Relevant bibliographies by topics / International agencies

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'International agencies'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "International agencies"

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Drush, Pavel Sergeevich, and Mikhail Vyacheslavovich Tyurkin. "TRANSFORMATION OF INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION AGENCIES." Век информации (сетевое издание) 4, no. 4(13) (September 30, 2020): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33941/age-info.com44(13)7.

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The functions of the IA system are provided by its structure. The development of the structure is associated with the emergence of new components, formats, structural links, the expansion of specialization and integration, an increase in the number of multi-format materials and the creation of interactive services. The regulator of structural ties in the system today is the presence of market relations and competition. This also determines the typology of modern information Internet agencies. Their division according to various criteria (territorial characteristics, specialization, etc.) is a necessary condition for the formation of a full-fledged system. Constant changes at different levels of this global mechanism indicate that the process is not yet complete. Network agencies continue to experiment with the format and develop the technological capabilities of their own Internet resources.
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Mbaya, Nancy. "International News Agencies: A History." European Journal of Communication 36, no. 1 (February 2021): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267323120987121.

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Drush, Pavel Sergeevich, and Mikhail Vyacheslavovich Tyurkin. "TRANSFORMATION OF INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION AGENCIES." Век информации (сетевое издание) 4, no. 4(13) (September 30, 2020): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33941/age-info.com44(13)7.

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The functions of the IA system are provided by its structure. The development of the structure is associated with the emergence of new components, formats, structural links, the expansion of specialization and integration, an increase in the number of multi-format materials and the creation of interactive services. The regulator of structural ties in the system today is the presence of market relations and competition. This also determines the typology of modern information Internet agencies. Their division according to various criteria (territorial characteristics, specialization, etc.) is a necessary condition for the formation of a full-fledged system. Constant changes at different levels of this global mechanism indicate that the process is not yet complete. Network agencies continue to experiment with the format and develop the technological capabilities of their own Internet resources.
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Potter, Simon J. "International News Agencies: A History." Media History 28, no. 1 (November 18, 2021): 177–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2021.2003128.

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Umhau, Tricia H., John C. Umhau, and Russell E. Morgan. "National and International Health Agencies." Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 5, no. 2 (June 1991): 197–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5520(20)30733-9.

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Boyd-Barrett, Oliver. "National and International News Agencies." Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands) 62, no. 1 (February 2000): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0016549200062001001.

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Zivanovic, Katarina. "International Cooperation of Intelligence Agencies against Transnational Terrorist Targets." Connections: The Quarterly Journal 08, no. 1 (2008): 115–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/connections.08.1.05.

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Dewhurst, Elaine. "Agencies of Slavery: The Exploitation of Migrant Workers by Recruitment Agencies." Texas Wesleyan Law Review 13, no. 2 (March 2007): 377–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/twlr.v13.i2.4.

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This paper has been led by the desire to reinstate the concept of real consent back into the discourse on migration and the recruitment process. An examination of the concept of recruitment for employ ment and of recruitment agencies will reveal the important role such intermediaries play in the international migration process. This will be followed by a brief description of both the international and national regulations presently governing recruitment agencies. The experience of Ireland and its recent unique encounters with international migration for employment will be used as a case study to demonstrate the types of obstacles that prevent real consensual recruitment for employment. The lack of regulation at an international and national level causes these obstacles. It is this author's opinion that certain measures are more effective than international action in this regard due to the inevitable flexibility and compromise inherent in international law. It is only when such obstacles are removed that real consent can finally be reinstated back into the lives of those migrating for employment, allowing the development of an open, transparent, and exploitation free recruitment process.
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Jang, Won Yong, and Edward Frederick. "International media framing." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 27, no. 2 (November 20, 2017): 213–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.27.2.04jan.

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Abstract The relationship between Japan and South Korea has been particularly tumultuous in recent years. One of the major sources of unrest is the unresolved Dokdo (a.k.a. Takeshima) issue. This study examines the framing of the issue by four international news agencies. It explores whether international news agencies from different countries would frame the issue differently. Results suggest that the news agencies frame the issue differently depending on the agencies’ country of origin.
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Groenleer, Martijn, and Simone Gabbi. "Regulatory Agencies of the European Union as International Actors." European Journal of Risk Regulation 4, no. 4 (December 2013): 479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00003111.

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EU agencies, such as the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), are usually created in an environment that is replete with other organizations, not only other European bodies and member state agencies, but also international organizations and third country agencies. Through their interactionwith EUagencies, these international organizations and third country agencies may affect policies, policymaking processes, institutions and behaviour in the EU and its member states. But EU agencies do not necessarily serve as passive channels for the interaction between international organizations and third country agencies, on the one hand, and the EU institutions, on the other hand. They often seem to play an active role as policy entrepreneurs,making use of the opportunities offered by the policies and policymaking processes of these organizations and agencies to influence institutions and behaviour in the EU and its member states. The above raises the question of what international role EFSA actually has performed: has it, despite the formal-legal restrictions put in place by the EU institutions, been able to act relatively autonomously at the international level? In order to address this question, this article examines EFSA's international relations, notably those with international organizations and third country agencies in its field of action. It adopts a dynamic perspective, describing these relations throughout the agency's development. The article demonstrates that EFSA has developed a considerable international role, despite the relatively limited scope of action allowed by its legal framework, and shows that this development has been driven by both functional needs and strategic motives.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "International agencies"

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Fekete, Florian. "Civil-military relations : enhancing international security." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Mar%5FFekete.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in International Security and Civil-Military Relations)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2003.
Thesis advisor(s): Donald Abenheim, Karen Guttieri. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-70). Also available online.
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Lanteigne, Marc. "Doorways and mirrors Chinese power and international institutions /." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/57360569.html.

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Ali, Ali Saeid. "The International Red Cross and Red Crescent 1973-1988." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254772.

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Lusa, Bordin Fernando. "The analogy between states and international organizations : legal reasoning and the development of the law of international organizations." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708385.

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Rubinsson, Sebastian. "Global marketing through collaboration of local marketing agencies : How can local marketing agencies work together for global clients?" Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-41110.

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Background: The world becomes more connected as technology advances and with the internet as a distribution channel more companies internationalises. However, there are still cultural differences around the world that marketers must take into consideration. The marketing industry faces difficult challenges in adaptation to international marketing, as collaboration between local marketing agencies could be a solution.   Purpose: The purpose of the study is to contribute with understanding of how local marketing agencies can work together for global clients, and how these agencies can adapt local marketing for these clients. In order to understand how marketing agencies can work together, this study will contribute with understanding of this collaboration between local marketing agencies and how they can help each other grow their businesses.   Method: This study uses a qualitative method with unstructured interviews of five people operational within a network of local marketing agencies.     Theory: The theoretical framework for this study consists of theories in international marketing, collaboration and learning.   Results and conclusions: By collaborating in a network, local marketing agencies get access to international markets and can support global clients. By having multiple local agencies working together for global clients, these agencies all provide local knowledge and create local communication. The collaboration in a network is most effective if the competition is eliminated, which can be done through shared ownership and personal connection within the network.
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Tansey, Oisín. "Democratic regime-building : democratisation in the context of international administration." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2fc9be17-09c2-4b7a-97ad-e6ee79ae3c06.

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This thesis examines democratic transitions that occur in the context of international administration, where international actors not only provide assistance and guidance regarding domestic development, but also hold temporary executive authority over some or all of the functions of government. It argues that the process of regime change in the context of international administration is systematically different from more conventional settings, where such extensive international intervention is absent. The theoretical framework of the thesis suggests that the most significant impact of international administration derives from the fact that external actors assume roles conventionally held by domestic actors, and thus have available to them extensive mechanisms of influence at the domestic level. International agents can favour some local elites over others, structure the political environment through agenda-setting and veto powers, and ultimately bypass local actors if deemed necessary by drafting and imposing laws and institutions. As a result, the presence of international administrators heavily shapes the final mode of transition, and one of the most significant implications of the external influence is that purely non-democratic regime outcomes are unlikely to emerge. However, the influences of international administration are not always positive, and neither are they constant across contexts. The final impact on the transition process itself will depend in large part on the nature of the domestic political landscape, and in particular the balance of power and ideology among the domestic political parties. When domestic elites are favourable to democracy, international administrations can work with local actors to co-author a new democratic regime through a pacted transition. When dominant local parties are opposed to democratic development, however, the international and domestic interaction may contribute to a more conflicrual and contentious mode of transition entailing elements of international imposition. The nature of the transition mode will, in turn, have implications for post-transition regime consolidation. These findings are based on a structured, focused comparison of three cases, those of Bosnia, Kosovo and East Timor. In attempting to isolate the international influence, the case studies utilise the process tracing method to identify the causal mechanisms that connect international actions to democratic political outcomes, and the experiences in each case are compared to facilitate the generation of bounded generalisations about the impact of international administration on the processes of regime change.
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Keenes, Ernie (Ernest Morley) Carleton University Dissertation Political Science. "Embedded liberalism and Canada: state reorganization in the international political economy." Ottawa, 1991.

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Sathe, Ommeed S. (Ommeed Sanjay). "Local debts, international authority : rating agencies' emergence in regulating subnational debt." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37469.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-99).
This thesis explores the growth of subnational debt ("SND") and the different regulatory responses to this debt. It focuses on the recent emergence of credit rating agencies (e.g. Standard & Poor's, Moody's and Fitch) as an alternative regulatory mechanism, which has the potential to stabilize these markets, improve risk pricing, and alter traditional conceptions of local governance. The first chapter traces SND's long legacy of debt defaults, federal bailouts, and improperly priced risk; as well as the profound benefits that SND can provide to local governments, particularly as a means of resisting the siren song of privatization. Unfortunately, it finds that conventional strategies for regulating SND - including federal oversight, financial rules and market discipline - have not properly balanced these trade offs and have left lingering moral hazards, overly restricted debt markets, and a legacy of mispricing. The second chapter examines the emergence of debt rating agencies in Mexico as a possible alternative. It traces their growth, particularly the role of domestic and international agreements, their methodology, and their historic accuracy. It finds that they should improve debt pricing and obviate moral hazards when compared to existing regulatory interventions.
(cont.) However, these significant benefits come with profound implications on local governance and decentralization. The third chapter investigates rating agencies infringement on traditional local autonomy as well as the more subtle ways in which these bodies can actually improve local deliberation by enhancing transparency and formality. The thesis argues further that any restrictions are outweighed by the benefits from stabilizing SND markets and replacing more onerous regimes. The thesis also suggests that the agencies' view of governance actually fits in with broader international approaches and is part of a broader movement towards international local government law. The paper concludes by considering potential regulation to improve agencies' performance further.
by Ommeed S. Sathe.
M.C.P.
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Peter, Mateja. "Constructing international authority : the international administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648359.

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Plog, Max. "Grundrechtsschutz gegenüber internationalen Organisationes ohne Durchgriffsbefugnisse /." Baden-Baden : Nomos, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=017993804&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Books on the topic "International agencies"

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Palmer, Michael B. International News Agencies. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31178-0.

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Cooper, Mary H. International Relief Agencies. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States: CQ Press, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/cqresrre1985012500.

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Archer, Clive. International organizations. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 1992.

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1939-, Butler William Elliott, ed. International law and the international system. Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff, 1987.

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1961-, Martin Lisa L., and Simmons Beth A. 1958-, eds. International institutions: An international organization reader. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2001.

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Jean, Dupuy René, and Hague Academy of International Law., eds. Manuel sur les organisations internationales =: A handbook on international organizations. 2nd ed. Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff, 1998.

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J, Kirton John, ed. International organization. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2009.

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Centre de recherches sur les institutions internationales (Geneva, Switzerland), ed. International Geneva 1985: Organization and activities of international institutions in Geneva. Lausanne, [Switzerland]: Payot, 1985.

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Schraepler, Hans-Albrecht. Directory of international organizations. Washington, D.C: Georgetown University Press, 1996.

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Jean, Dupuy René, ed. Manuel sur les organisations internationales =: A Handbook on international organizations. Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "International agencies"

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Palmer, Michael B. "Before the Birth, and the First Steps of News Agencies: The (London) Times and the First International News Agencies, 1830–50s." In International News Agencies, 1–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31178-0_1.

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Palmer, Michael B. "Covering US Presidential Elections: 2000—Bush vs. Gore." In International News Agencies, 199–211. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31178-0_10.

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Palmer, Michael B. "The End of the “British” Reuters." In International News Agencies, 213–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31178-0_11.

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Palmer, Michael B. "News Technology: All Together?; On the News Front—“Yes” and “No”." In International News Agencies, 231–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31178-0_12.

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Palmer, Michael B. "By Way of Conclusion: Final Remarks." In International News Agencies, 241–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31178-0_13.

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Palmer, Michael B. "Reuter’s S. Engländer and Intra-European Agency Negotiations, 1847–90s." In International News Agencies, 25–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31178-0_2.

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Palmer, Michael B. "A Widening World? Agencies and International News in an Age of Empire, 1848–1914." In International News Agencies, 47–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31178-0_3.

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Palmer, Michael B. "World War I and the Agencies." In International News Agencies, 73–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31178-0_4.

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Palmer, Michael B. "Inter-war Years: Towards the End of “The Cartel”—Inter-agency and International Strife." In International News Agencies, 87–117. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31178-0_5.

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Palmer, Michael B. "World War II and the Cold War: News in a Worldwide Age of Censorship and Propaganda." In International News Agencies, 119–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31178-0_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "International agencies"

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Topolðek, Darja, Nataða Kovaèiã, and Tina Cvahte. "Travel Agencies’ External Integration." In The 8th International Scientific Conference "Business and Management 2014". Vilnius, Lithuania: Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Publishing House Technika, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2014.094.

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Kaschesky, Michael, Adrian Gschwend, Guillaume Bouchard, Patrick Furrer, Stephane Gamard, and Reinhard Riedl. "Aid to regional development agencies." In the 13th Annual International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2307729.2307732.

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Borg, Markus, Thomas Olsson, Ulrik Franke, and Saïd Assar. "Digitalization of swedish government agencies." In ICSE '18: 40th International Conference on Software Engineering. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3183428.3183434.

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Zhuolei, Chen. "Research on influence of the international operations of credit rating agencies." In 2009 ISECS International Colloquium on Computing, Communication, Control, and Management (CCCM). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cccm.2009.5267931.

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"Technology Mapping of Major Space Agencies." In 55th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.iac-04-iaa.3.6.1.03.

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Hedayati, Mona. "Intelligent Sensibility: Human-Machine Symbiotic Agencies." In 28th International Symposium on Electronic Art. Paris: Ecole des arts decoratifs - PSL, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69564/isea2023-12-short-hedayati-intelligent-sensibility.

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SHORT PAPER. This paper is an effort to examine the codes of interaction between the carbon-based and the silicon-based, i.e., the human and the machine, notably the shifting agencies addressed by adopting feminist technoscientific and new materialist lenses to grapple with the techno-industrial paradigm shift that has been (dis)figuring the anthropocentric condition. The first part of the paper lays down the qualities of this emerging ecology while recognizing the importance of human accountability and situatedness. The focal point of this survey is the anthropologist Lucy Suchman’s classic Human-Machine Reconfigurations which is elaborated upon through anchor points she posits revisiting Donna Haraway and Karan Barad’s arguments. The last part engages with the implications of such a coupling for human and machine sensoria in order to envisage the qualities of a distributive sensorium that this regenerative agency can put forth while alluding to practices of situated computing.
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Alexandrova, Assia, Lucia Rapanotti, and Ivan Horrocks. "The legacy problem in government agencies." In dg.o 2015: 16th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2757401.2757406.

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Bizikova, Livia. "TRANSITION TO SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY - REVIEW OF POLICY CHOICES SUGGESTED BY INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023v/4.2/s19.45.

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Globally, there have been significant efforts to develop new means of assessing progress beyond GDP in recent years. The recent publication by the UN Secretary-General of a policy brief (UN, 2023) is inviting member states to move beyond GDP by measuring what truly matters for sustainability and prosperity. The policy brief outlines the shortcomings of GDP as an indicator of summarizing everything too much and revealing too little to be able to adequately inform policy (UN, 2023; pp. 12). This paper will present a review of a number of recent documents (2019 � 2022) published by international agencies to explore their views on the role and types of growth to achieve their objectives such as reducing emission, improving resilience, protecting biodiversity and so on. The paper will discuss two approaches to growth and development. Most of the listed reviewed documents suggest approaches for governments to move towards sustainable, inclusive, and sustained economic growth. Second set of recommended approaches focuses on the importance of broadening the indicators used to describe economic growth, often referred to as �moving beyond GDP�. The paper will provide details on each of the suggested approaches and potential linkages and win-win solutions to improve pressing global challenges.
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Jeglic, Franci. "Regulations of Pipelines in Canada." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27360.

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This paper provides an overview of the regulatory framework for pipelines in Canada. Canada is an oil and gas producing, consuming and exporting country. To accomplish these functions, the production, transmission and distribution companies operate about 700,000 km (440,000 miles) of pipelines. These companies and their pipelines are regulated by federal, provincial or territorial regulatory agencies. Provincial or territorial agencies regulate those pipelines that are fully contained within the province or territory. The federal regulatory agency (the National Energy Board) regulates all those pipelines that cross provincial or international borders. Most of the powers of regulatory agencies emanate from pipeline acts. Under these acts, the regulatory agencies may make regulations which may be approved by their governments. Regulations provide for public safety and environmental protection for the design, construction, operation, repair, maintenance and abandonment of pipelines.
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Styrin, Evgeny, Natalya Dmitrieva, and Andrey Zhulin. "Openness evaluation framework for public agencies." In ICEGOV '13: 7th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2591888.2591964.

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Reports on the topic "International agencies"

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Chakalall, Yuri, Daniela Carrera-Marquis, Franklin Espiga, Katherine Smith, Kensuke Otsuyama, and Hideharu Tanaka. International Good Practices and Lessons in Post Disaster Reconstruction in The Bahamas. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003314.

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This Brochure captures the content of the Workshop held last year August 24, 2021 on 'International Good Practices and Lessons learned in Post Disaster Reconstruction in The Bahamas' with national stakeholders participation as well as international experts. The objective of the Workshop was to share international experiences of (i) how "post-disaster public agencies" in each case study country were established; (ii) how they prepared reconstruction master plans; (iii) how they effectively implemented their post-disaster reconstruction programs.
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Brinkerhoff, Derick W., Sarah Frazer, and Lisa McGregor-Mirghani. Adapting to Learn and Learning to Adapt: Practical Insights from International Development Projects. RTI Press, January 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.pb.0015.1801.

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Adaptive programming and management principles focused on learning, experimentation, and evidence-based decision making are gaining traction with donor agencies and implementing partners in international development. Adaptation calls for using learning to inform adjustments during project implementation. This requires information gathering methods that promote reflection, learning, and adaption, beyond reporting on pre-specified data. A focus on adaptation changes traditional thinking about program cycle. It both erases the boundaries between design, implementation, and evaluation and reframes thinking to consider the complexity of development problems and nonlinear change pathways.Supportive management structures and processes are crucial for fostering adaptive management. Implementers and donors are experimenting with how procurement, contracting, work planning, and reporting can be modified to foster adaptive programming. Well-designed monitoring, evaluation, and learning systems can go beyond meeting accountability and reporting requirements to produce data and learning for evidence-based decision making and adaptive management. It is important to continue experimenting and learning to integrate adaptive programming and management into the operational policies and practices of donor agencies, country partners, and implementers. We need to devote ongoing effort to build the evidence base for the contributions of adaptive management to achieving international development results.
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Bano, Masooda. International Push for SBMCs and the Problem of Isomorphic Mimicry: Evidence from Nigeria. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/102.

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Establishing School-Based Management Committees (SBMCs) is one of the most widely adopted and widely studied interventions aimed at addressing the learning crisis faced in many developing countries: giving parents and communities a certain degree of control over aspects of school management is assumed to increase school accountability and contribute to improvements in learning. Examining the case of Nigeria, which in 2005 adopted a national policy to establish SBMCs in state schools, this paper reviews the evidence available on SBMCs’ ability to mobilise communities, and the potential for this increased community participation to translate into improved learning. The paper shows that while local community participation can help improve school performance, the donor and state supported SBMCs struggle to stay active and have positive impact on school performance. Yet for ministries of education in many developing countries establishing SBMCs remains a priority intervention among the many initiatives aimed at improving education quality. The paper thus asks what makes the establishment of SBMCs a priority intervention for the Nigerian government. By presenting an analysis of the SBMC-related policy documents in Nigeria, the paper demonstrates that an intervention aimed at involving local communities and developing bottom-up approaches to identifying and designing education policies is itself entirely a product of top-down policy making, envisioned, developed, and funded almost entirely by the international development community. The entire process is reflective of isomorphic mimicry—a process whereby organisations attempt to mimic good behaviour to gain legitimacy, instead of fixing real challenges. Adopting the policy to establish SBMCs, which is heavily promoted by the international development community and does not require actual reform of the underlying political-economy challenges hindering investment in education, enables education ministries to mimic commitment to education reforms and attain the endorsement of the international community without addressing the real challenges. Like all cases of isomorphic mimicry, such policy adoption and implementation has costs: national ministries, as well as state- and district-level education authorities, end up devoting time, resources, and energy to planning, designing, and implementing an intervention for which neither the need nor the evidence of success is established. Additionally, such top-down measures prevent state agencies from identifying local opportunities for delivering the same goals more effectively and perhaps at a lower cost. The paper illustrates this with the case of the state of Kano: there is a rich indigenous culture of supporting community schools, yet, rather than learning why local communities support certain kinds of school but not state schools, and trying to replicate the lessons in state schools, the SBMC model introduced is designed by development agencies at the national level and is administratively complicated and resource-intensive. The opportunity for local learning has not been realised; instead, both the agenda and the implementation framework have been entirely shaped by international aid agencies. The paper thus demonstrates how apparently positive policy interventions resulting from pressure exerted by the international community could be having unintended consequences, given the national-level political-economy dynamics.
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Marra de Artiñano, Ignacio, Franco Riottini Depetris, and Christian Volpe Martincus. Automatic Product Classification in International Trade: Machine Learning and Large Language Models. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005012.

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Accurately classifying products is essential in international trade. Virtually all countries categorize products into tariff lines using the Harmonized System (HS) nomenclature for both statistical and duty collection purposes. In this paper, we apply and assess several different algorithms to automatically classify products based on text descriptions. To do so, we use agricultural product descriptions from several public agencies, including customs authorities and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). We find that while traditional machine learning (ML) models tend to perform well within the dataset in which they were trained, their precision drops dramatically when implemented outside of it. In contrast, large language models (LLMs) such as GPT 3.5 show a consistently good performance across all datasets, with accuracy rates ranging between 60% and 90% depending on HS aggregation levels. Our analysis highlights the valuable role that artificial intelligence (AI) can play in facilitating product classification at scale and, more generally, in enhancing the categorization of unstructured data.
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Ashton, Weslynne, John R. Ehrenfeld, and Andrés Luque. Best Practices in Cleaner Production: Promotion and Implementation for Smaller Enterprises. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008579.

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This report reviews of a set of international programs promoting Cleaner Production (CP) to aid MIF and similar donor agencies in structuring cluster programs with SMEs in Latin America aimed at promoting resource efficiency while improving economic and environmental performance.
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6

Devereux, Stephen. Policy Pollination: A Brief History of Social Protection’s Brief History in Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2020.004.

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The relatively recent emergence and sustained rise of social protection as a policy agenda in Africa can be understood as either a nationally owned or ‘donor-driven’ process. While elements of both can be seen in different countries at different times, this paper focuses on the pivotal role of transnational actors, specifically international development agencies, as ‘policy pollinators’ for social protection. These agencies deployed a range of tactics to induce African governments to implement cash transfer programmes and establish social protection systems, including: (1) building the empirical evidence base that cash transfers have positive impacts, for advocacy purposes; (2) financing social protection programmes until governments take over this responsibility; (3) strengthening state capacity to deliver social protection, through technical assistance and training workshops; (4) commissioning and co-authoring national social protection policies; (5) encouraging the domestication of international social protection law into national legislation. Despite these pressures and inducements, some governments have resisted or implemented social protection only partially and reluctantly, either because they are not convinced or because their political interests are not best served by allocating scarce resources to cash transfer programmes. This raises questions about the extent to which the agendas of development agencies are aligned or in conflict with national priorities, and whether social protection programmes and systems would flourish or wither if international support was withdrawn.
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Kwon, Heeseo Rain, HeeAh Cho, Jongbok Kim, Sang Keon Lee, and Donju Lee. International Case Studies of Smart Cities: Songdo, Republic of Korea. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007012.

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This case study is one of ten international studies developed by the Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements (KRIHS), in association with the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), for the cities of Anyang, Medellin, Namyangju, Orlando, Pangyo, Rio de Janeiro, Santander, Singapore, Songdo, and Tel Aviv. At the IDB, the Competitiveness and Innovation Division (CTI), the Fiscal and Municipal Management Division (FMM), and the Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative (ESCI) coordinated the study. This project was part of technical cooperation ME-T1254, financed by the Knowledge Partnership Korean Fund for Technology and Innovation of the Republic of Korea. At KRIHS, the National Infrastructure Research Division coordinated the project and the Global Development Partnership Center provided the funding. Songdo, as part of Incheon Free Economic Zone, is an iconic new smart city of Korea that hosts international business events and attract IT, biotech, ad R&D facilities. Its smart city initiative began in 2008 and is still ongoing with an aim for completion by 2017. The project is largely divided into six sectors including transport, security, disaster, environment, and citizen interaction while other services related to home, business, education, health and car are also being developed. Specialized service in Songdo includes smart bike services, criminal vehicle tracking and monitoring unusual activities through motion detecting technology while Integrated Operation and Control Center (IOCC) readily facilitates collaboration between various agencies and citizen engagement. Songdo smart city initiative is managed by Incheon U-city Corporation, a private- public partnership in order to secure funding for system operation through effective business model.
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Rojas, Laura. Market Access under the Government Sector's Procurement Agreements. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012242.

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The primary purpose of an agreement on government procurement that included the issue of access is to expose that market to stronger competition and closer international scrutiny. Provisions are established for that purpose, binding the Parties to the agreement to apply the principle of nondiscrimination to the legal framework and procurement practices employed by public agencies in their purchases.
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Suding, Paul Hugo, and Fareeha Y. Iqbal. Options Paper: Reducing Climate Risk in IDB Operations. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009073.

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This paper explores options to minimize threats posed to IDB-financed physical investments by the impacts of climate change. A large proportion of projects are implemented in climate-sensitive sectors (e.g., agriculture, water resources, and transport). In these cases, the norm is to consider historic climatic trends for guiding project conceptualization and design. However, there is growing realization among international development agencies including the IDB that this may not be sufficient; many multilateral and bilateral development agencies now recognize the need to also consider future changes in long-term trends of climatic variables, as well as the possibility of an intensification or increased frequency of extreme climatic events such as floods, droughts, and hurricanes.
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Ismail, Zenobia, and Topua Lesinko. Interventions to Address Discrimination against LGBTQi Persons. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.104.

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This annotated bibliography synthesises evidence on interventions to limit discrimination and abuse against people who are LGBTQi. In general, development agencies have strong commitments to LGBTQi rights in their strategy and policy documents. However, they avoid addressing LGBTQi rights directly through programming. Historically, international donor support for LGBTQi rights has been channelled through health programmes (especially those related to sexual health or HIV/AIDS) and democracy and governance support programmes. Recently, there is a trend towards integrating LGBTQi rights across a broader set of development programmes under the auspices of “leave no one behind”. The literature notes some barriers that undermine the extent to which international development interventions or programmes can address discrimination against LGBTQi persons. One of the barriers includes LGBTQi rights are still not viewed as a development priority but as a controversy in some settings, leading embassies to be hesitant to engage with them. Limited data and understanding of the various issues that are categorised as LGBTQi curtail the extent to which these issues can be integrated with other development programmes. The literature also observes that prejudice among staff at all levels in development agencies undermines their willingness to engage with LGBTQi rights and issues.
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