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Journal articles on the topic 'Internal words'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Wennerstrom, Ann. "Focus on the prefix: evidence for word-internal prosodic words." Phonology 10, no. 2 (August 1993): 309–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700000075.

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This paper presents an analysis of the relationship between focus and the prosodic word (ω) in English. Using focus as a diagnostic, I will support the position that prosodic structure is built on a separate plane from morphological structure and that certain phonological processes are conditioned by prosodic bracketing (Booij & Rubach 1984, 1987; Nespor & Vogel 1986; Halle & Vergnaud 1987; Cohn 1989; Zec & Inkelas 1990; Kang 1992; Booij & Lieber 1993; Raffelsiefen 1993). More specifically, the proposal is that semantic analysability, focus and ω status coincide in a predictable manner on prefixes.

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2

Huang, Grace. "Words." Journal of General Internal Medicine 14, no. 10 (October 1999): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11606-999-0068-z.

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De Clercq, Karen. "The internal syntax of Q-words." Linguistics in the Netherlands 34 (November 23, 2017): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.34.03dec.

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Abstract This paper aims at describing Q(uantity)-words, i.e. many/much and few/little, from a typological perspective, and presenting typological generalisations based on it. The typological sample provides support for a mass-count and positive-negative dimension in the domain of Q-words. Both dimensions also intersect. Along the negative dimension, it seems that languages fall into two groups: those having an opaque strategy for few/little and those having only an analytic strategy (not-much/many). Four patterns can be discerned on the basis of the sample, which are each exemplified by means of one language, i.e. English, Dutch, Wolof and Western Armenian. In addition, I make an attempt at developing a nanosyntactic analysis of the data, which aims to show how language variation in the domain of Q-words can be accounted for in terms of varying the size of lexically stored trees (Starke 2014). Finally, I show how one missing type of pattern is underivable on the basis of the analysis proposed.

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4

Koo, Kevin. "Six Words." Journal of General Internal Medicine 25, no. 11 (July 7, 2010): 1253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1432-8.

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5

Brennan, Frank. "Words." Annals of Internal Medicine 146, no. 6 (March 20, 2007): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-146-6-200703200-00016.

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6

Zaysanbayeva, G., and G. Akimzhanova. "WORD FORMATION MOTIVATION OF DERIVED WORDS." BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences 73, no. 3 (July 15, 2020): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-3.1728-7804.12.

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The purpose of the research is to reveal the meaning of the terms of word-formation motivation as an important scientific component in the linguistic analysis of the study of the process of creating derivative words. The article identifies extralinguistic factors that contribute to determining the motivation of nominative units as the basis of the lexical meaning of words. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the development of a methodology for analyzing the word-formation processes of nominative units in the Kazakh language. As a result, the conditions for the formation of the internal form of words are described, which show the connection between word formation and the creation of a language picture of the world, as a factor determining the linvocultural features of the Kazakh people. The motivation of words determines the anthropocentricity of the formation of lexical units and is considered as the rationality of the relationship between the sound shell and the meaning of words. By studying the motivation of words, we can understand what meaning is the basis for this name, how much it has changed, that is, the motivation of the semantics of the word is analyzed synchronously.

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7

Rousseau, Paul. "Demand of Words." JAMA Internal Medicine 173, no. 9 (May 13, 2013): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.333.

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8

Epstein, Andrew S. "Not Just Words." JAMA Internal Medicine 173, no. 9 (May 13, 2013): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.365.

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9

Davidson, John H. "Waiting for Words." JAMA Internal Medicine 174, no. 8 (August 1, 2014): 1225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.1098.

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Rousseau, Paul. "Seven Words." Annals of Internal Medicine 152, no. 4 (February 16, 2010): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-152-4-201002160-00012.

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Li, Luming. "Lost Words." Annals of Internal Medicine 156, no. 10 (May 15, 2012): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-156-10-201205150-00008.

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12

Wald, Hedy S. "Words for the Wordless." Journal of General Internal Medicine 26, no. 7 (March 26, 2011): 817–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11606-011-1686-9.

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Tsega, Surafel, and Claiborne Childs. "Finding the Right Words." Journal of General Internal Medicine 36, no. 6 (January 21, 2021): 1755–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-06443-4.

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14

Christmas, Colleen. "Famous Last Words." Annals of Internal Medicine 154, no. 4 (February 15, 2011): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-154-4-201102150-00012.

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15

Frenkel, Douglas N., and Carol B. Liebman. "Words That Heal." Annals of Internal Medicine 140, no. 6 (March 16, 2004): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-140-6-200403160-00016.

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16

Brown, Esther L., and William D. Raymond. "How discourse context shapes the lexicon." Diachronica 29, no. 2 (June 8, 2012): 139–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.29.2.02bro.

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Using a corpus of Medieval Spanish text, we examine factors affecting the Modern Standard Spanish outcome of the initial /f/ in Latin FV‑ words. Regression analyses reveal that the frequency of a word’s use in extralexical phonetic reducing environments and lexical stress patterns significantly predict the modern distribution of f‑ ([f]) and h‑ (Ø) in the Spanish lexicon of FV‑ words. Quantification of extralexical phonetic context of use has not previously been incorporated in studies of diachronic phonology. We find no effect of word frequency, lexical phonology, word class, or word transmission history. The results suggest that rather than frequency of use, it is more specifically a word’s likelihood of use in contexts favoring reduction that promotes phonological change. The failure to find a significant effect of transmission history highlights the relative importance of language internal sources of change. Results are consistent with usage-based approaches; contextual variation creates differential articulatory pressures among words, yielding variable pronunciations that, when registered in memory, promote diachronic change.

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17

Garg, Satish. "Concluding words." Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 10, s2 (July 2008): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008.00848.x.

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18

Hirose, Takehiko. "Recognition of Japanese Kana Words in Priming Tasks." Perceptual and Motor Skills 75, no. 3 (December 1992): 907–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.75.3.907.

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The processes of lexical access in two types of Kana (Japanese syllabic scripts), Hiragana and Katakana, were studied by means of lexical decision and naming experiments. Each target word was preceded by a word that was either related or unrelated semantically. The semantic priming of target words facilitated performance in both lexical decision and naming for Katakana words that were conventionally written in Katakana (e.g., foreign loanwords are normally written in Katakana). In contrast, semantic priming facilitated only lexical decision for these words written in Hiragana. These results suggest that (1) for foreign loanwords written in Katakana, lexical decision and naming are influenced by the internal lexicon and (2) for foreign loanwords written in Hiragana, naming is not strongly influenced by the internal lexicon. This supports the notion that lexical access of some Kana (phonologically shallow orthography) words can be achieved without phonological recoding.

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Ackerman, Farrell, Robert Malouf, and James P. Blevins. "Patterns and discriminability in language analysis." Word Structure 9, no. 2 (October 2016): 132–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2016.0091.

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Recent developments in the Word and Pattern approach to complex morphology have argued that words and the patterned relations between words are primary objects of morphological analysis. The primacy of words has two part/whole dimensions: the nature of their internal structure and the nature of their external relations to one another. Words consist of constitutive parts and words themselves are parts of larger patterns of systemic relatedness. We argue that internal structure is essentially discriminative, rather than morphemic, i.e., what is crucial for morphological organization is the ability to discriminate (patterns of) words from one another and all types of internal distinctions suffice to facilitate the necessary discriminability to establish patterns of words. The value and the operation of a discriminative perspective on the internal structure of words is also evident in the analysis of an entirely different phenomenon. Greenberg's (1963) Universal 34 states that “No language has a trial number unless it has a dual. No language has a dual unless it has a plural.” We present an associative model of the acquisition of grammatical number based on the Rescorla-Wagner learning theory Rescorla & Wagner (1972) that predicts this generalization. Number as a real-world category is inherently structured: higher numerosity sets are mentioned less frequently than lower numerosity sets, and higher numerosity sets always contain lower numerosity sets. Using simulations, we demonstrate that these facts, along with general principles of probabilistic learning, lead to the emergence of Greenberg's Number Hierarchy. The value of a discriminative perspective for language analysis ( Ramscar & Yarlett 2007 , Ramscar et al. 2010 , 2013 ) becomes clear in both word-based morphology and its explanatory role addressing a typological conundrum.

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20

Moriates, Christopher. "A Few Good Words." Annals of Internal Medicine 164, no. 8 (April 19, 2016): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/m15-2198.

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21

Rieves, Dwaine. "Edna, in Her Words." Annals of Internal Medicine 133, no. 9 (November 7, 2000): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-133-9-200011070-00018.

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22

Fitriyani, Dian Zelina, and Dian Zelina Fitriyani. "INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE IN MINANGKABAU LANGUAGE: X-BAR THEORY." RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 3, no. 1 (September 27, 2017): 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.3.1.229.188-200.

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This study discusses the grammatical function of the question words and the internal structure of interrogative sentence in Minangkabau language. The study of this interrogative sentence structure applies X-bar theory as one of the generative syntax subtheories. The data is gained from the interview of Minangkabau language native speaker and analysed by using the distributional method. The result of the analysis shows that the question words for wh-question has two grammatical functions, specifier and complement. For yes-no question, the question word “iyonyo” has one grammatical function, that is complement. The internal structure of interrogative sentence in Minangkabau language is constructed by specifier, complement, and adverb. Key words: interrogative sentence, question word, Minangkabau language

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23

MARCHETTO, ERIKA, and LUCA L. BONATTI. "Finding words and word structure in artificial speech: the development of infants' sensitivity to morphosyntactic regularities." Journal of Child Language 42, no. 4 (October 10, 2014): 873–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000914000452.

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ABSTRACTTo achieve language proficiency, infants must find the building blocks of speech and master the rules governing their legal combinations. However, these problems are linked: words are also built according to rules. Here, we explored early morphosyntactic sensitivity by testing when and how infants could find either words or within-word structure in artificial speech snippets embodying properties of morphological constructions. We show that 12-month-olds use statistical relationships between syllables to extract words from continuous streams, but find word-internal regularities only if the streams are segmented. Seven-month-olds fail both tasks. Thus, 12-month-olds infants possess the resources to analyze the internal composition of words if the speech contains segmentation information. However, 7-month-old infants may not possess them, although they can track several statistical relations. This developmental difference suggests that morphosyntactic sensitivity may require computational resources extending beyond the detection of simple statistics.

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24

Devlin, J. T., H. L. Jamison, P. M. Matthews, and L. M. Gonnerman. "From The Cover: Morphology and the internal structure of words." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101, no. 41 (September 9, 2004): 14984–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403766101.

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25

Severens, Els, Simone Kühn, Robert J. Hartsuiker, and Marcel Brass. "Functional mechanisms involved in the internal inhibition of taboo words." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 7, no. 4 (May 23, 2011): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsr030.

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26

Olson, Janet, and Elise Frank Masur. "Developmental changes in the frequency and complexity of mothers’ internal state utterances across the second year." First Language 39, no. 4 (May 17, 2019): 462–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142723719850001.

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Mothers’ provision of utterances with internal state words has been shown to influence infants’ acquisition of internal state vocabulary and has been proposed to foster preschoolers’ theory of mind development. In this article the authors examine maternal internal state speech during free play with infants at 13, 17, and 21 months. The study assessed developmental changes in the frequency and complexity of the mothers’ utterances referencing perception, volition, disposition, and cognition. Mothers’ use of internal state words, especially volition and cognition words, increased with age. Internal state utterances were longer than utterances without internal state words, and more than half of all cognition and two-thirds of all volition utterances were syntactically complex. Mothers’ production of utterances with internal state words was related to their overall MLUs whereas their production of utterances without was not. Thus, mothers do not simplify utterances when they talk about internal states, even with young infants, and mothers’ growing use of internal state words as their infants age may partially explain increases in their overall utterance lengths during the second year of life.

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27

Bimler, David, John Kirkland, Hiram E. Fitzgerald, and Robert A. Zucker. "Convergence of Internal and External Structure for the California Child Q-set." Spanish journal of psychology 13, no. 1 (May 2010): 461–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600004017.

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The language of personality traits includes single-word trait descriptors, and longer phrases or sentences. Evidence has accumulated that abstract, semantic relationships among single words have the same underlying structure as the empirical relationships when words are applied to individuals. The present study examines whether these two kinds of structure are also isomorphic for longer trait descriptors. Empirical descriptions and judgements of semantic similarity were collected among the descriptors comprising the California Child Q-set, or CCQ, and analysed with multidimensional scaling. Canonical correlation showed the solutions to be closely related to one another, and to independent sets of ratings available for the CCQ items. Informants' similarity judgements were not affected by the context in which they were made. The dominant dimensions of the solutions reproduce dimensions found previously for the single-word personality lexicon, indicating the two trait-descriptive languages to be closely parallel.

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28

Bat-El, Outi. "Selecting the best of the worst: the grammar of Hebrew blends." Phonology 13, no. 3 (December 1996): 283–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700002657.

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Blends, also called portmanteau words, are formed by fusing two words into one new word, where internal portions of the base words are often subtracted (one segmental string from the right part of the first word and another from the left part of the second word). For example, the English blend nixonomics has been formed by combining nixon and economics and subtracting the string neco. (For clarity of exposition, blends will be usually represented as nixo <n⋅eco> nomics, where the subtracted material is enclosed in angled brackets and the boundary between the base elements is indicated by ⋅).

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29

Opanasenko, Volodymyr, Stanislaw Zavyalov, and Olexander Sofiyuk. "Implementation of Fpga-based Pseudo-random Words Generator." Advances in Cyber-Physical Systems 5, no. 2 (October 3, 2020): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/acps2020.02.085.

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A hardware implementation of pseudo-random bit generator based on FPGA chips, which use the principle of reconfigurability that allows the modernization of their algorithms and on-line replacement of the internal structure (reconfiguration) in the process of functioning have been considered in the paper. Available DSP blocks embedded into the structure of FPGA chips allow efficient hardware implementation of the pseudorandom bit generator through the implementation of the basic operations of multiplication with accumulation on the gate level. Using CAD ISE 14.02 Foundation and VHDL language three types of pseudo-random bit generators have been implemented on Spartan series chip 6SLX4CSG225-3, for which time and hardware expenses are represented. Using the simulating system ModelSim SE 10.1c, timing diagrams of simulation for these structures have been obtained.

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30

Etchells, Edward. "Annals Story Slam - Seven Extraordinary Words." Annals of Internal Medicine 171, no. 9 (November 5, 2019): SS1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/w19-0022.

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31

Seifert, Elena I. "ON THE LYRIC VERSE BIRTH PROCESS. “INTERNAL IMAGE” AND “CORPORAL WORDS”." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series History. Philology. Cultural Studies. Oriental Studies, no. 2 (2015): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6355-2015-2-20-32.

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Шешукова, T. Sheshukova, Береснева, and A. Beresneva. "Internal Audit on Small Enterprises." Auditor 1, no. 4 (April 20, 2015): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/10921.

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The article considers concepts of internal audit and offers a new definition for the tem. The audit of small enterprises of Perm Krai was conducted; the method of defining organizational structure of internal audit was developed. As a result of theoretical basis and empirical experience functions of the internal auditor are defined. Key words: internal audit, small businesses, organizational structure.

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Holmboe, Henrik. "Dansk radiærordbog." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 1, no. 1 (July 17, 2015): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v1i1.21347.

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The Radial Dictionary of Danish makes it possible for its user to find all Danish words containing a certain string of characters, the minimum length of the string being two characters. This principle of arrangement prove show useful especially for the description of a language like Danish with very rich composition and derivation. The typical search string will be a morph or morpheme, and the radial arrangement of this dictionary allows you to find all words containing a certain morph or morpheme no matter whether its position is word initial, word internal or word final.

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Sheldon, Claire A., George L. Malcolm, and Jason J. S. Barton. "Alexia With and Without Agraphia: An Assessment of Two Classical Syndromes." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 35, no. 5 (November 2008): 616–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100009410.

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Background:Current cognitive models propose that multiple processes are involved in reading and writing.Objective:Our goal was to use linguistic analyses to clarify the cognitive dysfunction behind two classic alexic syndromes.Methods:We report four experiments on two patients, one with alexia without agraphia following occipitotemporal lesions, and one with alexia with agraphia from a left angular gyral lesion.Results:The patient with occipital lesions had trouble discriminating real letters from foils and his reading varied with word-length but not with linguistic variables such as part of speech, word frequency or imageability. He read pseudo-words and words with regular spelling better, indicating preserved use of grapheme-to-phoneme pronunciation rules. His writing showed errors that reflected reliance on ‘phoneme-to-grapheme’ spelling rules. In contrast, the patient with a left angular gyral lesion showed better recognition of letters, words and their meanings. His reading was better for words with high imageability but displayed semantic errors and an inability to use ‘grapheme-to-phoneme’ rules, features consistent with deep dyslexia. His agraphia showed impaired access to both an internal lexicon and ‘phoneme-to-grapheme’ rules.Conclusion:Some cases of pure alexia may be a perceptual word-form agnosia, with loss of internal representations of letters and words, while the angular gyral syndrome of alexia with agraphia is a linguistic deep dyslexia. The presence or absence of agraphia does not always distinguish between the two; rather, writing can mirror the reading deficits, being more obvious and profound in the case of an angular gyral syndrome.

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Seabra, Alessandra Gotuzo, Monalisa Muniz, and Ricardo Primi. "Validity Evidence for the Reading Competence Test of Words and Non-Words." Spanish journal of psychology 12, no. 2 (November 2009): 788–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600002158.

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This study sought evidence of validity for the Reading Competence Test of Words and Nonwords (in Portuguese: Teste de Competência de Leitura de Palavras e Pseudopalavras or TCLPP). This test evaluates silent reading of isolated items by asking the student to determine if presented items of written image-word pairs are correct or not. Two thousand nine hundred and ninety four students from the 1st to 4th grade in public Brazilian elementary schools, of both genders, and between the ages of 6 and 11 years, participated, collectively evaluated in the TCLPP. The results showed the TCLPP’s sensitivity for discriminating competence in reading between grades, supporting evidence of validity based on the relationships between the various levels. The difficulty in the items was compatible with the theory on which the test is based, providing evidence of validity based on the response process. Finally, two factors which compose the test were verified, one involving logographic and phonological strategies, and the other, lexical, attesting to evidence of validity based on the internal structure.

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36

Paciorek, Wiktor, and Joanna Rączaszek-Leonardi. "The influence of sentential context and frequency of occurrence on the recognition of words with scrambled letters." Psychology of Language and Communication 13, no. 2 (January 1, 2009): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10057-009-0010-9.

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The influence of sentential context and frequency of occurrence on the recognition of words with scrambled letters In this paper we examine the "jumbled words" effect which denotes human ability to easily read words whose internal letters have been re-arranged as long as external letters remain in their positions. Hitherto, many explanations for this effect have focussed on the processes that operate "bottom-up". Here we suggest that "top-down" processes also play an important role and demonstrate this experimentally. First, we briefly describe the main types of word-recognition models and consider which model best explains the effect. Then, we present an experiment in which jumbled words of different frequency of occurrence were immersed in various types of contexts. Results indicate that both the frequency and semantic sentential context are involved in jumbled word recognition. The implications of these findings for word recognition models are discussed.

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37

Brooks, John O., Leah Friedman, and Jerome A. Yesavage. "Use of an External Mnemonic to Augment the Efficacy of an Internal Mnemonic in Older Adults." International Psychogeriatrics 15, no. 1 (March 2003): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610203008755.

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Objectives: To evaluate the impact of external memory devices on the efficacy of a package of internal mnemonic techniques. Participants wrote two types of lists during the study phase: (a) a list of study words and/or (b) a loci list. At recall, participants were not allowed to refer to either of the lists they had written during the study. Design: 2 × 2 factorial with writing study words (“write” or “not write”) and writing down a previously established loci list (“write” or “not write”) manipulated as between-participants variables. Participants: 68 community-dwelling adults 55 years of age and older who wished to improve their memory. Measurements: Free word recall. Results: There were statistically significant effects of writing the loci list, but not of writing the list of study words. Scores were higher when participants wrote the loci lists compared to when they did not. Conclusions: Use of external mnemonics may enhance the efficacy of internal mnemonics, even when the external mnemonic is not used at the time of recall.

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38

Carreiras, Manuel, Margaret Gillon-Dowens, Marta Vergara, and Manuel Perea. "Are Vowels and Consonants Processed Differently? Event-related Potential Evidence with a Delayed Letter Paradigm." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 2 (February 2009): 275–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.21023.

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To investigate the neural bases of consonant and vowel processing, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants read words and pseudowords in a lexical decision task. The stimuli were displayed in three different conditions: (i) simultaneous presentation of all letters (baseline condition); (ii) presentation of all letters, except that two internal consonants were delayed for 50 msec (consonants-delayed condition); and (iii) presentation of all letters, except that two internal vowels were delayed for 50 msec (vowels-delayed condition). The behavioral results showed that, for words, response times in the consonants-delayed condition were longer than in the vowels-delayed condition, which, in turn, were longer than in the baseline condition. The ERPs showed that, starting as early as 150 msec, words in the consonants-delayed condition produced a larger negativity than words in vowels-delayed condition. In addition, there were peak latency differences and amplitude differences in the P150, N250, P325, and N400 components between the baseline and the two letter-delayed conditions. We examine the implications of these findings for models of visual-word recognition and reading.

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39

Blinova, Olga I. "The internal form of words as a means of creating comic effect." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/20/11.

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40

Berg, Thomas. "ON THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF POLYSYLLABIC MONOMORPHEMIC WORDS: THE CASE FOR SUPERRIMES." Studia Linguistica 43, no. 1 (June 1989): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9582.1989.tb00792.x.

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41

Williams, P. J., and J. A. Wood. "Internal stresses in frozen ground." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 22, no. 3 (August 1, 1985): 413–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t85-054.

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Small transducers that were inserted 1.2 cm apart in a frozen soil subjected to a temperature gradient have shown differences in pressure of more than 0.1 MPa. The pressures are generated by growth of ice lenses taking place against the resistance of the surrounding frozen soil.The observations, which are compatible with reports by others from various field studies, illustrate the importance of both the thermodynamic and mechanical constraints on the process of frost heave and the development of frost heave pressures. Key words: frozen ground, frost heave, frost heave pressures, phase relations, internal stresses.

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42

Voytovich, Anthony E. "Reduction of Medical Verbiage: Fewer Words, More Meaning." Annals of Internal Medicine 131, no. 2 (July 20, 1999): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-131-2-199907200-00013.

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Platt, Frederic W. "Grave Words: Notifying Survivors about Sudden, Unexpected Deaths." Annals of Internal Medicine 132, no. 7 (April 4, 2000): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-132-7-200004040-00034.

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Teng, Miao. "Using the Ship-Gram Model for Japanese Keyword Extraction Based on News Reports." Complexity 2021 (April 16, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9965843.

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In this paper, we conduct an in-depth study of Japanese keyword extraction from news reports, train external computer document word sets from text preprocessing into word vectors using the Ship-gram model in the deep learning tool Word2Vec, and calculate the cosine distance between word vectors. In this paper, the sliding window in TextRank is designed to connect internal document information to improve the in-text semantic coherence. The main idea is to use not only the statistical and structural features of words but also the semantic features of words extracted through word-embedding techniques, i.e., multifeature fusion, to obtain the importance weights of words themselves and the attraction weights between words and then iteratively calculate the final weight of each word through the graph model algorithm to determine the extracted keywords. To verify the performance of the algorithm, extensive simulation experimental studies were conducted on three different types of datasets. The experimental results show that the proposed keyword extraction algorithm can improve the performance by a maximum of 6.45% and 20.36% compared with the existing word frequency statistics and graph model methods, respectively; MF-Rank can achieve a maximum performance improvement of 1.76% compared with PW-TF.

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Rahib Mirzayeva, Khuraman. "Transformation of vaious terms into neologisms." SCIENTIFIC WORK 56, no. 07 (August 4, 2020): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/56/21-23.

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The article deals with transformation of language terms into neologisms which is the consequence influence of various processes taking plase in society. It is also highlighted that the vocabulary of any language is enriched with both internal and external sources, its sustainability depends on its usage. The process of determinologization of concepts and transformation reasons of terms are studied. Also the role of common words of the lexicon in the determinologization process is noted. Key words: term, neologism, determinologization, lexicon, vocabulary, word

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MacNeilage, Peter F., and Barbara L. Davis. "Evolution of the form of spoken words." Phonetics of the Origins and Evolution of Speech 3, no. 1 (December 31, 1999): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eoc.3.1.03mac.

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The basic internal structure of a word consists of an alternation between consonants and vowels. Words tend to begin with a consonant and end with a vowel. The fundamental evolutionary status of the consonant-vowel alternation is indicated by its presence in rhythmically organized pre-linguistic vocalizations of 7 month-old babbling infants. We have argued that the basic alternation results from a mandibular cyclicity ("The Frame") originally evolving for ingestive purposes. Here, we consider beginnings and endings of words. We conclude that preferences for consonantal beginnings and vocalic endings may be basic biomechanical consequences of the act of producing vocal episodes between resting states of the production system. Both the characteristic beginning-end asymmetry and some details of the choice of individual sounds in the non-preferred modes (vocalic beginnings and consonantal endings) are mirrored in babbling and early words. The presence of many of these properties in modern words, even though they are delivered in running speech, as well as in a proto-language corpus, indicates retention, for message purposes, of properties originally associated with the single word stage of language evolution.

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Czarnecki, Przemysław. "On branching onsets in Norwegian." Glottodidactica. An International Journal of Applied Linguistics 36 (November 5, 2018): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/gl.2010.36.05.

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Syllable margins and the phonotactic peculiarities of word-edges have always drawn attention of researches working within different theoretical approaches. In the following paper some Norwegian consonantal clusters will be examined, with special reference to the left-margin of the words. Our attention will be focused on establishing the set of possible branching onsets in Norwegian, both word-initially and in the word-internal position.

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Xun, Zhai, and Yoo Eun Hee. "Comparative Study on the Structures of Chinese and Korean Compound Words." Lingua Cultura 10, no. 1 (May 31, 2016): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/lc.v10i1.884.

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The goal of the research was to compare the compound words in Chinese, an isolated language, and Korean, an agglutinative language. This research used library research. The researchers found that the main characteristics of the formation of Korean compound words were that the latter element was the central word. The method of word formation decided its lexical category. Moreover, most of the internal relationships of the compound words were connection and modification. While in Chinese, the endocentric compound noun decided the part of speech of the compound word, and could be the proceeding element or the latter element. Furthermore, Chinese contained no complicated morphological changes. It is concluded that Korean is a Subject–Object–Verb (SOV) language, where verb elements demonstrate a central feature of the compound verb are always a trailing part. Thus, there is no exocentric compound verb in Korean. By contrast, Chinese is a typical SVO language. When constituting the compound verbs, nouns or adjectives can function as the structural elements. Therefore, there is no permanent position for head words.

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Salomova, Malika Zoxirovna. "Linguocultural aspect of foreign language words of youth jargon." International Journal on Integrated Education 3, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i1.267.

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The article is devoted to the problems of analyzing the composition of modern youth jargon. The article outlines the specificity of youth jargon among other socialists of the modern Russian language, gives a description of internal and external borrowing as part of the vocabulary of youth jargon, describes their structural and semantic features.

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Taft, Marcus, Carlos J. Álvarez, and Manuel Carreiras. "Cross-language differences in the use of internal orthographic structure when reading polysyllabic words." Mental Lexicon 2, no. 1 (May 11, 2007): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.2.1.04taf.

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The way in which adult readers process the internal orthographic structure of words was examined in two languages that differ in their syllabic structure, English and Spanish. Readers of both languages were presented with polysyllabic words split according to either their pronounced syllable (e.g., cac tus) or their maximized initial unit corresponding to their Basic Orthographic Syllabic Structure (BOSS, e.g., cact us). In agreement with other recent research, it was found that speed of lexical decision to syllabically split words was faster than to BOSS split words for poorer English speakers, while better English speakers were more oriented toward the BOSS. The Spanish data suggested an overall syllable bias regardless of reading ability, though less so for better readers. The contrast between the English and Spanish results is explained in terms of phonological considerations being more important for Spanish readers.

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