Academic literature on the topic 'Internal working models of attachment'

This chapter reviews John Bowlby’s attachment theory and examines how client attachments influence individual, couple, and group therapy treatments. Bowlby (1988) specifically emphasized how the individual counseling relationship provides a new secure attachment experience for clients that offers them the opportunity to internalize more positive working models of themselves and others. Similarly, in couple counseling, therapy challenges automatic negative expectations that hinder intimacy, and it facilitates each partner in becoming a secure base for the other. Group therapy, like the other modalities, encourages members to examine their internal representations of themselves and others in the group, and the group becomes a secure base from which to examine automatic thoughts and emotions that often hinder intimacy. The chapter includes an extensive review of the empirical work applying attachment theory to these three therapeutic modalities, and it concludes by addressing future research and clinical implications.

Using a developmental perspective, the authors offer a new, integrated model for supporting people with intellectual disability (ID). This concept builds upon recent advances in attachment-informed approaches, by drawing upon a broader understanding of the social, emotional, and cognitive competencies of people with ID, which is grounded in developmental neuroscience and psychology. The book explores in detail how challenging behaviour and mental health difficulties in people with ID arise when their basic emotional needs are not being met by those in the environment. Using individually tailored interventions, which complement existing models of care, practitioners can help to facilitate maturational processes and reduce behavior that is challenging to others. As a result, the ‘fit’ of a person within his or her individual environment can be improved. Case examples throughout the book illuminate how this approach works by targeting interventions towards the person’s stage of emotional development. This book will be of interest to a wide range of professionals working with people with ID, including: clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, occupational therapists, learning disability nurses, speech and language therapists, and teachers in special education settings, as well as parents and caregivers.

This work aims to analyze the possible practical and legal repercussions of the implementation of technologies characteristic of the digital age in the dynamics of advocacy. Considering the increasing influence that scientific advances have exercised not only in human life, but especially in the ways of working and in the models of the professions, the objective was to prospectively investigate the transformations of this context in advocacy. In order to improve the understanding of the research, three common sectors-activities were separated between the more traditional advocacy: manual labor; systems and departments, highlighting the most recurring bottlenecks. Ahead, there were also three technologies highlighted in the technological revolution, which were: artificial intelligence; automation of legal documents and big data. In the meantime, possible resistance factors between law and technology were also discussed. Finally, through a bibliographic and exploratory methodological process, the research explored possible consequences of the direct insertion of these new technologies in each specific sector of traditional law, considering the functionalities and the problems that would be solved. Thus, there were several repercussions, both practical and legal, including the financial, methodological, strategic and organizational logistics of the offices, among which were mentioned: gain of time; fees. internal costs; data-based procedural strategy, and more. Still, in addition to the realization of the high probability of changes in the lawyer's practice, there was a need to seek solutions that really connect the law to innovations in this new scenario, with emphasis on the contracting of services offered by lawtechs.

The aim of this chapter is to introduce attachment theory in terms of context-specific attachment styles, and the stability and changeability of attachment style. An attachment relationship exists not only between children and parents, but also in other relationship contexts. Context-specific attachment relationships, such as attachment at work, are more proximal to influence behavior in the specific contexts. This theoretical proposition helps illustrate how relationships in organizations are important to shape employee proactivity. Attachment theory also suggests the changeability of attachment style as individuals’ prototype of attachment style and internal working models of self, others, and the broader social environment can be changed when they encounter different experiences.

Submarine petroleum pipelines, risers and jumpers suffer static and dynamic loads due to sea currents and waves, due to the displacements of the floating production units and due to the internal flow, among other causes. Mitigating the oscillations caused by such excitations is critical to the reliability and fatigue of those underwater bodies. The Pounding Tuned Mass Damper (PTMD) is one device that may be employed to absorb and dissipate vibrations. These devices have long been used for mechanical systems operating in the atmosphere, but are new for underwater applications. This paper presents a study of the behaviour of a PTMD working underwater. A small scale laboratory apparatus was built to assess the effect of the absorber on the oscillation of a pipe submerged in a water tank. The PTMD was attached to a test pipe section mounted on an elastic suspension harness. The PTMD model is a lumped mass-spring attachment similar to a tuned mass dumper (TMD) suppressor, but with the addition of a pounding layer, which limits the motion of the PTMD mass, dissipating the energy of the oscillating pipe through the impact of the PTMD mass against that layer. Free and forced oscillation experiments were executed in air and in water, with and without the oscillation absorber, to determine the effectiveness of the PTMD. The tests were run on a range of excitation frequencies and the amplification factors were obtained for each case. The data show a remarkable influence of the surrounding media on the dynamics of the pipe-absorber system, therefore the interaction with the water must be taken into consideration in the design of the system. Although the results are only a preliminary step on the development of a device applicable to an actual petroleum submarine pipeline, it was observed that the PTMD does indeed suppress the vibrations, but it must be properly configured to achieve an optimum performance. The data gathered from this work will also be useful in the improvement of a numerical model of the pipe-PTMD system for use in a computer simulator.

"Introduction: Place attachment is multi-dimensional and depends on a reciprocal relationship between behavior and experience. It comes from environmental psychology, and it has its roots in the theory of attachment because of an emotional link between an individual and a place. The present paper aims to describe the psychometric characteristics of the Slovak version of The Workplace Attachment Styles Questionnaire (Srima, 2018). Methods: The original questionnaire consists of 15 items with a Likert scale ranging from totally disagree to agree. The research sample consisted of 645 working adults of a convenience sample, aged from 16 to 78 years, consisting of 54.9% women, from various work fields (finance, sales, education). We randomly divided the sample into two halves for separate studies. Results: In the first study with 323 adult participants, we used exploratory factor analysis to examine its construct validity. According to exploratory factor analysis, we reduced the 15-item questionnaire to a 9-item structure with three original factors: secure (AM = 6.23, SD = 2.32), dismissive (AM = 3.64, SD = 2.54), and preoccupied (AM = 3.64, SD = 2.31) workplace attachment styles, with an average internal consistency of 0.75. In the second study with 322 participants, we executed the confirmatory factor analysis, which confirmed the three-factor structure, with an average internal consistency of 0.65. Discussion: The results confirmed the original three-factor structure of The Workplace Attachment Styles Questionnaire with 9 original items instead of 15. This paper contributes to the shorter version of the Workplace Attachment Styles questionnaire adapted to the Slovak population. The study's limitations are the absence of other measurement tools that could verify the construct of workplace attachment itself (Adult Attachment in the Workplace, Experience in Close Relationship Questionnaire). That is also what is worth doing in the next research."

With the engine technology moving towards more challenging (highly dilute and boosted) operation, spark-ignition processes play a key role in determining flame propagation and completeness of the combustion process. On the computational side, there is plenty of spark-ignition models available in literature and validated under conventional, stoichiometric SI operation. Nevertheless, these models need to be expanded and developed on more physical grounds since at challenging operation they are not truly predictive. This paper reports on the development of a dedicated model for the spark-ignition event at non-quiescent, engine-like conditions, performed in the commercial CFD code CONVERGE. The developed methodology leverages previous findings that have expanded the use and improved the accuracy of Eulerian-type energy deposition models. In this work, the Eulerian energy deposition is coupled at every computational time-step with a Lagrangian-type evolution of the spark channel. Typical features such as spark channel elongation, stretch, attachment to the electrodes are properly described to deliver realistic energy deposition along the channel during the entire ignition process. The numerical results are validated against schlieren images from an optical constant volume chamber and show the improvement in the simulation of the spark channel during the entire ignition event, with respect to the most commonly used energy deposition approach. Further development pathways are discussed to provide more physics-based features from the developed ignition model in the future.

Aero engine component design and development makes increasing use of computer codes for flow field calculations, such as two- or three-dimensional flow fields and flow fields with strong viscous effects. The accuracy of these calculation methods depends on the mathematical models and numerical schemes used to describe the physical reality. The proof of validity and the refinement of such methods depend on verification against relevant test cases, primarily experimental test cases. The AGARD Propulsion and Energetics Panel established Working Group 18 to specify relevant reference test cases to serve as validation bases for new methods, but also as check for existing production codes. The present paper gives an overview on the results of the Working Group and briefly describes the different test cases. These test cases refer to analytical and experimental test cases for steady flow in linear compressor and turbine cascades, single blade rows, single and multistage axial compressors and turbines and ducts. In addition, suggestions for future tests designed to reduce the limitations are discussed.

For the past decade Cummins Inc. have increased the use of standard Finite Element Analysis (FEA) techniques to drive the design of its products. However, as FEA models are not scalable to the limits of hardware, running traditional FEA, especially on large High Horse Power (HHP) engine structures’ assemblies, both reliably and within a reasonable time frame was found to be not possible. This led to carrying out numerous analyses with fewer parts and assumed boundary conditions. This strategy ignores effects due to system vibration of the assembly. To reduce the risk of failures on complex assemblies, high speed engines required a more accurate analytical prediction of modal stresses on a system level. To increase the capacity of running system level analyses, a structured approach was followed and the Model Reduction Techniques Functional Excellence mini team was set up to develop methods and train analysts. The team have been using Six Sigma tools [1] to carry out voice of the customer interviews in order to define the analytical requirements for running models for large complex structures (>20 million degree of freedom). This consists of brainstorming concepts to select solutions based on advanced analytical Substructuring techniques to best fit requirements. The benefits of the new process include a significant reduction in solve time, the ability to carry out system analysis, to follow an efficient working practice using a modular approach, to allow parallel processing globally and secure intellectual property rights when working with suppliers and customers of the Cummins Inc. products. This paper shares experience on applying model reduction techniques following a structured approach and highlights computing and training resources for an analysis team.

Life prediction of turbine engines is crucial part of the management and sustainment plan to aircraft jet engine. Fretting is one of the primary phenomena that leads to damage or failure of blade-disk attachments. Fretting is often the root cause of nucleation of cracks at attachment of structural components at or in the vicinity of the contact surfaces. It occurs when the blade and disk are pressed together in contact and experience a small oscillating relative displacement due to variations in engine speed and vibratory loading. It is a significant driver of fatigue damage and failure risk of disk blade attachments. Fretting is a complex phenomenon that depends on geometry, loading conditions, residual stresses, and surface roughness, among other factors. These complexities also go beyond the physics of material interactions and into the computational domain. This is an ongoing effort, and the Author has been working on computationally modeling the fretting fatigue phenomenon and damage in blade-disk attachment. The model has been evolving in the past few years, and it has been addressing various fretting conditions. The present effort includes the thermal effect and temperature fluctuation during engine operation, and it models the effects of blade to disk attachment’s thermal conditions and its influence on fretting fatigue damage. It further extends the earlier model to include a coupled fatigue damage model. It allows modeling higher speeds and longer durability associated with blade disk attachments. Finally, to demonstrate its capabilities and taking advantage of experimental validation model, the most recent numerical simulations will be presented.

In this paper, the authors introduce the development of a computer-based internal combustion engine teaching tool for the undergraduate and professional training courses. The teaching tool simulates a SI (Spark Ignition) engine running in a testing facility. The physical and mathematical models, as well as the control strategies that govern the engine’s operation are embedded within the tool. It works as a virtual engine, and at the same time it displays and explains the physics behind each working process of the engine using graphical and animation features. The teaching tool serves as an assistant for the instructor of the internal combustion engine course. It provides the students with a visual and interactive environment to learn the physical processes of the internal combustion engines faster and easier.

Direct injection natural gas (DING) engines offer the advantages of high thermal efficiency and high power output compared to spark ignition natural gas engines. Injected natural gas requires some form of ignition assist in order to ignite in the time available in a diesel engine combustion chamber. A glow plug — a heated surface — is one form of ignition assist. Simple experiments show that the thickness of the heat penetration layer of a glow plug is very small (≈10−5 m) within the time scale of the ignition preparation period (1–2 ms). Meanwhile, the theoretical analyses reveal that only a very thin layer of the surrounding gases (in micrometer scale) can be heated to high temperature to achieve spontaneous ignition. A discretized glow plug model and virtual gas sub-layer model have been developed for CFD modeling of glow plug ignition and combustion for DING diesel engines. In this paper, CFD modeling results are presented. The results were obtained using a KIVA3 code modified to include the above mentioned new developed models. Natural gas ignition over a bare glow plug was simulated. The results were validated against experiments. Simulation of natural gas ignition over a shielded glow plug was also carried out and the results illustrate the necessity of using a shield. This paper shows the success of the discretized glow plug model working together with the virtual gas sub-layer model for modeling glow plug assisted natural gas direct injection engines. The modeling can aid in the design of injection and ignition systems for glow plug assisted DING engines.

Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to advise the Minister for Families and Social Services on the implementation of ER. To inform its advice to the Minister, the NCG partnered with the Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra to conduct research to understand the issues and challenges faced by ER Providers and Service Users in local contexts across Australia. The research involved a desktop review of the existing literature on ER service provision, a large survey which all Commonwealth ER Providers were invited to participate in (and 122 responses were received), interviews with a purposive sample of 18 ER Providers, and the development of a program logic and theory of change for the Commonwealth ER program to assess progress. The surveys and interviews focussed on ER Provider perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses, future challenges, and areas of improvement for current ER provision. The trend of increasing case complexity, the effectiveness of ER service delivery models in achieving outcomes for Service Users, and the significance of volunteering in the sector were investigated. Separately, an evaluation of the performance of the NCG was conducted and a summary of the evaluation is provided as an appendix to this report. Several themes emerged from the review of the existing literature such as service delivery shortcomings in dealing with case complexity, the effectiveness of case management, and repeat requests for service. Interviews with ER workers and Service Users found that an uplift in workforce capability was required to deal with increasing case complexity, leading to recommendations for more training and service standards. Several service evaluations found that ER delivered with case management led to high Service User satisfaction, played an integral role in transforming the lives of people with complex needs, and lowered repeat requests for service. A large longitudinal quantitative study revealed that more time spent with participants substantially decreased the number of repeat requests for service; and, given that repeat requests for service can be an indicator of entrenched poverty, not accessing further services is likely to suggest improvement. The interviews identified the main strengths of ER to be the rapid response and flexible use of funds to stabilise crisis situations and connect people to other supports through strong local networks. Service Users trusted the system because of these strengths, and ER was often an access point to holistic support. There were three main weaknesses identified. First, funding contracts were too short and did not cover the full costs of the program—in particular, case management for complex cases. Second, many Service Users were dependent on ER which was inconsistent with the definition and intent of the program. Third, there was inconsistency in the level of service received by Service Users in different geographic locations. These weaknesses can be improved upon with a joined-up approach featuring co-design and collaborative governance, leading to the successful commissioning of social services. The survey confirmed that volunteers were significant for ER, making up 92% of all workers and 51% of all hours worked in respondent ER programs. Of the 122 respondents, volunteers amounted to 554 full-time equivalents, a contribution valued at $39.4 million. In total there were 8,316 volunteers working in the 122 respondent ER programs. The sector can support and upskill these volunteers (and employees in addition) by developing scalable training solutions such as online training modules, updating ER service standards, and engaging in collaborative learning arrangements where large and small ER Providers share resources. More engagement with peak bodies such as Volunteering Australia might also assist the sector to improve the focus on volunteer engagement. Integrated services achieve better outcomes for complex ER cases—97% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. The research identified the dimensions of service integration most relevant to ER Providers to be case management, referrals, the breadth of services offered internally, co-location with interrelated service providers, an established network of support, workforce capability, and Service User engagement. Providers can individually focus on increasing the level of service integration for their ER program to improve their ability to deal with complex cases, which are clearly on the rise. At the system level, a more joined-up approach can also improve service integration across Australia. The key dimensions of this finding are discussed next in more detail. Case management is key for achieving Service User outcomes for complex cases—89% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. Interviewees most frequently said they would provide more case management if they could change their service model. Case management allows for more time spent with the Service User, follow up with referral partners, and a higher level of expertise in service delivery to support complex cases. Of course, it is a costly model and not currently funded for all Service Users through ER. Where case management is not available as part of ER, it might be available through a related service that is part of a network of support. Where possible, ER Providers should facilitate access to case management for Service Users who would benefit. At a system level, ER models with a greater component of case management could be implemented as test cases. Referral systems are also key for achieving Service User outcomes, which is reflected in the ER Program Logic presented on page 31. The survey and interview data show that referrals within an integrated service (internal) or in a service hub (co-located) are most effective. Where this is not possible, warm referrals within a trusted network of support are more effective than cold referrals leading to higher take-up and beneficial Service User outcomes. However, cold referrals are most common, pointing to a weakness in ER referral systems. This is because ER Providers do not operate or co-locate with interrelated services in many cases, nor do they have the case management capacity to provide warm referrals in many other cases. For mental illness support, which interviewees identified as one of the most difficult issues to deal with, ER Providers offer an integrated service only 23% of the time, warm referrals 34% of the time, and cold referrals 43% of the time. A focus on referral systems at the individual ER Provider level, and system level through a joined-up approach, might lead to better outcomes for Service Users. The program logic and theory of change for ER have been documented with input from the research findings and included in Section 4.3 on page 31. These show that ER helps people facing a financial crisis to meet their immediate needs, avoid further harm, and access a path to recovery. The research demonstrates that ER is fundamental to supporting vulnerable people in Australia and should therefore continue to be funded by government.