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Journal articles on the topic 'Internal regulations of municipalities'
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1
Vučetić, Dejan. "Decentralisation of City Administration and Competences of Decentralised City Units." Hrvatska i komparativna javna uprava 16, no. 1 (March 9, 2016): 107–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31297/hkju.16.1.4.
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A balanced city system, coordination, and cooperation between city units are necessary preconditions for effective governance, as well as for avoiding internal imbalances and underdevelopment. The first part the paper focuses on the legal position of inner city units in European cities (primarily those in Central Europe), with specific reference to the effectiveness of administration and democratic processes. The second part analyses city administration and competences of city units in Serbian cities, internally divided into city municipalities. Neither Serbian local government regulations nor legal theory have sufficiently defined the legal nature and position of city municipalities. The analysis focuses on the statutes regulating the internal organisation of six cities for the purpose of examining the administrative bodies and competences of city municipalities. These statutes do not regulate all the issues necessary for the successful operation of city municipalities; moreover, some municipalities exist only in statutes and not in reality.
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Ackermann, Christo. "The state of internal audit’s regulatory mandate." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 6, no. 3 (2016): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rcgv6i3c2art12.
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The importance of an effective internal audit function in South African municipalities have been recognised insofar as internal audit functions are legally mandated to exist within municipalities. This also means that legally, internal audit has certain mandates which must be fulfilled in order to add value to management and audit committees, and ultimately, to the board of directors. Even though internal audit is sanctioned by this important legal mandate, evidence shows that internal audit does not always fulfil this mandate. This state of affairs has prompted a detailed review of the relevant laws and regulations governing the work of internal audit in South African municipalities in order to determine the extent to which key stakeholders find the regulatory work of internal audit useful in discharging their (stakeholders’) oversight responsibilities. Questionnaires were administered to audit committees. The results summarise the extent to which internal audit’s work assists audit committees in their oversight responsibilities as this ultimately affects the ability of audit committees to fulfil these responsibilities to the board of directors. The results indicate that audit committees are greatly dependent on internal audit as a provider of assurance on a variety of legally mandated variables. The results of this study can be used as a measure of best practice of the legally mandated duties performed by internal audit. It can also be used by other researchers in comparative studies and by practitioners to benchmark their work in order to better serve audit committees and ultimately, the board of directors.
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Raboshakga, Ngwako, and Oliver Fuo. "Appropriate Internal Appeal Mechanisms for Approval of Building Plans: Exploring the Gaps Left by the Constitutional Court." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 23 (September 16, 2020): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2020/v23i0a7938.
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This article explores the gaps left by the Constitutional Court's jurisprudence in relation to what the appropriate internal appeal mechanism should be at the level of municipalities for the approval of building plans. This follows the unanimous judgment of the Constitutional Court in City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality v Chairman of the National Building Regulations Review Board 2018 5 SA 1 (CC) in which the Court found section 9 of the National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act 103 of 1977 (NBR Act), subjecting municipal building decisions to appeal by a "Review Board" appointed by the Minister of Trade and Industry, to be inconsistent with the original constitutional powers of municipalities over planning and building regulations. We argue that although the ground for holding section 9 of the NBR Act unconstitutional is already deeply entrenched in the Court's planning jurisprudence, the judgment has left a whopping gap on where prospective/future appeals can be lodged and the nature of such an appeal mechanism, where municipal officials disapprove building plans in terms of section 7 of the NBR Act. It is submitted that the invalidation of section 9 by the Court has completely left it up to each individual municipality to decide on whether and how an internal appeal for the approval of building plans is to be pursued. After exploring the options available in terms of other local government legislation, we argue that the most appropriate way to close the gap left by the Court is for Parliament to enact an amendment to the NBR Act providing for an internal appeal mechanism that allows for a measure of coherence and uniformity across municipalities, and yet respects the autonomy of local government.
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Nogueira, Sónia Paula da Silva, and Susana Margarida Faustino Jorge. "The perceived usefulness of financial information for decision making in Portuguese municipalities." Journal of Applied Accounting Research 18, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 116–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaar-05-2014-0052.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the extent to which the perceived usefulness of financial information for internal decision making is affected by the internal control to which that information is subjected. Design/methodology/approach The research is positivist and quantitative, based on a cross-sectional analysis developed in the local government context. Data were collected from a survey to decision makers (politicians and chief officials) in charge of the financial area in all Portuguese municipalities. The response rate was approximately 49 per cent, assuring representativeness. Findings Regarding the perceived usefulness of financial and budgetary reporting for internal decision making, the results in the paper show that municipalities’ internal users’ attitudes towards using accrual-based financial reporting for decision making is changing. Additionally, internal decision makers consider financial and budgetary information as very useful for decision making, and the different types of internal control applicable to that information as very important. The results also clearly point to the existence of a significant and positive relationship between the internal control (including internal auditing) to which financial and budgetary information is subject, and its perceived usefulness for municipal decision making. Research limitations/implications The main limitations of this study are related to the way in which information was collected in order to obtain empirical evidence. The questionnaire, sent by e-mail, despite reaching a wide-range and dispersed population, cannot guarantee the truthfulness and integrity of the responses. Findings might have been affected by the fact that respondents may have been sympathetic to the reforms brought by the Official Local Government Accounting Plan (POCAL). Certainly, politicians linked to the political party that promoted those reforms would be predisposed in this way. Another limitation might concern the fact that new laws and regulations passed after POCAL, might have somehow affected the answers regarding the perceived usefulness of budgetary and financial information for internal decision making, as well as the importance of the internal control to which that information is subject. Practical implications The results of this study have important repercussions for the implementation of internal control systems at local government level. Particularly, they highlight the need to develop or improve internal control procedures to ensure budgetary and financial information reliability, which in turn determines its usefulness for decision-making purposes. Originality/value This research makes a contribution to the (scarce) literature on the relationship between internal control and the perceived usefulness of financial and budgetary information for decision making, particularly in the local government setting. It adds with further empirical evidence concerning the relationship between these two issues, helping to reinforce previous embryonic research in this field. As to policy making, this research also contributes by calling attention for the need to define the types of internal control financial information must be subject, a critical issue while assuring the usefulness of that information for decision making. This is particular important in current contexts of countries moving towards IPSAS-based financial reporting systems.
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Kovalenko, Elena G., Tatyana M. Polushkina, Olga Yu Yakimova, and Yulia A. Akimova. "Tools to Overcome Internal Socio-Economic Inequality." REGIONOLOGY 29, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 611–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2413-1407.116.029.202103.611-641.
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Introduction. Dynamic economic growth and improvement of the quality of life of the population throughout the country are the priorities of the state policies in modern Russia. Differences in natural and climatic conditions, sectoral specialization of the economy, and infrastructural constraints have caused the differentiation of interregional and intraregional socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities. The current measures of state regulation and support for the regions do not provide for overcoming inequality. Based on the results of the research conducted, the article formulates proposals on substantiation of tools that take into account the features of territories and the ways of their self-development. Materials and Methods. The research on inequality of municipalities was conducted on the basis of data from the territorial body of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Republic of Mordovia, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Entrepreneurship of the Republic of Mordovia, as well as from reports and strategic documents of municipalities. The empirical material was processed using the methods of comparison and grouping. The level of inequality of municipal territories was identified, which made it possible to substantiate the main directions and tools for their development. Results. An assessment of the socio-economic state of the municipal districts of the Republic of Mordovia has been carried out and the level of their differentiation has been revealed with the calculation of variation indicators; the administrative and territorial units have been grouped according to the demographic situation, the differences between them and the possibilities of self-development of each of the selected groups have been analyzed. Discussion and Conclusion. The tools to overcome inequality have been identified, taking into account the features of the municipalities, which require adjustments to municipal strategies for socio-economic development until 2025 and formulation of a concept for the spatial development of the Republic of Mordovia. Recommendations for activating some of the existing tools and developing new ones have been put forward. The results obtained can be used by local governments when updating the priorities for the development of territories and the applied tools of the economic mechanism of strategic management.
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Cregård, Anna, and Iwona Sobis. "Dissemination of Environmental Information and its Effects on Stakeholders’ Decision-Making: A Comparative Study between Swedish and Polish Municipalities." NISPAcee Journal of Public Administration and Policy 10, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 9–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nispa-2017-0010.
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Abstract According to Action Agenda 21, which was adopted at the Rio Conference in 1992, sustainable development is a major objective for local and global development. Economic growth, good living conditions, and protection of the earth’s natural environment are important to all people in the world. This article focuses on one aspect of sustainable development, i.e. on environmental sustainability. Research shows that local government can take a leading position in protecting the natural environment and disseminating information on it among stakeholders. However, our knowledge about the dissemination of environmental information practices among stakeholders is limited. The purpose of this research is to fill a gap in current knowledge, to describe and compare the practical work with dissemination of such information among stakeholders in Swedish and Polish municipalities. The questions to be answered are: What environmental information is collected and produced by the local government ? At what stakeholders is such information targeted ? and What effects does it have on decision-making by stakeholders in the investigated municipalities ? The study is based on state regulations, the homepages of municipal offices, and policy documents, official reports, and semi-structured interviews with key managers responsible for the protection of the natural environment in the studied municipalities. Data were collected from late 2015 to early 2017. This research indicates that dissemination of environmental information has a positive effect on the decision-making of internal stakeholders. In both countries, the municipal authorities follow the EU recommendations, resulting in innovative work and growing environmental awareness among the municipal authorities, the residents, and other stakeholders. Improvement of the natural environment is perceived as “a must” for the future. Nonetheless, especially larger municipalities face challenges because the production and dissemination of environmental information is time-consuming. In the long run, however, surprisingly positive effects on the local protection of the natural environment appear.
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Koncevičs, Rolands, Ludmila Peņicina, Andrejs Gaidukovs, Māris Darģis, Rita Burbo, and Ainārs Auziņš. "Comparative Analysis of Business Process Modelling Tools for Compliance Management Support." Applied Computer Systems 21, no. 1 (May 24, 2017): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acss-2017-0003.
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Abstract The paper presents results of the comparative analysis of business process modelling tools for supporting automated compliance management in organisations. By compliance in the paper we mean compliance to legislation, regulations of municipalities, external regulatory requirements and also internal organisational policies. The goal of the research is (1) to identify main attributes of business process modelling tools relevant in compliance management, and (2) to use the identified attributes for analysis of the tools to better understand the scope of their capability to support compliance management. The attributes of the tools have been derived from the related research. The analysis of the tools has been performed by installing each tool and evaluating it against a set of the identified attributes. The obtained results are useful in choosing the tools for compliance management in general and for open source solutions to develop new compliance management tools in particular.
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Bolton, Phoebe. "Municipal Tender Awards and Internal Appeals by unsuccessful Bidders." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 13, no. 3 (June 19, 2017): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2010/v13i3a2671.
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In recent years, bidders aggrieved by municipal tender awards are increasingly resorting to Section 62 of the Local Government: Municipal Systems Act[1] for relief. The application of this provision to tender processes is however strictly confined, and in most instances bidders find that they have no option but to approach the courts for the judicial review of tender awards. In this article, the application of Section 62 to a municipality’s tender processes and decisions is critically analysed in the light of recent court judgments. Attention is also given to the relation between Section 62 and dispute resolution procedures in place under the Supply Chain Regulations,[2] enacted under the Local Government: Municipal Finance Management Act.[3] It is argued that at present, internal appeal and dispute resolution processes do not afford unsuccessful bidders adequate protection.[1] 32 of 2000.[2] GN 868 in GG 27636 of 30 May 2005.[3] 56 of 2003.
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Falecki, Janusz. "The Need to Train Local Government Administration in Ensuring Public Order and Security." Internal Security Special Issue (June 1, 2020): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1567.
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In accordance with the legal regulations in Poland, local government administration is obliged to share responsibility for ensuring public order and security. However, the law does not take into account an appropriate system of preparation of the local government administration which emerges from democratic elections, to implement the statutory obligations to ensure this security. Due to the above, the role of the Police Academy in Szczytno in the support of local authorities in the implementation of tasks in the field of ensuring security and public order remains extremely important. The scope of this support should concern, among other things, the organisation of course trainings, the development of methodologies, instructions and training courses for the e-learning method, and other materials in the field of subject security, and to support local authorities in organising conferences and seminars. The above proposals to support local government administration by the Police Academy in Szczytno would result in the use of uniform forms and principles of training, and would allow for the coordination of this training at the level of municipalities and counties. The above would allow for more effective integration of all elements of the internal security system in the area of security and public order, would improve the organisation of cooperation and coordination of activities, and thus would consistently improve the efficiency of operations.
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KLOBA, TARAS, and SOLOMIIA KLOBA. "SUBSTANTIATION OF EFFECTIVE INSTRUMENTS OF REGULATION OF FINANCIAL IMBALANCES OF ENDOGENOUS-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGIONS OF UKRAINE." Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 6, no. 3-4 (December 20, 2019): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.6.3-4.46-54.
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The article deals with instruments recommended for regulating financial imbalances of endogenous-oriented development of the regions of Ukraine as an integral part of the regional economy management mechanism, and also explored the ways of regulating regional socioeconomic processes in crisis conditions. The basic principles of selection of instruments for the regulation of financial imbalances of endogenous-oriented development of regions are determined. The classification of instruments of regulation of financial imbalances of endogenous-oriented development is considered. The basic tools used to support the development of regions and municipalities are analyzed: legal; related to the development of appropriate strategies and programs; based on the implementation of inter-municipal cooperation; financial. The three main directions of financial imbalance regulation tools for endogenous-oriented development of the regions are investigated, which are used to analyze the impact on the effectiveness of regional development at different stages of the economic cycle. The system of specially organized measures of regulation of financial imbalances of endogenously oriented development of regions is substantiated. In modern conditions, great attention is paid to the problems of regulation of financial imbalances of endogenously oriented development of regions of Ukraine, the implementation of which requires special instruments. A holistic presentation of the systemic mechanism of regulation of financial imbalances of endogenously oriented development of regions is offered. After all, ensuring endogenous-oriented development of regions in the current conditions of functioning of the economy of Ukraine requires the implementation of strategies of socioeconomic transformation, which will be aimed at changing the financial imbalances of development of regions and mechanisms for their implementation. Endogenously oriented regional development means increasing the level of overcoming adverse social, economic and environmental risks and trends, with the ability of regions to provide financial imbalances, self-regulation, self-improvement with maximum use of internal as well as external borrowing resources to meet the needs of the population of the regions. The endogenous-oriented development of the regions is conditioned by the identification of instruments for regulating the financial imbalances of the regions and the identification of conditions for their achievement, which are derivatives for ensuring the endogenously-oriented development of the regions as a whole.
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Reissman, Stephan G. "Privatization and Emergency Medical Services." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 12, no. 1 (March 1997): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00037171.
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AbstractIntroduction:Osborne and Gaebler's Reinventing Government has sparked discussion amongst elected officials, civil servants, the media, and the general public regarding advantages of privatizing government services. Its support stems from an effort to provide services to municipalities while reducing taxpayer expenditure. Many echo the sentiment of former New York Governor Mario Cuomo, who said, “It is not government's obligation to provide services, but to see that they're provided.” Even in the area of public safety, privatization has found a “market.”In many localities, privatizing Emergency Medical Services (EMS) is a popular and successful method for providing ambulance services. Privately owned ambulance services staff and respond to medical emergencies in a given community as part of the 9–1–1 emergency response system. Regulations for acceptable response times, equipment, and other essential components of EMS systems are specified by contract. This allows the municipality oversight of the service provided, but it does not provide the service directly. As will be discussed, this “contracting-out” model has many benefits.Privatizing EMS services is a decision based not only on cost-savings, but on accountability. A thorough evaluation must be utilized in the selection process. Issues of efficiency, effectiveness, quality, customer service, responsiveness, and equity must be considered by the government, in addition to cost of service.The uncertain future of health care in the United States has led those in EMS to look beyond the field's internal market to explore additional opportunities for expanding and redefining its roles beyond emergency care. It is important, however, to consider how emergency medical care, the original role of EMS, can be best delivered. Responding to emergencies is not just one of the functions involved in this field, it is the principal function from which public perception of EMS is formed, and from which support for entering other markets can be fostered.The purpose of this paper is to present several important concepts and considerations that public officials, medical directors, and the public must be aware of when contemplating the possibility of privatizing their Emergency Medical Services. A review of the general concepts of privatization and issues of accountability will be presented, referencing policy experts, followed by an examination of how advocates of privatization might see these issues as they relate to providing EMS. The conclusion will present prescriptions for both municipal and commercial ambulance providers.
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Smotrova, T. I. "EVALUATION OF MEASURES FOR IMPLEMENTING THE STRATEGY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE URBAN DISTRICT OF NOVOVORONEZH FOR THE PERIOD UP TO 2035." Region: systems, economy, management 2, no. 53 (2021): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1997-4469-2021-53-2-63-72.
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Subject. Analysis of the implemented measures aimed at the socio-economic and infrastructural development of the Novovoronezh City District. Topic. Research achievement of target values of strategic indicators of development of the city district of Novovoronezh in the framework of the implementation of the strategy of socio-economic development 2035. Purpose. Assessment of the achievement of the target values of the strategy 2035 indicators by the end of 2020 and the impact on them of internal and external conditions that determined the results of the deviation of the planned values. Methodology. Methods of logical and comparative analysis of the target values of indicators by year and statistical analysis of the achievement of the planned values of indicators. Results. The assessment of the activities carried out within the framework of the implementation of the strategy of socio-economic development by the end of 2020 allowed us to identify indicators whose planned values have not been achieved. It was revealed that 77 % of the indicators were achieved in full or exceed the planned level. The failure to achieve the target values of 12 indicators out of 52 is primarily due to the special management regime of the past year, caused by the consequences of the pandemic and the restrictions imposed in 2020 due to COVID-19. Application area. Scope of application. Planning and regulation of the activities of municipalities. Conclusions. The implementation of the socio-economic development strategy provided for several scenarios, depending on the current market conditions. The results of the implementation of measures under the strategy 2035 of the Novovoronezh City District can be considered successful and do not require adjustments at the current stage in further implementation. Keywords: strategy, strategic goals, target indicators, socio-economic development, management of the municipality.
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Vukolić, Zoran. "Regulations on internal control." Revizor 21, no. 83 (2018): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/rev1882097v.
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Usidame, Bukola, Edward A. Miller, and Joanna E. Cohen. "Retailer Compliance with State and Local Policies on Tobacco Advertising." Tobacco Regulatory Science 6, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.6.2.2.
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Objectives: In this study, we assessed factors associated with retailer compliance with state and local government policies targeted at tobacco retail advertising in Massachusetts. Methods: Primary data collection was from 419 retail stores across 42 selected municipalities. Multi-level Bayesian logistic regression models assessed the relationship between retailer compliance and the comprehensiveness of local tobacco control policies; we also examined the number of tobacco ads, retail store type, and municipality-level socioeconomic and demographic factors. Results: Retail stores were fully compliant with state laws. At 92%, compliance with local tobacco advertising regulations was also high; a few retail stores advertised and sold flavored tobacco products and discounted tobacco products below the listed price. Retail stores with more tobacco ads and lower municipality-level smoking prevalence were less likely to be compliant with local tobacco advertising regulations relative to retail stores in other municipalities. Conclusions: Findings reveal a high degree of compliance with state and local tobacco advertising regulations in Massachusetts. State law in Massachusetts does not preempt local ordinances adopting more stringent tobacco control policies. Other states may exhibit similar levels of compliance should they follow Massachusetts example in allowing municipalities to adopt and enforce regulations that improve retail store compliance, hence limiting tobacco retail advertising.
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Zelga-Szmidla, Anna, and Katarzyna Kapustka. "Eco-Innovation in Municipalities as an Element of Smaller Agglomerations Sustainable Development - Case Study." Quality Production Improvement - QPI 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cqpi-2019-0015.
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Abstract Management in accordance with the principle of sustainable development is one of the basic aspects of environmental protection, and is nevertheless important in macroeconomic management (eco-innovations in national regulations) as well as in micro-regulations (municipal regulations). The municipalities authorities are obliged to preventing the negative effects of environmental degradation, preventing pollution, providing information on the state of the environment, cover the environmental policy, in order to ensure the land advancement in accordance with the principles of sustainable development. The implemented projects should mainly improve the living conditions of the inhabitants. That is why eco-innovative activities introduced in individual, small territorial areas (municipalities) are becoming more and more important. The paper is based on a case study as a recognized method of analyzing and discussing authentic situations used in management sciences.
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Calafat-Marzal, Consuelo, Áurea Gallego-Salguero, Marina Segura, and Salvador Calvet-Sanz. "GIS-Based and Outranking Approach to Assess Suitable Pig Farming Areas in the Mediterranean Region: Valencian Community." Animals 11, no. 4 (April 17, 2021): 1151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11041151.
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The concentration of livestock production is problematic due to environmental concerns. European regulations are guiding the sector to become increasingly sustainable and, at the same time, maintaining the population in rural areas. The aim was to determine suitable areas in municipalities where livestock is presented as a market option. The methodology applied was based on the combination of multi-criteria methods and geographic information system (GIS) techniques, following three steps: removal of unsuitable zones by sectoral regulations (STEP 1); removal of unsuitable zones due to urban planning, and environmental recommendations (STEP 2); and evaluating the resulting areas depending on the importance of socio-economic, sectoral, and environmental characteristics. This study was based in a Spanish region with ongoing conflicts over land use on the coast but with a high number of rural municipalities at risk of depopulation in the interior. The results showed that 33% of the municipalities of the Valencian Community (VC) had suitable and outranking areas for the development of the swine sector. The 43 municipalities with the highest scores were because of the socio-economic factor and confirmed that suitable livestock development in municipalities with the highest risk of depopulation and low rural tourism activity was a key issue for development.
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Paju, Jaan. "Internal coordination of social security in Sweden." European Journal of Social Security 21, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1388262719847844.
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This article begins with an overview of the structure of local governance in Sweden. It then examines the division of competences between municipalities and county councils, and the population register that determines the applicable law. Following this, the article focuses on health care schemes and the possibility for the competent county council to determine substantive health care. The municipalities’ responsibility for long term social care is then considered. Finally, the municipalities’ room for manoeuvre in relation to the social assistance scheme is reviewed. The concluding section discusses Sweden’s decentralised approach to social security.
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Ackermann, Christo, and Ben Marx. "Internal audit risk management in metropolitan municipalities." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 6, no. 3 (2016): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rcgv6i3art7.
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Internal audit functions (IAFs) of organisations are regarded as crucial components of the combined assurance model, alongside the audit committee, management and external auditors. The combined assurance model aims at having integrated and aligned assurance in organisations with the overall aim of maximising risk and governance oversight and control efficiencies. In this regard, internal audit plays a crucial role, insofar as it consists of experts in risk, governance and control consultancy who provide assurance to senior management and the audit committee. Audit committees are dependent on internal audit for information and their effectiveness revolves around a strong and well-resourced internal audit function which is able to aid audit committees to meet their oversight responsibilities. There is thus a growing demand for managing risk through the process of risk management and internal audit is in a perfect position to assist with the improvement of such processes. If internal auditors wish to continue being an important aspect of the combined assurance model, they need to address the critical area, amongst others, of risk management as part of their work. If not, it follows that the board, audit committees and other levels of management will remain uninformed on the status of these matters which, in turn, will negatively impact the ability of these stakeholders to discharge their responsibilities. This study therefore focuses on analysing the functioning of IAFs, with specific reference to their risk management mandate. The study followed a mixed method approach to describe internal audits risk management functioning in the big eight metropolitan municipalities in South Africa. The results show that internal audit provide a broad scope of risk management work which assist senior management in the discharge of their responsibilities. However, in the public eye, internal audits risk management functioning is scant.
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Molchanova, Natalya. "Socio-Economic Development of Russia and Problems of Spatial Structuring." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ekonomika, no. 1 (April 2021): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/ek.jvolsu.2021.1.5.
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The transition to a new social order is accompanied by changes in the methodology and functioning of socio-economic systems. The modern period of the development of scientific research is characterized by a variety of recommendations and opinions of scientists on the strategy and tactics of managing economic development. It is difficult to reach a consensus in choosing the most effective means of economic policy, taking into account the peculiarities of the current internal and external situation. For the functioning of the national economy of Russia, it is important to reach a consensus in the applied methods and instruments of state regulation of economy in the territorial context: macroregions, regions, municipalities. The necessary conditions for the successful implementation of state plans and programs are the coordination of the activities of economic entities, production cooperation, and the stability of economic ties. The development and implementation of effective measures are relevant to current scientific problems and are in the center of public attention. The aim of the research is to study the features of spatial structuring in accordance with regional policy and national strategic documents, to conduct a content analysis of the socio-economic situation of Russian territories of different ranks. The expected result is the preparation of recommendations for the development of certain aspects of regional economic research. On the basis of factual material on federal districts, the work examines the possibilities of the practical application of methods and tools of regional economic science to achieve high results in business practice. Using general scientific and applied methods, a conceptual vision of the necessary changes in the priorities of spatial development and the system of strategic planning documents is presented. Based on the objective process of digitalization, current trends have been identified and possible innovations in approaches to structuring space at the subnational level have been formulated, and possible directions of transformation in the management of regional socio-economic systems have been substantiated.
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Chirau, Takunda J., and Caitlin Blaser-Mapitsa. "How performance management regulations shape evaluation practice in South African municipalities." Evaluation and Program Planning 82 (October 2020): 101831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2020.101831.
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Seyedhosseini, Seyed Moslem. "An Analytical Study on Adoption of Resistive Economy as a Political Strategy in Urban Management and Municipalities (Case Study: Zahedan Municipality)." Modern Applied Science 10, no. 4 (February 2, 2016): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v10n4p88.
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Nowadays, municipalities provide services to more than 70 percent of countries around the world, particularly the developing countries. Nevertheless, the important role of such nongovernmental institutions has not been adequately recognized in realization of resistive economic policies. As a large Iranian city, Zahedan has the capability to become an economic hub in the eastern region of the country due to its unique geographical location. Thus, the municipality of Zahedan can play an invaluable role in achieving such a goal. This paper attempts to discuss the most important challenges facing municipalities, including the municipality of Zahedan in line with fulfillment of the resistive economic policy. These challenges are categorized into four areas including: Laws and regulations, administrational issues, human resources and citizen participation. The methodology is descriptive-analytical. Moreover, the data were analyzed in terms of statistical measures through SPSS. The results indicates that the greatest challenge concerning the faded role of municipalities in the urban economy originates respectively from laws and regulations, administrational issues, human resources and citizen participation.
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Yoo, Jung-Hoon, and Keunhee Han. "A Study on Regulations Status and Improving of Municipalities by Privacy Type." Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security and Cryptology 25, no. 2 (April 30, 2015): 331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.13089/jkiisc.2015.25.2.331.
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Fryxell, Gerald E., Carlos W. H. Lo, and Tao-Chiu Lam. "Allocation of Responsibility: Managerial Perspectives on Pollution in Three Chinese Municipalities." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 21, no. 3 (June 2003): 445–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c0013w.
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It is widely acknowledged that China's economic miracle has been achieved at the expense of its natural environment. Although considerable emphasis is now being given to the environment in the central government's current policy initiatives, reversing the degradation of natural capital will require the full range of policy mechanisms. Although businesses must be made to comply with regulations, collaboration from management will be required to implement various nonregulatory policy mechanisms. Consequently, it is important to understand managers' assessment of the current situation, particularly in light of China's ‘command-and-control’ tradition and whom they hold responsible. From a sample of 653 managers in three large urban centers, it was found that Chinese managers hold multiple institutions responsible. The central and local governments are held primarily responsible—both for not having passed stricter regulations and for not having enforced those already on the books. Economic organizations are held secondarily responsible. Significant differences among sectors and regions, however, were also observed.
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Souza, Fernando Mendes, and Adilar Antonio Cigolini. "Criação de municípios e conflitos institucionais no Brasil." Terr Plural 13, no. 3 (2019): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5212/terraplural.v.13i3.0005.
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The Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988 attributes to the Federated states to define the criteria for the creation of new municipalities. Therefore, the states’ rules facilitate the creation of these political units, which contributed to the DOI: 10.5212/TerraPlural.v.13i3.0005 43Terr@Plural, Ponta Grossa, v.13, n.3, p. 42-54, set./dez. 2019.CriaçãodemuniCípioseConflitosinstituCionaisnobrasildismembering intensification throughout the country. Because of this, it was approved the Constitutional Amendment 15/1996 which prevented municipalities from being created until new Federal regulations, and those created without the legal regulation were judicially contested. This work intends to uncover how municipalities could be created and installed since then, without legal support, and for what reasons the Brazilian judiciary maintained its existence. Controversial The establishment of these municipalities reveals political disputes, power relations, and conceptions of State that lead to reflection on the meaning of the territorial division in Brazil.
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Savina, L. L., and A. A. Nefedova. "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TAX REGULATION OF RUSSIAN MUNICIPALITIES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE NIZHNY NOVGOROD REGION)." National Association of Scientists 2, no. 29(56) (July 14, 2020): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/nas.2413-5291.2020.2.56.241.
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Taxes play a huge role in the life of municipalities, as they ensure the profitability of budgets and the possibility of financing social expenditures. Despite the relative independence of the country's local budgets, the composition of tax revenues is regulated at the Federal level by the country's Budget and Tax codes and a number of Federal laws and Regulations. In General, tax revenues of municipalities of the Russian Federation include mandatory payments of legal entities and individuals to the budget,which include: part of the tax on personal income; tax levied by the USNO; part of excise taxes on gasoline, diesel fuel, motor oils; property and land taxes. While most municipalities granted the rights to administer tax payments within education, is clearly insufficient, as evidenced by endemic deficit of local budgets of the Russian Federation, indicating the ineffectiveness of taxregulation of municipalities. The purpose of this article is to identify problems of regulation of municipalities in Russia(for example, the Nizhny Novgorod region) and develop ways to address them.
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McGrath, Gerald, and Angus Hamilton. "Integration of surveys in ontario: the response of a task force to the impact of land information systems." CISM journal 45, no. 3 (October 1991): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/geomat-1991-0025.
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For the integration of surveys in Ontario, the Task Force recommends a partnership approach to the establishment and maintenance of a Fully Integrated Land Information System [FILIS] — an up-to-date database system that includes infrastructure and planimetrie features as well as property boundaries. This is not a theoretical concept; it is a recognition of what is happening in Ontario today. Those municipalities that have acquired GIS hardware and software and are implementing a comprehensive land-related information system are finding that a graphic database that is consistent, complete and current is essential. As there is no provincial legislation or regulations for integrated surveys, municipalities are improvis¬ing in diverse and ingenious ways. Although there is a consensus that the initiative should remain at the municipal level, there is also a consensus that there should be provincial regulations and standards for the municipalities to follow. Thus the Task Force’s most significant recommendation is that “The Ministry of Natural Resources should, as a matter of urgency, establish a broadly based Working Parly to consider and recommend legislative changes which will enable an Integrated Municipality to be declared at the request of a municipality, and to define standards which will govern integration.”
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Hauser, Roman, and Marta Szustkiewicz. "Przepisy ograniczające konkurencję w aktach prawa miejscowego." Przegląd Prawa i Administracji 114 (August 10, 2018): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1134.114.19.
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RULES RESTRICTING COMPETITION RESULTING FROM LOCAL LAWPursuant to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, territorial self-government bodies are authorized to issue local acts, i.a. concerning its own issues related to meeting the current needs of the inhabitants of the municipality, e.g. maintaining cleanliness, supplying water, organizing local transport. Due to the particular monopolistic or dominant position of the local self-government units, there are often violations of free market rules in these cases. The study presents typical cases of market abuse and distortions of free competition, originating in a defective local law — either because of a lack of compliance with the Protection of Competition and Consumers Act, or with another provision of generally applicable law such as the Act of Law on the maintenance of cleanliness and order in the municipalities. The consequences of such regulations are borne by consumers inhabitants of municipalities who have no choice — they suff er from severe including financial consequences of such defective regulations.
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Ackermann, Christo, Ben Marx, and Houdini Fourie. "Internal audit disclosures in annual reports of metropolitan municipalities in South Africa." Journal of Governance and Regulation 5, no. 1 (2016): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v5_i1_p6.
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The role of internal audit in governance contributes significantly to accountability. However, its work is limited to internal use, and as such, it does not provide external stakeholders with information about the accountability contributions made by the internal audit function (IAF). The assurance provided by internal audit is equally important as the assurance provided by external auditors. Arguments exist that the inclusion of internal audit disclosure in public annual reports could contribute significantly to transparency and accountability in respect of municipalities. Literature suggest that the advantages of internal audit disclosure outweigh its disadvantages. This paper reports on the extent of internal audit disclosure in the eight metropolitan municipalities in South Africa for the 2012/2013 financial year. To achieve the objective set out in this paper, a mixed method approach was followed. A qualitative content analysis (deductive and inductive) was performed. Qualitative text was displayed showing evidence of the disclosure item (visual presentation of quotes). To complement the qualitative text, Atlas.Ti was further utilised to quantify the codes which showed the differences in the disclosure practices of IAFs across metropolitan municipalities in South Africa. The results of this study show evidence of internal audit disclosure in annual reports despite the fact that no legislative requirements exist for internal audit to report in annual reports of municipalities. The extent and the nature of disclosure varied across metropolitan municipalities in South Africa. The results of this paper could be used to assist with establishing policy guidelines for internal audit disclosure.
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Tičar, Bojan. "Local Safety: An Analysis of Minor Offences in the Largest Slovenian Cities – A Case Study on Ljubljana and Maribor." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 27, no. 1 (March 7, 2019): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718174-02701004.
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In accordance with the regulations in force in Slovenia, a minor offence is an act that entails a violation of a law, a Government decree, or an ordinance of a self-governing local community that is determined to constitute a minor offence and for which a sanction is prescribed. In the Slovenian legal order, minor offence law consists of a general part (i.e. general provisions) and a specific part (i.e. provisions on individual minor offences). While the provisions on individual minor offences are scattered over numerous laws and executive regulations containing descriptions of individual minor offences, the general provisions are provided in one law, i.e. the Minor Offences Act. The Minor Offences Act is a systemic act that determines the general conditions for determining individual minor offences and prescribes sanctions for such, the general conditions as to accountability for committing a minor offence, the general conditions for imposing and enforcing sanctions for minor offences, minor offence proceedings, and the bodies and courts that decide in such proceedings. The contribution focuses on the issue of how sanctions for minor offences are imposed in large Slovenian towns (i.e. urban municipalities). In order to ascertain actual revenue from fines imposed for minor offences at the local level, the annual reports on the operations of the municipal warden service and the inspection service of the two largest municipalities in Slovenia, i.e. the Urban Municipality of Ljubljana and the Urban Municipality of Maribor, were analysed. Data that could answer the question of whether municipalities impose sanctions for minor offences for safety and security reasons, which is the ratio legis of minor offence regulations, or primarily for fiscal reasons in order to strengthen municipal budgets, are also analysed. If the examples reviewed demonstrate that the latter reason is in the foreground, the legitimacy and legality of the extent to which sanctions are imposed are questionable. The primary focus of the analysis is sanctions imposed at the municipal level for minor offences violating public order and traffic regulations.
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Hartung, Ulrich, and Simon Schaub. "The Regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms on a Local Level: Exploring the Determinants of Cultivation Bans." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (September 23, 2018): 3392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103392.
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This study investigates municipalities’ regulatory activities in the field of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) for agricultural use. To explore the determinants of these activities, the case of Germany was selected as in this country, municipalities have legal possibilities to impose local GMO cultivation bans. Using data from 131 local council resolutions, the combination of qualitative and quantitative content analysis shows that, in most cases, no single factors, but a variety of factors lead to regulatory activity. The study reveals that functional motivations to prevent negative socio-economic effects or impacts on the environment or human health are decisive for municipalities’ decisions to regulate. Furthermore, the results of the quantitative analysis unveil that municipalities often refer to both socio-economic reasons and risks for the environment and human health when justifying their decisions. Moreover, the results indicate that local policymakers impose popular cultivation bans to promote their own political success. Finally, the horizontal diffusion of regulations between municipalities, but also vertical diffusion from higher political levels can be observed. Overall, the results of this study on GMOs on a local level further emphasize the importance of analyzing the interdependencies between agroecosystems and socio-economic systems in their full complexity.
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Neves, Estela Maria Souza Costa. "INSTITUTIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE IN BRAZIL: THE LOCAL GOVERNMENTS' PERSPECTIVE." Revista de Economia Contemporânea 20, no. 3 (September 2016): 492–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/198055272035.
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ABSTRACT This paper explores some of the institutional factors that guide the environmental action of municipalities in Brazil. The starting premise is that there are particular institutional factors that empower the Brazilian state and society, guide processes and provide a unique profile to local environmental policy. Regulations for environmental protection are analysed from a historical perspective, taking into account the federal organization of the Brazilian state and its particular distribution of powers. Five factors emerge as the driving forces behind the actions taken by municipalities in relation to the environment: the federal status of municipalities, the inclusion of the environmental protection provision in the Federal Constitution, the lack of consistent funding for environmental policy, the coexistence of several regimes within environmental rules, and the discretionary power, held by environmental bureaucracy, related to the indeterminacy of environmental regulation.
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Giżyńska, Monika. "Pomoc państwa w zakresie dożywiania – rządowy program „Posiłek w szkole i w domu” na lata 2019–2023." Studia Prawnoustrojowe, no. 46 (December 31, 2019): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/sp.5320.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the regulations regarding the “Meal at school and at home” program, which constitutes financial support for municipalities in providing assistance in the form of a meal, a cash benefit in the form of a specific benefit for the purchase of a meal or food, and a benefit in kind in the form of food products for the needy residents of a given commune. The program is a governmental undertaking aimed at supporting municipalities in the implementation of their own mandatory tasks in the field of feeding, aimed at reducing malnutrition of children and adults, primarily lonely and elderly.
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Dhungana, Raja Ram, Achyut Raj Pandey, Bihungum Bista, Suira Joshi, and Surya Devkota. "Prevalence and Associated Factors of Hypertension: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Municipalities of Kathmandu, Nepal." International Journal of Hypertension 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1656938.
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Objective. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of hypertension in newly declared municipalities of Kathmandu, Nepal.Design, Settings, and Participants. This was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in the municipalities of Kathmandu District, Nepal, between January and July 2015. Study participants were aged 18 to 70 years, residing permanently in the study sites. Municipalities, Wards, households, and respondents were selected randomly.Results. Of the 587 participants, 58.8% were females, mean (SD) age was 42.3 (13.5) years, 29.3% had no formal education, 35.1% were Brahmins, and 41.2% were homemakers. Prevalence of hypertension was 32.5% (95% CI: 28.7–36.3). Age, gender, education, ethnicity, occupation, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, diabetes, menopausal history, and family history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and hypertension were significantly associated with hypertension. In multivariable analysis, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, body mass index, and diabetes were identified as significant explanatory variables for hypertension.Conclusion. This study demonstrated that the people living in newly established municipalities of Kathmandu, Nepal, have a high burden of hypertension as well as its associated factors. Therefore, community-based preventive approaches like lifestyle modification and early detection and treatment of hypertension might bring a substantial change in tackling the burden effectively.
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Winiarska, Kazimiera. "Legal regulations of internal audit in Poland." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego Finanse Rynki Finansowe Ubezpieczenia 94 (2018): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/frfu.2018.94/1-32.
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Petrov A., A. Ya. "Internal Labour Regulations: Federal and Local Level." Voprosy trudovogo prava (Labor law issues), no. 8 (September 21, 2020): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pol-2-2008-04.
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Ciepiela, Agnieszka, and Marceli Łasocha. "URBAN SPRAWL AND SPATIAL PLANNING DOCUMENTS: THE CASE OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF BIECZ, POLAND." space&FORM 2020, no. 44 (December 3, 2020): 231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2020.44.c-03.
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Cities all over the world are expanding their suburbs, which typically feature districts comprised of single-family development - urban sprawl. In recent years, urban sprawl has also become highly visible in Poland, not only in the vicinity of large cities like Krakow, Rzeszow or Warsaw, but has also affected several smaller municipalities, e.g. in the south of the country. Based on the case study of the municipality of Biecz, located at the foot of the Carpathian Mountains, it was concluded that spatial disharmony is strongly linked with municipal policy. The lack of precise legal regulations causes areas that are assigned for development in planning documents to exceed the actual development potential of the municipalities themselves.
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Worku, Zeleke. "Predictors of efficiency in municipal waste management in Tshwane municipalities, South Africa." Environmental Economics 7, no. 3 (October 21, 2016): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.07(3).2016.05.
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A survey was conducted in local municipalities in the Tshwane region of Gauteng Province in South Africa in order to assess and evaluate the efficiency with which municipal waste is collected, disposed of, processed and recycled by local municipalities in Tshwane based on data gathered from 1,035 businesses. Efficiency in waste management was assessed by using a structural time-based model designed for evaluating efficiency as a function of the length of time required to manage and process municipal waste. Adherence to municipal bylaws and procedures recommended for solid waste management by businesses by the City of Tshwane was graded based on ISO 14000 and ISO 14031 standards and guidelines. The study found that efficiency in waste management was adversely influenced by lack of adherence to municipal bylaws and regulations, wrong perception on the benefits of proper waste management, and failure to provide customers with waste disposal bins, in a decreasing order of importance. Keywords: Tshwane municipalities, waste management, efficiency, logit analysis. JEL Classification: Q53, C25
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Cardenas, Mauricio, Marcela Eslava, and Santiago Ramirez. "Why internal conflict deteriorates state capacity? Evidence from Colombian municipalities." Defence and Peace Economics 27, no. 3 (September 15, 2014): 353–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2014.955668.
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Carro Olvera, Adriana. "La educación en las agendas municipales del estado de Tlaxcala, México." education policy analysis archives 25 (November 13, 2017): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.25.2950.
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In Mexico the educational policies correspond to a decentralized model, but are designed in the federal government and implemented in coordination with the state governments; however, municipal governments are only taken into account in complementary and tangential activities. For this reason the objective of this research was to analyze the issue of public education in the agendas of municipal governments within the state of Tlaxcala, according to the responsibilities derived from the process of national decentralization. This study provides a documentary analysis of the Municipal Development Plans, which assert that municipalities may integrate educational issues in their working agendas in multiple ways. The results identified objectives, strategies and actions in the municipalities that are imprecise and have little relation to state and municipal regulations.
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Solinger, Dorothy J. "“Temporary Residence Certificate” Regulations in Wuhan, May 1983." China Quarterly 101 (March 1985): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000015836.
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In mid May 1983 the Wuhan Public Security Bureau posted a notice along the walls of Hankow on “temporary residence certificates” for non-native personnel coming into the city to work. Since a check of the State Council Bulletin and the People's Daily for the months surrounding this time (from 1 January through 31 July 1983) turned up no similar central-level document, one must conclude that the source for this circular was local. Also, in the period since (through the time of final preparation of the present manuscript, late March 1984), those sources have still not published any authoritative rulings on this matter, insofar as I have been able to verify. Moreover, recent press accounts pertaining to city household registration describe decisions about this work as if they were taken by the municipalities themselves. Thus, the regulations translated and analysed below may only represent the situation and its handling in one particular region. Nonetheless, their intrinsic interest, their broader implications and their import reach far beyond this one case.
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Dreiblathens, Aldis. "LEGAL SPECIFICITIES AND PROBLEMS IN LATVIAN PORTS` REGULATIONS." Administrative and Criminal Justice 1, no. 70 (March 31, 2015): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/acj.v1i70.4321.
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The importance and the great potential for improvements for Latvian ports are directly linked to its geographic position, being located between Europe and Asia. This is why due to the essential role it plays in maritime, Latvian ports cannot be excluded from the international law of the Sea. A prerequisite for maritime safety insurance in ports is the development of maritime security and port legal acts in accordance with the modern international law and regulations. Operations of the major ports in Latvia as well as the maritime safety in ports are controlled and regulated by binding rules issued by municipalities. This study focuses on examining the norms included in the port regulations as well as to what extent ports are capable of ensuring navigation safety in ports according to the legal framework. The study also compares and analyses the differences in legal frameworks in the major Latvian ports, their solution in improving the regulations as well as suggesting a possible way on how the port rulemaking body should be structured.
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Paul, Aleksei, and Natalia Soloveva. "Budget and Tax Legislation of the Russian Federation: Consequences of Contradictions for Sub-Federal Budgets." Financial Law Review 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flr-2016-0001.
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Abstract The paper discusses contradictions between budget and tax legislation of the Russian Federation that lead to the problems of revenue administration for sub-federal public entities (subjects of the Russian Federation and municipalities). Authors analyze different aspects of interaction between budget and tax legislation and make suggestions for improving status of sub-federal authorities in the area of budget and tax legal regulations.
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Stępień, Monika, Barbara Białecka, and Barbara Stalmachova. "IT Systems Supporting Waste Management in Municipalities – Research Results." Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering 1, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 777–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mape-2018-0098.
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Abstract When a new EU directive on municipal waste management was implemented in Poland over 5 years ago, there were practically no IT systems on the market allowing for comprehensive support of this process. Significant changes revealed a number of problems that the municipalities had to face and are facing today, trying to create an integrated system of waste management. IT systems used by municipal units before the amendment of the act have been proved insufficient to be able to efficiently manage the collection of waste from residents. The new regulations significantly influenced, among others, the process of information flow between entities in the waste management system. New participants in the municipal waste management process have been introduced, which from that moment has had to be dealt with by municipal units - the entire organization of the waste collection process and information activities in this area fell on the municipalities. This article presents the results of research on IT systems used in municipalities and its needs in this area. These surveys were carried out using a questionnaire sent to municipalities in the Silesian Voivodeship. Its aim was to identify the features and functions that should be met by the IT system, allowing for comprehensive management of the new municipal waste management system.
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Vanaga, Inga, Anda Grīnfelde, and Līga Paula. "ASPECTS OF INEQUALITY IN THE CONTEXT OF EMPLOYMENT OF PRE-SCHOOL TEACHERS IN LATVIA." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 3 (May 20, 2020): 754. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2020vol3.5132.
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Policy-making in education involves social agents at national, municipal and institutional levels. National regulations and financial capacity of municipalities determine working conditions of teachers and employment aspects at all levels of the education system. For several years, discussions have been taking place in Latvia involving employers of education sector and policy makers on tackling inequalities in pay and workload principles for pre-school teachers. Situation of the pre-school teachers varies across municipalities and is affected by their financial opportunities to sustain educational institutions and ensure teachers’ salaries. In 2019, Latvian Trade Union of Education and Science Employees conducted a survey of all 119 municipalities in order to identify inequalities in the context of the pre-school teachers’ employment. Actor network theory was used to examine links and interactions between actors in education policy, thus addressing inequalities in pre-school education. According to the survey, workload of the pre-school teachers is being reduced in order to meet the requirements of the regulatory framework regarding the minimum monthly wage of the teachers. Higher wages the teachers receive in Pieriga region, which is comparatively wealthier than other regions of Latvia. In order to ensure equal pay for all pre-school teachers in all municipalities, it is necessary to ensure financing from the state budget.
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Gorokhov, Andrey, Alexey Ignatyev, Vitaly Smirnov, and Grigory Yazev. "Improving the management of sustainable development of municipalities in the Kaliningrad region." MATEC Web of Conferences 193 (2018): 01039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819301039.
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The paper describes the study of the process of managing the development of municipalities in the Kaliningrad region that were conducted by the Ministry for Municipal Development and Internal Policy of the Kaliningrad region, the Association “Council of Municipalities of the Kaliningrad region”, and the Regional Economic Development Agency of the Kaliningrad region, as well as proposals based on them to improve the process of local sustainable development of the municipalities of the region.
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Nesse, Per J., Ida C. Lindtvedt, and Ragnhild S. Frøhaug. "The Municipality's Role in a Smart Internet of Things Ecosystem." International Journal of Public Administration in the Digital Age 8, no. 1 (January 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijpada.20210101.oa5.
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This article explores how municipalities plan and utilize Internet of Things (IoT) for smart city development, as well as how they collaborate with actors in the IoT-ecosystem. To do so, in-depth interviews and secondary information are collected from municipalities in Norway. Overall, the empirical findings confirm that IoT has the potential to make municipalities smarter by improving public services, efficiency of internal management and service delivery. The findings form this study is novel and can help executives to gain practical insight into the theory-heavy subject of smart city development in small and medium sized municipalities
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Daley, Dennis M. "Personnel Management in North Carolina Municipalities: An Examination of Use, Size, and Structure." Public Personnel Management 22, no. 3 (September 1993): 363–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102609302200302.
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This study focuses on the extent to which modern personnel practices are used in North Carolina municipal governments. As such, it not only maps out the existence of these practices, but also the conditions and circumstances in which they occur. Recruitment and selection, compensation and benefits, employee rights and regulations, and performance appraisal practices are examined. In addition, the effect of city and organizational size and that of governmental structure (the presence of a professional manager) on these personnel practices is studied.
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Vavrek, Roman, Ivana Kravčáková Vozárová, Martina Cehlárová, and Ivana Ondrijová. "The municipality as a source of information?" Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/jedep.v3i3.79.
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The municipality as an entity of the local government and disposes defined rights and obligations, which are governed by the special regulations. In accordance with Act no. 211/2000 Coll. on free access to information, the municipality is mandatory publish and make available information that this Act also more specify. This paper focuses on availability of information from websites or other available sources. The basic set was represented by 91 municipalities of Prešov district, in which were surveyed a total of 75 data (6 identification and 69 financial). Within the implemented questioning, we can conclude especially the availability of identification data, for which there are multiple sources (eg. number of inhabitants). Overall, however, the municipalities did not provide the requested information, when up to 27 municipalities did not provide more than 5 data (including 3 identification). One of the outcomes is also a proving of small correlation between the volume of data obtained from the municipality and the number of its inhabitants, respectively the distance from the district town.
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Al Janabi, Mazin A. M. "Internal regulations and procedures for financial trading units." Journal of Banking Regulation 9, no. 2 (February 2008): 116–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jbr.2008.3.
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Forrer, Donald A., Maria Gabriela Orlando McSheehy, Jacob Boudreau, Elizabeth Boudreau, Adalberto Garcia, Maurie Kovach, Jennifer Joseph, and Rachel Ordonio-Domingos. "Municipal Utilities: An Overview Of Rate Models, Sustainability And The Effects On Affordability." Journal of Sustainability Management (JSM) 5, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jsm.v5i1.10154.
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Municipalities are faced with escalating costs, harder to find resources, and increasing regulatory restrictions in an effort to maintain public utilities. To complicate this situation, communities must address a growing number of individuals who are unable to pay their utility bill. This study is a review of several water utilities in Florida to determine how typical municipal utilities approaches affordability. Factors affecting utilities such as sustainability, rate models, and regulations are examined to the present methodology for an average municipality in addressing the increasing important issue of affordability. This research is a continuation of a longitudinal study to determine how municipalities address increasing costs to maintain their utility while considering those in the community who are less fortunate and cannot continue to absorb the higher costs of water and wastewater.