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1
Thévenot-Werner, Anne-Marie. "Le droit des agents internationaux à un recours effectif : vers un droit commun de la procédure administrative internationale." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010295.
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L’immunité de juridiction des organisations internationales exclue – en principe – toute possibilité pour un agent international de se tourner vers le juge national en cas de litige avec son organisation. Ainsi, la question se pose de la garantie par le droit international du droit à un recours effectif des agents. Bien que chaque organisation internationale soit créatrice de son propre ordre juridique partiel, de multiples principes généraux identifiés par les différents tribunaux administratifs internationaux établissent un droit des agents internationaux à un recours effectif. Toutefois, dans la pratique, les parties prenantes dotées du pouvoir décisionnel ne tirent pas toujours toutes les conséquences de ces normes pour offrir aux agents les garanties nécessaires en vue d’assurer l’effectivité des voies de recours. Il en résulte une fragilité de ce droit, qui n’est pas sans répercussion sur le respect de l’état de droit au sein des organisations internationalesInternational organizations’ immunity from jurisdiction prevents – in principle – an international agent from access to national courts in case of a conflict with his organization. Therefore, the question arises whether agents have a right to an effective remedy under international law. Despite the fact that each international organization creates its own partial legal order, various general principles identified by different international administrative tribunals establish, taken as a whole, the right of international agents to an effective remedy. However, in practice, the key stakeholders having decision-making power do not draw all necessary conclusions from these rules which would provide agents with the required guarantees for ensuring effectiveness of the legal remedies. This emphasizes the fragility of this right – a fragility which is not without consequences on the rule of law in international organizations
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Rached, Danielle Hanna. "The international law of climate change and accountability." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28696.
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In the past few decades, accountability has become a key concept to assess the role and place of a wide range of trasnational institutions. Such trend can be partially explained by the widespread sense of unaccountability that permeates the legal realm beyond the state. The aim of this thesis is to investigate three particular institutional actors of the Climate Change Regime: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the Compliance Committee of the Kyoto Protocol (CCKP), and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). This investigation is carried out through the descriptive and critical lenses of accountability. It resorts to the Global Administrative Law (GAL) project in order to pursue that task. Along the way, the thesis asks four interrelated research questions. The first is conceptual: what is accountability? The second is an abstract normative question: what is regarded as a desirable accountability relationship at the national and the global level? The third is purely descriptive: how accountable are the three institutions? The fourth, finally, is a contextualised normative question: how appropriate are their three accountability arrangements? The two former questions are instrumental and ancillary to the two latter. That is to say, they respectively provide the analytical and evaluative frameworks on the basis of which a concrete description and a concrete normative assessment will be done.
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Wang, Wanli. "Role of the Court of Final Appeal of the Hong Kong special administrative region under China's "one country, two systems" principle." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14204.
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This thesis examines the constitutional performance of Hong Kong’s Court of Final Appeal (the CFA or the Court), and explores the appropriate role it should play in Hong Kong’s new constitutional order defined by China’s “one country, two systems” principle. It includes a wider discussion of China’s political and constitutional structure within which the Court’s operational context is defined, a consideration of the legitimate role of senior courts, and an investigation of relevant UK and EU constitutional practices. It evaluates the Court’s part, inter alia, in constitutional judicial review, the interpretation of the Hong Kong Basic Law, human rights protection, and the resulting constitutional and political implications. The Court’s role mirrors questions in relation not only to the internal political and legal order of Hong Kong itself but also to the broader constitutional order as to the central-regional relationship in China. It is the only institutional connection between Hong Kong’s common law legal system and Mainland China’s communist civil law system. When exercising its power of constitutional review and Basic Law interpretation, the Court faces dilemmas and sensitive situations, in which it has to handle with care the relationships between individual freedoms and collective good, judicial independence and executive efficiency, judicial scrutiny and legislative authority, regional interests and national concerns, the region’s autonomy and the centre’s power. A tendency of judicial supremacy emerges in post- handover Hong Kong, with profound implications for Hong Kong’s political life. While playing a significant role in human rights protection, the maintenance of good governance, and the achievements in constitutionalism and the rule of law in Hong Kong, the Court may also make some positive contributions to Mainland China’s own development in these areas. It is suggested that the Court adopt a modest and restrained approach in deciding politically sensitive constitutional questions, defining itself not only as a regional supreme court safeguarding Hong Kong’s autonomy but also as a national court protecting sovereign interests. A relationship of coordination, reciprocity, mutual trust and mutual respect between Hong Kong and the Central Government, and between Hong Kong courts (the CFA in particular) and other Hong Kong institutions should be built.
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Keeler, Rebecca L. "Managing Outsourced Administrative Discretion." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/832.
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An entire body of administrative law exists to guide the administrative discretion of public administrators. Although an increasing share of public services is being outsourced to the private sector, much of administrative law is not applicable to governments’ contracted agents. Alternatively, contracting agencies use the contract instrument to guide and constrain contractors’ exercise of delegated administrative discretion. This essay reports on a study of selected Florida local governments’ contracts for residential trash collection services. Although minimal discretion was placed in contractors’ hands, it still presented opportunities for abuse. The local governments used a variety of ways to manage the administrative discretion, including the imposition of public service ethics and transparency requirements. Upon analysis of contractual grants of and constraints upon administrative discretion, some suggestions are offered for enhancing contractual management of delegated administrative discretion.
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Harris, Thomas. "The importance of administrative justice rights in international refugee law: a case study of South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30177.
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International human rights law instruments are not prescriptive regarding the procedure for processing refugees by an individual state. However, they do provide an extensive set of rights, and it is these rights that form the focus of this study. One of the main principles of international law is to protect human rights and human dignity. In the South African context, the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000 (‘PAJA’) reinforces section 33 of the Constitution, the objective of which is to provide just administrative action for everyone – whether they are South African nationals or otherwise. The Department of Home Affairs (‘DHA’) is responsible for processing refugee applications under the Refugees Act 130 of 1998, and as a public body performing a public function it is obliged to adhere to the laws prescribed by PAJA. The Refugees Act states in the preamble the intention for the law to give effect to the relevant international legal instruments to which South Africa is party and the principles and standards relating to refugees contained within. These international instruments are the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, the 197 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1969 Organization of African Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa. The preamble of the Refugees Act also refers to ‘other human rights instruments’ which includes legislation such as the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. It is the recognition of the obligations assumed under the international instruments, combined with domestic legislation in PAJA and the Constitution, that provide a stringent set of rights designed to give refugees appropriate administrative justice by way of having applications processed and decided upon according to the law, including reviews and appeals if necessary. As is apparent from many studies and scholarly articles on this topic, refugees seeking protection in South Africa are not always treated as the law intended. This has a number of different consequences, some of which can pose a danger to life. This emphasises the gravity of making the correct legal decision on a refugee application. This study will focus on the procedural failings of the DHA, and how these failings often amount to insufficient administrative justice and in turn fail to provide refugee applicants with the rights to which they are entitled. The study examines this issue from a human rights and human dignity perspective – both of which are materially affected by the absence of administrative justice rights.
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Maurel, Raphaël. "Les sources du droit administratif global." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://theses.clermont-universite.fr/nondiff/2019CLFAD019_MAUREL.pdf.
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Apparu aux États-Unis au milieu des années 2000, le « Global administrative law » est un projet de recherche visant à observer et à favoriser le développement de normes de type administratif au-delà de l’État : transparence des processus décisionnels internationaux, information et protection environnementale, consultations à propos de la gestion d’Internet etc. La doctrine du GAL part du postulat que le droit international classique ne permet pas d’analyser ces phénomènes, et rejette en particulier la notion de source du droit pour étudier le GAL. Sur la base d’une redéfinition du champ du droit administratif global, la présente étude a vérifié l’hypothèse selon laquelle ces nouvelles normes, procédures et standards étaient bien formés par des sources identifiables. La recherche a permis de proposer une théorie des sources formelles du droit administratif global. En enrichissant l’exposé de ses modes formels de création par une réflexion systémique sur leurs fonctions et leurs effets, il est in fine possible de définir le droit administratif global par ses sources : il s’agit de la branche de droit visant à légitimer, par l’emprunt aux droits administratifs et en considération d’un principe d’apparences, le processus décisionnel globalThe Global Administrative Law appeared in the United States in the mid-2000s. This research project aimed to observing and promoting the development of administrative standards beyond the state: transparency of international decision-making processes, information and environmental protection, consultations on Internet management, etc. GAL’s doctrine is based on the premise that classical international law il outdated for the analysis of these phenomena. In particular, authors rejects the notion of the source of the law for studying the GAL. On the basis of a redefinition of the scope of the GAL, this study verified the thesis that these new norms, procedures and standards were formed by identifiable sources. Finally, the research proposed a theory of the sources of Global Administrative Law. By enriching the presentation of its formal modes of creation with a systemic reflection on their functions and effects, it’s ultimately possible to define the GAL by its sources. Indeed, the GAL is the branch of law intended to legitimize, through the borrowing of administrative procedures, and in consideration of a principle of appearances, the global decision-making process
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Sandler, Deborah. "The development of an international administrative model for facilitating State compliance with international law : case studies of the international regulation of marine pollution in the Mediterranean." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365623.
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Hernández, González José Ignacio. "Public services in the international investment arbitration: an approach under the perspective of the global administrative law." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115614.
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The public service has been, traditionally, a domestic concept of the Administrative Law. However, as a consequence of globalization, the public service regulation by the Administration is also subject to the Global Administrative Law, specifically in the context of the international investment arbitration.El servicio público ha sido, tradicionalmente, un concepto propio del derecho administrativo doméstico. Sin embargo, como consecuencia de la globalización, la regulación del servicio público, como manifestación de la actividad administrativa, pasa a estar regida también por el derecho administrativo global, especialmente, en el contexto del arbitraje internacional de inversiones.
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Stoodley, Jonathon Inigo. "Constitutional law and practice of the United Nations : a study of constitutional interpretation by the General Assembly and the International Court in connection with the procedure for administrative review in the United Nations." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293801.
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Fromageau, Edouard. "La théorie des institutions du droit administratif global : étude des interactions avec le droit international public." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1047.
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Le Global Administrative Law (GAL) -- ou "droit administratif global" en français -- est apparu en 2005, à la suite des réflexions conjuguées de chercheurs d'universités américaines (principalement de la New York University School of Law) et italiennes. Le GAL se donne pour but d'analyser un ensemble de mécanismes, règles et procédés comparables aux droits administratifs nationaux utilisés pour promouvoir la transparence, une participation accrue, et la mise en place de mécanismes de responsabilisation (Accountability), au sein d'une structure hybride (Global Administrative Space), composée aussi bien d'organisations internationales, que d'acteurs non-étatiques. La présente étude se donne pour objectif d'analyser les interactions entre ce GAL et le droit international public d'un point de vue institutionnelGlobal Administrative Law (GAL) - or "droit administratif global" in French -appeared in 2005, as the fruit of the combined work of researchers from American (mainly New York University School of Law) and Italian universities. GAL's purpose is to analyze a set of mechanisms, rules and procedures comparable tonational administrative law used to promote transparency, increased participation,and the establishment of accountability mechanisms, within a hybrid structure(called Global Administrative Space), composed of both international organizations and non-state actors. This study's objective is to analyze theinteractions between GAL and public international law from an institutional pointof view
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Alrajaan, Turki. "The Saudi Arbitration Law 2012 assessed against the core principles of modern international commercial arbitration : a comparative study with the model law and Scots law." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/28039.
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Following the Aramco arbitration in 1963, Saudi Arabia’s approach to international arbitration resulted in a reputation for being an arbitration unfriendly country. This was addressed to some extent by the Arbitration Law of 1983. However, arbitration under the 1983 law remained dependent on the approval of the national courts. With too much scope for judicial intervention, the legal framework undermined the final and binding nature of the award, constrained party autonomy and created inefficient delays. In 2012, a new Law of Arbitration was passed to replace the 1983 law with a legal framework intending to meet the needs of international commercial parties. The question addressed by this thesis is whether the Arbitration Law of 2012 (SAL 2012) succeeds in creating a legal framework that is consistent with the three core principles that provide the foundations for modern international commercial arbitration. These core principles of party autonomy, procedural justice and cost-effectiveness were used as normative tools for assessing the provisions of the SAL 2012, which were based on the UNCITRAL Model Law. Relying on those principles, the SAL 2012 was subjected to a comparative legal analysis, using the Model Law and the Arbitration (Scotland) Act 2010 as comparators. Although hampered by a lack of available case law involving the SAL 2012, the analysis concluded that the SAL 2012 is a very significant development, providing a legal framework that facilitates arbitration, encourages a pro-arbitration culture and achieves a balance between the three core principles that should meet the needs of international commercial parties. Despite this, the law could be further reformed to make Saudi Arabia even more attractive as a location for arbitration. While acknowledging that future reform should be guided by empirical research on arbitration in Saudi Arabia, proposals were made for the further development of a pro-arbitration legal framework.
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Darrioumerle, Guillaume. "La mondialisation de la lutte contre le dopage." Thesis, La Réunion, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LARE0030.
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La lutte contre le dopage dans le sport est administrée par un corpus de règles homogènes à l’échelle mondiale depuis le début des années 2000. En crise de légitimité après avoir longtemps fonctionné en autonomie, les instances olympiques ont accepté de coordonner leurs efforts avec les pouvoirs publics au sein d’une institution hybride, l’AMA, qui participe à sa manière au phénomène de mondialisation. Le droit antidopage mondialisé se distingue d’abord par sa méthode : pour atteindre l’objectif d’harmonisation et remédier aux conflits de normes, il s’agit d’associer la codification au droit souple et le contentieux étatique à l’arbitrage ; en résulte une homogénéisation des cultures juridiques qui se manifeste autant par l’acceptation de normes que de principes communs. La mondialisation du droit antidopage interpelle ensuite par son discours : tandis que la mondialisation est critiquée pour son manque de sens, la lutte contre le dopage repose sur la définition d’une véritable idéologie qui se trouve amplifiée par l’intervention des pouvoirs publics ; il s’agit alors moins de corriger les excès du marché dans le sport que de satisfaire des besoins collectifs, ce qui aide à appréhender la notion de régulation. Le droit antidopage se révèle ainsi sous des aspects caractéristiques du droit administratif : au nom de l’intérêt général, la réglementation prend tantôt les traits d’une police spéciale, tantôt d’un service public. En fin de compte, ce qui n’était qu’un ambitieux programme s’est traduit par une reconfiguration institutionnelle et normative qui préfigure les contours d’un droit global en formation et bouleverse les perceptions classiques de l’administrationGlobalization of fight against doping. The fight against doping in sport has been administered by a body of homogeneous rules on a global scale since the beginning of the 2000s. In a crisis of legitimacy after having worked for a long time in autonomy, the Olympic authorities have agreed to coordinate their efforts with public authorities in a hybrid institution, WADA, which participates in its own way in the phenomenon of globalization. The globalized anti-doping law is distinguished firstly by its method: to achieve the objective of harmonization and to remedy conflicts of norms, it is a question of associating codification with flexible law and litigation with the State with arbitration; the result is a homogenization of legal cultures that manifests itself as much in accepting norms as in common principles. The globalization of anti-doping law then comes into play with its discourse: while globalization is criticized for its lack of meaning, the fight against doping is based on the definition of a true ideology which is amplified by the intervention of the public authorities; it is therefore less a question of correcting the excesses of the market in sport than of satisfying collective needs, which helps to understand the notion of regulation. The anti-doping law thus reveals itself in characteristic aspects of the administrative law: in the name of the general interest, the regulation takes sometimes the features of a special police, sometimes of a public service. In the end, what was only an ambitious program resulted in an institutional and normative reconfiguration that prefigured the contours of a global right in formation and overturned the classic perceptions of the administration
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Kees, Alexander Oliver. "Privatisierung im Völkerrecht : zur Verantwortlichkeit der Staaten bei der Privatisierung von Staatsaufgaben /." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2008. http://d-nb.info/987817515/04.
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Shi, Yang. "La réglementation des contrats internationaux en Chine." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010308.
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Les relations commerciales avec la Chine s’intensifiant, la conclusion de contrats internationaux est de plus en plus fréquente pour les opérateurs économiques étrangers et chinois. En vertu du principe de la liberté contractuelle, les parties à un contrat international peuvent choisir une loi applicable à leur contrat afin de bénéficier de plus de souplesse, de sécurité juridique ou de neutralité. Cette étude basée notamment sur les actualités juridiques chinoises a pour objectif de donner une référence pratique sur la réglementation des contrats internationaux en Chine à travers la présentation des principes généraux du contrat international chinois, la conclusion, l’exécution et les difficultés d’application des contrats internationaux. Il y est aussi analysé l’application de la Convention des Nations Unies sur les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises, ainsi que certains cas de refus de reconnaissance et d’exécution de sentences étrangères en Chine. En traitant exclusivement des contrats internationaux en matière de commerce international, cette étude pourra offrir aux investisseurs étrangers désirant investir en Chine une vision relativement complète sur l’actualité de la réglementation des contrats internationaux en Chine et ainsi permettre aux parties de bien choisir la loi qui devra régir leurs rapports contractuels envisagés afin de réaliser leurs intérêts et d’éviter les mauvaises surprises liées à la méconnaissance des lois et des règlements chinois en vigueurChina’s economy has grown significantly during the past thirty years under a policy of socialist market economy. For the purposes of international trade, Chinese international contract law makes reference to western law, while maintaining distinctive features stemming from political influence and Chinese culture. As trade relations with China intensify, foreign and Chinese economic entities are entering into an increasing number of international contracts. In accordance with the principle of contractual freedom, parties to an international contract may choose which law will govern their contract, so as to enjoy a greater degree of flexibility, legal safety or neutrality. This study, based mainly on Chinese legal developments, aims to provide a practical reference on the regulation of international contracts in China by presenting the general principles of international Chinese contracts, and the negotiation and execution of international contracts, as well as difficulties related to their application. It also analyses the manner in which the United Nations Convention applies to international sale of goods contracts, as well as certain cases of refusal to recognize and enforce foreign arbitral awards in China. By dealing exclusively with international contracts related to international trade, this study will provide foreign investors wishing to invest in China with a comprehensive picture of the current regulation of international contracts in China and will allow the parties to choose which law to govern their contractual relationships in order to achieve their objectives and avoid any unpleasant surprises resulting from their lack of awareness of current Chinese laws and regulations
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Pearmain, Deborah Louise. "A critical analysis of the law on health service delivery in South Africa." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26502.
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This thesis examines the law relating health care in South Africa rather than medical law which is a subset of this field. It attempts to synthesise five major traditional areas of law, namely international, constitutional, and administrative law, the law of contract and the law of delict, into a legal conceptual framework relating specifically to health care in South Africa. Systemic inconsistencies with regard to the central issue of health care across these five traditional fields are highlighted. The alignment of the various pre-existing areas of statutory and common law with the Constitution is an ongoing preoccupation of the executive, the judiciary, the legislature and academia. In the health care context, the thesis critically examines the extent to which such alignment has taken place and identifies areas in which further development is still necessary. It concludes that the correct approach to the constitutional right of access to health care services is to regard it as a unitary concept supported by each of the five traditional areas of law. The traditional division of law into categories of public and private and their further subdivision into, for instance, the law of delict and the law of contract is criticized. It promotes a fragmented approach to a central constitutional construct resulting in legal incongruencies. This is anathema to a constitutionally based legal system. There is no golden thread of commonality discernible within the various public international law instruments that contain references to rights relating to health and it is of limited practical use in South African health law. The rights in the Bill of Rights are interdependent and interconnected. The approach of the courts to the right of access to health care needs to be considerably broader than it is at present in order to fully embrace the idea of rights as a composite concept. Administrative law, especially in the public health sector, offers an alternative basis to pure contract for the provider-patient relationship. It is preferable to a contractual relationship because of the many inbuilt protections and legal requirements for administrative action. Contracts can be unfair but courts refuse to strike them down purely on this basis. Administrative action is much more likely to be struck down on grounds of unfairness: The law of contract as a legal vehicle for health service delivery is not ideal. This is due to the antiquated approach of South African courts to this area of law. There is still an almost complete failure to incorporate constitutional principles and values into the law of contract. The law of delict in relation to health care services has its blind spots. Although it seeks to place the claimant in the position in which he or she found himself prior to the unlawful act whereas the law of contract seeks to place him in the position he would have occupied had the contract been fulfilled, in the context of health care this is a notional distinction since contracts for health services seldom guarantee a specific outcome.Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2004.
Public Law
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Keeler, Rebecca L. "Bridging the Gap with Public Value and Corporate Social Responsibility." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/650.
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Hellwig, Guilherme Centenaro. "Internacionalização regulatória no sistema financeiro nacional." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/180519.
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L’ objectif principal de cette thèse est de développer une analyse critique de ce qu’on apelle internationalisation regulatoire du système financier brésilien. Celui-ci constitue um phénomène relativement noveau que n’a pas reçu suffisament d’attention. Deux evenements peuvent être considerés comme étant directement responsables pour cette internationalisation: d’une part, la création au niveau mondial d’un accord international de réglementation financière et, d’autre, la substitution (dans les systèmes juridiques européens et brésilien) du modèle de l’Etat Positif par celui de l’Etat Régulateur. L’adoption, par les autorités brésiliennes (Conselho Monetário Nacional et Banco Central) d’un nombre considerable des règles infra-legales fut etayée sur les Recommendations et Standards des organisations internationales. Les decisions de ces organisations ont influencée également le discourse et la philosofie régulatoire des institutions brésiliennes, modifiant les procedures et les pratiques adminitratives internes. Les autorités brésiliennes participent de plus em plus des activités de coopération régulatoire avec des entités étrangères dans le but d’obtenir une homogeneité régulatoire des systèmes finacières. Cette thèse soutient l’hypothèse qu'il existe une singularité distinctive dans la façon dont la régulation financière au Brésil s'est internationalisée, dérivée de l'existence d'une relation fondamentale d'interaction et de complémentarité entre les idées d'internationalisation et de régulation dans le secteur financier brésilien.O objetivo central desta tese é descrever e analisar criticamente o que chamo de internacionalização regulatória no Sistema Financeiro Nacional, um fenômeno relativamente recente e, em certa medida, ainda subteorizado na academia brasileira. Sustento no presente trabalho que sua manifestação, iniciada no Brasil em meados da década de 1990, está associada a dois acontecimentos que somente ganharam força no último quarto do século passado: a afirmação, em nível global, de um arranjo internacional de regulação financeira e a transição, nos sistemas jurídicos da Europa Ocidental e do Brasil, para o modelo de Estado Regulador. Como consequência direta desses dois acontecimentos, um significativo e crescente conjunto de normas infralegais editadas pelas principais autoridades administrativas financeiras nacionais, o Conselho Monetário Nacional e o Banco Central do Brasil, passou a fundamentar-se em recomendações e padrões regulatórios elaborados por organismos internacionais Da mesma forma, a atuação de organismos internacionais passou a moldar tanto o discurso quanto a filosofia regulatória dos órgãos reguladores brasileiros, transformando procedimentos e práticas administrativas internas. Por fim, as autoridades brasileiras de regulação financeira passaram a se engajar crescentemente em atividades de cooperação regulatória com seus congêneres estrangeiros, em um esforço internacional cujo resultado vem sendo a obtenção de uma maior homogeneização regulatória nos sistemas financeiros nacionais em todo o mundo. Ao descrever e abordar criticamente esse fenômeno, proponho nesta tese a hipótese de que há uma singularidade marcante no modo como a regulação do sistema financeiro no Brasil se internacionalizou, singularidade esta que decorre de uma fundamental relação de interação e complementariedade no modo como as ideias de internacionalização e regulação se afirmaram no universo financeiro brasileiro.
The central goal of this dissertation is to describe and critically analyse how regulatory internationalization took place in the Brazilian Financial System, a relatively recent phenomenon that still didn’t receive proper academical consideration. This dissertation argues that its occurrence, which started during the 1990s, is related to two events that only came into place in the last quarter of the 20th century: the consolidation, on a global level, of an architecture of international financial regulation, and the transition, in Western Europe and Brazil, to the Regulatory State. As a consequence of that, a rising body of infralegal regulations enacted by the Central Bank of Brazil and the National Monetary Council, the two main brazilian financial authorities, began to adopt as its theoretical foundation standards and recommendations made by international bodies. Moreover, the activity of these international bodies became an important influence on brazilian domestic financial regulatory policies, shaping administrative practices and procedures. Lastly, brazilian financial authorities increasingly engaged in international regulatory cooperation with its foreign peers, as part of an effort that resulted in regulatory harmonization in national financial systems throughout the world. This dissertation argues that there is a distinctive singularity in the way financial regulation in Brazil became internationalized, derived from the existence of a foundational relationship of interaction and complementarity between the ideas of internationalization and regulation in the brazilian financial sector.
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Money-Kyrle, Rebecca H. "Pre-charge detention of terrorist suspects and the right to liberty and security." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5be1f686-3721-4706-9bf7-fd4dc85e245e.
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This thesis assesses the UK Terrorism Act 2000’s stop and search and pre-charge detention powers against liberty and security rights. It proposes that criminalizing ‘terrorism’, and legitimacy of counter-terrorism laws, depends on moral and legal norms defining legitimate sovereign power. External norms of territorial sovereignty and non-intervention define and legitimize external defensive actions by the state to protect nation state security. Individual liberty and security rights, specifically pursuant to article 9, ICCPR and article 5 ECHR, have a special moral and legal status externally, but are not universally determinative of sovereign legitimacy. The thesis argues that these external norms accommodate contrasting paradigms of internal legitimacy, the ‘security state’ and the ‘liberal state’. Conceptually, sovereign legitimacy in the former is grounded on heteronymous collective or ideological values, grounding fundamental obligations legitimizing ‘balancing’ of individual liberty and security against security of those ultimate norms. The ‘balancing metaphor’ and exceptionalist theories are conceptually located within the security state paradigm. Conversely, political and individual autonomy (liberty and security of the person) circumscribe legitimacy of liberal state action, grounding fundamental obligations to prevent and punish harms, and to refrain from violating individual autonomy unless justified by those obligations. Liberal rule of law standards, including due process rights, are legitimized by the instrumental role of law as the primary source of justification in the liberal state. Evaluating the policy justifications, enactment, and scope of the TA provisions against those norms, the thesis concludes they contradict liberal norms, violate international norms and individual legal rights to liberty and security, and undermine the rule of law and due process rights. The pre-emptive counter-terrorism policy, balancing national security against individual liberty, and degradation of due process rights, belies a security state approach.
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Keeler, Rebecca L., Aaron Wachhaus, Bob Cunningham, Tom Barth, Richard Huff, and Michael Howell-Maroney. "David Farmer: Methodologist?" Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/651.
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Keeler, Rebecca L. "A Career of Research in Public Administration." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/652.
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Lazarova, Guergana. "L'impartialité de la justice : recherche sur la circulation d'un principe entre le droit interne et le droit international." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1020.
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Le principe d'impartialité est essentiellement traité par les juristes français sous l'angle de l'imposante jurisprudence de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme. Néanmoins, l'origine internationale de ce principe restait inexplorée. Cette étude montre que l'impartialité est une exigence récurrente dans les discours sur la justice, et ce depuis l'Antiquité. Malgré son évidence philosophique, la juridicisation du principe d'impartialité s'est révélée sinueuse et inégale à travers l'histoire et les cultures juridiques (Common law/Civil law). Les particularités du régime politique du Royaume-Uni expliquent ainsi l'applicabilité directe du principe dans le trial dès les origines de la Common law. En revanche, en droit français, sa consécration explicite fut tardive et provoquée par l'article 6 CEDH, même si le juge national avait su contourner le silence des textes pour lui procurer une protection indirecte. À coté de ces décalages entre les États, une brève analyse de l'histoire du droit international suffit à constater la présence du principe dans l'ordre juridique international dès le début du XXe siècle. L'étude du principe d'impartialité de la justice illustre alors parfaitement la problématique des rapports de systèmes. Plusieurs interactions importantes peuvent être signalées. Dans un premier temps, le droit international a eu besoin du principe d'impartialité afin de légitimer la construction de son propre ordre, qui passait inévitablement par la juridictionnalisation. Dans un deuxième temps, après avoir accompli sa fonction structurante, il est devenu partie intégrante du droit international substantiel tout en voyant son objet modifiéThe principle of impartiality is essentially treate by the French jurists under the angle of the impressive jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. Nevertheless, the international origin of this principle remained unexplored. This study shows that the impartiality is a recurring requirement in the speeches on the justice, and it since the Antiquit. In spite of its philosophic obvious fact, the juridicisation of the principle of impartiality showed itself sinuous and uneven through the history and the legal cultures (Civilian /Common law). The peculiarities of the political system of the United Kingdom so explain the direct applicability of the principle in the motocross from the origins of Common law. On the other hand, in French law, its explicit consecration was late and provoked by the article 6 EHCR
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Keeler, Rebecca L. "Democratic Accountability for Outsourced Government Services." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/654.
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Keeler, Rebecca L. "William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection and Reauthorization Act of 2008." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/483.
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Book Summary: Spanning three volumes, this comprehensive encyclopedia of over six hundred entries covers the full range of civil rights and liberties in America from the antecedents of the Bill of Rights through the most recent controversies over political and social issues, including abortion, free speech, religious liberty, voting rights, and the guarantees of equality. It also addresses the civil rights and liberties issues stemming from America's ongoing war on terrorism. Detailed entries include key concepts, historical events and developments, major trials and appellate court decisions, landmark legislation, legal doctrines, important personalities, and key organizations and agencies. Entries have an objective tone, allowing readers to draw their own conclusions.Designed as an up-to-date reference source for students, scholars, and citizens, the encyclopedia will help broaden and heighten understanding and appreciation for the wide range of issues associated with civil rights and liberties in the United States, and is the most sophisticated treatment available. The volumes of the encyclopedia consist of original entries, arranged alphabetically, on many current hot-button issues as well as in-depth coverage of the rights Americans hold sacred. Written by experts in the field, including attorneys, judges, and legal scholars, the encyclopedia takes a historical-legal approach, providing important information on the background and development of an issue or event. The third volume concludes with over three dozen essential primary documents, including landmark statutes, key court decisions, and influential essays.
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Keeler, Rebecca L. "Toward Common Ground: Public Value and Corporate Social Responsibility Scholarship." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/649.
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Barcellos, Nicole Rinaldi de. "Cooperação jurídica internacional entre autoridades de defesa da concorrência : convergência dos instrumentos de direitos interno e internacional no sistema jurídico brasileiro." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/147634.
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O direito internacional da concorrência sofre profunda influência do processo de globalização econômica em um cenário no qual a convergência da aplicação das legislações de diversos países é possibilitada pela cooperação jurídica internacional entre as autoridades concorrenciais. O Brasil adequa-se à cooperação internacional para a defesa da concorrência através dos acordos bilaterais, da participação nos foros regional e internacional e das normas do ordenamento jurídico interno, sendo que ao Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE) é atribuída a competência para realizar os procedimentos cooperativos. Nesse contexto, a finalidade da presente dissertação é analisar a institucionalização da cooperação jurídica internacional pelas autoridades concorrenciais como mecanismo disponível à defesa da concorrência, especialmente no que tange aos instrumentos de direitos internacional e interno disponíveis ao Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa da Concorrência (SBDC) e ao papel do CADE. Para desenvolver os objetivos propostos, o estudo divide-se em dois capítulos. No primeiro capítulo é abordada a cooperação jurídica internacional entre as autoridades concorrenciais na função de mecanismo de convergência ao direito internacional da concorrência. Para tal, discorre-se sobre a cooperação bilateral e a estrutura institucional das autoridades concorrenciais em seu papel de protagonismo, além da influência das iniciativas multilaterais e regionais de cooperação em matéria concorrencial. O segundo capítulo dedica-se à análise dos instrumentos existentes no ordenamento jurídico nacional. Do ponto de vista internacional, estudam-se os acordos bilaterais firmados pelo Brasil ou no âmbito do SBDC, a participação do Brasil nos foros regionais e internacionais e a internalização e a utilização destes instrumentos pelo SBDC. Do ponto de vista interno, estuda-se o aparato jurídico nacional que fundamenta a cooperação internacional para a defesa da concorrência, o papel do CADE e as decisões do Tribunal Administrativo de Defesa Econômica, apresentando-se as dificuldades e perspectivas da disciplina. Por fim, ressalta-se que a cooperação jurídica internacional conforme realizada entre as autoridades de defesa da concorrência é instrumento indispensável para o bom funcionamento do sistema internacional. No âmbito do SBDC houve uma clara evolução na institucionalização dos instrumentos de direitos internacional e interno disponíveis, sendo que o CADE representa a autoridade adequada para o endereçamento das questões relativas à cooperação em matéria concorrencial.International competition law is deeply influenced by economic globalization in a scenario where the convergence of application of laws from different countries is made possible by international cooperation between competition authorities. Brazil adapts to international cooperation through celebration of bilateral agreements, participation in regional and international forums and also through rules of domestic law. The Brazilian Council of Competition Defense (CADE) is responsible for the cooperative procedures in competition matters. In this context, the aim of this study is to analyze the institutionalization of international cooperation as conducted by competition authorities as a mechanism to ensure the defense of competition, especially in the case of instruments of domestic and international law available in the Brazilian Competition Policy System (SBDC) and the role of CADE. In order to develop the proposed objectives, the study is divided into two chapters. The first chapter examines the international cooperation between competition authorities as a useful tool for competition law. In order to perform such examination, discussions on bilateral cooperation between competition authorities, the institutional structure of competition authorities and the influence of multilateral or regional initiatives for cooperation are presented. The second chapter is dedicated to the analysis of domestic and international law tools that exist in the Brazilian legal system. From an international point of view, bilateral agreements celebrated by either Brazil or the SBDC, Brazilian participation in regional and international forums, and the practical use of these instruments by SBDC. Domestically, both the role of CADE and the practical application of these instruments in the administrative case law are studied, revealing the perspectives and difficulties of the discipline. Finally, it is highlighted that international legal cooperation, as held between competition authorities, is essential to the proper functioning of the international system. In the framework of SBDC, there was a clear evolution in the institutionalization of instruments of international and domestic law, with CADE being the appropriate authority for addressing issues relating to cooperation on competition matters.
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Keeler, Rebecca L. "Graham v. Florida (2010)." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/455.
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Book Summary: Spanning three volumes, this comprehensive encyclopedia of over six hundred entries covers the full range of civil rights and liberties in America from the antecedents of the Bill of Rights through the most recent controversies over political and social issues, including abortion, free speech, religious liberty, voting rights, and the guarantees of equality. It also addresses the civil rights and liberties issues stemming from America's ongoing war on terrorism. Detailed entries include key concepts, historical events and developments, major trials and appellate court decisions, landmark legislation, legal doctrines, important personalities, and key organizations and agencies. Entries have an objective tone, allowing readers to draw their own conclusions.
Designed as an up-to-date reference source for students, scholars, and citizens, the encyclopedia will help broaden and heighten understanding and appreciation for the wide range of issues associated with civil rights and liberties in the United States, and is the most sophisticated treatment available. The volumes of the encyclopedia consist of original entries, arranged alphabetically, on many current hot-button issues as well as in-depth coverage of the rights Americans hold sacred. Written by experts in the field, including attorneys, judges, and legal scholars, the encyclopedia takes a historical-legal approach, providing important information on the background and development of an issue or event.
The third volume concludes with over three dozen essential primary documents, including landmark statutes, key court decisions, and influential essays.
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Branco, Luizella Giardino Barbosa. "Biocombustíveis, governança global e comércio internacional: Rumo a um novo paradigma energético?" Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4516.
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Considerando-se este importante momento de transição em que as tradicionais matrizes energéticas são paulatinamente substituídas por um conjunto de fontes renováveis, das quais os biocombustíves sobressaem-se pela capacidade de contribuir para o meio ambiente, trazendo igualmente benefícios econômicos e sociais a seus produtores; o presente trabalho visa contribuir para o panorama energético global que se começa a se delinear. Diante da impotência do Estado em lidar hodiernamente com determinadas questões, testemunha-se a participação de atores privados (organizações não governamentais, empresas transnacionais e sociedade civil, entre outros) atuando como vetores na transmissão de compromissos internacionais junto a estruturas nacionais para a solução de problemas comuns da humanidade. A essa nova arquitetura jurídica e política convencionou-se designar de governança global. Diante da inexistência de uma governança energética global que opere no interesse de países importadores, exportadores e investidores do setor de energia, agindo também como promotora de desenvolvimento social e econômico junto a países em desenvolvimento; e, por fim, em face da ausência de uma regulação internacional exclusiva na área energética, o presente estudo se dedica a investigar as possibilidades de disciplinamento do comércio internacional dos biocombustíveis. Admitindo-se o relevante desempenho que o Brasil detém na produção e exportação deste produto, inclusive na área tecnológica, a presente tese busca identificar o foro adequado, condições justas de produção, investimento, concessão de subsídios, adoção de medidas técnicas, de compra e venda, concorrência entre outros itens que o tema relaciona.When considering this important transitional moment in which the traditional energy matrices are gradually replaced by a mix of renewable sources, among which biofuels stand out: for its ability of contributing to the preservation of the environment and of generating economic benefits to its producers; this work aims to contribute with the energy landscape that is starting to take shape. Due to the current State incapacity in dealing with a specific set of questions, one witnesses the contribution of non-governmental actors (such as non governmental organizations, transnational companies and civil society, among others) side by side with national structures in order to solve widespread human problems. Regarding the lack of global energy governance that may operate in the interest of importers, exporters and investors in the energy sector, who should act as a promoter of social and economic development vis a vis developing countries; and, finally, considering the absence of a multilateral energy agreement, the present work aims to investigate the possibilities of possible regulation of international biofuels trade. Hence, admitting the excellent performance that Brazil withholds in the production and exportation of this product, also in the technological area, the present thesis seeks the adequate forum as well as to preview fair conditions for production, investment, subsidies concession, adoptions of technical standards in distribution, trade and competition amongst other law related issues.
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Keeler, Rebecca L. "The Power to Constitute Courts and Other Tribunals Inferior to Supreme Court." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/479.
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Book Summary: Offering a unique resource for students, scholars, and citizens, this work fully explains all of the 21 enumerated powers of the U.S. Congress, from the "power of the purse" to the power to declare war.
• Presents comprehensive coverage of all congressional powers through authoritative essays by recognized experts
• Enables readers to connect the long-ago goals and perspectives of the Founding Fathers to current issues and controversies
• Facilitates a fully contextualized understanding of the legislative power of Congress―and the extent and limitations of leverage that it can wield on domestic and foreign policy
• Provides an accessible gateway to further, more detailed research of each of the individual congressional powers
• Includes appendices containing the full texts of the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union and the Constitution of the United States
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Laporta, José Luis. "The standard of review under the North American Free Trade Agreement Chapter 19, a comparative study with particular emphasis on the law of Mexico." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ64287.pdf.
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Keeler, Rebecca L. "Analysis of Proposed Revisions to Ethics Code of American Society for Public Administration." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/653.
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Keeler, Rebecca L. "Corporate Rights." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/449.
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Book Summary: Spanning three volumes, this comprehensive encyclopedia of over six hundred entries covers the full range of civil rights and liberties in America from the antecedents of the Bill of Rights through the most recent controversies over political and social issues, including abortion, free speech, religious liberty, voting rights, and the guarantees of equality. It also addresses the civil rights and liberties issues stemming from America's ongoing war on terrorism. Detailed entries include key concepts, historical events and developments, major trials and appellate court decisions, landmark legislation, legal doctrines, important personalities, and key organizations and agencies. Entries have an objective tone, allowing readers to draw their own conclusions.
Designed as an up-to-date reference source for students, scholars, and citizens, the encyclopedia will help broaden and heighten understanding and appreciation for the wide range of issues associated with civil rights and liberties in the United States, and is the most sophisticated treatment available. The volumes of the encyclopedia consist of original entries, arranged alphabetically, on many current hot-button issues as well as in-depth coverage of the rights Americans hold sacred. Written by experts in the field, including attorneys, judges, and legal scholars, the encyclopedia takes a historical-legal approach, providing important information on the background and development of an issue or event.
The third volume concludes with over three dozen essential primary documents, including landmark statutes, key court decisions, and influential essays.
32
Leclercq, Sidney. "Resilience of Fragility: International Statebuilding Subversion at the Intersection of Politics and Technicality." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/258442.
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For the past two decades, statebuilding has been the object of a growing attention from practitioners and scholars alike. ‘International statebuilding’, as its dominant approach or model guiding the practices of national and international actors, has sparked numerous discussions and debates, mostly around its effectiveness (i.e. if it works) and deficiencies (i.e. why it often fails). Surprisingly, little efforts have been made to investigate what international statebuilding, in the multiple ways it is mobilized by various actors, actually produces on the political dynamics of the ‘fragile’ contexts it is supposed to support and reinforce. Using an instrumentation perspective, this dissertation addresses this gap by exploring the relationship between the micro-dynamics of the uses of international statebuilding instruments and the fragility of contexts. This exploration is articulated around five essays and as many angles to this relationship. Using the case of Hamas, Essay I explores the European Union’s (EU) terrorist labelling policy by questioning the nature and modalities of the enlisting process, its use as foreign policy tool and its consequences on its other agendas, especially its international statebuilding efforts in Palestine. Essay II examines a Belgian good governance incentive mechanism and sheds the light on the tension between the claimed apolitical and objective nature of the instrument and the politicization potential embedded in its design and modalities, naturally leading to a convoluted implementation. Essay III analyses the localization dynamics of transitional justice in Burundi and unveils the nature, diversity and rationale behind transitional justice subversion techniques mobilized by national and international actors, which have produced a triple form of injustice. Essay IV widens this scope in Burundi, developing the argument that the authoritarian trend observed in the 2010-2015 period did not only occur against international statebuilding but also through self-reinforcing subversion tactics of its appropriation. Finally, essay V deepens the reflection on appropriation by attempting to build a theory of regime consolidation through international statebuilding subversion tactics. Overall, the incremental theory building reflection of the essays converges towards the assembling of a comprehensive framework of the in-betweens of the normative diffusion of liberal democracy, the inner-workings of its operationalization through the resort to the international statebuilding instrument and the intermediary constraints or objectives of actors not only interfering with its genuine realization but also contributing to its antipode of regime consolidation, conflict dynamics and authoritarianism.Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Genneby, Johan. "Hard Decisons, Soft Laws : Exploring the authority and the political impact of soft law in international law." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1864.
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The question of whether there is soft law in international law has been as much the subject of contemporary debate as whether or not there is private legal authority in the international society. The legal boundaries seem to be blurred by the process of globalisation and the recent shift in international law. The traditional definition of international law has been outdated as new forms of treaties has introduced new subject of law to the judicial arena. At the same time a supplementary map of law has been added to the cartography of international law, soft law. These correlating processes have comprehensive political and legal consequences at both the international and national levels. This essay examines and identifies soft law from a legal-political perspective and locates and explores private forms of legal authority on the map of contemporary international law. In respect to theory, it accounts for an interdisciplinary approach involving issues of both international law and international relations. In the process this study examines issues regarding the relative legal normativity and the blurring of legal authority in international law. The focus is on the legal character, the constitutive practices and the legal and political influence of soft law. It discusses the influence and power exerted by soft law over state actors in the international system and at the national level. The essay finds that soft law is of substantial relevance in the international ambit. To some extent a limited normative force of certain norms is recognized in soft law even though it is conceded that those norms would not be enforceable by an international court or other international organ. To say that it does not exist because it is not of the enforceable variety, might blind students of international law to another dimension of the landscape of international practice. Soft law does not translate to soft obligations in the reality of international society, and it seems to be some confusion surrounding the obligations conceived by it. The research here presented suggests that its political and legal power is substantial. The researched examples do not display any real private legal authority in soft law. This is because soft law is found to be a separate phenomenon from international law proper. However, soft law’s impact on national governments combined with the wider acceptance of the presence of private actors in the creation of soft law suggests that private power is noteworthy in comparison. In one of the studied examples, the soft law is concluded by private business representatives solely, but in requiring the status of soft law it is dependant on the recognition of the international and national legal bodies.
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Vianès, Emmanuel. "Entre guerre et paix : les Administrations Internationales Post-Belligérantes." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO30075.
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La notion d’administration internationale post-belligérante est spécifique au sein des administrations de territoire en relations internationales, au côté des opérations de paix. Lors de situations exceptionnelles, une Autorité internationale est instaurée lors de périodes transitoires, qui oscillent entre la guerre et la paix, pour remédier à des différends territoriaux et/ou à des problèmes de gouvernance. Cette institution politique repose sur le fait qu’un acteur international est responsable de l’administration d’un territoire de manière temporaire dans une situation de post-belligérance, qu’il exerce sa fonction dans l’intérêt de la population et de la société internationale, qu’il superpose les ordres juridiques international et interne, qu’il établit des structures de gouvernance mixtes et qu’il peut intervenir dans les relations internationales au nom du territoire administré. Pour élaborer une réflexion sur ce concept, il faut faire le lien entre le droit international public et les relations internationales afin de disséquer « l’idée » et d’établir ainsi une grille de lecture. Dans la pratique, l’expérimentation en matière d’administration internationale post-belligérante se divise entre la phase plénière, le partenariat et l’appropriation locale du processus afin d’entrevoir la finalité de ce mécanisme : la construction d’une passerelle entre la prégnance de l’étatisme au sein du système international et la diffusion des normes de la société internationale. Ceci est révélé à la lumière des expériences de la Bosnie-Herzégovine, du Kosovo et du Timor orientalBeside peace operations, the concept of international post-belligerent (post-conflict) administration is a particular form of territorial administration in international relations. In exceptional situations, an international Authority is set up during transitional periods that fluctuate between war and peace to settle territorial disputes and/or problems of governance. The basis of this type of political institution is that an international actor has responsibility for the temporary administration of a territory in a post-belligerent situation, that it discharges that function in the interest of the population and of international society, that it juxtaposes the international and internal legal orders, that it establishes joint governance structures and that it can act in international relations on behalf of the territory it administers. Studying this concept entails establishing the connection between public international law and international relations so that one can dissect the “idea” and determine an approach. In practice, experimentation in the realm of international post-belligerent (post-conflict) administration comprises a plenary phase, partnership and local ownership of the process and has as its end-purpose the building of a bridge between the impact of statism in the international system and the propagation of the norms of international society. This is demonstrated in the light of the developments in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and East Timor
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Lerner, Stephen 1966. "Toronto's Pearson International Airport : airport commercializationprivatization." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20156.
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Government ownership of airports is inefficient and has led to large financial deficits in Canada. Terminals I and 11 at Pearson Airport are in desperate need of redevelopment. The Pearson Airport Agreements between the Federal Government and the Pearson Development Corporation ("PDC") to redevelop and operate Terminals I and II at Pearson Airport pursuant to a long term lease would have benefitted the Government through the receipt of the proceeds from the sale of the airports while being relieved of the burden of financing airport expansion. The cancellation of the Pearson Airport Agreements based on the faulty reasoning of the Nixon Report was contrary to the public interest.The Canadian Government plans to "commercialize" Airports which involves leasing them to Airport Authorities. The federal government has reached an agreement on terms for transfer of Pearson Airport to the Greater Toronto Airport Authority ("GTAA"). Pearson airport will be one of the first airports to be transferred to local control under the Liberal governments Canadian Airport Authority model. Commercialization amounts to a transfer of Airports from one part of the public sector to another. It is plagued by many of the inefficiencies that characterize Government operated Airports.
Pearson Airport has significant market power. Pearson Airports market power can effectively be diffused by separating the airport's airside and groundside functions, and basing airside ownership on slots. Terminals I, II and III will be sold separately and will become the responsibility of several airport companies who will compete for Airlines and Passengers. Runways, taxiways and the apron would be owned and operated by a Corporation made up of investors and third party brokers.
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Direk, Omar Farik. "Clarifying application of international law to security detention issues in times of international territorial administration of Kosovo, East Timor and Iraq." Thesis, University of Kent, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.594104.
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This thesis attempts to clarify the application of international law in a specific context: namely, in regard to cases involving the detention
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Sadikot, Minaz. "International Law : The Issue of Rape." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Political Science, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12008.
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Varför har FN inte kunnat erkänna våldtäkt som ett krigsbrott?
Denna studie har ägnats åt att upplysa användning av våldtäkt och andra former utav sexuella övergrepp under krig och dess konsekvenser för utsatta kvinnor. Studien har tillämpat en kvalitativ och litterär metod. Den största delen av materialet har tagits ur diverse artiklar, dokument och tidsskrifer. Uppsatsen upplyser kvinnors rättigheter inom den internationella arenan och studien ifrågasätter varför Förenta Nationerna (FN) har dröjt (ca.50 år) med att identifiera våldtäkt som ett krigsbrott inom internationall lagstiftning.
Första delen av uppsatsen kommer att presentera de underliggande teorierna som preciserar konceptet sexuellt övergrepp och mer djupgående, också förklara anledningar bakom anvädning av våldtäkt, därav begränsa dess anvädning inom krigsförhållanden.
Andra delen av uppsatsen sätter fokus på termen våldtäkt och dess utveckling inom den juridiska ramen. Den behandlar folkrätt, och framhäver även orsaker till FN’s svaghet och svårighet att kunna erkänna, inte bara våldtäkt som ett krigsbrott, utan också andra frågor som är problematiska för FN att kunna hantera. Eftersom begreppet ’våldtäkt’ är relativt brett, faller det både under kvinnors rättigheter och i sin tur under mänskliga rättigheter. Av denna anledning kommer uppsatsen att ta upp de möjliga anledningar om varför det har dröjt för FN, men också dess svårighter, att kunna erkänna anvädning av våldtäkt som ett vapen inom krig.
Tredje delen av uppsatsen tar upp några av de möjliga problem som är ohanterliga för FN, bland annat kulturella skillnader och individuella åsikter mellan medlems staterna, vilket medför brist på konsensus. Uppsatsen ifrågasätter även om kvinnors rättigheter är del av mänskilga rättigheter. Utöver det kommer även uppsatsen resonera kring FN’s dilemma att kunna särskilja sin roll som ett mellanstatligt och transnationellt organ. Och sist men inte minst kommer suveräniteten, som varje stat har rätten till att erhålla, att diskuteras. Denna punkt kommer att klargöra den oenighet som förekommer mellan medlems staterna, vilket ännu än gång har resulterat i det dröjsmål som uppstått i att kunna indentifiera våldtäkt som ett krigsbrott.
Why haven’t the UN been able to recognise rape as a weapon of war?
The thesis enlightens the usage of rape in war and the consequences this has brought on women who have been subjected to rape. The bulk of the information is taken from various articles, documents and journals and the method used is of a qualitative nature. The thesis sheds light upon women’s rights in the international arena and questions why it took so long (almost 50 years) for the United Nations (UN) in addressing rape as a war crime within international law.
The first part of the thesis will present various theories that elucidate the word sexual violence and more accurately ‘rape’ in the context of war. The second part generates the judicial part that will depict the difficulty for the international community to address rape as a war crime within international law.
Furthermore the thesis takes the approach in presenting obstacles faced by the UN, within the framework of human rights, to handle delicate issues such as rape and sexual violence. Since rape is, to a large extent, complicated and a broad concept, and since it falls under the category of women’s rights and under human rights, the thesis will explain reasons behind the dawdling and the hurdles faced by the UN in accepting rape under the category of war crime.
The third part of the thesis will present possible predicaments that are unmanageable for the UN. Some possible issues that the thesis has touched upon, is cultural diversity and differing opinions among the member states which has resulted in lack of consensus. Furthermore, the study will present the notion of women’s rights, and question if they are part of human rights. The thesis will also discuss the dual role of the UN and its struggle for the past decade to uphold its role both as an intergovernmental as well as a transnational body. Lastly the thesis will enlighten sovereignty that each state must enjoy. Sovereignty has resulted in lack of agreement among the member states which again has caused delay in recognising rape as a war crime.
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Do, Cabo Notaroberto Barbosa Hermano Antonio. "Les échanges internationaux de renseignements fiscaux : recherches sur un paradigme fiscal limité." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020086.
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La coopération internationale par l’échange de renseignements fiscaux, question classique si bien que marginale, s’est renouvelé dans l’acuité pour devenir l’une des matières les plus sensibles du droit fiscal international contemporain. Malgré tous les efforts politiques et juridiques déployés ces dernières années, et leurs véritables avancées sur le plan de la technique juridique et de l’efficience administrative, il y a raisons de craindre qu’elle rencontre encore des différents limites pour fonctionner efficacement au niveau planétaire. Cette thèse s’occupe d’identifier l’existence d’un régime juridique général des échanges de renseignements fiscaux, assez homogène en matière de contenu et d’application, en contemplation des principaux modèles normatifs non communautaires disponibles à l’actualité, y compris ceux automatiques. Ensuite, la thèse examine la portée de ce régime général, afin d’encadrer les limites à l’échange de renseignements fiscaux et de proposer solutions juridiques pour les dépasserInternational co-operation through the exchange of tax information, a classical but marginal issue, has been renewed to become one of the most sensitive subjects of international tax law. Despite all the political and legal efforts made in recent years, and despite the fact that these efforts are real advances in legal technology and administrative efficiency, there are reasons to believe that international tax co-operation still faces different limitations to operate in a worldwide level. This thesis aims to identify the existence of a general legal regime for the exchange of tax information, fairly homogenous in terms of content and application, in view of the main non-EU normative models available nowadays, including those of automatic exchange. Afterwards, the thesis examines the scope of this general regime in order to frame limits to the exchange of tax information and to propose legal solutions to overcome them
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Gaaya, Aroua. "La coopération entre l'Organisation pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture (FAO) et la société civile internationale." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010272.
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La FAO, institution spécialisée des Nations Unies dans les domaines de l'alimentation et l'agriculture, créée en 1945, a pour mission de «libérer l'humanité de la faim» (préambule de son acte constitutif). Pour atteindre l'objectif de sécurité alimentaire, la FAO n'hésite pas à s'entourer de partenaires. Parmi ceux-ci, on trouve diverses entités appartenant à la société civile internationale : ONG internationales, organisations d'agriculteurs locaux, entreprises du secteur privé, associations de consommateurs… Ainsi, l'intérêt de la présente thèse est double. Tout d'abord, au regard de la FAO elle-même : organisation internationale suscitant peu d'engouement auprès de la doctrine internationaliste, elle fait preuve d'un indéniable esprit d'ouverture à l'égard des entités non gouvernementales. L'étude des modalités (y compris juridiques), des nombreux avantages mais également des limites non négligeables de la coopération permet de mettre en évidence l'utilité d'intégrer ces entités aux activités normatives et opérationnelles de l'Organisation. Ensuite, cette étude est éclairante au regard du droit des organisations internationales : grâce à l'apport précieux de ces entités, on observe une réinterprétation voire un élargissement du mandat initial de la FAO. On peut tirer une telle conclusion en ce qui concerne le domaine normatif mais surtout pour ce qui est des activités réalisées sur le terrain par l'OrganisationThe FAO is a specialized institution of the United Nations in the fields of food and agriculture, founded in 1945. Its purpose is to «ensure humanity's freedom from hunger» (preamble of its constitution). In order to reach the food security goal, FAO does not hesitate to cooperate with various partners. Among them, can be found entities belonging to the international civil society : international NGOs, local farmer's organizations, companies from the private sector, consumer associations... Thus, the concern of thus thesis is twofold. First, regarding FAO itself : as an international organization while inspiring little interest in international legal doctrine, it demonstrates an undeniable attitude of openness towards non-governmental entities. The study of the modalities (including the legal aspects), the numerous benefits but also the non-insignificant limits of the cooperation permits to highlight the usefulness to integrate these entities with FAO's nonnative and operational activities. Thus, this research is enlightening regarding the law of international organizations : thanks to these entities precious contribution, can be observed a reinterpretation and even an extension of FAO's initial mandate. Such a conclusion can be drawn in the normative area but mainly in the Organization's activities realized in the field
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Pereira, Cunha Naiara. "Omsorgsprincipen vid ansökan om internationellt sydd : En studie av det omarbetade asylprocedurdirektivet (2013/32/EU)." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Juridik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-40842.
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This paper addresses the principle of care in the recast asylum procedure directive (2013/32/EU). The purpose of the study has been to analyze how the principle of care is expressed in the directive regarding procedures for granting or rejecting asylum, as well as to analyze how the directive was implemented in Sweden. The recast asylum procedure directive aims to harmonize EU’s member states' procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection. Initially, this paper describes how the directive was created and how the principle of care is expressed in the directive and the meaning and content of the principle of care at EU level as well as its content and meaning according to Swedish law. To conclude, the Swedish implementation of the directive’s provisions directly connected to the principle of care will be discussed. The principle of care is one of the principles of good governance. The principles of good governance have been important in EU law to ensure legal protection for individuals when they are in contact with authorities of EU or Member States. In the analysis, what is found is that the principle of care can be divided into several sub-principles or requirements: individuals’ right to get their affairs treated; the obligation of authorities to investigate a request in an impartial manner; fair procedure and handling; authorities’ duty to take individual interests in consideration; authorities’ obligation to act within reasonable time and also other requirements regarding routines and procedure. Since a major part of this paper regards analyzing the relationship between EU law and national Swedish law, a discussion about the Member States’ institutional and procedural autonomy towards EU is also included. A conclusion is that the Swedish implementation of the directive's provisions related to the principle of care was deficient and that the directive itself restricts the Member States’ institutional and procedural autonomy.Den här uppsatsen behandlar omsorgsprincipen i det omarbetade asylprocedurdirektivet (2013/32/EU). Syftet med arbetet är att analysera hur omsorgsprincipen uttrycks i direktivet avseende procedurer för beviljandet eller avslag av asyl, samt hur direktivet har genomförts i Sverige. Det omarbetade asylprocedurdirektivet syftar till att harmonisera EU- medlemsstaternas förfarande vid ansökan om internationellt skydd. Inledningsvis redogörs för hur direktivet skapades och hur omsorgsprincipen uttrycks i direktivet, vad omsorgsprincipen omfattar på EU-nivå, liksom principens omfattning i svensk rätt. Avslutningsvis analyseras genomförandet av direktivets bestämmelser med anknytning till omsorgsprincipen i svensk rätt. Omsorgsprincipen är en av principerna om god förvaltning. Principerna om god förvaltning har varit viktiga inom EU-rätten för att säkerställa ett rättsskydd för enskilda när dessa är i kontakt med EU:s eller medlemsstaternas myndigheter. Analysen kommer fram till att omsorgsprincipen kan delas in i flera mindre principer eller krav: enskildes rätt att få sina angelägenheter behandlade; myndigheters skyldighet att på ett opartiskt sätt undersöka en begäran; rättvis procedur och handläggning; myndigheters skyldighet att väga in enskildes intresse; myndigheters skyldighet att agera inom rimlig tid; samt andra krav på handläggningsrutiner. Eftersom en huvuddel av den här uppsatsen handlar om att analysera relationen mellan EU-rätt och svensk rätt, förs också en diskussion om medlemsstaternas institutionella och processuella autonomi gentemot EU. Slutligen presenteras slutsatsen att det svenska genomförandet av direktivets bestämmelser som anknyter till omsorgprincipen varit bristande och att direktivet har begränsat såväl medlemsstaternas institutionella som processuella autonomi.
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Lahouazi, Mehdi. "Le développement des modes alternatifs de réglement des différends dans les contrats administratifs." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3056.
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Le développement des modes alternatifs de règlement des différends dans les contrats administratifs est une nécessité. En effet, l’encombrement des juridictions administratives, conjugué au besoin d’un règlement des différends plus consensuel et apaisé, plaide en faveur de l’émergence d’une justice alternative. Néanmoins, l’ordre public encadrant l’activité des personnes publiques, et protégé par des normes impératives, impose que le développement des modes alternatifs soit régulé. À ce titre, l’étude du droit positif démontre que ce phénomène n’est pas inconnu dans le règlement des différends intéressant les contrats administratifs. Par exemple, les parties à un différend peuvent déjà librement recourir aux modes amiables (médiation, conciliation ou transaction), et quelques dérogations au principe d’interdiction faite aux personnes publiques de recourir à l’arbitrage sont prévues. Cela étant, les lacunes et les défaillances du régime actuel des modes alternatifs dans les contrats administratifs (absence de véritable statut du médiateur, défaut d’encadrement de la conciliation inter partes, complexité de la notion de concessions réciproques ou, encore, difficulté pour le juge administratif d’asseoir sa compétence en matière d’arbitrage international...) complexifient leur compréhension et leur mise en œuvre et risquent, par suite, d’accroître les violations de l’ordre public. Il est donc nécessaire de proposer un régime pérenne des modes alternatifs permettant d’assurer, d’une part, la protection des normes impératives du droit public et, d’autre part, la liberté des parties dans le choix et la conduite d’une justice alternative. Pour cela, leur futur régime devra autoriser l’arbitrage dans les contrats administratifs et le doter de garanties procédurales prenant en compte sa nature spécifique mais, aussi, certaines caractéristiques inhérentes aux personnes publiques et au droit administratif. De même, les procédures de médiation et de conciliation devront être améliorées afin d’assurer aux parties, un encadrement souple et favorable à la conclusion de transactions équilibrées et sécurisées. Enfin, ce régime devra définitivement consacrer le rôle du juge administratif. À cet effet, ce dernier pourra être amené à assister les parties dans la mise en œuvre des modes alternatifs (création d’un juge administratif d’appui dans l’arbitrage, combinaison des procédures de référé avec les modes amiables...). Le juge administratif devra être aussi chargé du contrôle de conformité de la solution alternative à l’ordre public. Cette attribution de compétence, qui résonne de plus fort en matière d’arbitrage international, est indispensable à la protection de l’intérêt public. Ce n’est qu’à ces conditions, que le développement des modes alternatifs de règlement des différends pourra prendre toute sa place dans les contrats administratifsThe development of alternative dispute resolution in administrative contracts is a necessity. Indeed, the congestion of the administrative courts, combined with the need for a more consensual and calm settlement of disputes, pleads in favour of the emergence of an alternative justice. Nevertheless, the public order governing the activities of public bodies, and protected by imperative norms, requires that the development of alternative methods be regulated. As such, the study of positive law shows that this phenomenon is not unknown in the settlement of disputes concerning administrative contracts. For instance, the parties to a dispute can already freely resort to amicable methods (mediation, conciliation or settlement agreement), and some exceptions to the principle prohibiting public bodies from resorting to arbitration are provided for. However, the voids and shortcomings of the current system of alternative dispute resolution in administrative contracts (lack of proper status of the mediator, paucity of framework for inter partes conciliation, complexity of the concept of reciprocal concessions or, difficulty for the administrative judge to assert its competence in international arbitration...) make its understanding and implementation more complex and more prone to increasing public order violations. It is therefore necessary to propose a sustainable regime of alternative methods to ensure, on the one hand, the protection of peremptory norms of public law and, on the other hand, the freedom of the parties in the choice and conduct of an alternative justice. For that purpose, the future regime will have to authorize arbitration in administrative contracts and endow it with procedural guarantees taking into account its specific nature but also certain characteristics inherent in public entities and administrative law. Furthermore, the mediation and conciliation procedures will have to be improved in order to provide the parties with a flexible framework conducive to the conclusion of balanced and secure settlement agreements. Finally, this regime must definitively establish the role of the administrative judge. To this end, that judge may be called upon to assist the parties in the implementation of alternative methods (creation of an administrative support judge in arbitration, combination of interim reliefs with amicable procedures...). The administrative judge must also be responsible for checking the compliance of the alternative solution to the public order. This attribution of jurisdiction, which is resonates all the more in international arbitration, is fundamental for the protection of the public interest. It is only under these conditions that the development of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms can take its place in administrative contracts
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Gualtier, Kenneth. "Information Operations Under International Law: A Delphi Study Into the Legal Standing of Cyber Warfare." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/320.
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The ever-growing interconnectivity of industry and infrastructure through cyberspace has increased their vulnerability to cyber attack. The lack of any formal codification of cyber warfare has led to the development of contradictory state practices and disagreement as to the legal standing of cyber warfare, resulting in an increased risk of damage to property and loss of life. Using the just war theory as a foundation, the research questions asked at the point at which cyber attacks meet the definition of use of force or armed attack under international law and what impediments currently exist in the development of legal limitations on cyber warfare. The research design was based on using the Delphi technique with 18 scholars in the fields of cyber warfare and international law for 3 rounds of questioning to reach a consensus of opinion. The study employed qualitative content analysis of survey questions during the first round of inquiry in order to create the questions for the 2 subsequent rounds. The first round of inquiry consisted of a questionnaire composed of 9 open-ended questions. These data were inductively coded to identify themes for the subsequent questionnaires that consisted of 42 questions that allowed the participants to rank their responses on a Likert-type scale and contextualize them using written responses. Participants agreed that a computer attack is comparable to the use of force or armed attack under international law, but fell short of clearly defining the legal boundaries of cyber warfare. This study contributes to social change by providing informed opinions by experts about necessary legal reforms and, therefore, provides a basis for greater legal protections for life and property.
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Ali, Shaheen Sardar. "Equal before Allah, unequal before man? : negotiating gender hierarchies in Islam and international law." Thesis, University of Hull, 1998. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:3876.
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This study engages in a conceptual analysis of human rights in Islam and international law, and the application of this analytical discourse to explore the nature of women's human rights in the Islamic tradition. It has been argued that women's human rights in Islam are not entirely irreconcilable with current formulations of international human rights instruments emanating from the United Nations. The basic premise of the argument stems from a recognition that the Islamic legal tradition is not a monolithic entity. On the basis of its main sources, namely the Quran, Hadith, Ijma and Qiyas, Islamic law lends itself to a variety of interpretations that have far reaching implications for women's human rights in Islam. (Part I)A further factor raised in this study is the disparity between the theoretical perspectives on women's human rights, and, its application to Muslim jurisdictions determined by elements of cultural practices, socio-economic realities and political expediencies on the part of governments. The present study uses the example of Pakistan to demonstrate the divergence between theory and practice of Islamic law in these jurisdictions. The concept of what has been termed an emerging 'operative' Islamic law, consisting of a combination of elements including principles of Islamic law, secular codes of law and popular custom and usage has also been introduced. (Part II)Part III of the thesis is devoted to an evaluation of the development of the international norm of non-discrimination on the basis of sex and some 'Islamic' human rights documents affecting women's human rights. The analysis provides an insight into the response of Muslim States to international human rights instruments affecting women through a discussion in the light of reservations to the Women's Convention. The study concludes by posing the question whether a move towards convergence between international and Islamic schemes of women's human rights is discernible or not.
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Castellino, Joshua. "International law and self-determination : the interplay of the politics of territorial possession with formulations of national identity." Thesis, University of Hull, 1998. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8038.
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The principle of self-determination has great pedigree. It is a norm that had at heart, the foundations of the concept of democracy - based on the idea that the consent of the governed alone, could give a government legitimacy. These noble ideas, expressed in the American and French Declarations form the cornerstone to the principle of self-determination. This is the principle that, through changes influenced by various political factors. was primarily responsible for the decolonisation process that has shaped the current international community. Self-determination has been used in equal rhetorical brilliance by a number of great leaders - some meritorious, with a genuine concern for human emancipation, others dubious, with the vested interest of ascendancy to power at the heart of their project. In any case, 'self-determination' has come to mean different things in different contexts. It is this particular issue that this thesis wishes to tackle. Being a vital principle, especially in the context of the post-colonial state, it is one factor that at once, represents a threat to world order, while at the same time holding out the promise of a longer-term peace and security based on values of democracy, equity and justice. This thesis looks at the intricacies of the norm in its current ambiguous manifestation and seeks to deconstruct it with regard to three particularly inter-linked discourses: that of minority rights. statehood & sovereignty and the doctrine of uti possidetis which shaped the modern post-colonial state. IN analysing these factors we shall focus specifically on the option of secession from the modern post-colonial state - one of three options stated explicitly by General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) as constituting the act of self-determination. These norms are then sought to be analysed further within two case studies. The first of these looks briefly at the situation concerning the creation of Bangladesh - a case of self-determination achieved. The second case study, much more complex in itself, looks at the situation concerning the Western Sahara where self-determination (whatever its manifestation) is yet to be expressed. In the course of this latter case study we shall seek to highlight the problematic nature of 'national identity' and the 'self in settings far removed from post-Westphalian Europe from where these norms originate, and which remain so integral to the modern discourse of international law.
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Downey, Michael J. "The incorporation of ILO Conventions into Hong Kong legislation and the implications for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B38627796.
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Gaughan, Patrick H. "The International Diversification of Professional Service Firms: The Case of U.S. Law Firms." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1431259487.
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Acosta, Fuller Jose Blas 1956. "NAFTA, globalization, and higher education departments of business administration: Case studies from northwestern Mexico." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282587.
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One of the major developments marking the global economy is the emergence of regional trading blocks. This study takes into account this trend and it addresses a question about business administration departments in Mexican universities: To what extent and in what ways do they reflect the influence of NAFTA and globalization on their curriculum, structure, and mission? Conceptually, the study draws on dependency theory and institutional theory. Dependency theory was useful for understanding globalization in Mexican business administration as affected through business and linkages to the U.S. Institutional theory was useful in understanding and explaining specific mechanisms experienced by the departments as they relate to the different professional organizations in society. This study considered four departments located in large public and private universities in Northwestern Mexico. Documents and interviews were the two principal sources of data. This investigation involved the analysis of 46 documents, and 26 interviews conducted with administrators and faculty in Business Administration programs. The analysis of data indicated that private departments hold national and international relationships that influence curriculum change while the public departments are more nationally oriented in relationships and curriculum change.
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De, Silva Nicole. "How international courts promote compliance : strategies beyond adjudication." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7e4291c4-7df5-4df3-ab30-5df2d90dd8f3.
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In recent decades, international courts have proliferated the international system - a trend often referred to as the "judicialization" of international law and politics. States create international courts to promote greater compliance with international law, and have increasingly embedded these actors within various international regimes. Scholars have primarily analyzed the consequences of the judicialization trend based on international judges' authority for interpreting and applying international law, adjudicating international disputes, and rendering binding rulings. However, international courts, especially when conceptualized as international organizations, also perform a variety of activities beyond adjudication. This study theorizes international courts' agency, in both its judicial and non-judicial dimensions, to explain how international courts aim to influence actors' behaviour and promote greater compliance within their international legal regimes. As a foundation, it conceptualizes the various approaches through which international courts can promote compliance with international law, showing how international courts can appeal to actors' logics of consequences and appropriateness, either through their own agency or through using intermediary actors. An original dataset on the prevalence of these approaches across all twenty-three permanent international courts reveals significant variation in whether and how international courts have expanded their approaches for promoting compliance. International courts' level of autonomy influences their capacity for entrepreneurship and developing their approaches. Furthermore, their levels of acceptance and accessibility affect their adoption of particular approaches. Drawing on archival and interview research, ten case studies of a range of global and regional international courts, operating in a variety of issue areas and contexts, elucidate international courts' variable expansion of approaches based on these core variables. The study shows that international courts are dynamic and strategic actors, which address challenges and exploit opportunities to increase their influence and promote compliance within their international regimes.
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King, Samantha Jane. "Locating moral responsibility for war crimes : the new justiciability of 'system criminality' and its implications for the development of an international polity." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/421.
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This thesis examines the question of international responses to system criminality. It argues that the assignation of moral responsibility, expressed in the act of prosecuting individuals, expresses a fundamental conceptual shift towards an international polity. Although political rhetoric, the media and international legislation express the moral dimension of system criminality, the character of humanitarian law and the contingency of its operation is the most concrete indicator of such a development. The status of an embryonic international polity becomes particularly evident- with 'individual responsibility' being a criminally liable offence, as set against 'collective responsibility' which entails 'civil', (non-penal) liabilities. However, the principle of individual criminal responsibility, and therefore the expression of a nascent international polity, is by no means as well developed as it may appear because the moral consensus necessary to fully support this shift is still undeveloped. A thoroughly radical re-orientation to a potential international polity had not fully arrived with the Nuremberg Principles and a paucity of individual prosecutions for system crimes indicates the limits of this development. Nevertheless, the contribution to knowledge of this thesis lies in its finding that with the radical developments of criminal tribunals and the International Criminal Court there has been a qualitative shift in the structure of international legal norms.
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Bronk, R. Christopher. "In confidence information technology, secrecy and the state /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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