Academic literature on the topic 'Internal permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM)'

Electric drives are very useful in propelling the wheels of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). They also play a central function in the electric power steering (EPS). This paper describes studies carried out on the efficiency optimization of an interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) for application in the EPS. An analytic loss- minimization algorithm for an IPMSM was derived and the optimization problem took into consideration copper, iron and stray losses. The proposed loss minimization algorithm is simple and cost effective to implement. From the simulations carried out, significant efficiency gains are possible with this model. The internal model control (IMC) method was employed to achieve current and speed control with acceptable sensitivity to machine parameters.

An internal permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) was designed for heavy-load traction vehicles applied in port transportation. Based on finite element analysis (FEA), the rotor iron core topology was optimized with the most attention paid to cogging torque and torque ripple. The influences of the iron core on the air-gap magnetic flux density, the back electro-motive-force harmonic, the cogging torque and the torque ripple were investigated. The design scheme of minimizing cogging torque and output torque ripple was obtained. Focused on the relationship between the rotor parameters and the torque ripple, the relative sensitivity factor was proposed and analyzed. Finally, the torque ripple was reduced from 14.4% to 3.84%, after further optimization of the rotor design parameters. The reliability and stability of the IPMSM were also covered. Additionally, the experimental study of the prototype was carried out to verify the FEA results.

Maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control of internal permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSM) has become integral to high-efficiency motor drives. To minimize the influence of the traditional model-based analytical solution method on the MTPA control strategy due to the parameter variations during the motor operation, an online search MTPA method without model-based fractional-order extremum seeking control (FO-ESC) is proposed. Compared with the traditional integer-order ESC method, the Oustaloup approximation-based fractional-order calculus provides additional factors and possibilities for optimizing controller parameters to improve control performance. At the same time, the proposed approach does not require machine parameters and is thus not influenced by machine and drive nonlinearities. Simulation results show that the proposed method can ensure robust MTPA control under different loading conditions in real-time and improve the system’s dynamic response speed and steady-state accuracy.

The automotive industry is experiencing a period of transition from traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to electric vehicles. Although electric machines have always been used in many applications, they are generally designed neglecting the sources of uncertainty, even such uncertainty can lead to significant deterioration of the motor performance. The aim of this paper is to compare the results obtained from the multi-objective optimization of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) using a robust approach versus a deterministic one. Unlike other studies in the literature, this research simultaneously considers different sources of uncertainty, such as geometric parameters, magnet properties, and operating temperature, to assess the variability of electric motor performance. Different designs of a 48 slot–8 pole motor are simulated with finite element analysis, then the outputs are used to train artificial neural networks that are employed to find the optimal design with different approaches. The method incorporates an innovative use of the neural network-based variance estimation (NNVE) technique to efficiently calculate the standard deviation of the objective functions. Finally, the results of the robust optimization are compared with those of the deterministic optimization. Due to the small margin of improvement in robustness, both methods lead to similar results.

The aim of this study is to propose a self-sensing control of internal permanent-magnet synchronous machines (IPMSMs) based on new high order sliding mode approaches. The high order sliding mode control will be combined with the backstepping strategy to achieve global or semi global attraction and ensure finite time convergence. The proposed control strategy should be able to reject the unmatched perturbations and reject the external perturbation. On the other hand, the super-twisting algorithm will be combined with the interconnected observer methodology to propose the multi-input–multi-output observer. This observer will be used to estimate the rotor position, the rotor speed and the stator resistance. The proposed controller and observer ensure the finite-time convergence to the desired reference and measured state, respectively. The obtained results confirm the effectiveness of the suggested method in the presence of parametric uncertainties and unmeasured load torque at various speed ranges.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to comparatively study a synchronous reluctance machine (SynRM) and a permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance machine (PMASynRM) as alternatives of the interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM), and to investigate the performance and conclude both advantages and disadvantages. Design/methodology/approach – A unified mathematical model is established for the IPMSM, SynRM and PMASynRM. Then finite element method (FEM) is used to compare the electromagnetic performance. Permeability-frozen method is utilized to distinguish basic electromagnetic torque and reluctance torque. Findings – The PMASynRM can improve the power factor of the SynRM, overcome the drawback of the IPMSM in the high-speed flux-weakening region and is more proper to operate over a wide speed region. The SynRM is mechanically robust for lacking of the permanent magnets, and the PMASynRM can keep similar rotor stress as the SynRM by optimizing the magnets. Assembly of the SynRM is the simplest, and the economic performance of the SynRM and PMASynRM could be much better than the IPMSM which even uses ferrite magnets. Practical/implications – The SynRM can produce identical torque and efficiency compared with the IPMSM except the poor power factor. The poor power factor could be improved by adopting the PMASynRM, which is proved to be able to act as an alternative of the IPMSM for low-cost high-performance application. Originality/value – This paper provides the theoretical model of the IPMSM, SynRM and PMASynRM in a unified format. The electromagnetic, mechanical and economic performances of the three kinds of synchronous motors are compared comprehensively. Then, both the advantages and disadvantages are summarized.

Torque estimation in permanent magnet synchronous machines and synchronous reluctance machines is required in many applications. Torque produced by a permanent magnet synchronous machine depends on the permanent magnets’ flux and d q -axes inductances, whereas torque in synchronous reluctance machines depends on the d q -axes inductances. Consequently, precise knowledge of these parameters is required for proper torque estimation. The use of high frequency signal both for permanent magnets’ flux and d q -axes inductances estimation has been recently shown to be a viable option. This paper reviews the physical principles, implementation and performance of high-frequency signal injection based torque estimation for permanent magnet synchronous machines and synchronous reluctance machines.

In this study, we performed the electromagnetic and mechanical characteristic analyses of an 8-pole 12-slot interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM). Permanent magnet synchronous motors are classified into surface permanent magnet synchronous motor and interior permanent magnet synchronous motors according to the type of rotor. The IPM type is advantageous for high-speed operation because of the structure where the permanent magnet is embedded inside the rotor, and it has the advantage of having a high output density by generating not only the magnetic torque of the permanent magnet, but also the reluctance torque. However, such a motor has more vibration/noise sources than other types, owing to changes in reluctance. The sources of motor noise/vibration can be broadly classified into electromagnetic, mechanical, and aerodynamic sources. Electromagnetic noise sources are classified into electromagnetic excitation sources, torque pulsations, and unbalanced magnetic forces (UMFs). Vibration and noise cause machine malfunctions and affect the entire system. Therefore, it is important to analyze the electromagnetic vibration source. In this study, the electromagnetic characteristics of an IPMSM were analyzed through the finite element method to derive the UMF. Vibration and noise analyses were performed by electromagnetic–mechanical coupling analysis, and vibration and noise characteristics based on electromagnetic noise sources were analyzed.

The salient effect of the rotor structure of the interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) makes it more suitable for running in the zone that exceeds the rated revolution by flux-weakening control. Therefore, the closed-loop speed regulation system composed by IPMSM can achieve excellent dynamic performance, high precision and wide speed performance. On the basis of the mathematical model of d / q coordinates of IPMSM, this paper discusses the control proposal of IPMSM: to control the current of d / q axis to maximize the speed range.

Permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) are gaining popularity due to renewable energy and the electrification of transportation. Permanent magnet synchronous machines are receiving interest because of their great dependability, low maintenance costs, and high-power density. This research compares surface mounted permanent magnet (SMPM) with interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous machines using MATLAB. Mathematical models and simulation analyses of two permanent magnet synchronous machines under regenerative braking are presented. Maximum regeneration power point (MRPP) and torque (MRPP-torque) for two machine types were simulated at variable electrical speed and q-axis current. Simulation results showed IPMSM produced more output power due to saliency than SMPM at varying speed and current with higher MRPP and MRPP-Torque. Simulation was used to compare the dynamic impacts of constant and variable braking torques on an auto-electric drive's speed and produced torque on a plain surface and a sloppy driving plane. 81.68% and 74.95% braking efficiency were measured on level ground and a sloppy plane, respectively. Simulations indicated that lithium-ion battery state of charge varied linearly with constant braking torque and exponentially with varying braking torque, reflecting efficiency values. All simulations were in MATLAB/Simulink 2014.

In recent years, the increasing cost of oil and Earth global warming due to greenhouse gases have pushed the scientific research, the governments and thus the markets in the direction of a higher efficiency of the systems in order to reduce the use of this fuel and therefore its associated emissions of CO2. Nowadays, the most involved sectors of this technological revolution are the fields of electricity generation and the transportation. In fact, these two sectors are the main accountable of CO2 global emission, that are associated for about 45% to electricity generation and for about 30% to transport. Moreover, it should be noted that although the oil is not a renewable energy source, currently about 40% of the production world energy depends on oil and the level of dependence rises to about 80% in the transportation sector where the majority of vehicles is powered by an engine fueled by oil derivatives. For these reasons, the scientific research in the last decade was focusing on these issues in particular in emerging fields such as distributed cogeneration and hybrid electric vehicles. In particular, new systems of distributed energy are studied, which are capable to increase the energy efficiency of the plant because the electrical and thermal energy are produced in combined way and directly in the site where they are required. In this way the losses of the network can be reduced. Instead, in the field of hybrid electric vehicles the use of the electric machine can help to increase the efficiency of the power-train in the various working points. These hybrid systems allow to reduce up to 30% the fuel consumption and associated emissions compared to a conventional vehicle. With this historical context this thesis is focused in the study of a power-train structure of domestic cogeneration system or a vehicle, namely the analysis of a system composed by an internal combustion engine directly connected to an electric machine. The two principal tasks of the electric machine are: startup of the internal combustion engine and generate on electric energy. In the case of a hybrid electric vehicle, in addition to those listed above, there are other two operation modes that are: increase the engine torque during the acceleration and recovering the energy during braking phase. Among the various types of electrical machines existing in the market, the permanent magnet synchronous machines take up an important position in the cogeneration and hybrid vehicle fields. In fact, this kind of electric machine allows to obtain: a high performance, high torque density, high overload capacity, a good robust construction, compact volume, and therefore low weight. Furthermore this type of electric machine can work at variable speeds and operate as motor and as generator with comparable performance. For this reason in this Ph.D. thesis the electrical drives composed by an internal combustion engines direct connected to permanent magnet synchronous electric machines will be presented. The author’s doctoral thesis has been carried out at the Electric Drive Laboratory of University of Padova, which since more than twenty years is active in the design of electrical machines and their control through research projects with industrial partners and scientific publications in journals and in international conferences. Therefore, although in the literature there are several books discussing an electric drives, thanks to the experience acquired in this laboratory the author intention is to emphasize with greater detail the aspects and basic notions which in his opinion are fundamental to the design of on electric drive devoted to the applications subject of this work. In addition, in the opinion of the author, unlike a paper on journal or conference the doctoral thesis should be reasonably self-contained and should be understandable even by a non expert of this field of research; therefore also basic aspects of an electric drive and its control have been reported with detail. So the work reported in this thesis is essentially composed by two parts, the first part is made up by the first four Chapters and the second one is composed by the last two Chapters. In the first part of Ph.D. thesis the basic aspects, that are required for a good knowledge on the electric drives field, have been reported. In particular the design aspects and fundamental characteristics of electric machine control, operating limits of a permanent magnet synchronous machine, and power converter have been pointed out. The second part of Ph.D. thesis is focused on the design aspects of electric drive for a domestic cogeneration system and for hybrid electric motorcycle. In particular for CHP system some effective techniques, that can help to reduce the vibration and noise problems due to the internal combustion engine, have been described. In the field of hybrid electric motorcycle the main design choices carried out in order to achieve a hybrid electric motorcycle prototype with good performance are reported.<br>In questi ultimi anni l’aumento del costo del petrolio e il riscaldamento globale della terra dovuto ai gas serra ha spinto il settore scientifico, i governi e quindi il mercato nella direzione di una più alta efficienza dei sistemi con lo scopo di ridurre l’utilizzo di questo combustibile e quindi le sue emissioni di CO2 associate. Oggigiorno i settori più coinvolti in questa rivoluzione tecnologica sono il settori della generazione di energia elettrica e il settore dei trasporti. Infatti questi due settori sono i principali responsabili di emissioni di CO2 globali della terra che sono associate per circa il 45% alla generazione elettrica e per circa 30% ai trasporti. Inoltre va ricordato che sebbene il petrolio non sia una fonte di energia rinnovabile attualmente circa il 40% dell’energia mondiale dipende dal petrolio e questo livello di dipendenza sale a circa 80% nel settore dei trasporti dove la maggior parte dei veicoli è spinta da un motore alimentato da derivati del petrolio. Per questi motivi la ricerca scientifica negli ultimi dieci anni si sta concentrando su questi problematiche in particolare nei settori emergenti quali cogenerazione distribuita e veicoli ibridi. In particolare vengono studiati nuovi impianti di energia distribuita capaci di aumentare l’efficienza energetica producendo in maniera combinata energia elettrica e termica direttamente dove richiesta e solo se necessaria in questo modo si riducendo le perdite di rete. Nel settore dei veicoli ibridi invece l’utilizzo del motore elettrico può aiutare ad aumentare l’efficienza del motore termico nei vari punti di lavoro, questi sistemi consentono infatti di migliorare fino al 30% le prestazioni in termini di consumi ed emissioni rispetto ad un veicolo tradizionale. Con questo contesto storico la tesi si è focalizzata nello studio di una struttura della catena di potenza di un veicolo o di un sistema di cogenerazione di piccola taglia ossia l’analisi di un sistema composto da un motore endotermico direttamente calettato con una macchina elettrica. La macchina elettrica viene generalmente utilizzata con due funzioni principali: avviare il motore a combustione e generare energia elettrica. Nel caso di un veicolo ibrido vi sono altre due funzioni che si aggiungono a quelle appena elencate ossia la fase di incremento di coppia durante le accelerazioni e una fase di recupera di energia durante le frenate. Tra le varie tipologie di macchine elettriche esistenti nel mercato, le macchine sincrone a magnete permanente occupano un posto di rilievo in questi settori. Infatti questa tipologia di macchina elettrica consente di ottenere: un alto rendimento, un’alta densità di coppia, notevole capacità di sovraccarico, una buona robustezza costruttiva, volumi compatti e quindi peso ridotto. Inoltre questo tipo di macchina può lavorare a velocità variabile e può operare con prestazioni aragonabili sia come motore che come generatore. Per questo motivo nella tesi verranno presentati azionamenti elettrici basati su motori a combustione interna calettati a macchine elettriche sincrone a magneti permanenti. La tesi di dottorato dell’autore è stata svolta presso il laboratorio di azionamenti elettrici di Padova, il quale da più di venti anni è attivo nel campo della progettazione di macchine elettriche e del loro controllo mediante progetti di ricerca con partner industriali e pubblicazioni scientifiche su riviste e su conferenze internazionali. Quindi sebbene siano presenti in letteratura molti libri che parlano di azionamenti elettrici grazie all’esperienza dell’autore maturata in questo laboratorio l’autore ha voluto enfatizzare con maggiore dettaglio gli aspetti e le nozioni che secondo la sua opinione sono fondamentali per la progettazione di un azionamento elettrico. Inoltre secondo il parere dell’autore al tesi di dottorato a differenza di un articolo su conferenza o su rivista deve essere autonoma e deve poter essere compresa anche da un non esperto del settore pertanto sono stati riportati con dettaglio anche aspetti base di una azionamento elettrico e del controllo motore. Quindi il lavoro riportato in questa tesi di dottorato è diviso sostanzialmente in due parti la prima composta dai primi quattro capitoli e la seconda parte composta dagli ultimi due capitoli. Nella prima parte sono state riportate le nozioni fondamentali necessarie per una buona conoscenza sul settore degli azionamenti elettrici in particolare nella parte di controllo motore, limiti di funzionamento di un motore sincrono a magneti permanenti e inverter di potenza. Mentre la seconda parte si è focalizzata sulla descrizione della progettazione di un azionamento per un sistema di cogenerazione domestica e per motociclette ibride. Nell’ambito della cogenerazione sono state descritte alcune tecniche che consentono di ridurre il problema delle vibrazioni dovute al motore a combustione interna. Nel settore della motocicletta ibrida sono state mostrate le principali scelte di progettazione effettuate per realizzare un prototipo efficace e funzionante di motocicletta ibrida.

Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire entre dans le cadre des recherches entreprises par la Division Systèmes Mécaniques de l'Université de Technologie de Compiègne sur la réalisation d'un asservissement numérique pour un axe linéaire de haute précision. La motorisation de l'axe est réalisée par un moteur synchrone à aimants permanents avec deux paires de pôles au rotor. Il est alimenté en courant et la faible puissance (moins de 200 watts) exigée par l'application finale a permis l'utilisation d'une alimentation linéaire. Ce rapport est essentiellement composé de trois parties. Le premier volet de ce travail reprend en détail l'étude et la mise en oeuvre d'un asservissement de position basé sur l'imbrication d'une boucle interne de vitesse avec un correcteur de type Proportionnel-Intégral-Dérivé (P. I. D. ) et une boucle externe de position avec un correcteur Proportionnel (P. ). Les programmes de contrôle ont été implantés sur un système de développement conçu autour d'un microprocesseur 32 bits 68020 travaillant sous un système d'exploitation temps réel PDOS et ayant une structure interne de type bus VME. Le second volet, qui concerne l'analyse détaillée des performances de l'asservissement développé pour un banc de test rotatif, met en évidence que les asservissements de type P. I. D. Fonctionnent de façon satisfaisante uniquement dans le cas où le système à corriger est bien défini et fonctionne dans des conditions bien connues. Or, lorsque l'on travaille avec des ordres de grandeur de positionnement extrêmement faibles, on constate que le processus réel est soumis à une série de perturbations complexes d'origines mécaniques, électriques ou externes au système plutôt que de chercher à compléter le modèle de fonctionnement initialement établi afin obtenir des résultats satisfaisants. Pour résoudre ce problème, la solution proposée dans ce travail est l'ajout à la structure du contrôleur initial d'une Commande par Modèle Interne (C. M. I. ) ; ce type de commande permet en effet de corriger les perturbations non mesurées qui affectent le système d'où sa robustesse. Le dernier volet de ce rapport présente l'étude détaillée des performances dynamiques et statiques des asservissements P. I. D. Et C. M. I. Développés dans le cadre de cette étude et appliqués à la motorisation d'un axe linéaire de très haute précision offrant une résolution de mesure de 16 nm sur une course de 0,22 m

This paper presents an analytical model for prediction of on load magnetic field in slotted surface mounted permanent magnet radial flux synchronous machines. This technique can either be used in the case of internal or external rotor radial-field machines topologies. The machine model is formulated in polar coordinates and accounts explicitly for the stator windings current waveform and effect of stator slotting. Results from this analytical model are compared to corresponding finite element analyses. This analytical model is then coupled to electrical circuit equations to study the behaviour of a PM synchronous alternator connected to a power rectifier.

Electric vehicles are often designed in the same way as their conventional counterparts based on the internal combustion engine, they are heavy machines for comfort and safety reasons, and increasingly powerful. Under these conditions, in order to simplify the motor electrical supply system by reducing the current levels, the voltage chosen for the battery is very high and can go up to 700 V. However, for many applications where the power is relatively low (&lt; 30 kW per motor), it can be more beneficial to size the system at very low voltage (&lt; 60 V). This approach allows to overcome many constraining safety requirements and also to use off-the-shelf components (motor controllers, connectors, etc.) that are more easily available on the market in this voltage range. There are also many regulatory provisions that may require to stay within this voltage limit. This article presents a variety of very low voltage motorisation solutions with a required power up to 100kW. They use two complementary approaches. The first is to implement an original permanent magnet synchronous machine technology with an optimised armature winding for low voltage operation. The second is based on power splitting where the electrical machine being designed to be driven by multiple controllers. Many examples of low-voltage motorised vehicles (sporty vehicle, tractor, re-motorised automobile, etc.) are illustrated in this article.

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) is one of the most important performance evaluation aspects of electric motors. Among the different causes of the NVH issues of electrical drives, the spatial and temporal harmonics of the electrical drive system are of great importance. To reduce the tonal noise of the electric motors induced by these harmonics, harmonic injection methods are applied in many applications. However, a lot of existing researches focus more either on improving the optimization process of the harmonic injection parameter settings, or on the controller design of the harmonic injection process, while the structural dynamic characteristics of the motor are seldom considered. A lot of literature shows that the harmonic injection strategies can more effectively influence the mode 0 (M0) radial forces than the higher spatial orders, so it is more efficient to apply such methods at the frequencies/orders where the effect of mode 0 forces are dominant with respect to the surface vibration or acoustics of the motor. In this paper, a guideline is proposed for the design and optimization of current harmonic injection strategies, where a 2-dimensional linear transfer function is computed to quantify the contributions of different force modes and it is used as the reference for the harmonic injection control settings. The proposed method is tested and validated with the multi-physics co-simulation of a finite-element model for an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM), where the influence of the inverter and pulse width modulation (PWM) are also considered and analyzed. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can effectively reduce the surface vibration (~1.5dB) at the chosen sensor location without deteriorating the torque output performance of the IPMSM model.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;