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Ogundipe, O. O. "International and Comparative Librarianship in Developing Countries." Journal of Education for Library and Information Science 35, no. 3 (1994): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40323078.
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Ladizesky, Kathleen. "Book review: International and comparative librarianship – Concepts and methods for global studies." Alexandria: The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues 29, no. 3 (December 2019): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0955749019896458.
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Yee, Annie. "Collaboration in international and comparative librarianship (Advances in Library and Information Science Book Series)." Australian Library Journal 64, no. 2 (April 3, 2015): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049670.2015.1040348.
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Wilson, Virginia, and Lyn Currie. "EBLIG Report: Interest Group Meets in Atlantic Canada and New Co-convenors are Chosen." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 2, no. 2 (June 6, 2007): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8901x.
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May was a month of travel for many Evidence-Based Librarianship Interest Group (EBLIG) members. From May 6 – 11, the 4th International Evidence Based Library and Information Practice conference was held in Durham-Chapel Hill, North Carolina. From May 22 – 26, EBLIG members attended the Canadian Library Association (CLA) conference in St. John’s, Newfoundland. As the second anniversary of the formation of EBLIG has come around, the inaugural co-conveners, Lyn Currie and Virginia Wilson, are wrapping up their two-year term. Congratulations to Sue Fahey of Memorial University of Newfoundland and Renée deGannes, Canadian Dental Association, Ottawa, who have taken over the reins and accepted a two-year term as EBLIG’s new co-conveners.
EBLIG has been active this past year, mainly in the area of conference workshops and sessions. At the organizers’ invitation, we successfully submitted and presented a half-day post-conference workshop for the 4th International Evidence Based Librarianship Conference. How to Assess the Evidence: A Critical Appraisal Tool for Library and Information Research, facilitated by Lindsay Glynn, of Memorial University of Newfoundland, was an extremely well-received session with nearly 30 participants in attendance.
Virginia Wilson and Stephanie Hall created a practical toolkit on evidence-based library and information practice specifically for public librarians: http://ebltoolkit.pbwiki.com/. This toolkit was unveiled at the 2007 CLA conference in St. John’s by Stephanie Hall.
A wiki was launched in 2007 entitled eblibrarianship: the Wiki of the Evidence Based Librarianship Interest Group (EBLIG) to facilitate interest group collaboration, sharing, and information access, as well as a means of communication: http://eblibrarianship.pbwiki.com/
EBLIG members are active in the EBLIP community and beyond:
EBLIG members edited and contributed to an EBL-themed issue of Feliciter.
EBLIG members are participating as editors, on the editorial advisory board, and on the evidence summary team of the open access journal, Evidence Based Library and Information Practice.
As a result of a posting on the eblibrarianship wiki for the CLA conference session, Evidence-Based Librarianship: A Toolkit for Public Libraries, Virginia Wilson and Stephanie Hall have been invited to present a 1-hour audio conference for the Education Institute in the fall of 2007.
International membership to the interest group is available without having to become a full member of CLA. For only $30 CAD, people residing outside of Canada can join EBLIG and take advantage of networking and continuing education opportunities. More information on international membership is available at http://www.cla.ca/about/igroups/evidence_based.htm.
The past two years have been challenging and exciting. An active and engaged membership goes a long way in making this interest group vital and productive.
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Wenger, Larry B. "IALL at 40." International Journal of Legal Information 27, no. 1 (1999): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500008301.
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The appearance of this issue of the International Journal of Legal Information coincides almost exactly with the 40th anniversary of the founding of the International Association of Law Libraries. In June, 1959, a group of law librarians with long established personal interests in international law librarianship met in New York, with the goal of establishing an organization that would facilitate their work and bring law librarians around the world in closer contact. Professor William R. Roalfe of Northwestern University Law School in Chicago was elected the first President of the new Association, and Mr. K. Howard Drake of the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, London, the Vice President. A report summarizing the organizational meeting was prepared by Adolf Sprudzs of the University of Chicago Law Library, who subsequently devoted much of his career to international law librarianship and particularly to the work of the Association, including serving two terms as its President (see appendix). For a recent history of the Association, please see the article by Mr. Sprudzs in The Law Librarian, volume 26 at page 321, 1995.
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Wenger, Larry B. "President's Report." International Journal of Legal Information 28, no. 3 (2000): xxxv—xxxviii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500000664.
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The 19th Course on International Law Librarianship was held in Dublin, Ireland, August 20–24, 2000. The conference theme, “A common Law for Europe: Legal Systems and Legal Information,” and the attractiveness of Dublin as a conference venue helped draw the largest group of participants to attend our conferences. As important, the 150 participants represented 24 countries, a number that is a record for our Association.
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Puchalski, Jacek. "Przegląd badań nad historią bibliotek i bibliotekarstwa w Polsce z lat 1945–2015." Roczniki Biblioteczne 60 (June 8, 2017): 97–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0080-3626.60.5.
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AN OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH INTO THE HISTORY OF LIBRARIES AND LIBRARIANSHIP IN POLAND IN 1945–2015The author of the article discusses selected academic and popular publications concerning the history of libraries and librarianship in Poland which appeared in 1945–2015. In that period information about the most important historical resources of various Polish libraries and early book collections was made available; in addition, the period was marked by progress in the study of materials originating before the end of the 18th century. Scholars published a range of methodological studies as well as studies dealing with sources, contributing to the development of scholarship. On the other hand, there were too few editions of source materials.After 1989 scholars intensified their efforts to find sources in foreign collections, especially in Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia and Germany. Polish collections kept abroad are yet to be fully researched and have their inventories and catalogues published.The vast body of literature is uneven when it comes to its focus on the various historical periods, regions, subregions and local centres. It comprises publications dealing with the history of libraries, their function and role in culture with regard to the history of the book, and publications focused on the types of libraries or individual libraries — of different traditions, sizes and stature. Scholars also explored the history of home book collections, reading rooms and libraries as well as biographies of librarians and collectors. The quality of the publications varies. There are gaps in, for example, the history of libraries in the former Polish Eastern Borderlands as well as “blank pages” in the historiography of Polish librarianship after the Second World War. There is a visible shortage of quantification of phenomena from the past of libraries, despite the fact that there are some possibilities in this respect. What is also needed is development in comparative studies, also in an international perspective, although this would require Polish historians to become more interested than before in the history of librarianship in other countries.
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Johnson, Erik W. "Toward International Comparative Research on Associational Activity." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 43, no. 2_suppl (April 21, 2013): 163S—181S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764013484091.
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This article describes the scope and composition of national associational populations in four similar countries (Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and United States), by way of introducing an important new data release on national associational populations. Special attention is devoted to the subset of associations attending to social inequality issues of gender, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation, and which are of particular interest to social movement and interest group scholars. No evidence is found for the Tocquevillian notion of heightened national-level associational activity in the United States. The nonmembership associational form is, however, particularly prominent in the United States. Associations attending to social inequality issues in the United Kingdom are structured very differently from these other nations, likely as a result of the unitary nature of government in that country rather than a strong federal system.
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Brennan, Donal, Martina Murphy, Michael Robson, and Colm O'Herlihy. "224: Validation of comparative international cesarean delivery rates using ten-group analysis." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 199, no. 6 (December 2008): S73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2008.09.251.
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Karasova, Nataliia. "COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF UKRAINIAN AGRICULTURE." Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development 38, no. 3 (September 29, 2016): 230–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/mts.2016.18.
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In modern conditions, having a significant resource potential, Ukrainian agriculture is capable of providing a stable inflow of foreign currency to the national economy, defining one of the main specializations. Hence, the issue of benefits for the agriculture of Ukraine in foreign trade and the quality of its exports structure becomes relevant. The purpose of the study was to use the cluster analysis of comparative advantages in order to determine Ukraine's place in the global food market and to explore the promising export development directions in the agrarian sector of Ukraine. As a result, a group of products with the existing comparative advantages was determined, and the proposals to expand the range of exports towards increase of the high value-added goods in its structure was justified.
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Kluver, John. "European and Australian proposals for corporate group law: a comparative analysis." European Business Organization Law Review 1, no. 2 (June 2000): 287–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1566752900000161.
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Gladstone, David F., Lily M. Hoffman, and Mariïılle De Winter. "Research Planning Group on International Tourism and Urban Restructuring in Comparative Perspective, April 1998." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 22, no. 4 (December 1998): 674–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00169.
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Regan, Marguerite C., and Frank L. Wilson. "Interest‐group politics in France and Ireland: Comparative perspectives on neo‐corporation." West European Politics 9, no. 3 (July 1986): 393–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402388608424589.
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Shin, Choong Ho, Hyejin Cho, and Myeong Hyeon Cho. "Analysis Of Family Business Group Succession: Comparative Case Study On Six Korean Chaebols." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v36i1.10328.
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A chaebol is a Korean business group with a unique organizational structure in which both ownership and control rights held by a family. As their production accounts for nearly fifty percent of Korea’s GDP and their power in the labor market, it is important to analyze the succession of chaebols, which is closely related to the sustainability of the business. This paper analyzes the six Korean chaebols’ successions to increase our understanding of the processes and outcomes of the family succession. Specifically, we employ the three-circle model, i.e., the ownership, family, and business system, to conduct a comparative case study. Our analysis suggests that succession that involves a large size of succession concentrated to only one successor and restructuring of business portfolio experiences higher post- performance. Also, the level of conflicts in the succession process was not found to have an effect on performance. Overall, our findings imply that the succession is a period available to the company to set a right course of actions for improving competitiveness.
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Celis, Karen, and Liza M. Mügge. "Whose equality? Measuring group representation." Politics 38, no. 2 (January 30, 2017): 197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263395716684527.
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Presence, of bodies and ideas, is often taken as the primary indicator of political equality and, hence, democratic health. Intersectionality and constructivism question the validity of measuring presence. Turning theory into practice, we propose a comparative reflexive design guided by two research questions: (1) Who are the groups? and (2) What are their problems? This reveals both prototypical and non-prototypical groups and interests, from the perspectives of politicians (from above) and citizens (from below). We suggest concrete qualitative and quantitative methodological strategies to study these questions empirically.
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Marten, Kimberly. "Warlordism in Comparative Perspective." International Security 31, no. 3 (January 2007): 41–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec.2007.31.3.41.
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Warlordism creates significant problems in failed states: it impedes the development of stable and secure societies, thwarts economic growth, and creates new threats to international security. Through a comparative study of four seemingly disparate cases—medieval Europe, Republican China, and Somalia and Afghanistan in the mid-2000s—it is possible to develop an inductive, generalizable definition of warlordism. Warlordism emerges when armed men seize small slices of territory in disintegrating states for their own benefit, using charisma and patronage ties to cement their local authority, and disrupting commerce and investment through their fragmentary rule. Two causal factors were necessary for the demise of warlordism in medieval Europe and Republican China: the presence of a powerful and aggrieved economic interest group, and the appearance of a transformative idea from outside the existing system that supported the interest group's actions. If this same causal relationship holds true today, then warlordism will be more quickly eliminated in Somalia than in Afghanistan. The international community can take action to help eliminate warlordism, but change ultimately depends on domestic factors and will likely be violent.
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Chadnova, I. V. "Libraries polycultural activities: terminological aspects." Bibliosphere, no. 4 (December 30, 2018): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20913/1815-3186-2018-4-82-86.
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The libraries polycultural activities are connected with their work in the polycultural environment. The article deals with the terminology used by libraries for this activities, defines these terms. It reveals reasons for the multicultural librarianship appearance in Europe and creation of IFLA Section «Library services to multicultural populations». The author shows definitions of «multiculturalism» and «multicultural library services» given by the International Guidelines «Library services to multicultural communities»; the difference between the conditions of creation and development of multicultural library services in Europe and the Russian libraries work in the polycultural environment. The paper represents a comparative analysis of such definitions as «multicultural» and «polycultural» by the academic Russian environment and English dictionaries. The author concludes that in our country it would be more correct to use the term «polycultural», which involves the interaction of cultures, unlike the term multicultural meaning the existence of several cultures in a society. That’s why the author speaks about the polycultural activities of Russain libraries, or about their activities in the polycultural environment aimed at interaction and mutual influence of cultures.
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Rubenzer, Trevor. "Ethnic Minority Interest Group Attributes and U.S. Foreign Policy Influence: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis." Foreign Policy Analysis 4, no. 2 (April 2008): 169–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-8594.2007.00063.x.
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Jiwei, Zhu, Wan Xiaojie, Jin Jin, and Zou Guangyong. "Comparative Study on Characteristics of Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Shanghai and Shenzhen International Hotel Group." Frontiers of Management 2, no. 1 (2020): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35534/fm.0201001.
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Lin, Chinho, Hoang Cong Nguyen, and Ha Hoang Tran. "Comparative review of business group affiliates and firms’ performance." Baltic Journal of Management 14, no. 4 (November 11, 2019): 616–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bjm-03-2018-0105.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to synthesize empirical results relating to antecedents influencing differences in performance between business group (BG) affiliated firms and independent firms in emerging economies. Design/methodology/approach A metanalysis was conducted in this research in which samples were collected, and a continuous data set for figuring the differentiation between group and non-group variables was selected and analyzed. These variables included performance, diversification, ownership characteristics, firm characteristics and group characteristics. Findings The research presents a set of hypotheses from a model that shows the influences of factors moderating the differences between the performance of BG affiliates and independent firms, including governance and the kinds of strategic choices which these firms make. Four of the five hypotheses were totally supported, showing the importance of differentiating affiliates’ and independent firms’ performance in terms of ownership concentration, dividend payout, leverage, R&D, as well as diversification and a firm’s age and size. Originality/value The study focused its research on an examination of pyramid and cross-holding groups in order to reveal the role of the core firms. It also examines ownership concentration, as well as internal relationships with capital structure, and the effect which these have on firm performance, in order to further understand the relationship among BGs, corporate governance and performance in emerging-market economies.
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Paletta, Francisco Carlos, and Armando Malheiro da Silva. "Tecnologia e organização da informação VI TOI 2020: Base para a criação de Laboratório de Ensino." Prisma.com, no. 44 (2020): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/16463153/44a8.
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The TOI – International Conference on Technology and Information Organization – is an initiative of the “Observatory of the Labor Market in Information and Documentation” research group (OMTID – CNPq) of the School of Communications and Arts of the University of São Paulo. The 4th TOI will take place in May 2018, in academic and scientific collaboration with the 15th CONTECSI FEA-USP, bringing together Information Science researchers, students and professionals - Librarianship, Archival Science and Museology, with the goal of promoting reflection and dialogue about relevant topics, as well as contributing to the integration of the academic and the professional environments, strengthening the interest in research, and sharing knowledge about the most innovative practices in this area. The program of this event covers the following fields of knowledge: Information and Knowledge Management; Technology and Information Systems; Digital Libraries and Repositories; Document Digitization, Knowledge Organization, Conservation and the Preservation of Information; Metadata; Digital Curation; Information Ethics; Digital Humanities; Labor Market and Entrepreneurship; Big Data; Data Science; Internet of Things; Artificial Intelligence.
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Vetoshkina, E. D. "Holocaust Denial: Social Conditionality and Comparative Analysis of Criminal Law Prohibition." Lex Russica, no. 11 (November 15, 2020): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2020.168.11.129-138.
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From the second half of the 20th century the revisionist movement has spread among scientists, public and political figures. Publicists and scientists are known for criticizing the testimonies of concentration camp prisoners and their executioners, as well as denying the possibility of mass extermination of prisoners in terms of the technical capabilities of gas chambers.Attempts to reinterpret historical events often border on extremism and pose a threat to national security, leading to a significant deterioration in international relations. At the international level, a number of acts have been adopted indicating that the Holocaust is a fact established by the verdict of the Nuremberg Tribunal, and calling on states to reject any denial of the Holocaust. International organizations that oppose attempts to rewrite history include the Council of Europe, the United Nations, and UNESCO.At the national level, responsibility for denying and justifying the Holocaust has been established in a number of states. The first group includes states that are responsible for denying and approving the Holocaust and other crimes committed by the Nazis (Germany, France, Austria, Israel). The second group includes states that equated Nazi crimes in their legislation with crimes of communism (Hungary, Czech Republic, Lithuania). The third group consists of states that prohibit the denial and justification of any genocide (Switzerland, Luxembourg). Some states (for example, the United States) refused to introduce such bans, citing freedom of speech and belief.In 2014, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation introduced article 354.1 "Rehabilitation of Nazism", which sets forth responsibility for denying the facts established by the Nuremberg Tribunal verdict. At the same time, the legislator should not selectively approach the protection of historical events. It would be fair to criminalize the denial of genocide and other international crimes recognized by the international community, regardless of any criteria relating to the perpetrators.
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McLauchlin, Theodore, and Wendy Pearlman. "Out-Group Conflict, In-Group Unity?" Journal of Conflict Resolution 56, no. 1 (December 25, 2011): 41–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002711429707.
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Does repression increase or decrease unity within ethnic or nationalist movements? Conventional wisdom lends itself to two contradictory predictions. On one hand, it is said that conflict with an out-group is the surest path to unity in an in-group. On the other hand, repression exaggerates the gap between radicals and moderates in a movement. Challenging both views, this article argues that repression amplifies trends in cooperation or conflict existent in a movement before the onset of repression. All movements have some institutional arrangement, meaning a set of procedures and relationships that structure decision making and behavior. These “rules of the game” distribute power within the movement, and thus favor some actors over others. Repression disrupts the equilibrium of these institutions, after which the members might engage in either more cooperation or more conflict, depending on the level of satisfaction with preexisting institutional arrangements. The authors illustrate these propositions through comparative analysis of four repression shocks from two nationalist movements: the Kurdish movement in Iraq and the Palestinian national movement.
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Kohli, Atul, Peter Evans, Peter J. Katzenstein, Adam Przeworski, Susanne Hoeber Rudolph, James C. Scott, and Theda Skocpol. "The Role of Theory in Comparative Politics: A Symposium." World Politics 48, no. 1 (October 1995): 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wp.1995.0002.
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The Center of International Studies at Princeton University organized a symposium during 1993—94 on the role of theory in comparative politics. Presented here is an edited and condensed version of the proceedings. In light of recent challenges posed by both rational choice and post-modern cultural approaches, the symposium helped elucidate the merits of competing theoretical approaches. A group of distinguished scholars presented a variety of views on the subject. In spite of recent intellectual developments, a diverse group of symposium participants adhered to a loosely defined “core,” or to what one participant characterized as the “eclectic center” of comparative politics.
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Sly, Jordan S. "International and Comparative Librarianship: Concepts and Methods for Global Studies. By Peter Johan Lor. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2019. Pp. xliv+905. $80.99 (cloth). ISBN 978-3-11-026791-4." Library Quarterly 91, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/711638.
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Brennan, Donal J., Michael S. Robson, Martina Murphy, and Colm O'Herlihy. "Comparative analysis of international cesarean delivery rates using 10-group classification identifies significant variation in spontaneous labor." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 201, no. 3 (September 2009): 308.e1–308.e8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2009.06.021.
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Harris, Sasekea Yoneka. "SWOT analysis of Jamaican academic libraries in higher education." Library Management 39, no. 3/4 (June 11, 2018): 246–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lm-07-2017-0068.
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Purpose Academic libraries do not operate in a vacuum; they must co-exist with change and competition on all levels. In order to succeed, they must know their internal strengths in order to take advantage of opportunities, whilst avoiding threats and addressing weaknesses. A SWOT analysis of Jamaican academic libraries can yield strategic insights for academic library praxis in Jamaica, the Caribbean, and the globe. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Survey and discussion group were engaged for the five local academic libraries in higher education in Jamaica. Findings Human resources and support are the most recurrent themes in the reported strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Research limitations/implications This paper focused on local academic libraries in higher education (university level) in Jamaica. A survey of academic libraries at all levels, and using more detailed strategic analytical tools, would be a useful follow up. Practical implications This paper provides academic library managers and the national/regional library associations with a situational analysis of Jamaican academic librarianship, which can be used to inform future planning and management of library and information services. Additionally, the findings can inform the Latin America and Caribbean section of international library documents on trends, issues and future position of academic libraries globally. Originality/value This paper is of value as it is the first published scholarly documentation on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in academic librarianship in Jamaica. In this regard, it makes a useful contribution to the dearth of literature on SWOT analyses of academic libraries per country. It may also represent a starting point for looking at solutions and emerging challenges in a Caribbean academic library environment and should help to focus on the need for continuing innovation.
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Damrosch, Lori Fisler. "Constitutional Control of Military Actions: A Comparative Dimension." American Journal of International Law 85, no. 1 (January 1991): 92–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203561.
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Throughout history, decisions to go to war have been made by a handful of individuals in powerful positions. American constitutionalists from James Madison’s day through our own have tried to establish a better system of deciding for war, by shifting the locus of responsibility from one person to a broadly representative group. The Persian Gulf crisis has shown all too vividly what dangers lie in the persistence of processes that put awesome amounts of force at the disposition of single individuals, and how much is at stake in developing and nurturing structures of deliberation and accountability.
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Shrivastava, Bijal, Rashi Aryan, Abhinav Tiwari, Lekha Tiwari, and Nimmkayala Pravallika. "Comparative study of rise of vitamin D in hypovitaminosis D babies after two different dosage recommendations." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20185218.
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Background: There are currently two different guidelines for treatment of Vitamin D deficiency in infants, one is that of American Academy of Pediatrics and the other being Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Endocrine Society. This study was done to compare the two guidelines for treatment of Vitamin D deficiency in infants.Methods: A hospital based, longitudinal interventional study was conducted for 2 years and 115 babies having vitamin d deficiency (Vitamin D less than or equal to 20ng/dl) were divided into group A and group B. Group A babies were treated as per American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines whereas Group Cases were treated as per International Endocrine Society guidelines. All babies were followed up after 3-4 months when repeat Vitamin D levels were checked and then compared.Results: In present study, Vitamin D level had increased by 0.6 times in Group A whereas it had increased by 1.3 times in group B and it was significant.Conclusions: Study results were in favour of the guidelines recommended by the International Endocrine Society.
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Krook, Mona Lena. "Studying Political Representation: A Comparative-Gendered Approach." Perspectives on Politics 8, no. 1 (March 2010): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592709992817.
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How does a comparative politics of gender improve our understanding of political representation? I map the existing feminist literature on this topic, which asks questions like why there are so few women elected to political office, whether women in politics represent women as a group, and how the presence or absence of women in politics affects voter perceptions and opinions. I then consider how scholars—both feminist and non-feminist—might generate new insights on political representation by expanding what is thought of as a “case” and what is meant by the term “gender.” I recommend increasing the scope of comparison by (1) opening up the definition of a case to include a broader range of units and events and (2) connecting the study of a single unit to patterns generated by the study of other similar units. I suggest moving away from equating women with gender by exploring (1) relations between women and men and (2) the impact of masculinities and femininities on the conduct of political life. While developed in relation to research on representation, this approach offers broader advice for capturing the diverse and gendered nature of political dynamics observed around the world.
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Tang, Shiping. "Reconciliation and the Remaking of Anarchy." World Politics 63, no. 4 (September 22, 2011): 711–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887111000219.
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For years, mainstream international relations (IR) theorists have essentially ignored reconciliation as a special—and perhaps the most difficult—form of cooperation building in international politics. This review article seeks to make the study of reconciliation a more visible field for further inquiry in IR, comparative politics, and sociology for both theoretical and practical reasons. After summarizing important themes emerged from the recent literature on reconciliation, the author addresses four issues for understanding interstate reconciliation: the interplay of group emotions and group politics, the interplay of domestic politics and international politics, the institutionalization of memories, and methodological issues. Better understanding of these issues also contributes to broadening the scope of inquiry in IR, comparative politics, and the sociology literature.
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Bachvarova, Tatiana. "Victims' Eligibility before the International Criminal Court in Historical and Comparative Context." International Criminal Law Review 11, no. 4 (2011): 665–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181211x587166.
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AbstractThis article analyzes the eligibility criteria for victims before the International Criminal Court delineated in Rule 85 of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence. The paper outlines the most complicated matters ensuing from the application and interpretation of the provision as a whole, as well as of each of the four requirements. The study focuses on multifarious and/or contentious issues which have either already emerged in practice or need yet to be addressed by the ICC, such as: the identification requirements for victim-applicants; the recognition of deceased persons as victims; the problem of disappeared individuals; the implications of the introduction of certain legal entities as victims; the notion, substance and compass of the relevant harm depending on the group of victims (natural or legal persons); interpretation and application of the requirement for a causal link between the harm suffered and the alleged crime(s). In addition to the objective to unfold and elucidate major concerns arising from the victims' eligibility criteria, the article suggests a juxtaposition of the ideas underpinning these requirements with the legal regime and practice of other international(ized) (quasi)adjudicative institutions. The conclusion is advanced for the need that the will of the founders be properly construed so that a balance is achieved between victims' participation and expeditiousness of the proceedings before the first permanent international criminal court.
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Kim, Tae-Hyun, Chel Hun Choi, June-Kuk Choi, Aera Yoon, Yoo-Young Lee, Tae-Joong Kim, Jeong-Won Lee, Duk-Soo Bae, and Byoung-Gie Kim. "Robotic Versus Laparoscopic Radical Hysterectomy in Cervical Cancer Patients: A Matched-Case Comparative Study." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 24, no. 8 (October 2014): 1466–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/igc.0000000000000232.
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ObjectiveThis study aimed to compare initial surgical outcomes and complication rates of patients with early-stage cervical cancer who underwent robotic radical hysterectomy (RRH) and conventional laparoscopic radical hysterectomy (LRH).MethodsPatients diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage I-IIA) who underwent RRH (n = 23) at Samsung Medical Center from January 2008 to May 2013 were compared with matched patients who underwent LRH (n = 69) during the same period. The 2 surgical groups were matched 3:1 for variables of age, body mass index, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage, histological subtype, tumor size, and node positivity. All patient information and surgical and postoperative follow-up data were retrospectively collected.ResultsOperating time was significantly longer (317 vs 236 minutes; P < 0.001) in the RRH group compared with the LRH group but mean estimated blood loss was significantly reduced in the RRH group (200 vs 350 mL; P = 0.036). Intraoperative and postoperative complications were not significantly different between the 2 groups (4.3% for RRH vs 1.45% for LRH; P = 0.439). Recurrences were 2 (8.7%) in the RRH and 7 (10.1%) in the LRH group. The overall 3-year recurrence-free survival was 91.3% in RRH group and 89.9% in the LRH group (P = 0.778).ConclusionsAlthough operating time was longer in the RRH cases because of lesser experience on robotic platform, we showed that surgical outcomes and complication rate of RRH were comparable to those of LRH. In addition, surgical skills for LRH easily and safely translated to RRH in case of experienced laparoscopic surgeon.
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Miller, Kristen, Rory Fitzgerald, José-Luis Padilla, Stephanie Willson, Sally Widdop, Rachel Caspar, Martin Dimov, et al. "Design and Analysis of Cognitive Interviews for Comparative Multinational Testing." Field Methods 23, no. 4 (October 17, 2011): 379–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525822x11414802.
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This article summarizes the work of the Comparative Cognitive Testing Workgroup, an international coalition of survey methodologists interested in developing an evidence-based methodology for examining the comparability of survey questions within cross-cultural or multinational contexts. To meet this objective, it was necessary to ensure that the cognitive interviewing (CI) method itself did not introduce method bias. Therefore, the workgroup first identified specific characteristics inherent in CI methodology that could undermine the comparability of CI evidence. The group then developed and implemented a protocol addressing those issues. In total, 135 cognitive interviews were conducted by participating countries. Through the process, the group identified various interpretive patterns resulting from sociocultural and language-related differences among countries as well as other patterns of error that would impede comparability of survey data.
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Grzegorzewska, Emilia. "International competitiveness measures and “countries mapping” of the furniture industry in EU 13." Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology 114 (June 28, 2021): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2357.
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International competitiveness measures and “countries mapping” of the furniture industry in EU 13 countries. The theory of economics is increasingly emphasizing the positive dimension of competition, which is an integral part of the market economy. From the point of view of the countries development, it is important to identify and support industries with special production and export potential. Hence, the main goal of the research was to assess the competitiveness of the furniture industry using selected result-oriented indices. A group of EU 13 countries was selected for the study, and a comparative analysis was carried out against the background of all Community Member States. The time range of the research was adopted for the years 2009-2017. The analysis carried out shows that the highest comparative advantages in furniture exports were generated by producers and exporters from Estonia, Poland and Lithuania. In turn, the unfavorable situation in foreign trade in furniture was noticed in Cyprus and Malta. These are small countries, showing a relatively low share of the furniture industry production value in the total industry value and a relatively low economic labour productivity. In the entire period covered by the analysis seven EU 13 countries (i.e. the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovenia) belonged to the group of net exporters, i.e. it was characterized by a positive trade balance of furniture and additionally obtained a comparative advantage in this area.
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Wu, Mao-Ying, and Philip L. Pearce. "Understanding Chinese Overseas Recreational Vehicle Tourists: A Netnographic and Comparative Approach." Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 41, no. 6 (September 17, 2014): 696–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1096348014550869.
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A new group of participants, young, independent, technology empowered Chinese tourists, are entering the international recreational vehicle (RV) drive market. This study addressed three research questions: Who are they? Why do they travel in this style? Where do they go? Netnography was undertaken as the research approach. The findings were contextualized by comparison with existing knowledge about mature RV users (e.g., Grey Nomads, Snowbirds, and retirees). It was found that the Chinese RV tourists share some commonalities with the mature RV market. The differences, however, were also substantial. Implications for other markets and destinations in developing the international driving market are offered. Furthermore, the use of netnography to offer insights to understand new markets and/or new activities is highlighted.
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Eckhard, Steffen, and Vytautas Jankauskas. "The politics of evaluation in international organizations: A comparative study of stakeholder influence potential." Evaluation 25, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356389018803967.
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While the political nature of evaluation is widely recognized, few attempts exist to conceptualize and compare these politics. This article develops the concept of evaluation stakeholder influence potential, which builds on four political resources for influence (agenda-setting powers, staff and budgetary resources, access to evaluation results, and access to evaluators). These resources are measured for both member states and international public administrations in 24 United Nations organizations. We find that the administration—and not member states—have the largest influence potential in almost two-thirds of the international organizations. Our findings allow classifying them into three groups for which we expect differences in political contestation about evaluation use: two extreme-case groups (either member state or administrative dominance) and a group of contested middle cases. This finding of bureaucratic dominance reinforces literature on bureaucrats as powerful evaluation stakeholders in domestic settings and speaks to nascent research on bureaucratic influence in international organizations.
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Holovchenko, V. "THE CONCEPT OF GENOCIDE IN INTERNATIONAL LOW." Actual Problems of International Relations, no. 131 (2017): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2017.131.0.51-59.
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The article spotlights genesis and essence of genocide concept, nature of contemporary genocide tragedies based on historical and philosophical, chronological and comparative analysis methods, and founds theirs compliance with international legal definition of genocide’s term in the context of not avoiding criminal responsibility for crimes against humanity. It was affirmed that even for the unsteady post-bipolar era roots of tragedies of genocide remains an idea of the nature or historically formed social inequality of ethnic, racial, religious, cultural, linguistic, territorial, social class and other groups and communities, and the desire to increase vital natural or a public resource of one community (group) at the expense of another. It is recognized that term “genocide” is not immediately received wide recognition and was initially not quite identical to the concept of “crimes against humanity”. Generally speaking, lawyers and politicians for some time came out that genocide – only one of the possible crimes against humanity. Therefore, the tragedy of the Armenian people 1915-16 still classified in the world as a crime against humanity. Genocide always aims at complete or partial destruction of a national, ethnic, racial or religious group.
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Khashab, Mouen, Majidah Bukhari, Todd Baron, Jose Nieto, Mohamad El Zein, Yen-I. Chen, Yamile Chavez, et al. "International multicenter comparative trial of endoscopic ultrasonography-guided gastroenterostomy versus surgical gastrojejunostomy for the treatment of malignant gastric outlet obstruction." Endoscopy International Open 05, no. 04 (April 2017): E275—E281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-101695.
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Abstract Background and study aims EUS-guided gastroenterostomy (EUS-GE) is a novel procedure that potentially offers long-lasting luminal patency without the risk of tumor ingrowth/overgrowth. This study compared the clinical success, technical success, adverse events (AEs), length of hospital stay (LOHS) and symptom recurrence in EUS-GE versus SGJ. Methods This was a multicenter international retrospective comparative study of EUS-GE and SGJ in patients with malignant gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) who underwent either EUS-GE or SGJ. EUS-GE was performed using lumen apposing metal stents. Results A total of 93 patients with malignant GOO treated with either EUS-GE (n = 30) or SGJ (n = 63) were identified. Peritoneal carcinomatosis was present in 13 (43 %) patients in the EUS-GE group and 7 (11 %) patients in the SGJ group (P < 0.001). Although the technical success rate was significantly higher in the SGJ group as compared to the EUS-GE group (100 % vs. 87 %, P = 0.009), the clinical success rate was not different (90 % vs. 87 %, P = 0.18, OR 0.8, 95 %CI 0.44 – 7.07). The rate of AEs was lower in the EUS-GE group, but the difference was not statistically significant (16 % vs 25 %, P = 0.3). The mean LOHS was similar in the EUS-GE group compared to SGJ (P = 0.35). The rate of recurrent GOO was not different between the two groups (3 % vs. 14 %, P = 0.08). Similarly, the mean time to reintervention was similar (88 days vs. 121 days, P = 0.83). Conclusions EUS-GE is associated with equivalent efficacy and safety as compared to surgical GJ. This is the first comparative trial between both techniques and suggests EUS-GE as a non-inferior but less invasive alter to surgery.
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Li, Ke. "A Comparative Study of Rhetorical Competence among Chinese and American College Students under the Same Teaching Background." Journal of Studies in Education 6, no. 1 (January 8, 2016): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jse.v6i1.8781.
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<p>It is observed that Chinese international students tend to be rhetorically incompetent, compared with their American peers, which triggers a comparative study of their rhetorical competence in the same teaching environment in the U.S. The experimental group and the control group are populated in 20 students respectively, the former group being 20 Chinese students who once major in English and communication in one Chinese famous university but now study in one American university, the latter being 20 American college students in the same class. They are selected to participate in tests of speech and writing competence. The result indicates that there is some discrepancy of speech competence between Chinese and American college students, as well as of writing competence, from which we gain some applications for the cultivation of rhetorical competence among foreign language learners in China, and some suggestions for Chinese international students’ success in American job market. </p>
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Haynes, Philip, Laura Banks, and Michael Hill. "Social networks amongst older people in OECD countries: a qualitative comparative analysis." Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 29, no. 1 (February 2013): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2013.802988.
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Using data from The International Social Survey Programme this paper compares the social networks of those aged 50 and above in 18 countries. Two different types of networks are conceptualised: family contact and community participation. Using qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), international sets are established for four groups of countries. Set one includes countries that only satisfy a minimal number of social network thresholds (France, Norway, Great Britain, Denmark and the USA). Set two includes a homogeneous group of countries with above-threshold rates of marriage and community participation (Australia, New Zealand, Germany, Austria and Canada). Other separate sets with stronger social network features comprise Eastern European countries (set three) and Southern Europe countries (set four) in these sets, family contacts are above the international country average but community participation is less strong. Country sets with low comparative threshold scores in the QCA are argued to be likely to be in greater need of government care policy interventions.
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Dudka, Tetiana, Mykola Chumak, Nina Lytvynenko, Valentuna Benera, and Tamara Serhiienko. "Educational systems of Eastern European countries as a subject of international comparative research." Revista Tempos e Espaços em Educação 13, no. 32 (July 17, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20952/revtee.v13i32.14068.
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The article analyzes the level of development of educational systems in Eastern European countries by using empirical data from international comparative studies. The tools of comparative analysis are used to group the studied publications, which directly or indirectly consider an educational system at the level of different countries and regions of the world. The newest western approaches to the issue of educational systems are represented. The unsurpassed value of multi-object international comparative research in the study of educational systems of the world enabling the analysis of the phenomenon at the interdisciplinary level is emphasized. The author's definition of “international comparative research” is formulated based on modern scientific studies, which is interpreted as a special type of research, which purpose is to conduct multilevel analysis to compare macro-objects, based on subjective empirical data. Emphasis is done on the lack of a unified terminological apparatus of the studied issue in modern science, which indicates the availability of the following definitive plurality: “comparative studies”, “international issues”, “cross-cultural studies”, and “international comparative studies”. The analysis of the level of development of educational systems of Eastern European countries is based on a comparison of official statistical materials of the World Bank. The processed statistical materials are correlated with the results of descriptive statistics during the testing of statistical hypotheses. Subject analysis of educational systems in Eastern Europe is based on a comparison of empirical data on three criteria – international educational projects, the highest educational results (“S.A.B.E.R”), and the amount of external funding for the educational branch.
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Mehta, Namish, Nilesh Diwakar, and Rajeev Arya. "Evaluating comparative performance of Indian engineering educational institutes based on TQM criteria for internal benchmarking." Benchmarking: An International Journal 26, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 221–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-09-2017-0250.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for designing a multiple performance measurement tool for evaluating, comparing and benchmarking the working of engineering educational institutes in a group based on total quality management (TQM) criteria and performance measurement criterion, respectively.Design/methodology/approachProposed framework is based on fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) which takes in to account the fuzziness of human opinion for realistic outcome and generalization of the results. Based on the proposed framework a case study was conducted on engineering institutes of central India for collecting data and analyzing the current practices followed in these institutes. A relationship among TQM implementation criterion was developed, their respective weights derived and then institutes were ranked.FindingsIt was found that the rank of institutions based on both the criterion is same, which indicates that the institutes having better TQM implementation have better performance.Research limitations/implicationsThe research in this paper is limited to Indian scenario; studies in other countries and sectors may be conducted to compare the results obtained.Practical implicationsThe results will help policy makers in identifying institutions having poor performance in the region.Originality/valueThe paper is navel in its attempt to provide a model based on TQM criteria for evaluating the working of engineering educational institutes in a group in terms of their relative weightage and benchmark.
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Abiltarova, Elviza, and Adam Krzymowski. "SAFETY CULTURE: THE INTERNATIONAL ASPECT." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 42, no. 5 (February 12, 2021): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/4208.
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The article provides a theoretical analysis of international documents regarding the origin and formation of the definition of “safety culture”. It was found that the concept under study was first defined by the International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The main international aspects of using the concept of “safety culture” are considered such as: organizational culture, harmonized safety culture. It was revealed that later the term “safety culture” began to appear in the documents of the International Labor Organization and was subsequently transformed into the culture of preventive measures in labor protection, the culture of occupational safety and health prevention. The work uses theoretical research methods such as: analysis, systematization and generalization of international documents, regulatory environment and scientific publications, classification, comparison, comparative analysis. It is concluded that it is necessary to conduct research related to the formation of safety culture among specialists in the field of occupational safety and health. The research results can be used as a theoretical basis for the development of conceptual provisions of safety culture formation.
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Jabłonkowska, Jolanta Barbara. "ALCOHOL, DRUG AND SEXUAL BACKPACKERS’ LICENTIOUSNESS IN THE LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL COMPARATIVE RESEARCH." Folia Turistica 43 (June 30, 2017): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7888.
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Purpose. Among the variety of backpaker’s behaviour, the excessive use of alcohol, drugs and sexual promiscuity are considered to be potentially dangerous for their physical and mental health. According to many researchers, this behavior is the result of backpakers’ loss of control in new social and cultural situations while travelling abroad. The aim of this study was to determine the role of drugs and sexual promiscuity in the backpackers’ travels and to find the reason for their behavior becoming less controlled. Method. In this paper, the results of field research on a group of 290 backpackers from Poland and other countries, conducted within the years 2014-2016 in 5 countries (Australia, Indonesia, Thailand, United Arab Emirates and Poland) are described. Findings. The obtained results enable us to indicate a new function of drugs in backpakers daily life and the relationship between drug overuse and backpackers’ experience in novel cultural conditions as well as their financial stance. Research and conclusion limitations. The article does not present a comprehensive study on the behaviour of backpackers, which is too complex, but primarily focuses on their uncontrolled drug consumption and sexual promiscuity. Practical implications. The data presented in this paper can be particularly important for individuals and institutions responsible for the development of local tourism. It is important to understand the attitudes and behaviour of backpackers, the emancipatory functions of sexual stimulants and sexual promiscuity. It is also necessary to continue this kind of research and to supplement the existing knowledge with the new contexts of the changes in the backpackers’ behaviour, also in case of the experience of Polish backpackers. Originality. This is the first paper prepared in Poland to describe and analyze the uncontrolled consumption of alcohol, drugs and sexual promiscuity among backpackers. Type of paper. The article presents the results of empirical research.
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Carlson, Laura. "Comparative Discrimination Law: Historical and Theoretical Frameworks." Brill Research Perspectives in Comparative Discrimination Law 1, no. 1 (November 17, 2017): 1–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24522031-12340001.
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AbstractHuman history is marked by group and individual struggles for emancipation, equality and self-expression. This first volume in the Brill Research Perspectives in Comparative Discrimination Law briefly explores some of the history underlying these efforts in the field of discrimination law. A broad discussion of the historical development of issues of discrimination is first set out, looking at certain international, regional and national bases for modern discrimination legal structures. The national frameworks examined are the United States, the United Kingdom and Sweden, focusing on the historical developments in each of the countries with respect to discrimination legislation. Several of the theoretical frameworks invoked in a comparative discrimination law analysis are then addressed, either as institutional frameworks or theories addressing specific protection grounds. These include access to justice, comparative law method, feminist legal theory, critical race theory, post-colonial theory, queer theory and intersectionality.
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A. Nischal Prasad and Nand Kumar B. Madhekar. "Tamsulosin and Tadalafil in Relieving Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Related Symptoms- A Comparative Study." Academia Journal of Surgery 3, no. 1 (May 26, 2020): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47008/ajs/2020.3.1.17.
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Background: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common neoplastic condition afflicting men and constitutes a major factor impact- ing the health of the male. The present study compared tamsulosin and tadalafil in relieving benign prostatic hyperplasia related symptoms in patients. Subjects and Methods: The present study was conducted at NRI Medical College & Hospital, Chinakakani, Mangalagiri Mandal, Andhra Pradesh from April 2007 to March 2008 on 82 men of >45 years of age with LUTS secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with an IPSS >8. All patients were divided into 2 weeks. In group I, Tadalafil 10 mg once daily with an intervening 4-week period of placebo (P4) wash out followed by Tamsulosin 0.4 mg once daily were administered for a period of 6 weeks and in group II, reverse of it was administered. IPSS scores, Uroflowmetry parameters and International Index of Erectile Function-5 scores were recorded in both groups. Results: Age group 45- 55 years had 12, 55-65 years had 28 and >65 years had 42 patients. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus was present in 4 in group I and 5 in group II, bronchial asthma 5 in group I and 3 in group II, Hypertension was present in 7 in group I and 9 in group II and both hypertension and diabetes mellitus was present in 10 in group I and 12 in group II. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Mean IPSS total score, IPSS voiding score, IPSS storage score and IPSS QOL score at baseline, 2 weeks and 8 weeks in group I and group II was non- significant (P> 0.05). Conclusion: Authors found that both Tadalafil and Tamsulosin improved LUTS and benign prostrate hyperplasia symptoms.
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Alreshidi, Ibrahim Dughaim, Yu Feng, and Xie Han. "A comparative study for evaluating flurbiprofen effectiveness in postoperative pain." International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 4, no. 3 (February 7, 2015): 367–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v4i3.21935.
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Aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of flurbiprofen, which is a member of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug group (NSAIDs), on postoperative pain treatment. From September 2013 to May 2014, total of 250 patients were surveyed to perform a systematic evaluation of postoperative pain by comparing flurbiprofen with two other kinds of NSAIDs (diclofenac and ketorolac) and isotonic saline in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Patients were randomized for treatment: 65 cases received flurbiprofen, 60 cases received diclofenac sodium, 60 cases received ketorolac and 65 cases received the placebo (0.9% isotonic saline) (control group). After 24-hours of surgery patients treated with flurbiprofen, ketorolac, and diclofenac showed the lowermost PPI scores compared with those treated with 0.9% isotonic saline (P<0.05). Moreover, flurbiprofen-treated patients also had the lowest PRI(R)T scores (P<0.05). When the pain rating index was examined by subclass, a significantly lower PRI(R)S score was detected in the flurbiprofen group at 24 hours (P<0.05). However, at the 96-hour time point, no differences that were found in PPI and PRI[R] scores between the ketorolac, diclofenac, and flurbiprofen groups, whereas the control group was significantly less effective than the NSAID drugs. Flurbiprofen seemed to be the most effective NSAID for the treatment of pain after internal fixation of fracture, even though at 24 hours after surgery pain was at a maximum.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v4i3.21935 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, February 2015, 4(3): 367-369
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Kharkevich, Maxim Vladimirovich, Ivan Ivanovich Pisarev, Vsevolod Sergeyevich Cheresov, and Marina Olegovna Novogradskaya. "Comparative Analysis of American NGOs in China and Chinese NGOs in the U.S." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 21, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 350–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2021-21-2-350-371.
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This article analyzes the activities of American non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in China and Chinese NGOs in the United States in the context of global competition between the United States and China for the leadership in the future model of the world order. In International Relations theory, especially in its theoretical paradigm of realism, the consideration of states as actors in international relations dominates scholarship. However, in recent decades it has become apparent that researchers have a significant interest in non-state actors, such as interest groups and NGOs, and their impact on international relations. NGOs in China and the United States have different historical backgrounds, environments, and government institutions in different ways. Still, but in terms of comparative analysis they represent comparable categories. The analysis offered in this study shows that, firstly, despite the strict regulation of the activities of NGOs in place in China, American NGOs have more opportunities to work in this environment than Chinese NGOs do in the United States, where the situation for their activities is apparently more favorable. Secondly, despite the advantages that partnerships provide, neither American nor Chinese NGOs form partnership networks and therefore, lose momentum for their own development. Thirdly, although the conditions for their activities differ in both countries, American and Chinese NGOs have equal opportunities to pursue their goals. Finally, American NGOs in China are less dependent on their government than Chinese NGOs in the United States are on the Chinese government. The study is comparative and takes as its units of analysis Chinese NGOs in the United States and American NGOs in China. Developments in the field of interest group politics serve as the theoretical framework for this research. The investigation uses methods of comparative quantitative analysis and social network analysis, while the interdisciplinary nature of the methods allow them to take advantage of the analytical capabilities of Comparative Political Science, Interest Group Politics, and International Relations.
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Ullah, Sk Ashraf, Fakhruddin Ahmed, Nasreen Sultana, and Sk Akbar Hossain. "Efficacy of combination therapy of Hyaluronic acid and Methylprednisolon verses Hyaluronic acid single therapy in knee Osteoarthritis : A comparative study." Northern International Medical College Journal 10, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 366–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/nimcj.v10i2.45429.
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Background: Osteoarthritis of knee joint is one of the most common problem which cause pain, loss of function even joint disability and increases misery and morbidity in old age. Now a day’s intra-articular injection of single Hyaluronic acid or corticosteroids (Methylprednisolone) are using for knee osteoarthritis cases. But the combined therapy by injection of both Hyaluronic acid and Methyl prednisolone are not so much practiced and still under debate.
Objectives: To compare the efficacy of intra-articular injection of combined Hyaluronic acid and Methyl prednisolone with single Hyaluronic acid alone.
Methods: A prospective, comparative study was done in Northern International Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, during May 2017 to April 2018 at Out Patient Department with 80 patients (132 knees). Patients were randomized into two groups: Group-A with 40 patients with 15 unilateral and 25 bilateral knee cases (65 knees) were treated with combined Hyaluronic acid and Methyl prednisolone and Group-B with 40 patients with13 unilateral and 27 bilateral knee cases (67 knees) were infiltrated with single Hyaluronic acid. Results were evaluated with Knee Society Score (KSS) and Visual analogue score (VAS) at the 1st week, 1st month and 3rd month after injection.
Result: In both Group (A and B) patients of age 61–70 years were highest, 50% and 45% respectively. Male and female ratio was 1:2.2. At the 1st week KSS for pain in Group-A (mean 65.6) was better than Group-B (mean 57.4). At the 1st month mean pain scores (Group-A 72.4, Group-B 64.4) and the 3rd month (Group-A 81.4, Group-B 75.6) and mean function scores at 1st week (Group-A 61.3, Group-B 49.6)), 1st month (Group-A65.1, Group-B 53.6) and 3rd month (Group-A68.4, Group-B 59.4). The KSS for pain and function improved in combination therapy group.VAS decreased in both groups.
Conclusion: As combination therapy by Hyaluronic acid and Methyl prednisolone showed better efficacy than single Hyaluronic acid. Therefore, combination of these two drugs in a single vial can be used as an effective and easy nonoperative treatment of knee osteoarthritis.
Northern International Medical College Journal Vol.10 (2) Jan 2019: 366-369