Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'International accounting harmonization'

The focus of the study is on financial reporting for non-U.S. firms registered with the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) but using International Accounting Standards (IAS). This study addresses two issues, (1) whether the comparability of financial reporting among firms using IAS in credit and equity financing jurisdictions increases over time and (2) the associated capital market implications. The motivation for the study is the SEC's ongoing assessment of IAS for possible use by non-U.S. registrants for listing and capital raising in the U.S. Previous research on variations in financial reporting practices has revealed distinctly different types of financial reporting depending on country of origin. Moreover, some research suggests that such differences in financial reporting tend to persist in spite of harmonization efforts of accounting standards. This study suggests that there may be a systematic difference between credit and equity firms' financial reporting that is manifested by the fact that credit firms' adjustments to U.S. GAAP are greater than the adjustments made by equity firms. This systematic difference has had the following capital market consequences for credit firms, (1) a decreasing strength of association between accounting earnings and share prices post-1994, (2) an increased bid-ask spread post-1994, and (3) a decreased trading volume post-1994. This may be an indication that on the average firms reporting under IAS fail to meet an important part of the SEC's second assessment criterion with respect to high quality and full disclosure, namely comparability. In addition, it seems that the revisions made by International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) have not resulted in more congruent financial reporting among firms reporting under IAS over time.

O presente trabalho corresponde à etapa final de um percurso académico orientado para a obtenção do grau de mestre em Gestão com especialização em Contabilidade e Auditoria. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a aplicação do sistema Oracle na empresa Kemet Electronics Portugal, S.A., principalmente no departamento da contabilidade, na realização das tarefas de conferência e contabilização de faturas e notas de crédito de fornecedores. Com o intuito de atingir o objetivo proposto, a primeira parte do estudo inclui uma análise teórica aos temas da harmonização internacional contabilística e dos sistemas de informação contabilísticos. A segunda parte do trabalho é essencialmente dedicada às aplicações do sistema Oracle na referida empresa. O estágio, que decorreu entre outubro de 2009 e abril de 2010, possibilitou o contacto com a realidade empresarial, permitindo o confronto entre os ensinamentos teóricos e a sua aplicação prática, no sentido de facilitar uma futura integração profissional. O trabalho permitiu também compreender a importância da utilização dos sistemas de informação nas empresas multinacionais, ou seja, de que forma o sistema apoia a atividade e o desenvolvimento de todos os departamentos da empresa; ABSTRACT: This work corresponds to the final stage of the Master's degree in Management - specialization in Accounting and Auditing. This study aims to analyze the application of Oracle system in the Kemet Electronics Portugal, S.A., namely in the accounting department, in accomplishing the task of verifying and accounting of invoices and credit notes from suppliers. In order to achieve this purpose, the first part of the study includes a theoretical analysis of the issues of international accounting harmonization and information accounting systems. The second part of the work includes the analysis of the Oracle system in the company. The internship, which took place between October 2009 and April 2010, provided some contact with the business reality, allowing the comparison between the theoretical knowledge and the practical application to facilitate the future professional integration. The work also enabled to understand the importance of using information systems in multinational corporations, i.e., how the system support the activity and the development of all departments of the company.

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With the globalization of the economy and the growing participation of several world investors in financial markets, combining the political, economical and social differences of each country, the varying Accounting Statements based on principles, standards, procedures or idiosyncratic accounting patterns become inadequate to provide comprehensible and useful financial information to the users at international level. Considering a country¿s conditions, peculiarities and the stage of development, the need to promote the convergence of the effective accounting practices in the public sector with the emerging international accounting standards is imperative as the public entities endeavor to provide transparent and comparable accounting information that can be understood by financial analysts, investors, auditors and other users, independent of their origin and location. Consequently, the objective of this research was described through the following questions: Which are the main differences between the international and local accounting norms applicable to the public sector in Brazil? Which are the main differences between the applicable international accounting norms and the practices adopted by the Brazilian public sector? And, which are the main differences between the practices adopted by the entities of the Brazilian public sector and the practices adopted by entities of the public sector of countries that formally follow the international accounting norms? The methodology adopted in this research was the one of comparative analysis between standards and practices. To provide a basis for the comparative analysis, the Brazilian standards were used for the public sector and the international standards were identified by consulting with the main international accounting committees. In the comparative analyses of norms adopted in national accounting statements the financial accounting statements of the Municipal districts of Rio de Janeiro and of São Paulo were used, and compared with the international accounting statements of New Zealand. The results of these comparative analyses provide important conclusions about the convergence and harmonization processes in accounting norms and practices for the public sector mainly as they demonstrate some of the conflicts among the recent efforts to base and harmonize accounting practices in the near future, but today significant differences remain between the norms and practices. It was also noticed that, in practice, the divergence in Brazilian accounting practices from the international standards are accentuated by the recognition of the registrations of the budgetary execution in the patrimonial accounting; and, the comparison with the practices adopted by New Zealand demonstrated that the foreign country¿s advances towards harmonizing its standards to the international norms and practices in such an important way that New Zealand independently overcomes the minimum exigencies of harmonization, which in practice, is more complete than the practices currently adopted in Brazil.
Com a globalização da economia e a crescente participação de diversos investidores mundiais no mercado financeiro, somadas as diferenças políticas, econômicas e sociais de cada país, as Demonstrações Contábeis baseadas nos princípios, normas, procedimentos ou padrões contábeis idiossincráticos se tornaram inadequadas para prestar informações financeiras úteis aos usuários a nível internacional, no que se refere à compreensividade. A necessidade de promover a convergência das práticas contábeis vigentes no setor público com as normas internacionais de contabilidade tendo em vista as condições, peculiaridades e o estágio de desenvolvimento do nosso país torna imperativo que os entes públicos disponibilizem informações contábeis transparentes e comparáveis que possam ser entendidas e compreendidas por analistas financeiros, investidores, auditores e demais usuários, independentemente de sua origem e localização. Diante disso, o problema desta pesquisa foi descrito através das seguintes questões: Quais são as principais diferenças entre os padrões contábeis internacionais e os aplicáveis ao setor público no Brasil? Quais são as principais diferenças entre os padrões internacionais aplicáveis ao setor público no Brasil e as práticas efetivamente adotadas no setor público brasileiro? E, quais são as principais diferenças entre as práticas efetivamente adotadas pelas entidades do setor público brasileiro em relação às práticas adotadas por entidades do setor público de países que formalmente seguem os padrões internacionais? A metodologia adotada nesta pesquisa foi a de análise comparativa entre normas e práticas. Para entendimento da análise comparativa e a amostra, foram utilizadas as atuais normas brasileiras para o setor público, e para as normas internacionais foram identificados e consultados os principais comitês internacionais. Nas análises comparativas que adotaram demonstrações contábeis nacionais foram utilizadas as demonstrações financeiras dos Municípios do Rio de Janeiro e de São Paulo, que foram confrontados com as demonstrações contábeis internacionais da Nova Zelândia. As análises comparativas e análise de resultados gerou conclusões importantes sobre o processo de convergência e harmonização contábil para o setor público principalmente por demonstrarem que o confronto entre os padrões evidenciaram o surgimento recente de uma nova ordem para fundamentar práticas contábeis harmônicas no futuro próximo, mas hoje ainda guarda significativa diferença entre os padrões. Percebeu-se também que na prática contábil brasileira as divergências entre os padrões internacionais é bastante acentuada e sofre influência dos aspectos do reconhecimento dos registros da execução orçamentária na contabilidade patrimonial; e o confronto com as práticas adotadas pela Nova Zelândia demonstrou que o país estrangeiro avança em direção a harmonizar seus padrões aos internacionais de forma tão importante que por conta própria supera as exigências mínimas de harmonização, alcançando conjunto mais completo na prática e com isso distancia-se ainda mais da prática por hora adotada no Brasil.

Tyrimo objektas – Tarptautiniai ir Verslo apskaitos standartai. Tyrimo tikslas – atlikti Tarptautinių ir Verslo apskaitos standartų nuostatų lyginamąją analizę bei nustatyti perėjimo prie Tarptautinių apskaitos standartų tikslingumą visoms Lietuvos verslo įmonėms. Uždaviniai: - išanalizuoti apskaitos harmonizavimo ir standartizavimo būtinumą ir reikšmę; - palyginti Tarptautinių apskaitos standartų ir Verslo apskaitos standartų nuostatas bei nustatyti skirtumus; - ištirti Tarptautinius apskaitos standartus ir Verslo apskaitos standartus taikančių įmonių apskaitos metodų pasirinkimus praktikoje; - išsiaiškinti Tarptautinių ir Verslo apskaitos standartų taikymo privalumus ir trūkumus bei nustatyti perėjimo prie Tarptautinių apskaitos standartų tikslingumą visoms Lietuvos verslo įmonėms. Tyrimo metodai: lyginamosios analizės bei sintezės, ekspertinis, palyginimo, grupavimo, anketinės apklausos, grafinio vaizdavimo metodai. Rezultatai: išstudijavus ekonominę literatūrą, mokslo darbus, publikacijas, LR Vyriausybės įstatymus, apskaitos standartų nuostatas, išsiaiškintos finansinės apskaitos harmonizavimo ir standartizavimo tendencijos, nustatyti skirtumai tarp Verslo apskaitos standartų ir Tarptautinių apskaitos standartų. Atlikus verslo apskaitos standartų ir tarptautinių apskaitos standartų taikymo Lietuvos įmonių apskaitoje empirinį tyrimą, išsiaiškinti standartų taikymo privalumai ir trūkumai, respondentų apskaitos metodų pasirinkimai, pateiktos išvados dėl TAS ir VAS taikymo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The object of the research – International and Business Accounting Standards. The aim of the research – to accomplish comparative analysis of International Accounting Standards and Business Accounting Standards and measure the influence of these standards application on the rates of Lithuanian enterprises’ financial accountability. The objectives of this research are: - to analyse the meaning and necessity of accountancy harmonization and standardization; - to compare the attitudes of International Accounting Standards and Business Accounting Standards and estimate the differences; - to explore company’s choices of Accountancy methods which practice International and National Accounting Standards; - to ascertain the merits and demerits of International Accounting Standards and Business Accounting Standards application and identify the expediency of passing to International Accounting Standards to all Lithuanian business enterprises. The research methodics incorporates such methods: comparable analysis and synthesis, experimental, assort able, interview and graphic methods. Results: made analysis of economical literature, studies, publications, laws of Lithuanian government, Accounting Standards, the tendencies of harmonization and standardization of accountancy were ascertain. Also the differences between International Accounting Standards and Business Accounting Standards were diagnosed. The empirical investigation of the application of International and Business... [to full text]

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URCAMP - Universidade da Região da Campanha
O presente estudo investiga o nível de convergência de práticas contábeis em empresas industriais dos países do MERCOSUL e da Comunidade Andina. Partindo de uma base teórica com a qual se identificou o atual estágio de adoção das Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade, nos países destes dois blocos econômicos, foi possível comparar a convergência normativa com a prática contábil. Para tanto, analisou-se a mensuração e a evidenciação dos principais elementos patrimoniais numa amostra de trinta empresas industriais, nos países destes dois blocos econômicos sul-americanos. A amostra foi escolhida por critérios de intencionalidade e acessibilidade, sendo os dados obtidos a partir das páginas web dos órgãos nacionais encarregados de controlar e fiscalizar os mercados de capitais, em cada um dos países pesquisados. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise descritiva, para elaboração de quadros-resumos relativos às práticas contábeis das empresas de cada país, no que concerne à mensuração e evidenciação dos seguintes elementos patrimoniais: Contas a Receber de Clientes (Receitas), Estoques, Investimentos, Imobilizado e Intangível. As análises realizadas possibilitaram que se identificasse o atual estágio de convergência em termos de normas e práticas contábeis, nos dois blocos econômicos. Em geral, observou-se que a prática contábil, nas empresas pesquisadas, ainda é muito heterogênea nos diferentes países. Enquanto que, em alguns países, constatou-se convergência quase total às normas internacionais emitidas pelo IASB, em outros, este processo parece distante. Observou-se também que a adoção das normas internacionais não significa a observância e a convergência na prática. Por fim, foi possível perceber que há ainda um caminho a percorrer, para que, nos países do MERCOSUL e da Comunidade Andina, as práticas contábeis estejam completamente harmonizadas, convergindo aos padrões de contabilidade internacionalmente aceitos.
The present study investigates the level of accounting convergence practices in businesses in the countries of Mercosul and the Andean community. Departing from a theoretical basis in which we have identified the current stage of use of the International Accounting Standards in countries from these two economical segments, it was possible to compare the convergence regulations with the accounting practices. To do so, we have analyzed the measurement and the disclosure of main assets in 30 companies in these South American countries. This countries were sampled by intentionality criterion and accessibility, the data was acquired from the web pages of national entities in charge of controlling the capital markets in each of the sampled countries. The collected data was submitted to descriptive analysis and summary maps were made concerning the accounting practices of the companies in each country in what concerns the measurement and disclosure of the following assets: accounts receivable (revenue) stocks, investment, intangibles and fixed assets. The analysis carried out, made it possible to identify the current stage of convergence concerning regulations and accounting practices in these countries. It was verified that accounting practices are very different in the countries sampled. While in some countries we found almost total convergence with the accounting practices issued by the IASB, in some others this process was somewhat distant. It was also observed that the adoption of International regulations does not mean convergence in practice. Finally we observed that there is a long way for the accounting practices of the Mercosul countries and Andean Community to be harmonized, and converge with the internationally accepted accounting standards.

La recherche conduite se focalise sur le cas de la Tunisie, un pays émergent, initialement imprégné d'une culture comptable continentale, qui s'est engagé en 1997 dans une réforme avant-gardiste d'harmonisation comptable internationale, devançant plusieurs pays, dont ceux de l'Union Européenne, en abandonnant son Plan Comptable Général hérité de la période coloniale française, pour adopter son premier système comptable de type anglo-saxon, largement inspiré du référentiel international. Alors que la normalisation comptable internationale a considérablement évolué depuis 1997, notamment par le remplacement en 2001 de l'IASC par l'IASB, et l'introduction des IFRS, paradoxalement, très peu de révisions ont été apportées au système tunisien, laissant ainsi apparaître un écart, qui s'est progressivement creusé, entre normes tunisiennes et normes internationales. Cette situation interroge les motivations réelles ayant provoqué la réforme de 1997, qui peut être due aussi bien à un réel besoin local de se joindre à la sphère mondiale, qu'à une volonté d'afficher une étiquette ou un "Label ", au sens de Daske et al. (2007), afin de se conformer aux recommandations des organismes internationaux, et d'attirer différentes parties prenantes étrangères. Il convient de ce fait de s'interroger sur la nature des facteurs à l'origine du processus d'harmonisation comptable internationale en Tunisie : s'agit-il de contingences environnementales, ou de pressions institutionnelles? Ainsi, conformément à une structure de recherche classique, avec l'exposition d'une revue de la littérature, suivie d'une étude exploratoire du terrain exploitant qualitativement des entretiens réalisés auprès de professionnels tunisiens, pour mener enfin l'étude empirique proprement dite, dans une démarche quantitative, notre recherche se base sur la théorie de la contingence et l'approche néo-institutionnelle, pour répondre à la problématique suivante : Dans un pays émergent historiquement à tradition comptable continentale, comment se mesure l'avancement du processus d'harmonisation internationale et quels en sont les déterminants? Exploitant des réponses recueillies de juin à septembre en 2009 puis en 2010, via un questionnaire administré auprès de professionnels exerçant au sein de cabinets d'expertise comptable tunisiens et de cadres comptables exerçant au sein d'entreprises localisées en Tunisie, cette étude a pu montrer un faible niveau général d'harmonisation comptable internationale en Tunisie, de jure, mais surtout de facto. Aussi, l'analyse a montré que les facteurs étudiés susceptibles d'avoir un impact sur l'avancement du processus d'harmonisation sont à la fois contingents et néo-institutionnels, ces derniers étant les plus influents, pour les cabinets, alors qu'ils sont exclusivement néo-institutionnels, pour les entreprises. Le modèle comptable anglo-saxon ne serait donc pas pertinent pour toutes les entités économiques tunisiennes, la réforme de 1997 n'étant principalement que le résultat de pressions institutionnelles, notamment étrangères, exercées sur les choix économiques et politiques du pays, plutôt que d'un besoin émanant des différents acteurs interagissant dans le tissu économique tunisien local. En l'occurrence, parmi les parties exerçant une influence sur les entités tunisiennes pour les adapter à la culture anglo-saxonne des normes internationales, cette étude a identifié, les réseaux internationaux d'expertise comptable et d'audit, notamment les Big4, les groupes de sociétés multinationales, les parties prenantes étrangères des entreprises exportatrices, etc. Ainsi, seules les entités à dimension internationale présentent des niveaux élevés de familiarisation avec les IFRS
The study focuses on the case of Tunisia, an emerging country, initially impregnated by a continental accounting culture, having started in 1997 a pioneering reform of international accounting harmonization. Thus, ahead of several countries including those of the European Union, Tunisia replaced its General Accounting Plan inherited from the French colonial period, to adopt its first Anglo-Saxon accounting system, largely inspired by the international accounting system. But while the international accounting standardization had changed considerably since 1997, with the replacement of the IASC in 2001 by the IASB, and the introduction of IFRS, adding a "financial" dimension to the accounting information, paradoxically, very few revisions were made to the Tunisian system, showing a gap between Tunisian and international standards, that kept progressively widening. This situation of Tunisian accounting standardization, between a need and a will to make up the process of harmonizing with the international accounting standards, and a maintain of the Tunisian standards inspired by revised and even repealed old international standards, questions about the real motivations behind the 1997's Tunisian accounting reform. It may as well have been legitimized by a local real need to join the global sphere, or as a desire to display a label as defined in Daske et al. (2007), in order to comply with the recommendations of international organizations, and to attract foreign stakeholders. We therefore question the nature of the factors behind the process of international accounting harmonization in Tunisia: is it due to environmental contingencies, or institutional pressures? Following a conventional research structure, with a literature review, an exploratory study exploiting qualitatively interviews conducted with Tunisian professionals, and an empirical study using a quantitative approach, our research is based on the contingency theory and the neo-institutional approach, to address the following research question:In an emerging country historically impregnated with continental accounting tradition, how to measure the progress of the international harmonization process and what are its determinants? Exploiting responses collected via a questionnaire conducted from June 2009 to September 2009, and from June 2010 to September 2010, and administered to professionals working in Tunisian accounting firms or affiliated to the accounting departments of different Tunisian firms, the study showed the stagnation of the international accounting harmonization process in Tunisia. Also, the analysis showed that there are both contingent and institutional factors behind the launch of harmonization process, for accounting professionals working in accounting firms, and only institutional factors for professionals affiliated to accounting departments of Tunisian firms. The Anglo-Saxon accounting model would not be relevant for all economic entities in Tunisia, since the 1997 reform is principally the result of institutional pressures, mostly international ones, impacting the economic and political choices of the country, rather than a choice made to fulfill a need expressed by the various actors interacting in the local Tunisian economy. Among the parties that push Tunisian entities to be familiarized with the Anglo-Saxon culture of the international standards, our study identified the international accounting and auditing networks, including the Big4, the multinational groups, the stakeholders of foreign exporting firms, etc. Thus, in Tunisia, only the entities dealing with such international environment have high levels of familiarization with IFRS standards

The Diploma Thesis deals with an intangible assets reporting in different accounting systems. The purpose of the Diploma Thesis is a comparison of intangible assets in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), Czech and Slovak accounting rules. It presents the impact of the found problematic scopes on the relevance of data reporting in the concrete companies. It points out the necessity of harmonization of national accounting legislations.

Depuis les réformes fiscales du 20ème siècle, l’alignement de principe du droit fiscal sur le droit privé et la comptabilité s’est progressivement imposé en droit fiscal français. En matière de fiscalité des entreprises, un principe de connexion entre le droit fiscal et la comptabilité a été consacré sur le fondement de textes épars, de la jurisprudence, de la doctrine majoritaire et du pragmatisme de l’administration fiscale ; mais surtout au nom de l’unité opératoire du droit considérée en phase avec les impératifs du droit fiscal telles la simplicité, la sécurité juridique, l’imposition selon la capacité contributive. A l’aune des principaux impôts commerciaux, la connexion présente une portée très large qui se dédouble en connexion matérielle et formelle. A l’épreuve de l’adoption mondiale du référentiel comptable de l’IASB et de l’harmonisation de la fiscalité directe des entreprises au sein de l’Union Européenne, le droit français, bien que tiraillé, a fait le choix du maintien de la connexion dans le cadre de la convergence du PCG avec les normes IAS-IFRS sans le secours d’une véritable politique fiscale optimale devant tendre vers l’élargissement de l’assiette des impôts en contrepartie d’une réduction des taux et vers la réduction des coûts de conformité de l’impôt au moins au sein de l’Union Européenne. Mais, à la lumière de ces impératifs fiscaux, de la logique juridique et du droit fiscal américain, les potentialités de la déconnexion doivent être explorées notamment le projet d’ACCIS soutenu par la France et reposant sur une assiette autonome et élargie, l’admission optionnelle du bilan fiscal et la réduction des concepts fiscaux transversaux
Since the tax reforms of 20th century, the alignment of tax law on private law and accounting gradually became the imperative principle under French law.Concerning business taxation, the principle of book and tax conformity has been established based on scattered provisions, the case law, the majority of tax scholars and the pragmatism of the tax authorities; but specially in the name of the operating unity of the law matching with the tax values such simplicity, legal certainty, taxation in accordance with ability to pay.With regard to the main business taxes, the book tax conformity has very wide reach which is both material and formal.Facing the worldwide adoption of the IASB accounting standards and the harmonization of the direct tax on businesses within the European Union, the French law, despite tension, chose the preservation of the book tax conformity in the process of the convergence of the General accounting plan toward the IAS-IFRS without the account of the optimal tax policy that must aim at broadening the tax base with rates reduction and the reduction of tax conformity costs at least within the EU.In the light of theses canons, legal logic, the example of the US law, the potentialities of a disconnection must be explored namely the current EU project of CCCTB, backed by France, based on a broad and autonomous tax base ; a fiscal balance sheet election; the reduction of transversal tax concepts

El propòsit d’aquest treball és presentar un mètode que faciliti l’accés ràpid i segur a cada una de les Normes Internacionals de Comptabilitat, així com sistematitzar el tractament comptable de les diferents operacions de l’empresa i establir una guia d’aplicació, de les normes, a cada una d’aquestes operacions. Comencem presentant els organismes emissors de normes al llarg del temps i analitzant la totalitat d’aquestes. Així, hem pogut deduir una estructura general de les mateixes, que serveix de patró per a la seva interpretació i que permet elaborar-ne una fitxa individualitzada -incloses com annex-. A continuació, hem estructurat l’activitat econòmica seguint un enfocament dinàmic, el qual permet definir els diferents processos d’actuació de l’empresa en la seva activitat. De la concurrència dels dos elements anteriors, n’ha resultat la part final de l’estudi, que facilita la interpretació i aplicació de les Normes Internacionals d’Informació Financera, en el registre de les operacions empresarials, sense entrar en casuístiques determinades.
The purpose of this thesis is to find a method that facilitates the quick and safe access to each one of the International Accounting Standards, as well as to systematize the accounting treatment of the various operations of the company and so, establish the guidelines for the International Accounting Standards application to each of these operations. First of all, we present the main accounting standards-setters over time and analyse all the accounting rules. Based on these analyses, we give support to the hypothesis of the existence of a general underlying structure, common to all the accounting rules; and that this structure could be used as a common pattern in their interpretation. Due to the previous deduction we could elaborate individual tabs for each of the accounting standards -included in the annex-. Moreover, we have structured the economic activity following a dynamic approach that has allowed us to define the various strategic actions undertaken by a company to develop its activity. The join analysis of the two elements mentioned above is presented in the final part of the thesis. The objective of this analysis is to enable the interpretation and application of the International Financial Reporting Standards in the registration of the companies’ operations in their accounting statements, without going into specific cases.

Diploma work inquires processing of financial statements according International Financial Reporting Standards IFRS and also according current legal adaptation of financial statements in Czech Republic. The work reveals crucial differences in financial reporting of concrete Small Enterprises Company. It demonstrates the influence of financial reporting on income. The work points out necessity of harmonization of national accounting standards with IFRS.

There is a significant number of differences between the Czech accounting legislation and the International Financial Reporting standards in the area of posting and presentation of non-current assets. These are eliminated by the process of harmonization within the European Union. Harmonization process shows clear advantages for the users of financial information; however, the process is still not fully completed. Continuous changes in accounting rules also bring to business a lot of complications and additional costs. The diploma thesis presents a comparison of both accounting conceptions; shows a discussion on their advantages and disadvantages and demonstrates the impact of different approaches to booking for non-current assets to the financial statements of a business entity.

L'aggravation de la crise des finances publiques place l'information financière publique au cœur de la gestion de l'action publique. À ce titre, sous l’impulsion des partenaires techniques et financiers, l’Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA) s’est dotée d’un second cadre harmonisé des finances publiques en 2009, faisant suite à celui de 1997. Une nouvelle comptabilité publique, proche de celle du secteur privé, est promue par une série de directives. La novation majeure demeure la promotion d’une comptabilité d’exercice pour les États membres. Elle s’inspire des normes internationales, notamment du système comptable ouest africain (SYSCOA). La seule limite réside en la spécificité de l’État. La comptabilité publique change fondamentalement de nature. Elle est saisie en tant que système d'information financière devant garantir des comptes publics réguliers, sincères et fidèles. Sous ce rapport, l'étude s’emploie par le biais d’une approche analytique et appliquée aux ordres juridicocomptables nationaux à démontrer que le mouvement de régionalisation des normes juridiques UEMOA est le révélateur de la fabrique d’un droit public comptable autonome axé sur une nouvelle conception de la production de l’information financière
The deepening crisis in public finances places public financial information at the heart of public policy management. As such, under the impetus of technical and financial partners, the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) adopted a second harmonised public finance framework in 2009, after the 1997 one. A new public accounting system, close to that of the private sector, is promoted by a series of directives. The major innovation remains the promotion of accrual accounting for member states. It is based on international standards, notably the West African Accounting System (WAAS). The only limit lies in the specificity of the State. The nature of public accounting is fundamentally changing. It is captured as financial information system that must guarantee regular, sincere and faithful public accounts. In this respect, the study uses an analytical approach and applied to the national legal and accounting orders to demonstrate that the movement towards regionalization of WAEMU legal standards is indicative of the creation of an autonomous public accounting law based on a new conception of the production of financial information

碩士
中國文化大學
會計研究所
87
People are trading and investing across the world in the recent two decades. Multinational enterprises become more and more popular. Multinational enterprises’ shareholders are all over the world. They prepare financial information not only for their home countries but also for the others. Different countries have different political and cultural environments. Each country asks separate disclosure rule according to its accounting system. It makes global investors difficult to compare the financial information between multinational enterprises in accordance with different legal requirements. 　This study examines the attitudes of professors, CPAs and financial executives toward harmonization of international accounting standards.

碩士
中原大學
會計研究所
91
There are three major accounting standards in the whole world, including International Accounting Standards (IAS) / International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) issued by International Accounting Standards Board(IASB)，U.S. GAAP issued by Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) , and national GAAP issued by Individual National Accounting Standards Institution. In the long time , Having the strength of history background and process in preparing accounting standards , FASB have an important position in this field. After US had broken a serious of fraud in preparing financial statement , the public may double for the financial statement according to U.S. GAAP process-based rules. The public increasingly turn to IAS / IFRS principle-based rules . Multinational enterprises are increasingly popular in one decade recently that cause no limitation from one country to another that result in globalization of capital markets. Under different national accounting standards , investors among international capital market who hardly realize financial statement have a demand for setting a common set of worldwide accounting standards. In order to understand the different between IAS and R.O.C. Financial Accounting Standards , comparing the different between IAS and R.O.C. Financial Accounting Standards will benefit in developing the strategy of the global operation. International Accounting Standards (IAS) / International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) has significant position throughout the world because it considers difference between two or more countries accounting standards under national accounting standards.

JEL Classification System: M41 – Accounting; M48 – Government Policy and Regulation.
A informação financeira produzida pelas empresas é cada vez mais complexa e a globalização das economias implicou a existência de práticas contabilísticas muito diversificadas. Cada vez é mais necessário, por um lado e mais difícil por outro, comparar relatos financeiros de entidades sedeadas em contextos distintos. O principal objetivo desta dissertação foi estudar a harmonização contabilística internacional, referindo ao atual estado da contabilidade em Angola, com particular destaque para a adoção das normas internacionais IAS/IFRS no sistema bancário angolano a partir do exercício económico 2016, e as comparações de modo a identificar os pontos convergentes e divergentes existentes entre o PGCA e estas normas internacionais. Portanto, fez-se uma abordagem descritiva do atual sistema contabilístico angolano que permitiu verificar as razões que levam a que este sistema não esteja harmonizado com as práticas internacionais promovidas pelos organismos de âmbito internacional como o IASB. Entretanto, foi permitido concluir que a adoção destas normas será uma mais-valia para o sistema contabilístico angolano e particularmente para a credibilização do seu sistema financeiro, pois aspetos como a comparabilidade, transparência e alta qualidade da informação financeira serão alcançados para a análise e tomada de decisões por parte dos seus utentes. Para isso, muitas alterações devem ser feitas por parte das instituições nacionais que têm a responsabilidade de controlo e regulação da contabilidade, nomeadamente nas atualizações aos planos de contas em vigor e pela criação de organismos que emitam normas de contabilidade.
The financial information produced by companies is becoming more and more complex and the globalization of economies implied the existence of accounting practices very diversified. It is becoming increasingly necessary, on the one hand and more difficult on the other hand, compare financial reports of entities domiciled in different contexts. The main objective of this dissertation was to study the international accounting harmonization, referring to the current state of accounting in Angola, with particular emphasis on the adoption of international standards IAS/IFRS in the Angolan banking system from the economic year 2016, and comparisons in order to identify converging and diverging points existing between PGCA and these international standards. Therefore, was applied a descriptive approach of the current Angolan accounting system that allowed to find out the reasons that make this system to not be harmonized with the international best practices promoted by bodies of international scope like IASB. However, it enabled to come to the conclusion that the adoption of these standards will be an added value for the Angolan accounting system and especially to give more credibility to its financial system, since aspects like comparability, transparency and higher quality of the financial information will be attained for the analysis and decision making by its users. To achieve this, many changes must be done by the national institutions that are responsible for control and regulation of the accounting, particularly in updates on the currents accounts plans and the creation of institutions that issue accounting standards.

M41; F30
This dissertation provides insight into the mandatory implementation of IFRS in Portugal by 2005 and a contribution by highlighting the main features of this process. The motivation of this research is a recent reform in Portuguese accounting rules. Based upon a review of the content of the 2005 financial statements presented by the Portuguese listed companies, we found a high degree of variability among the disclosures either regarding the narrative explanations of transition or reconciliations disclosures. The findings indicate positive total impact on the net income and negative total effect on the shareholders‟ equity. The individual adjustments show discrepancy between the two set of standards (PGAAP and IFRS) in the accounting treatment of business combination, employee benefits, share-based payments, investment property and property, plant and equipment with reference to both net income and shareholders‟ equity. Furthermore IFRS 1 supplies optional exemptions to the general principle of retrospective application in some areas and we investigate the choices made by the Portuguese listed firms. The results show that IFRS 1 options are not used to offset the impact of mandatory adjustments on equity. This study is relevant to the preparers, auditors and users of the financial information in identifying the most problematic areas of implementation of IFRS.
Esta dissertação fornece uma visão sobre a aplicação obrigatória das IFRS em Portugal em 2005 e uma contribuição destacando as principais características deste processo. A motivação desta investigação é a reforma recente das regras contabilísticas portuguesas. Com base numa análise do conteúdo das demonstrações financeiras de 2005 apresentadas pelas empresas cotadas em Portugal, identificámos um elevado grau de diversidade na informação divulgada, quer no que respeita às explicações descritivas da transição quer no que respeita às reconciliações. Os resultados indicam existir um impacto positivo sobre o resultado líquido e um efeito negativo sobre o capital próprio. Os ajustamentos individuais mostram existir discrepâncias entre os dois normativos (POC e IFRS) no que respeita às concentrações de negócios, benefícios dos empregados, pagamentos baseados em acções, propriedades de investimentos e activos fixos tangíveis com efeito no resultado líquido e nos capitais próprios. A IFRS 1 inclui a opção de não se proceder à aplicação retrospectiva para determinadas áreas e nós investigamos a escolha feita pelas empresas portuguesas cotadas. Os resultados mostram que a opção da IFRS 1 não é utilizada com o objectivo de compensar o impacto dos ajustamentos obrigatórios no capital próprio. Este estudo é relevante para os preparadores, auditores e utilizadores da informação financeira ao identificar as áreas mais problemáticas na implementação das IFRS.

This thesis concerns the issues of the harmonization of the Czech accounting legislature on the international accounting. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part defines the fundamental principles of the International Accounting Standards and compares them with the accounting legislature of the Czech Republic. It outlines the basic responsibilities for the accounting. Further, it compares the conceptual framework and the valuation bases. One of the chapters deals with the entering of the International Accounting Standards into the Czech environment. The second part concerns the analysis of Czech accounting in relation to the specific International Accounting Standards, in particular, IAS 1 {--} Insurance Contracts, IAS 16 - Property, Plant and Equipment, IAS 17 {--} Leases. Finally, the different standards are compared with the Czech accounting legislature and the IFRS Financial Statement is presented.

Relatório de estágio de mestrado em Contabilidade
Este relatório de estágio contribui para o conjunto de trabalhos que analisam o processo de harmonização contabilística internacional, em particular os esforços desenvolvidos pelo International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), e o seu impacto na contabilidade local. Pretende-se, assim, analisar o impacto do referido processo nos sistemas contabilísticos de Portugal e da Suíça, e efetuar uma análise comparativa dos mesmos. Com a realização deste relatório de estágio, cumpre-se também com os requisitos estabelecidos no artigo 9.º do Regulamento de Inscrição, Estágio e Exame Profissionais RIEEP, por forma a obter dispensa do estágio profissional da Ordem dos Contabilistas Certificados. Para o desenvolvimento da investigação foi adotada uma metodologia qualitativa, utilizando-se a técnica de análise documental e a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas a profissionais da área da contabilidade, nomeadamente a contabilistas portugueses e suíços. Assim, é realizada num primeiro momento, uma análise aos sistemas contabilísticos de Portugal e da Suíça, de seguida são analisadas as principais áreas de diversidade contabilística existentes entre os mesmos, através da classificação dos diferentes subsistemas contabilísticos, e por último, são ainda analisadas as perceções dos contabilistas portugueses e suíços acerca do impacto do processo de harmonização internacional na contabilidade de Portugal e da Suíça, respetivamente. A escolha do tema do presente relatório de estágio é fruto da oportunidade de trabalho surgida na Suíça para o período de outubro de 2018 a dezembro de 2018. Apesar de a Suíça não pertencer à União Europeia, os normativos europeus relacionados com a contabilidade influenciaram fortemente a regulamentação contabilística suíça. Em consonância com investigações realizadas, constata-se que o processo de harmonização contabilística assumiu especial relevância, após a aprovação e adoção do Regulamento (CE) nº 1606/2002 do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho. No entanto, em termos comparativos, nos dois países em estudo, a influência deste regulamento é bastante mais acentuada em Portugal do que na Suíça. Tal não significa que o normativo contabilístico suíço esteja imune ao crescente impacto do normativo do IASB, já que este serviu de benchmark ao desenvolvimento das normas de contabilidade suíças.
This internship report contributes to the body of work analyzing the process of international accounting harmonization, in particular the efforts made by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), and its impact on local accounting. The objective is then to analyze the impact of this process on the accounting systems of Portugal and Switzerland, and to make a comparative analysis of them. This internship report is also intended to comply with the requirements set out in Article 9 of the RIEEP Registration, Internship and Professional Examination Regulations, in order to obtain exemption from the professional internship of the “Ordem dos Contabilistas Certificados”. For the development of the research, a qualitative methodology was adopted, using the document analysis technique and semi-structured interviews with accounting professionals, namely Portuguese and Swiss accountants. Then, an analysis of the accounting systems of Portugal and Switzerland is first performed, followed by an analysis of the main areas of accounting diversity between them, through the classification of the different accounting subsystems, and finally, the perceptions of the Portuguese and Swiss accountants about the impact of the international harmonization process on the accounting of Portugal and Switzerland, respectively, are also analyzed. The choice of the subject of this internship report is the result of a work opportunity that arose in Switzerland for the period from October 2018 to December 2018. Although Switzerland does not belong to the European Union, European accounting standards strongly influenced Swiss accounting regulations. In line with the research carried out, it is noted that the process of accounting harmonization assumed special relevance after the approval and adoption of Regulation (EC) No 1606/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council. In comparative terms, the influence of this regulation is much more marked in Portugal than in Switzerland. This does not mean that the Swiss accounting standard is immune to the growing impact of the IASB standard as it has benchmarked the development of Swiss accounting standards.

A implementação do novo Sistema de Normalização Contabilística (SNC), que entrou em vigor no início de 2010, impulsiona Portugal para uma posição de topo na convergência internacional de políticas de relato financeiro, podendo ser encarada como uma oportunidade para os profissionais da área, no âmbito da evolução do conhecimento profissional, e para a competitividade e crescimento das empresas portuguesas. Esta é, no entanto, uma grande mudança que pode enfrentar alguns obstáculos. Neste trabalho pretende-se realizar uma análise ao primeiro ano de implementação do SNC, identificando as principais percepções sobre a experiência de implementação do normativo pelos profissionais e sobre o impacto da sua implementação nas empresas. As conclusões da investigação indicam que os propósitos da mudança (benefícios e objectivos), e os principais conceitos estruturantes alterados com a implementação do SNC, são compreendidos e consensuais. No entanto, concluiu-se que estes novos conceitos podem levar ao aumento dos casos de contabilidade criativa e que apresentam uma orientação divergente das PME portuguesas na perspectiva da principal fonte de financiamento. Concluiu-se ainda que os profissionais não estavam completamente aptos a aplicar o SNC. Foi identificada, como principal dificuldade, a preparação do Anexo e, como principais obstáculos, o número excessivo de divulgações adicionais, os custos associados à transição e os custos associados a determinadas opções contabilísticas. Relativamente aos efeitos da implementação nas empresas, indiciam que não se registam impactos significativos nas principais rúbricas das demonstrações financeiras (DF); todavia, concluiu-se que a implementação pode originar alterações na gestão das empresas e avaliação do seu negócio por terceiros.
The implementation of the New Portuguese GAAP, which came into force in early 2010, propels Portugal to a top position in the international convergence of financial reporting policies. It can be seen as a great opportunity whether by professionals, through the evolution of their professional knowledge, or by Portuguese companies, in terms of competitiveness and growth. However, this is a change of major consequences that may face some obstacles. This study intends to make an analysis to the first year of implementation of the new Portuguese GAAP, in order to meet the major insights of the experience of implementation by the professionals and the impact of its implementation in companies. The research findings shows that the purposes of change (benefits and objectives) as well as the main structural concepts changed with the implementation of the new standards are understood and agreed, however, it is concluded that these new concepts can lead to increased cases of creative accounting and also have a divergent orientation from Portuguese SME´s. It was also concluded that the professionals were not fully able to apply the new standards. The main difficulty was identified as the annex preparation and main obstacles are: excessive number of additional disclosures; costs associated with the transition and; costs associated with certain accounting options. In relation to the effects of the implementation in companies, the impacts on the main headings of the financial statements are insignificants, however, it is considered that the implementation can lead to changes in company management and evaluation of their business by third parties.

Com o fim da guerra civil em 2002, Angola têm vindo a criar condições com vista a incentivar o investimento externo. Tem-se assistido a entrada de inúmeras empresas multinacionais no mercado e empresas nacionais a abrirem o seu capital a entrada de investidores externos como forma de se manterem competitivas. No entanto, os investidores estrangeiros avaliam, para entrada num mercado, não só as questões relativas ao risco, rentabilidade e preço, como também as políticas de divulgação de informação aos investidores, o que traduz a sua transparência. Ao entender esta necessidade, já em 2001, o país adoptou um novo Plano Geral de Contabilidade tendendo a convergência para as Normas Internacionais de Relato Financeiro, decorrente do processo de harmonização contabilística ao nível internacional. Neste contexto, o presente estudo procura evidenciar os aspectos fundamentais do sistema contabilístico angolano, bem como os aspectos convergentes e divergentes face às IFRS.
With the end of war by 2002, Angola has been creating conditions to encourage foreign investment. It has been assisting the entry of many multinational companies in the market and domestic companies to open their capital input from outside investors as a way to remain competitive. However, foreign investors evaluate, for entry into a market, not only issues relating to risk, cost and price, but also policies to relate financial information to investors, reflecting their transparency. By understanding this need, already in 2001 the country adopted a new General Accounting Plan tending to converge towards the International Financial Reporting Standards, due to the process of international accounting harmonization. In this context, this study seeks to highlight the key aspects of the accounting system of Angola, as well as the convergent and divergences over the IFRS.

Trabalho de Projeto do Mestrado em Contabilidade e Finanças apresentado à Faculdade de Economia
A evolução da contabilidade pública em Portugal, designadamente relativa à harmonização contabilística, através da aprovação do Sistema de Normalização Contabilística para as Administrações Públicas (SNC-AP), legalmente aprovado em 2015, conheceu uma nova fase, de grande aproximação às normas internacionais. O SNC-AP é um normativo que tem como intuito corresponder a exigências relacionadas com o planeamento, a prestação de contas e o controlo financeiro das entidades públicas, além de estar alinhado com as IPSASs e com o SNC empresarial.Apenas neste ano de 2018, o SNC-AP inicia a sua implementação, exigindo a aplicação por todas as entidades públicas (excetuando as autarquias locais, que iniciarão em 2019) e consequentemente pelos SASUC. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve como intuito auxiliar os SASUC na implementação do SNC-AP, através de um aprofundamento do estudo da aplicação deste novo normativo ao caso concreto. Mais especificamente, o objetivo do projeto foi aprofundar o conhecimento sobre o SNC-AP, mostrando as diferenças e as alterações na contabilização e na prestação de contas dos SASUC, face ao normativo anterior, o POC-Educação. O desenvolvimento do projeto, relativo à análise prática, centrou-se na contabilização e prestação de contas das principais receitas e rendimentos dos SASUC – receita na perspetiva da contabilidade orçamental e rendimento na perspetiva da contabilidade financeira.Assim, o projeto utilizou uma abordagem essencialmente qualitativa e tendo como estudo de caso ilustrativo a entidade SASUC. Foram utilizadas análises de documentos da entidade e observação participativa, entre outros instrumentos de recolha de dados, para se obter, de forma mais viável, a informação utilizada para elaborar as contabilizações e as demonstrações orçamentais e financeiras ilustrativas, apresentadas na parte prática. Entre as principais conclusões deste estudo destacam-se a possibilidade de compreender quais as principais alterações que deverão ocorrer no que concerne à contabilização e à prestação de contas, possibilitando aos SASUC antever e preparar-se para, no contexto das receitas (perspetiva orçamental) e dos rendimentos (perspetiva financeira), as mudanças necessárias a realizar para o cumprimento do SNC-AP. Contribui para um melhor entendimento das mudanças que a implementação do SNC-AP acarreta, consequentemente procurando melhorar a transição da aplicação de um normativo para os SASUC. Em particular, contribuiu como uma forma exemplificativa de compreender o que será preciso realizar no contexto real, ou ainda como uma visão antecipada, onde se poderá observar, de forma mais próxima, os erros que poderão ser cometidos, ou qual a melhor estratégia a utilizar para a implementação, ou ainda os pontos que requerem um maior cuidado. Apesar de ter um enfoque nas receitas e rendimentos, poderá ser alargado a outras áreas da contabilidade pública, podendo ajudar tanto os SASUC como outras entidades a compreenderem melhor as alterações requeridas. Numa reflexão crítica, acredita-se que a elaboração deste estudo permitiu ao autor um entendimento melhor sobre a situação atual da contabilidade pública, tanto a nível nacional como internacional, nomeadamente na compreensão sobre as causas e consequências da implementação do novo normativo SNC-AP em Portugal.
Portugal's public accounting evolution, in particular regarding accounting harmonization, through the approval of the System of Accounting Standards for Public Administrations (SNC-AP), legally approved in 2015, has reached a new stage, closely aligned with international standards. The SNC-AP is a regulation that is intended to meet requirements related the planning, accountability and financial control of public entities, in addition to being in line with IPSASs and the corporate SNC. Only in this year 2018, the SNC-AP begins its implementation, requiring application by all public entities (except local authorities, which is design to start in 2019) and consequently by SASUC. This work had the purpose to help SASUC in the implementation of the SNC-AP, through a detailed study of the application of this new normative to an concrete case. The objective of the project was to deepen the knowledge of the SNC-AP, showing the differences and the changes between it and the previous normative, the POC-Education, regarding SASUC’s accounting and accountability. The project development, regarding the pratical analysis, was focused on the accounting and reporting of the main revenues and income of the SASAC - revenue from budgetary accounting perspective and income from financial accounting perspective.Thereby, the project used an essentially qualitative approach and had SASUC entity as a illustrative case study. Analyzes of the entity’s documents ,an participatory observation and among others data collection instruments, were used to obtain a more feasible way, the information used to prepare the accounting, the illustrative budgetary and financial statements presented in the practical part.The main conclusions of this study are the possibility of understanding the main changes that should occur regarding accounting and accountability, enabling SASUC to be aware and prepared for, in the context of revenues (budgetary perspective) and incomes (financial perspective), the necessary changes to be made to comply with the SNC-AP. It contributes to a better understanding of the changes that the implementation of SNC-AP entails, consequently seeking to improve the transition from the application of one normative to another in SASUC. In particular, it has contributed as an exemplary way of understanding what will need to be done in the real context, or foreseen closely the errors that may be committed, as well as the best strategy to use for implementation and the points that requires greater attention. Although, the focus is on revenues and revenues, it could be extended to other areas of public accounting that could help both SASUC and other entities to better understand the changes required. In a critical reflection, the preparation of this study allowed the author to have a better understanding of the current situation of public accounting, both nationally and internationally, namely the understanding of the causes and consequences of SNC-AP’s ongoing implementation regulation in Portugal.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Gestão de Empresas.
Com o propósito de aumentar a eficiência do mercado financeiro europeu, a União Europeia sujeitou as empresas cotadas nos mercados comunitários regulamentados a divulgar, a partir de 1 de Janeiro de 2005, as demonstrações financeiras consolidadas com base nas Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade (NIC), emanadas do International AccountingStandards Board (IASB). Este estudo pretende avaliar o impacto produzido pela adopção das NIC na informação financeira das empresas portuguesas cotadas no mercado de cotações oficiais, circunscrevendo-se ao Eurolist ByEuronext Lisbon. Os resultados demonstraram que a estrutura do balanço e demonstração dos resultados sofreu um ajustamento contabilístico significativo. Contudo, verificou-se que as variações contabilísticas ocorridas não revelaram um padrão, sendo bastante inconstantes. A implementação das NIC condicionou a avaliação efectuada ao desempenho e à posição financeira das empresas em causa, como também as lesou do ponto de vista financeiro e teórico. Aferiu-se a existência de relações de dependência entre as variações percentuais verificadas em alguns itens contabilísticos e a dimensão das empresas estudadas. Quanto maior é a dimensão das sociedades, maior é o impacto da aplicação das NIC. Por outro lado, conclui-se que os ajustamentos ocorridos nas demonstrações financeiras são distintos entre as diversas sociedades, não sendo possível determinar grupos de empresas com variações comparáveis.
ABSTRACT: With the purpose of increasing the efficiency of the European finance market, the European Union forced the classified companies in the share market to publish, starting from January 1, 2005, their financial disclosure with the support of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) emanated of International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). This study intends to measure the impact caused with IFRS application in financial information of the Portuguese business companies belonging to the Eurolist by Euronext Lisbon. The results demonstrated that the structure of the balance sheet and financial results suffered a relevant accounting conversion. However, it was verified that the accounting variations occurred didn't reveal a pattern, being excessively inconstant. IFRS implementation conditioned the measure made to the performance and the financial position of the business companies, as well as it harmed them, from the financial and theoretical point of view. The existence of dependence relationships was checked among the relative percentage verified in some accounting items and the business dimension of the companies. The larger the dimension of the studied companies is the bigger the impact IFRS application. On the other hand, we may concluded that the adjustments occurred in the financial disclosure are different among the companies, not being possible to determinate groups of companies with comparable relative variations.

Financial accounting is a deep source of information, which should offer true data about the company. Accounting has a lot of forms and one of them {--} the creative accounting {--} is the topic of this diploma thesis. The term ``creative accounting{\crqq} means falsification of financial and audit reports about company{\crq}s real situation and offering the fictitious ones. The possible way to regulate ``the creative accounting{\crqq} is the process of accounting harmonization. Within this process, there is an effort to create a uniform, comprehensive system which will be clear to everyone and which can offer true image of the accounting. The aim of this work is to estimate the Czech accounting legislation (ČÚL) and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) at situations, allowing ``the creative accounting{\crqq}, which will lead to the conclusion how can the different bookkeeping influent the range of economic result.

O processo de saída do Reino Unido da União Europeia (UE) constituiu a primeira vez que um Estado-Membro abandonou a mesma. Este processo, apelidado de "Brexit", terá um conjunto de consequências sendo muitas delas ainda desconhecidas. Este trabalho procura analisar de que modo o "Brexit", terá ou não, efeitos no processo de harmonização fiscal em curso na UE. Para tal, numa primeira fase procurou-se perceber de que modo o processo de harmonização contabilística, que decorreu e decorre na UE, poderia ou não ser um ponto de partida para a harmonização fiscal e conclui-se que a harmonização contabilística influência a própria harmonização fiscal sendo atualmente uma das grandes discussões acerca da harmonização fiscal, se as "International Financial Reporting Standards" (IFRS) podem ou não servir como base normativa da mesma. Numa segunda fase, estudou-se em que ponto está a harmonização fiscal na UE, isto é, quais os principais progressos registados ao longo deste longo processo, que obstáculos tem enfrentado e de que modo o "Brexit" o vai afetar. Para tal, analisaram-se as votações dos países nas conferências intergovernamentais ao que se considera o seu grande obstáculo, a substituição da regra da maioridade pela regra da maioria qualificada. Feita esta análise, conclui-se que a harmonização fiscal ainda tem um longo caminho a percorrer e que, com o "Brexit", a UE deve primeiro procurar clarificar o que pretende do projeto europeu e, após está discussão, voltar a discutir este assunto e os moldes em que pretende, ou não, concluir uma harmonização fiscal na UE.
The United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union (EU) marked the first time in its history that a member state abandoned the EU. This process, known as Brexit, will have various consequences, although most of them are unknown at this stage of the process. This dissertation, will analyze which effects the Brexit will have in the currently undergoing fiscal harmonization conducted by the EU. To do such analysis, first it was necessary to understand in what way the accounting harmonization that happened in the EU relates to the fiscal harmonization. We concluded that the accounting harmonization affects the fiscal harmonization and, in fact, one of the major discussions happening right now in the EU is whether or not the IFRS should be one of the basis for the fiscal harmonization. Then, the analysis of the dissertation shifted to the current state of the fiscal harmonization in the EU, with the focus being on the progresses made, the obstacles it has faced and the impact that Brexit might have. To do such analysis, this dissertation analyzed the stances adopted by the member states at the intergovernmental conferences regarding one of its biggest obstacles, the substitution of the unanimity rule by the qualified majority rule. The main conclusion that came out of this analysis was that the EU, as a result of the Brexit¸ must clarify its intentions regarding the European project and after this reflection, and only after, should decide if it stills wants to expand and conclude the fiscal harmonization.

JEL classification system: M41, O57
O objetivo do presente estudo é analisar os fatores macroeconómicos que influenciam a decisão dos países na adoção da International Financial Reporting Standards para pequenas e médias empresas (IFRS para PME). Com base numa amostra de 84 países, encontro evidência de que os países sem normas de contabilidade nacionais para as pequenas e médias empresas (PME), experientes na aplicação das Internacional Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) e com um sistema jurídico common law são os mais propensos a adotar a IFRS para PME. No entanto, o nível de educação, o nível de ajuda externa recebida pelo país, a qualidade das normas de contabilidade e a relação entre a contabilidade e a fiscalidade não mostram afetar a decisão nacional de adoção da IFRS para PME. Adicionalmente, verifico que os países membros da União Europeia são menos propensos à adoção da norma. O conhecimento dos fatores macroeconómicos que afetam a decisão nacional de adoção da IFRS para PME é útil para uma serie de entidades que definem a harmonização contabilística internacional, como o Internacional Accounting Standards Board (IASB), organismos reguladores e empresas internacionais de auditoria, uma vez que esta informação poderá ajudá-los na promoção da adoção mundial da norma
The objective of this study is to analyze the macroeconomic factors that influence the decision of the countries in the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards for small and medium-sized entities (IFRS for SME). Based on a sample of 84 countries, I find evidence that countries without national accounting standards for small and medium-sized entities (SME), experience in the application of IFRS and a common law legal system are most likely to adopt IFRS for SME. However, the level of education, the level of foreign aid received by a country, the quality of accounting standards and the relationship between accounting and taxation have no impact in the national adoption decision of IFRS for SME. Additionally, I find that European Union (EU) member countries are less likely to adopt the standard. Knowledge of macroeconomic factors affecting the national adoption decision of IFRS for SME is useful for a several numbers of entities that define the international accounting harmonization, as the IASB, regulators and international accounting firms, since this information can help them in promoting worldwide adoption of the standard

A utilização das International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) pelos países tem sido um tema muito debatido na literatura de contabilidade, em que se afigura naturalmente pertinente verificar os resultados e identificar os benefícios advindos com a adoção destas normas. Esta investigação procura contribuir para esclarecer estes aspetos ao proporcionar evidências sobre os benefícios, e, consequentemente, o nível de implementação das novas práticas contabilísticas advindas da convergência internacional para as IFRS, uma vez que para a efetiva obtenção dos benefícios é necessária a implementação de facto dos princípios e padrões nos relatórios financeiros. Foram escolhidos Portugal e Brasil como casos de estudo para esta pesquisa. São países pertencentes a continentes diferentes, mas com uma base normativa comum (alicerçada na filosofia code law), um tecido empresarial muito similar (composto predominantemente por empresas de menor dimensão), e cuja convergência integral para as IFRS operou-se no mesmo ano (2010). Como fatores inovadores adicionais desta investigação refira-se o seu escopo centrado nas entidades não cotadas e não financeiras, a sua natureza qualitativa, e os inspetores tributários como grupo profissional selecionado para entrevista. Foram realizadas 18 entrevistas com inspetores tributários, nove em Portugal e nove no Brasil. Os resultados revelam que apesar dos entrevistados partilharem perceções de que o modelo IFRS trouxe benefícios ao seu país e exerceu um impacto positivo sobre a utilidade e o conteúdo informativo das demonstrações financeiras, oito anos após a convergência formal, subsistem alguns entraves à plena implementação das IFRS nos dois países.
The use of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) among nation states has been subject to much debate in the accounting literature, and a main inherent issue dwells on verifying the results and identifying the benefits arising from the adoption of these standards. This paper seeks to contribute to enlighten these aspects by providing evidence on the benefits thereof, and, consequently, on the level of implementation of the new accounting practices arising from international convergence to IFRS, since effectively reaping the benefits requires de facto implementation of the embedded principles and standards into financial reports. Portugal and Brazil were chosen as the case studies of this research. Despite belonging in different continents, they share the same normative basis (the code law philosophy), the same dominant business structure (mainly composed of SMEs), and their full convergence to IFRS operated in the same year (2010). As further innovative factors of this research it shall be mentioned its scope centered on non-financial unlisted companies, its qualitative nature, and the tax officials as the professional group selected for interviewing. It was carried out 18 interviews, nine in Portugal and nine in Brazil. Results reveal that although the interviewees share perceptions that the IFRS model has brought benefits to their countries and exerted a positive impact on the usefulness and information contents of financial statements, eight years after formal convergence, some barriers to full implementation of IFRS standards prevail in both countries.

JEL classification system: M41, O57
A investigação analisa o nível de influência que fatores de natureza macroeconómica e social podem ter na decisão de adoção do sistema normativo contabilístico baseado nas International Financial Reporting Standard para pequenas e médias empresas (IFRS para PME), especificamente nos países em desenvolvimento. Tendo como base amostral um conjunto de 60 países e utilizando na investigação análises descritivas e um modelo de regressão logística, encontro suporte para afirmar que nesta tipologia de países é relevante o nível de desenvolvimento institucional, pois quanto maior for o coeficiente desta variável maior será a propensão para a adoção das IFRS para PME. Para otimizar o desenvolvimento institucional o país deve ter em consideração principalmente variáveis de natureza político-legislativa, assim conseguirá construir alicerces para um desenvolvimento sustentável da sua economia, e em função disso potenciar o desenvolvimento empresarial, sendo por esta via, uma vantagem a harmonização contabilística através das IFRS para PME. O grau de formação e a familiaridade com as International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) são também fatores importantes na decisão de adoção das IFRS para PME. Relativamente ao nível de educação/formação, esta variável revela-se importante pois quanto melhor for o conhecimento apreendido melhor será a decisão tomada. No aspeto da familiaridade com as IFRS, esta despoleta uma atitude de maior propensão à adoção do mesmo sistema contabilístico mas segmentado para as PME. Esta premissa é relacionável com o facto do país em desenvolvimento já possuir know-how e ter a experiência de trabalhar com as IFRS, sendo estas caraterísticas uma vantagem
This research study the influence of macroeconomic and social factors on the decision to adopt International Financial Reporting Standard for Small and Medium-sized Entities (IFRS for SME) with a focus on developing countries. Based on a sample of 60 countries and using descriptive analysis and a logistic regression model, this investigation find support for the idea that the level of countries institutional development is positively related with a greater likelihood to adopt IFRS for SME. In order to optimize institutional development, the country must take into account political-legislative variables. In this way, the country is able to lay the foundations for a sustainable development of its economy, whereby companies and accounting systems should be integrated, this will be an advantage to harmonize accounting through IFRS for SME. The understanding and familiarity with IFRS are also relevant factors to the decision of adoption IFRS for SME. Regarding the level of education, the results indicate that knowledge positively affects the decision to adopt IFRS for SME because people with a greater level of education can take better decisions. Familiarity with IFRS triggers an attitude of greater propensity to adopt the same accounting system for small and mediumsized companies because developing countries already have the know-how and experience of working with IFRS.

Small and Medium-sized Entities (SMEs) are crucial in the global economy and the urge to develop a standard for these companies rapidly arose. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) contribution began in 2009 with the issuing of the International Financial Reporting Standard for SMEs (IFRS for SMEs). The IFRS for SMEs adoption is a decision that is up to each country to make. However, little is known about the reasons that drive countries to require, to permit or to prohibit the standard. This dissertation investigates 120 countries worldwide during 2018 and 2019 and aims to study the influence of multiple competitiveness attributes of each country to understand the reasons of a country may i) require, ii) permit, iii) prohibit but use similar standards or iv) prohibit and use different standards. A multinomial logistic regression was conducted revealing that overall, countries that have a higher competitiveness level in institutions, health, skills, product market and financial system are more likely to require the IFRS for SMEs. Meanwhile, countries more competitive in infrastructures, Information and Communications Technology (ICT) adoption, macroeconomic stability, business dynamism and innovation capability are more likely to not require the IFRS for SMEs. Understanding and recognizing the attributes that distinguish a country where the IFRS for SMEs is required from one where it is permitted or prohibited may be important to governments, accounting standards setters, and regulators.
As Pequenas e Médias Empresas (PMEs) são fundamentais na economia global e a necessidade de desenvolver normas para estas entidades rapidamente surgiu. A contribuição do International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) começou em 2009, através da emissão da International Financial Reporting Standard para PMEs (IFRS para PMEs). A adoção da IFRS para PMEs é uma decisão que cabe a cada país. Contudo, pouco se sabe acerca da razão que leva a que um país exija, permita ou proíba a norma. Esta dissertação investiga 120 países internacionalmente, entre 2018 e 2019 e procura analisar a influência de vários atributos de competitividade de cada país para entender o que leva a que um país possa i) exigir, ii) permitir, iii) proibir mas usar normas semelhantes ou iv) proibir e usar normas distintas. Foi realizada uma regressão logística multinomial que revela que na generalidade, os países que possuem um elevado nível de competitividade em instituições, saúde, habilidades, produto de mercado e sistema financeiro são mais propensos a exigirem a IFRS para PMEs. Por outro lado, países mais competitivos em infraestruturas, adoção das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC), estabilidade macroeconómica, dinamismo de negócio e capacidade de inovação são mais prováveis não exigirem a IFRS para PMEs. Compreender e reconhecer os atributos que distinguem um país onde a IFRS para PMEs é exigida de um país onde esta é permitida ou proibida, pode ser importante para Governos, entidades que desenvolvem normas contabilísticas e organismos reguladores.