDMER model. The contribution of this paper is to enhance the reliability of information systems through internal controls construction by applying the model to design databases.
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LIN, YU-EN, HSIANG-HSUAN CHIH, CHIA-HSIEN TANG, and TAI-HSUN HUANG. "THE IMPACT OF INTERNAL CONTROL ON FIRM’S RISK AND PERFORMANCE." Annals of Financial Economics 10, no. 02 (December 2015): 1550012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010495215500128.

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Based on the annual data of internal control weakness during 2008–2012, this paper empirically analyzes Chinese listed firms’ internal control weakness and its influence on the risks and performance of banks. The aim of this paper is to examine whether the internal control weakness have long-term information content or not. In addition, this paper examines the effect of interaction term of internal control weakness and managers’ holdings on firm’s performance and risk and improves the firm’s operation. Our results are summarized as follows: First, the disclosure of internal weakness would decrease operation risk slightly but has severe effect on future performance. Second, the blockhold would decrease the operation performance for firm disclosing internal control weakness. Finally, the increase of mangers’ holdings would decrease the operating risk, and does not decrease the operating performance. These results argue that if managers increase their stock holdings after firms disclosing the internal control weakness, they would improve the firm’s operation condition and risk management.
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Galloway, R. L., and G. White. "The Internal Information Systems Function as a Service Operation." International Journal of Operations & Production Management 9, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000001234.

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User dissatisfaction with the performance of internal systems design departments is widespread. It is demonstrated here that viewing such a department as a service operations system, operating within a particular market, throws light upon the causes of dissatisfaction and indicates possible remedies. The lessons are likely to be equally applicable to other internal service functions. An internal consistency model of service operations is introduced, and its value as a general diagnostic aid in the service operations field is demonstrated. The information in this study was gathered within one region of a public utility in the United Kingdom.
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Pritchard, Huw O., and Peter Q. E. Clothier. "Anaerobic operation of an internal combustion engine." Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, no. 20 (1986): 1529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c39860001529.

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Stallmach, A., and C. Schmidt. "Ileoanale Pouch-Operation." Der Internist 48, no. 6 (June 2007): 606–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00108-007-1835-8.

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Mamontov, Anatoliy, Yevhen Pelypenko, Olena Rebrova, and Vadim Shevtsov. "DETERMINATION OF RATIONAL OPERATING MODES OF OPERATION OF TRACTOR AGRICULTURAL TIRES." Technology transfer: fundamental principles and innovative technical solutions 4 (November 30, 2020): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2585-6847.2020.001501.

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The efficiency of wheeled agricultural tractors when performing traction technological operations is characterized by two aspects. The first of these is traction efficiency, which mainly depends on the coupling weight of the tractor and the perfection of its running system. Another aspect is environmental friendliness, which is determined by the level of compaction impact on the soil. In general, these aspects are oppositely directed. That is, an increase in traction efficiency requires an increase in the grip weight and, as a consequence, an increase in the radial load on the tires and the internal pressure in them. This leads to an increase in tire pressure on the ground and deterioration in their environmental performance. As a result of excessive soil compaction, the yield of agricultural crops is significantly reduced. To solve this problem, it is necessary to reduce the tire pressure on the ground, which can be achieved by reducing the grip weight or developing and introducing new innovative tire designs. But, even new innovative tire designs have corresponding limitations due to the radial load interval, internal pressure, travel speed and the amount of torque on the wheel. These restrictions form the area of possible operating modes of tractor tires, individual sections of which differ significantly in terms of traction efficiency and environmental friendliness. Within the limits of possible modes of operation of the tire, operating modes must be implemented in areas of high efficiency and environmental friendliness. The materials of this article are basic in the study and substantiation of rational operating modes of tractor agricultural tires, and also provide prerequisites for the formation of recommendations for improving the traction efficiency and environmental friendliness of wheeled tractors
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Amir, Amihood, Panagiotis Charalampopoulos, Solon P. Pissis, and Jakub Radoszewski. "Dynamic and Internal Longest Common Substring." Algorithmica 82, no. 12 (July 15, 2020): 3707–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00453-020-00744-0.

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Abstract Given two strings S and T, each of length at most n, the longest common substring (LCS) problem is to find a longest substring common to S and T. This is a classical problem in computer science with an $$\mathcal {O}(n)$$ O ( n ) -time solution. In the fully dynamic setting, edit operations are allowed in either of the two strings, and the problem is to find an LCS after each edit. We present the first solution to the fully dynamic LCS problem requiring sublinear time in n per edit operation. In particular, we show how to find an LCS after each edit operation in $$\tilde{\mathcal {O}}(n^{2/3})$$ O ~ ( n 2 / 3 ) time, after $$\tilde{\mathcal {O}}(n)$$ O ~ ( n ) -time and space preprocessing. This line of research has been recently initiated in a somewhat restricted dynamic variant by Amir et al. [SPIRE 2017]. More specifically, the authors presented an $$\tilde{\mathcal {O}}(n)$$ O ~ ( n ) -sized data structure that returns an LCS of the two strings after a single edit operation (that is reverted afterwards) in $$\tilde{\mathcal {O}}(1)$$ O ~ ( 1 ) time. At CPM 2018, three papers (Abedin et al., Funakoshi et al., and Urabe et al.) studied analogously restricted dynamic variants of problems on strings; specifically, computing the longest palindrome and the Lyndon factorization of a string after a single edit operation. We develop dynamic sublinear-time algorithms for both of these problems as well. We also consider internal LCS queries, that is, queries in which we are to return an LCS of a pair of substrings of S and T. We show that answering such queries is hard in general and propose efficient data structures for several restricted cases.
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Muhiuddin, G., Feng Feng, and Young Bae Jun. "Subalgebras of BCK/BCI-Algebras Based on Cubic Soft Sets." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/458638.

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Operations of cubic soft sets including “AND” operation and “OR” operation based onP-orders andR-orders are introduced and some related properties are investigated. An example is presented to show that theR-union of two internal cubic soft sets might not be internal. A sufficient condition is provided, which ensure that theR-union of two internal cubic soft sets is also internal. Moreover, some properties of cubic soft subalgebras of BCK/BCI-algebras based on a given parameter are discussed.
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Mou, Junmin, Xuefei Jia, Pengfei Chen, and Linying Chen. "Research on Operation Safety of Offshore Wind Farms." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 8 (August 15, 2021): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080881.

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The operation of offshore wind farms is characterized by a complicated operational environment, long project cycle, and complex vessel traffic, which lead to safety hazards. To identify the key factors affecting the operational safety of offshore wind farms, the risk characteristics of offshore wind farm operations are analyzed based on comprehensive identification of hazards and risk assessment theory. A systematic fault tree analysis of the offshore wind farm operation is established. The assessment shows that the key risk factors that induce offshore wind power collapse, corrosion, fire, lightning strikes, blade failure, personal injury, ship collision, and submarine cable damage accidents are gale, untimely overhauling, improper fire stopping methods, high average number of thunderstorm days, the loose internal structure of fan, working at height, collision avoidance failure, and insufficient buried depth of cables.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Internal operation"

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MOZO, MIGUEL ANGEL LEON. "OPTIMIZATION OF DUAL FUEL OPERATION IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=14548@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
O objetivo deste trabalho é predizer e otimizar o desempenho de motores funcionando no modo bicombustível, diesel-gás natural, fazendo uso da inteligência artificial. Pretende-se determinar a taxa de substituição ótima do combustível original diesel pelo gás natural que minimize custos de operação (combustíveis) e emissões de poluentes, tais como: monóxido de carbono, CO, hidrocarbonetos, HC, e óxidos de nitrogênio, NOx, priorizando-se também a eficiência térmica. Os dados analisados foram obtidos de testes anteriormente realizados. O procedimento envolve treinamento, validação e teste (utilizando redes neurais). Com os dados analisados foram treinadas diferentes redes neurais 06 para a aprendizagem e predição, as quais vão prever mapas de novos valores baseando-se nos dados experimentais já apreendidos. Finalmente, e continuando com o processo de otimização (técnica de Algoritmos Genéticos), é determinada a melhor taxa de substituição de diesel-gás natural, com as menores taxas de emissões dentro dos mapas gerados. Os resultados indicam uma boa concordância entre os dados experimentais e os previstos pela rede neural. O processo de otimização utilizado determina os pontos de trabalho adequados para cada caso analisado.
The purpose of this study is to predict and optimize the internal combustion engine performance using diesel-natural gas fuel using the artificial intelligence. The ultimate goal is to determine the optimal substitution rate of natural gas to minimize the costs of operation and pollutants emissions such as carbon monoxide CO, hydrocarbons HC and nitrogen oxides NOx, considering the values of efficiency. The analyzed data are obtained from tests performed earlier. The procedure involves training, validation and test (using neural networks). Once these data were analyzed with different trained neural networks for learning and prediction, which are maps of the predicted values based on experimental data have been seized. Finally, and continuing with the process of optimization (technique of Genetic Algorithms), is given the best substitution rate of and lower emissions in the maps generated. The results indicate a good agreement between data and neural network, the process of optimization using certain items of work appropriate for each case analyzed.
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Bedri, Fatima Abd Elkariem. "An operation research model for cotton trading." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293680.

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Nickell, Christopher Lee. "Modular Modification of a Buoyant AUV for Low-Speed Operation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35029.

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Conventional streamlined autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) with a single thruster and stern planes are typically trimmed to be somewhat buoyant or heavy in water. To maintain depth, they must generate a constant hydrodynamic force which requires that they swim at a constant pitch angle. Although tail fins are the typical mechanism for generating this control moment, they become ineffective at low speeds. To enable an existing AUV to travel at lower speeds, one may easily incorporate a modular moving mass actuator. In some cases, it may also be advantageous to include a fixed wing. The equations of motion and equilibrium conditions to regulate depth are derived, and the effectiveness and low-speed efficiency of a fixed wing is evaluated. The effect of the vertical offset of the moving mass is analyzed to establish the relation between the control angle and the moving mass linear position. A description of the design of a one degree of freedom moving mass actuator module and preliminary experiments using the Virginia Tech Miniature AUV is provided. Data is presented for a series of fixed MMA position experiments as well as a dynamic position test. The results illustrate the effectiveness of a moving mass actuator at generating low-speed control moments. With the collected data, parameter identification is performed to get an estimate of the hydrodynamic parameters.
Master of Science
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Keeler, Benjamin. "Constraints on the operation of a DI diesel engine in partially-premixed combustion mode." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10760/.

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Partially-premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) combustion is defined by increased levels of premixed charge whilst retaining control over combustion through injection timing. An experimental investigation has been carried out on a current generation DI diesel engine, equipped with High Pressure Common Rail (HPCR) fuel injection equipment and an external Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system. The aims of the investigation were to determine the constraints imposed on operating a PCCI combustion strategy with the aim of simultaneously reducing engine-out net soot and NOx emissions. The work was carried out at fully-warm steady-state conditions at engine speeds of 1500 rpm and 1800 rpm, predominantly using a single injection strategy. With a single injection the Start of Injection (SOI), fuel rail pressure, and rate of EGR have been examined with a view to realising PCCI combustion. Timing ranges of -20º to +3ºATDC, rail pressures of 500-1200 bar, and EGR rates of 0-60% have been investigated. The responses looked at have been engine-out soot, NOx, HC, and CO emissions, fuel consumption, and combustion noise. It is shown that variation of the parameters has allowed PCCI combustion to be achieved in a restricted operating region, offering improvement in the NOx-soot trade-off. This region is limited on the available test engine by oxygen availability due to the specifications of the turbocharger and EGR systems. Engine speeds up to 2000 rpm (at 2.5 bar BMEP), and loads of 4.4 bar gross IMEP (at 1500 rpm) have been found to be the limits, beyond which soot and CO emissions rise excessively. It is shown that enhancing the mixing time and intensity are both desirable in achieving PCCI combustion. The net soot reduction mechanism exploited with PCCI combustion strategies is reducing soot formation to outweigh the reduction in oxidation. Enhancing the mixing intensity by increasing injection pressure is highly effective at reducing soot output, but at the expense of brake specific fuel consumption. Increasing the mixing time can also be effective in reducing soot output, but careful parameter selection is required to avoid excessive soot output. Retarded or highly advanced injection timings are shown to reduce net soot output, but both have associated trade-offs and penalties. Retarding combustion is effective at lowering soot and NOx emissions with low associated noise, but a fuel economy penalty is paid. Advanced combustion phasing can result in large peak rates of increase of pressure, which have been shown to correlate well with combustion noise. Overall soot reductions of up to 97% were achieved, but with associated penalties. One of the most acceptable reductions of ~90% came at the cost of a 6% increase in fuel consumption, highlighting that improvements in emissions are achievable with PCCI strategies with acceptable trade-offs.
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Kaul, Brian Christopher. "Addressing nonlinear combustion instabilities in highly dilute spark ignition engine operation." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2008. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Kaul_09007dcc804ea67e.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2008.
Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed April 28, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 170-176).
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Bergna, Diaz Gilbert. "Modular Multilevel Converter Control for HVDC Operation : Optimal Shaping of the Circulating Current Signal for Internal Energy Regulation." Thesis, CentraleSupélec, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SUPL0017/document.

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Dans le cadre du programme de croissance Européen 2020, la commission européenne a mis en place officiellement un chemin à long terme pour une économie à faible émission de carbone, en aspirant une réduction d’au moins 80% des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, d’ici 2050. Répondre à ces exigences ambitieuses, impliquera un changement majeur de paradigme, et notamment en ce qui concerne les infrastructures du réseau électrique. Les percées dans la technologie des semi-conducteurs et les avancées avec les nouvelles topologies d’électronique de puissance et leurs contrôle-commandes, ont contribué à l’impulsion donnée au processus en cours de réaliser un tel SuperGrid. Une percée technologique majeure a eu lieu en 2003, avec le convertisseur modulaire multi-niveaux (MMC ou M2C), présenté par le professeur Marquardt, et qui est actuellement la topologie d’électronique de puissance la plus adaptée pour les stations HVDC. Cependant, cette structure de conversion introduit également un certain nombre de défis relativement complexes tels que les courants “additionnels” qui circulent au sein du convertisseur, entrainant des pertes supplémentaires et un fonctionnement potentiellement instable. Ce projet de thèse vise à concevoir des stratégies de commande “de haut niveau” pour contrôler le MMC adaptées pour les applications à courant continue-haute tension (HVDC), dans des conditions de réseau AC équilibrés et déséquilibrés. La stratégie de commande optimale identifiée est déterminée via une approche pour la conception du type “de haut en bas”, inhérente aux stratégies d’optimisation, où la performance souhaitée du convertisseur MMC donne la stratégie de commande qui lui sera appliquée. Plus précisément, la méthodologie d’optimisation des multiplicateurs de Lagrange est utilisée pour calculer le signal minimal de référence du courant de circulation du MMC dans son repère naturel
Following Europe’s 2020 growth program, the Energy Roadmap 2050 launched by the European Commission (EC) has officially set a long term path for a low-carbon economy, assuming a reduction of at least 80% of greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2050. Meeting such ambitious requirements will imply a major change in paradigm, including the electricity grid infrastructure as we know it.The breakthroughs in semi-conductor technology and the advances in power electronics topologies and control have added momentum to the on-going process of turning the SuperGrid into a reality. Perhaps the most recent breakthrough occurred in 2003, when Prof. Marquardt introduced the Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC or M2C) which is now the preferred power electronic topology that is starting to be used in VSC-HVDC stations. It does however, introduce a number of rather complex challenges such as “additional” circulating currents within the converter itself, causing extra losses and potentially unstable operation. In addition, the MMC will be required to properly balance the capacitive energy stored within its different arms, while transferring power between the AC and DC grids that it interfaces.The present Thesis project aimed to design adequate “high-level” MMC control strategies suited for HVDC applications, under balanced and unbalanced AC grid conditions. The resulting control strategy is derived with a “top-to-bottom” design approach, inherent to optimization strategies, where the desired performance of the MMC results in the control scheme that will be applied. More precisely, the Lagrange multipliers optimization methodology is used to calculate the minimal MMC circulating current reference signals in phase coordinates, capable of successfully regulating the capacitive arm energies of the converter, while reducing losses and voltage fluctuations, and effectively decoupling any power oscillations that would take place in the AC grid and preventing them from propagating into the DC grid
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Przesmitzki, Steve (Steve Victor). "Characterization of oil transport in the power cylinder of internal combustion engines during steady state and transient operation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44799.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 209-214).
Engine friction, wear, and oil consumption are some of the primary interests for the automotive industry. However, there is currently a lack of understanding of the fundamentals involving oil transport inside the power cylinder. Therefore, improving one area of engine performance, such as friction, may lead to decreased performance in another area, such as oil consumption. This work seeks to address some fundamental aspects of oil transport in the power cylinder through experiments and modeling. A two-dimensional multiple-dye Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) visualization system was implemented in a spark-ignition engine. Real time images of oil distribution were acquired and analyzed for a multitude of operating conditions typically encountered by passenger car engines. Based on experimental observations, major oil flow patterns in the piston ring pack during transient operation were identified and characterized. Physically based models were used to describe and understand the fundamentals of the individual oil transport process. The work shows oil may enter the top ring groove under low load (high vacuum) conditions. After enough time at low load, the oil may interfere with the gas flow into the top ring groove. Thereafter, upon a transition to a higher engine load, the top ring may radially collapse, resulting in an extremely large increase of blow-by gases. Additional work was conducted studying oil transport from the piston to the cylinder liner during steady state conditions. The results show that oil transport to the cylinder liner may be one of the main contributors to oil consumption. Also, analysis of oil transport on the piston skirt was conducted and an overview of the general transport pattern was developed.
(cont.) This work was the first comprehensive investigation of the mechanisms of oil transport in the piston ring pack of internal combustion engines during transient operation. Additionally, the understanding of oil transport to the cylinder liner during steady state operation was enhanced. This work is also the first investigation that developed a general overview of oil transport on the piston skirt. Such understanding of oil transport is a major step to controlling oil consumption during transient and steady state operation.
by Steve Przesmitzki.
Ph.D.
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Shavitranuruk, K. "Long Cavity Quantum Dot Laser Diode and Monolithic Passively Mode-Locked Operation." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3392.

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Advantage of the single QD active layer is its potential for very low threshold current density, which in turn can produce low internal optical loss. The low threshold current density and low internal loss thus enable a significant increase in laser diode cavity length. Because of the importance of the threshold current density in heatsinking, future technology of broad-area monolithic laser diodes can be implemented. The dissertation describes the development and the unique characteristics of single QD active layer laser with long cavity. The data are presented on single layer QD laser diodes that reach threshold current densities values of 11.7 A/cm2 in a p-up mounted 2 cm long cavity and as low as 10 A/cm2, with CW output power of 2 W in a p-down mounted 1.6 cm long cavity. The 8.8 A/cm2 in a p-down mounted 2 cm long cavity is reported. To our knowledge the value 8.8 A/cm2 is the lowest threshold current density ever reported for a room temperature laser diode. These single layer QD laser diodes reach an internal loss of ~0.25 cm-1, which is also the lowest ever reported for a room temperature laser diode. These unique characteristics of single layer QD and laser diode size are potentially promising for the monolithic mode-locked laser because of relatively high peak power with a low repetition rate that is on the order of a few GHz, which can be the novel device for external clocking in the optical interconnect applications. In this dissertation, the stable optical pulse train in a 40 µm wide stripe with a repetition rate of 3.75 GHz with 1.1 cm cavity length through the passive mode-locked onto the monolithic two-section device fabricated from this single layer QD laser is observed.
Ph.D.
Optics and Photonics
Optics and Photonics
Optics PhD
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Smith, Ian B. "The privatisation of the JNR in historical perspective : an evaluation of government policy on the operation of the national railways in Japan." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319801.

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Chandran, Davannendran. "Experimental investigation into the physico-chemical properties changes of palm biodiesel under common rail diesel engine operation for the elucidation of metal corrosion and elastomer degradation in fuel delivery system." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/35228/.

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Compatibility of fuel delivery materials (FDM) with biodiesel fuel in the fuel delivery system (FDS) under real-life common rail diesel engine (CRDE) operation poses a challenge to researchers and engine manufacturers alike. Although standard methods such as ASTM G31 and ASTM D471 for metals and elastomers, respectively, are deemed suitable for evaluating the effects of water content, total acid number (TAN) and oxidation products in biodiesel on FDM degradation, they do not resemble the actual engine operation conditions such as varying fuel pressure/temperature as well as the presence of a wide range of materials in the FDS of a diesel engine. Hence, the current allowable maximum 20 vol% of biodiesel with 80 vol% of diesel (B20) for use in diesel engines to date is debatable. Additionally, biodiesel utilization beyond B20 is essential to combat declining air quality and to reduce the dependence on fuel imports. This thesis aims to elucidate the actual compatibility present between FDM and biodiesel in the FDS under real-life CRDE operation. This was achieved through multi-faceted experimentations which commenced with analyses on the deteriorated palm biodiesel samples collected during and after CRDE operation. Next, the fuel properties which should be emphasized based on the deteriorated fuel were determined. This was then followed by ascertaining the effects of the emphasized fuel properties towards FDM degradation. Ultimately, the actual compatibility of FDM with biodiesel under engine operation through modified immersion investigations was determined. FDM degradation acceleration factors such as oxidized biodiesel, TAN and water content were eliminated since these factors were not affected based on the analysed fuel samples collected after engine operation. No oxidation products such as aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids were detected while the TAN and water content were within 0.446% and 0.625% of their initial values, respectively. Instead, the biodiesel’s dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and conductivity value were not only found to have changed during and after engine operation by -93% and 293%, respectively, but were also found to have influenced biodiesel deterioration under engine operation. These two properties were subsequently discovered to have adversely affected FDM degradation independently. The copper corrosion rate and nitrile rubber (NBR) volume change increased by 9% and 13%, respectively, due to 22% increase in the conductivity value. In contrast, the copper corrosion rate and NBR volume swelling reduced by 91% and 27%, respectively, due to 96% reduction in the DO concentration. Ultimately, copper corrosion and NBR degradation were determined to be lowered by up to 92% and 73%, respectively, under modified immersion as compared to typical immersion condition. These outcomes distinctly show that acceptable to good compatibility is present between FDM and biodiesel under CRDE operation. The good compatibility is strongly supported since only a maximum lifespan reduction of 1.5 years is predicted for metal exposed to biodiesel as compared to diesel for a typical component lifespan of 15 years. For the elastomers, acceptable compatibility is found present between elastomer and biodiesel based on the determined 11% volume change which conforms to the tolerance level of elastomer degradation as stated by the elastomer manufacturers. These are especially true for the evaluated metals and elastomers investigated under the modified laboratory immersion which replicates similar conditions to a real-life CRDE. Overall, this work has contributed to the advancement of knowledge and application of biodiesel use in diesel engines.
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Books on the topic "Internal operation"

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Pinfield, Lawrence T. The Operation of Internal Labor Markets. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1019-6.

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United States. Internal Revenue Service. Operation link. 8th ed. Washington, DC: Dept. of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, 1991.

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United States. Internal Revenue Service. Operation link. [Washington, D.C.?]: Dept. of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, 1986.

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Mitzlaff, Klaus von. Engines for biogas: Theory, modification, economic operation. Braunschweig: F. Vieweg, 1988.

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National Association of Health Authorities and Trusts. The Operation of the internal market: Local freedoms, national responsibilities. Birmingham: NAHAT, 1995.

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The operation of internal labor markets: Staffing practices and vacancy chains. New York: Plenum Press, 1995.

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Turner, James Howard. Care and operation of small gasoline engines. Athens, Ga: American Association for Vocational Instructional Materials, 1986.

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O'Leary, Barry W. The operation of internal marketing and empowerment in service provision: Fact or fiction? Dublin: University College Dublin, 1994.

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Hopkins, Gordon J. Phytoplankton methods manual with special emphasis on waterworks operation: Internal methods manual : report. [Toronto]: Limnology Section, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, 1992.

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Hall, Ben. Policing Europe: EU justice and home affairs co-operation. London: Centre for European Reform, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Internal operation"

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Pinfield, Lawrence T. "The Operation of Internal Labor Markets." In The Operation of Internal Labor Markets, 3–28. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1019-6_1.

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Pinfield, Lawrence T. "The Operation of Internal Labor Markets." In The Operation of Internal Labor Markets, 313–42. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1019-6_12.

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Ambrosi, Gerhard Michael. "The Operation of the Internal Market." In European Union Enlargement, 158–70. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-08143-8_11.

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Pinfield, Lawrence T. "Staffing Practices as Internal Labor Market Processes." In The Operation of Internal Labor Markets, 173–201. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1019-6_7.

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Pinfield, Lawrence T. "Criteria Used to Evaluate Different Candidates." In The Operation of Internal Labor Markets, 251–78. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1019-6_10.

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Pinfield, Lawrence T. "Postselection Considerations of Staffing." In The Operation of Internal Labor Markets, 279–303. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1019-6_11.

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Pinfield, Lawrence T. "ForestCo." In The Operation of Internal Labor Markets, 29–57. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1019-6_2.

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Pinfield, Lawrence T. "Vacancy Chains as Bundles of Staffing Actions." In The Operation of Internal Labor Markets, 61–77. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1019-6_3.

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Pinfield, Lawrence T. "Minimal Vacancy Chains." In The Operation of Internal Labor Markets, 79–103. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1019-6_4.

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Pinfield, Lawrence T. "Medium-Length Vacancy Chains." In The Operation of Internal Labor Markets, 105–38. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1019-6_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Internal operation"

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Takeo, Gaku, Tomohito Takubo, Kenichi Ohara, Yasushi Mae, and Tatsuo Arai. "Internal force control for rolling operation of polygonal prism." In 2009 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/robio.2009.5420608.

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Cui, Xin, and Shide Zhao. "Research on the Internal Mechanism of Enterprise Knowledge Base Operation." In 2018 Eighth International Conference on Instrumentation & Measurement, Computer, Communication and Control (IMCCC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imccc.2018.00112.

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Liu, C., G. A. Karim, A. Soharabi, and F. Xiao. "HCCI Combustion and Cyclic Variation for Lean Mixture Operation." In ASME 2006 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2006-1392.

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The characteristics of HCCI combustion were investigated experimentally in a variable compression ratio CFR engine when operating on lean mixtures of n-heptane and n-pentane in air. The effects of changes in equivalence ratio, compression ratio, the addition of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane into the intake charge on the cyclic variation in the ignition and the development of the combustion processes were investigated. The limiting conditions that produce ignition in one cycle only among many, repeated ignition in every cycle, and knock were identified. It was found that HCCI combustion and the range of its operating conditions are limited by the extent of non-homogeneity of the intake charge, both in mixture quality and temperature. The optimum values for the addition of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and natural gas to produce higher indicated work and reduce cyclic variation and the intensity of energy release depend on the intake mixture strength and specific operational conditions.
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Tianmiao, Wang, Lv Kun, Pei Baoqing, and Zhou Li. "Research of FNF Internal Fixation Operation Parametric Planning and Evaluation System." In 2006 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/robio.2006.340184.

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Omori and Nagase. "Image understanding by neuron network-representation and operation of internal image." In International Joint Conference on Neural Networks. IEEE, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.1989.118704.

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Pu, He, Zhao Youbin, Yan Haibo, Lin Rupeng, and Zhang Hong. "Study and Operation on the Construction of Internal Undergraduate Governance System." In 2015 International Conference on Social Science and Technology Education. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icsste-15.2015.242.

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Lin, Weiyang, Jeff Sterniak, and Stanislav V. Bohac. "NOx Emissions Characterization During Transient Spark Assisted Compression Ignition (SACI) Engine Operation." In ASME 2013 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2013-19099.

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In the quest for high efficiency IC engine operation, spark assisted compression ignition (SACI) can fill the gap between homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) operation at low load and spark ignited (SI) operation at high load. SACI combustion utilizes a combination of flame propagation and auto-ignition to achieve ignition when unburned temperatures are too low for reliable auto-ignition and the mixture is too dilute for flame propagation with sufficient speed. Stoichiometric SACI combustion with cooled external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) offers improved thermal efficiency compared to stoichiometric SI operation. It also reduces combustion temperatures and therefore NOx emissions, while still allowing for the use of a three-way catalyst (TWC). This study investigates NOx spikes that can occur during transitions between different SACI operating points as a result of system time lags or mixture deviation from stoichiometry. Load transitions at various stoichiometric SACI operating points are investigated and NOx emissions before and after the TWC are reported. Significant engine-out NOx spikes are observed. A 1200 ppm NOx spike occurs during a load increase from 3 to 6 bar BMEP at 1800 rpm in 2 cycles (0.13 seconds), which is representative of a faster load change in the FTP-75 drive cycle. Observed NOx spikes are attributed to a time lag in external EGR during the transitions. NOx emissions after the TWC are reduced to below 50 ppm, indicating that NOx emissions during these transients can be handled effectively by a TWC.
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Kavuri, Chaitanya, and Sage L. Kokjohn. "Computational Study to Identify Feasible Operating Space for a Mixed Mode Combustion Strategy: A Pathway for PCI High Load Operation." In ASME 2017 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2017-3668.

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Mixed mode combustion strategies have shown great potential to achieve high load operation but soot emissions were found to be problematic. A recent study investigating soot emissions in such strategies showed that delaying the load extension injection sufficiently late after the primary heat release makes the soot production dependent solely on the temperature field inside the combustion chamber and eliminates any dependence on mixing time and oxygen availability. The current study focuses on furthering this research to identify a feasible operating space to operate in and enable high load operation with this mixed mode combustion strategy. A PCI combustion event was achieved using a premixed charge of gasoline (early cycle injection) and a load extension injection of gasoline was added near top dead center. CFD modeling considering polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) chemistry up to pyrene was used to perform a full factorial design of experiments (DOE) to study the effects of premixed fuel fraction (fraction of total fuel that is premixed), load extension injection timing and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The early injection timings for EGR rates less than 40% showed a soot-NOx tradeoff which constrained operating with SOI timings before TDC. The late injection timings showed reductions in soot and NOx at the expense of gross indicated efficiency (GIE). GIE increased with increasing premixed fuel until the premixed fuel quantity reached 80% of the total fuel mass. Premixed fuel quantities higher than 80% resulted in an efficiency penalty due to increased wall heat transfer losses resulting from early combustion phasing. However, at premixed fuel quantities close to 80%, the peak pressure rise rate became the dominating constraint. This confined the feasible operating space to a premix fuel mass range of 70% to 80%. For this premix fuel mass range, the feasible operating space had two regions; one in the early SOI regime before TDC at EGR rates higher than 38% and the other in the late SOI regime (SOI > 15° ATDC) across the entire EGR space. The study was repeated by splitting the premixed fuel into an early cycle injection and a stratified injection with SOI timing of −70° ATDC. The ratio of fuel in the two injections was varied in the DOE. The results showed that adding a stratified injection increases the ignition delay due to in-cylinder equivalence ratio stratification and relaxes the pressure rise rate effect on the operating space. This allows operation at high premix fuel quantities of 70% and higher with EGR rates less than 40% which yields significant increase in GIE. It was also identified that by targeting the fuel from the stratified injection into the squish region, there is improved oxygen availability in the bowl for the load extension injection, which results in the reduction of soot emissions. This allows the load extension injection to be brought closer to TDC while meeting the soot constraint, which further improves the GIE. Finally, the results from the study were used to demonstrate high load operation at 20 bar and 1300 rpm.
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Reiter, Aaron J., and Song-Charng Kong. "Diesel Engine Operation Using Ammonia as a Carbon-Free Fuel." In ASME 2010 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2010-35026.

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Ammonia combustion does not produce carbon dioxide and thus can be regarded as a carbon-free fuel. Ammonia was used as a fuel in a compression-ignition engine in this study. Vapor ammonia was introduced into the engine intake port, and diesel fuel was injected directly into the cylinder to initiate combustion. This dual-fuel approach was chosen because ammonia has a high resistance to autoignition. A liquid ammonia tank was used for fuel storage and a high pressure relief valve regulated the ammonia flow rate, and ignition was controlled by diesel fuel injection. Ammonia was used as an energy replacement for diesel fuel. The results showed that the peak engine torque could be achieved by using different combinations of diesel fuel and ammonia. During testing, a maximum energy replacement of 95% was measured. It should be noted that, if more ammonia is added, a higher than rated power can be achieved depending on engine load conditions. It was also shown that CO2 emissions were reduced monotonically for the same engine torque output as the amount of the ammonia in the fuel mixture increased. Additionally, burning ammonia in engines does not necessarily increase NOx emissions despite the fuel-bound nitrogen. Lower levels of NOx emissions were obtained as long as energy substitution by ammonia did not exceed 60%. This is thought to occur because of the lower combustion temperature of ammonia.
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Li, Hailin, Ghazi A. Karim, and A. Sohrabi. "S.I. Engine Operation on H2, CO, CH4 and Their Mixtures." In ASME 2004 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2004-0931.

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Experimental data are presented of the knock and combustion characteristics of a wide range of fuel mixtures of CO, H2 and CH4 while using a variable compression ratio engine. A predictive model was employed for predicting such characteristics where the oxidation reactions of mixtures of H2, CO, and CH4 were simulated using detailed chemical kinetics. Predicted results were validated against those determined experimentally and showed good agreement for a wide range of fuel compositions and operating conditions. However, it was noted that the predicted knock limited equivalence ratios for dry CO-air operation, in comparison to the other fuel applications, tended to display deviation from the experimentally established values. The reasons for this tendency are discussed and measures to permit the prediction of such a behavior are presented.
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Reports on the topic "Internal operation"

1

Cassata, James, Michael McKenzie-Carter, David Case, Mondher Chehata, and Gerald Falo. Radiation Internal Monitoring by In Vivo Scanning in Operation Tomodachi. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada590129.

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Hooper, E. Modeling the Effects of (lambda)-gun on SSPX Operation: Mode Spectra, Internal Magnetic Field Structure, and Energy Confinement. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/878627.

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Lungu, Angela M. WAR.COM: The Internet and Psychological Operations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada389801.

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Hilliard, N., E. Jasinska, R. Raszuk, and N. Bakker. Internet Exchange BGP Route Server Operations. RFC Editor, September 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc7948.

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Pethia, R., S. Crocker, and B. Fraser. Guidelines for the Secure Operation of the Internet. RFC Editor, November 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc1281.

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Follmer, Rochelle Lynn, and James Paul Johnson. Tactical and Strategic Treasury Internal Controls Management & Budget Operations Meeting. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1343683.

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Liller, Otto K. Special Operations Forces and Foreign Internal Defense: An Effective Counterterrorism Method. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada464349.

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JET PROPULSION LAB PASADENA CA. Time Warp Operating System Version 2.7 Internals Manual. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada271489.

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Koster, Michael C. Foreign Internal Defense. Does Air Force Special Operations Have What it Takes?,. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada275382.

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Kirstein, Peter. Realising Adaptive Distributed Internet Operations on Active Networks. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada420468.

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