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Dalentoft, Tomas, and Magnus Toftgård. "International Arbitration : Arbitration Agreements and the writing requirement." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-7471.
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Abstract
As international trade is constantly increasing, the number of disputes between international parties is greater than ever. In view of the fact that it is difficult to get court judgments recognized and enforced, arbitration has gained a great foothold in international commercial disputes. The leading international legal framework for recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards is the New York Convention of 1958 with 142 Member States as of today. It simplifies recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards in foreign countries. Nevertheless, certain criterions are required to be fulfilled and a much-debated criterion is the writing requirement for arbitration agreements.
The writing requirement is found in Article II(2) of the New York Convention and it stipulates that an arbitration clause or an arbitration agreement must be signed by the parties or contained in an exchange of letters or telegrams to constitute a valid arbitration agreement, which is the foundation of a recognizable and enforceable arbitral award. The requirement in itself is clear, but the development of electronic communication and the fact that national courts interpret the writing requirement differently, leads to dissimilar requirements in various countries. Moreover, numerous new ways of how to conclude contracts have been established during the 50 years that has passed since the adoption of the New York Convention and the ever increasing number of disputes has questioned the function of the writing requirement. The UNCITRAL has, by adopting a model law, tried to accomplish a uniform interpretation and establish what it takes to fulfill the writing requirement. The starting point for the work of the UNCITRAL was to modify national arbitration legislation and thus reach the objective of harmonizing the writing requirement.
The thesis undertakes an international outlook in three countries, Australia, Italy and Sweden. These countries are all Member States of the New York Convention but there are great differences in their legislation. Sweden imposes no writing requirement and Italy has applied a very restrictive interpretation. Australia has incorporated the UNCITRAL Model Law. The international outlook illustrates how the interpretation depends on national arbitration legislation and attitude towards the writing requirement.
An analysis of the current general legal context shows a weakening threshold for fulfillment of the writing requirement. It is also evident that the writing requirement is not in line with how international trade is practiced today. The writing requirement frequently constitutes a formalistic problem regarding conclusion of contracts, as it comprise a requirement with-out function. In addition to this, the attempts of the UN have failed to eliminate uncer-tainty and the divergence in interpretation. To reach a uniform interpretation, an immense overhaul of the New York Convention is needed, alternatively that additional States adhere to the UNCITRAL Model Law and thus eliminate the national differences of today.
Sammanfattning
En ständigt ökande internationell handel leder till en ökning i antalet tvister mellan parter från olika länder. Då nationella domslut är svåra att få erkända och verkställda i en främmande stat har skiljedomsförfaranden ökat i antal. Regelverket kring att få en skiljedom erkänd och verkställd i en främmande stat utgörs främst av New Yorkkonventionen från 1958 med 142 fördragsslutande stater till dags dato. New Yorkkonventionen möjliggör att en internationell skiljedom lättare kan erkännas och verkställas i en främmande stat. Dock måste vissa kriterier vara uppfyllda och ett av de mest omdebatterade och domstolsprövade kriterierna är det skriftliga formkravet för skiljeavtal.
Skriftlighetskravet regleras i Artikel II(2), New Yorkkonventionen och påvisar att skiljeavtalet måste vara undertecknat av parterna eller inkluderat i brev- eller telegramväxling för att vara giltigt. Ett giltigt skiljeavtal formar grunden för en verkställbar skiljedom. Kravet i sig är relativt tydligt men med teknologins frammarsch och det faktum att nationella domstolar tolkar skriftlighetskravet olika har kraven för att uppnå skriftlighetskravet skiftat från land till land. Framförallt har olika sätt att sluta avtal tillkommit under de 50 år som New Yorkkonventionen har existerat och även det ökande antalet internationella skiljedomsförfaranden har ifrågasatt grunden för skriftlighetskravet. UNCITRAL har genom en modellag om kommersiella skiljeförfaranden försökt skapa enhetlighet om hur skriftlighetskravet skall tolkas och vad som krävs för att uppnå kravet. Utgångspunkten för UNCITRAL’s arbete har varit att förändra nationell lagstiftning och därmed uppnå målet om harmonisering av skriftlighetskravet.
Uppsatsen gör en internationell utblick i tre länder, Australien, Italien och Sverige. De tre länderna är fördragsslutande stater till New Yorkkonventionen men deras nationella lagstiftning skiftar markant. Sverige påvisar inte något skriftlighetskrav för skiljeavtal och Italien har tolkat skriftlighetskravet restriktivt. Australien har fullt ut inkorporerat den modellag som UNCITRAL har utarbetat gällande kommersiella skiljeförfaranden. Utblicken visar även i flera rättsfall hur olika tolkningen av skriftlighetskravet blir beroende på den nationella lagstiftningen och inställningen till skriftlighetskravet.
En analys av rättsläget påvisar att tröskeln för att uppnå skriftlighetskravet tenderar att luckras upp. Det framkommer även att skriftlighetskravet inte är i fas med hur internationell handel praktiseras idag. Skriftlighetskravet är ofta ett formalistiskt problem vad gäller avtalsslut och konstituerar ett krav utan funktion. Därtill har de försök som gjorts från överstatligt håll misslyckats med att undanröja osäkerheten och skiftningar i tolkningen. För att uppnå enhetlighet krävs en genomarbetning av New Yorkkonventionen, alternativt att fler stater anammar UNCITRAL’s modellag och därmed undanröjer de nationella olikheter som existerar idag.
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MacKinnon, Ari D., Ignacio Zapiola, and Santiago Bravo. "Drafting international arbitration clauses." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2018. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123848.
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This article offers an academic and practical overview for the drafting of international arbitration clauses, from an international Latin American approach and with special emphasis on the energy and construction industries.The authors begin by analyzing the elements of the existence of the arbitral clause and putting forward certain fundamental and general cautionary notes. Then they go on to analyze key elements to include in an arbitral clause, the elements which inclusion is recommended, the elements that might be convenient to include, and others that is best to leave out. The article ends with a conclusion regarding the mindset that parties should have when drafting arbitration clauses.Este artículo ofrece una revisión de la experiencia académica y práctica para la redacción de cláusulas arbitrales, desde un enfoque internacional latinoamericano, y con especial énfasis en las industrias de la energía y la construcción.Los autores comienzan analizando los elementos de la existencia de la cláusula arbitral y formulando ciertas prevenciones fundamentales y generales. Luego pasan a analizar los elementos clave a incorporar en la cláusula arbitral, ciertos elementos que son recomendables a incorporar, otros tantos que puede ser conveniente incorporar y algunos que es mejor dejar fuera. El artículo finaliza con una conclusión respecto al enfoque que han de tener las partes al redactar la cláusula arbitral.
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Narancio, Victoria, and del Prado Fabio Núñez. "International Arbitration under debate." IUS ET VERITAS, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122726.
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Is the choice of the arbitral seat still an important decision in international arbitration? Should arbitral awards be subject to greater judicial scrutiny? Should the appeal be in international arbitration? Is it possible that an annulled arbitral award is recognized under the New York Convention? Should the New York Convention be amended to achieve CNY 2.0? Is investment arbitration a system that works? Are the criticisms of investment arbitration valid? In this interview, Gary Born responds to each of these questions by addressing many controversial current issues in international arbitration.¿Es la elección de la sede del arbitraje todavía una decisión importante en el arbitraje internacional? ¿Deberían los laudos estar sometidos a un mayor escrutinio judicial? ¿Debería existir la apelación en el arbitraje internacional? ¿Es posible que en virtud de la Convención de Nueva York se reconozca un laudo anulado? ¿Debería enmendarse la Convención de Nueva York para lograr una CNY 2.0? ¿Es el arbitraje de inversiones un sistema que funciona? ¿Son las críticas al arbitraje de inversiones válidas? En la presente entrevista, Gary Born responde cada una de estas interrogantes tratando muchos temas polémicos de actualidad en el arbitraje internacional.
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Hrle, Jelena. "International arbitration and competition law." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ64281.pdf.
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Hrle, Jelena. "International arbitration and competition law." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30305.
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Arbitrating of competition law claims has generated a substantial tension between the policies served by promoting international arbitration and those protected by the national competition law. Despite the legal tension and unpredictability associated with arbitrating competition law issues, the arbitrator should, in principle, resolve such issues. This study analyses the main concerns when arbitrating competition law issues, such as jurisdiction, choice of law and, in particular, the position of national jurisdiction regarding the enforcement of the award conflicting national competition law.This study proposes the functional approach to choice of law problems according to which the arbitrator will decide on the applicable competition law bearing in mind the content of mandatory norm, its connection with a dispute and the consequences of its application and non-application. In that regard, this thesis will examine how an arbitrator should address the extraterritorial effect of the competition law. The study will suggest that if the competition law policies of states connected with a dispute serve opposing and conflicting goals, the arbitrator should, in order to preserve his/her neutral function refuse to decide whose competition policy is "better" and should consequently decline jurisdiction.
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Ilieva, P. "Judicialisation of international commercial arbitration." Thesis, City, University of London, 2016. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/17891/.
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It has been increasingly argued that international commercial arbitration is stripping off its intrinsic features of an alternative dispute resolution method and turning into a mechanism that is almost indistinguishable from litigation. The development describing the metamorphosis of international commercial arbitration into a method that is very similar in process and substance to national litigation is referred to as the judicialisation of international commercial arbitration. The focus of this research is the process of judicialisation. The thesis questions whether it exists at all and, if yes, to what extent it has permeated both international arbitration proceedings and arbitral decision-making. While attempting to answer those questions other salient considerations are raised, such as: • Which characteristics of international commercial arbitration are fundamental for this method of dispute resolution and should remain intact; • What are the driving forces of the process of judicialisation; • Is the judicialised approach entirely consistent with the benefits of international commercial arbitration and to what extent? The ultimate objective of this thesis is to answer the question whether the judicialisation of international commercial arbitration is a positive development and thus be encouraged. Where negative implications are recognised, an attempt is made to identify the causes of the judicialisation process and offer solutions, if attainable.
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Masood, Hossain Masood Masood Hossain. "International arbitration of petroleum disputes." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2004. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU185710.
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This thesis is concerned with the international arbitration of petroleum disputes arising within long term contractual relationships for the exploration, production and development of petroleum, between host countries and foreign oil companies. This relationship is inherently unstable since the underlying objectives of the two parties are not only different but are also, at times, conflicting. Host countries are interested in making use of foreign investment to develop their natural resources for the benefit of national economic progress, while foreign companies are generally profit-motivated and interested in maximising their investment with the least risk. The lengthy duration of these agreements makes them particularly vulnerable to the impact of political or economic influences which are unpredictable at the time of the agreements' conclusion, such as changes in oil prices, and international politics and events. In such complex relationships, disputes are inevitable. When such a relationship falls apart, the parties may choose to resolve their disputes by negotiation, litigation or arbitration. If the parties have not chosen arbitration to settle their contractual disputes, and negotiations are unsuccessful, litigation will result. However, because of the State party's unwillingness to submit itself to the court of another State and the private party's fear of the presumed partially of the host State's court, parties often choose arbitration. The extremely conflicting attitudes towards the appropriate method for petroleum dispute resolution have resulted in arbitration becoming a practical option due to the necessity to compromise in such situations. Therefore, the investigation principally focuses on whether arbitration can satisfy the needs and expectations of both parties for profit, security, protection and stability, as well as ensure fairness and justice. In order to reach satisfactory conclusions, the thesis is divided into seven chapters. Chapter One introduces the subject and outlines the key issues that will be dealt with in the thesis. Chapter Two describes the historical evolution of agreement that have dealt with the exploration and development of petroleum, from the early concessions in the Arabian Gulf and North African Countries to the modern arrangements. This Chapter also discusses the legal nature of petroleum agreements in order to show whether such agreements are in the nature of public or private law. In Chapter Three the hostile attitude of developing countries towards the arbitration of petroleum disputes is explored. This Chapter also looks into the reasons behind the enthusiasm of oil companies in favouring arbitration as a method of settling petroleum disputes. Chapter Four examines the formal and substantial requirements for the validity of arbitration agreements. It also discusses the law governing arbitration agreements, and closes with an investigation of the doctrine of the severability of the arbitration agreement. Chapter Five critically examines the law applicable to the substantive issues and to arbitration procedures. Chapter Six deals with the enforcement of an arbitral award made against a State or State entity. This Chapter examines the doctrines of sovereign immunity and act of state, and the extent to which they can prevent enforcement of foreign arbitral awards made against a State. Chapter Seven summarises the major findings of the study.
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Pasinato, Elena <1987>. "CINA E ARBITRATO INTERNAZIONALE: LA CHINA INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC AND TRADE ARBITRATION COMMISSION." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/3927.
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L'arbitrato internazionale costituisce oggi il metodo alternativo di risoluzione delle controversie preferito nel contesto del commercio internazionale,grazie all'ampia autonomia lasciata alle parti coinvolte.Anche in Cina si è sviluppato l'uso di questo strumento per risolvere dispute con controparti straniere.L'istituzione arbitrale più conosciuta e utilizzata è la China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (CIETAC).Quest'istituto è stato fondato nell'aprile del 1956 sotto il Consiglio Cinese per la promozione del commercio internazionale.Dopo una pausa durante la Rivoluzione Culturale, ha ripreso attività alla fine degli anni Ottanta, fino a diventare oggi una delle maggiori istituzioni arbitrali permanenti del mondo.Il suo regolamento è stato emendato sette volte, attualmente è in vigore il Regolamento CIETAC 2012.Proprio a causa delle nuove disposizioni previste da quest'ultimo regolamento,nell'ultimo anno due sotto-commissioni della CIETAC (Shanghai e Shenzhen)hanno dichiarato la loro indipendenza,creando un clima di confusione e ambiguità per le parti contrattuali che hanno riferito ad esse le loro convenzioni arbitrali.
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Vafakish, Sistani Masoud. "International commercial arbitration and state contracts." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/27017.
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Whether international commercial arbitration is appropriate as a method of state contracts dispute settlement is the main question of this thesis. In the course of this study, it is noted that, as a growing method of private commercial disputes settlement, international commercial arbitration, in principle has developed against a private law background. A trend in the practice of such arbitrations points to a desire for an expansion of the powers of arbitrators and the subsequent reduction of the role of national laws in arbitration and its eventual elimination through the so-called 'transnationalisation' of the process. Chapters I-VI focus on the question of how this process of transnationalisation is pursued and to what extent it has been accomplished. These chapters include a study of the nature of arbitration and state contracts, jurisdictional issues, control function in arbitration of state contracts, applicable substantive law, substantive remedies and the recognition and enforcement of awards. The final chapter, the question of why such a transnationalisation is sought is addressed. It attempts to identify the theoretical basis of transnational arbitration and any likely policy objectives followed by its proponents. From such a study, it would appear that, as distinct from national and international law, transnational law theory as the basis of international commercial arbitration follows a reductionist view of the setting of the law relating to transnational economic activities which considers only the commercial aspects. Given such foundations of the theory, it is argued that a bias towards the transnational business community ensues and is in turn reflected in the mechanisms of dispute settlement. In this sense, it would appear that, in relation to the settlement of state contract disputes, the mechanism, in principle, is biased against state parties whose concerns are not purely commercial, but have a public policy element. In dealing with the above, by way of comparison, references are made to the national and international law positions in respect of the matters under discussion.
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Fathallah, Raed M. "International law in investment agreement arbitration." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439724.
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Yesilirmak, Ali. "Provisional measures in international commerical arbitration." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2003. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1816.
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Interim protection of rights (through provisional, including protective, measures) is as important as the final protection of those rights. This thesis examines several problems and uncertainties surrounding provisional measures in international commercial arbitration. Those problems and uncertainties influence the effectiveness of arbitration; thus, they constitute a threat to the future of arbitration. The thesis aims to identify, analyse, and offer solutions to those problems and uncertainties. The thesis initially examines the roots and evolution of the concepts of arbitral powers to grant provisional measures and court assistance to arbitration. This examination highlights the roots of the problems and uncertainties and demonstrates how the approach towards provisional measures shifted, in due course of time, from judicial authorities' exclusive power to arbitrators' power to grant those measures and how the courts' role regarding interim protection has evolved into assistance. It further deals with the forum to seek provisional measures mainly to demonstrate that today an arbitrator or another party-determined authority is and should be the natural judge regarding interim protection of rights and that the courts' assistance should be restricted to ensure the effectiveness of arbitration. It, in addition, investigates complementary mechanisms to arbitration for providing interim protection in order to show that such mechanisms enhance the effectiveness of arbitration for a period prior to the appointment of an arbitrator. The thesis also endeavours to establish the standards of procedure and principles in regard of arbitral provisional measures, for instance, form, requirements and types of arbitral provisional measures. The establishment of these standards and principles makes arbitration a more consistent and predictable dispute resolution mechanism. It thus boosts the effectiveness of arbitration. It finally discusses the enforcement of arbitral provisional measures to show that some of these measures are effective without any coercion and that some others, however, necessitate the use of coercive powers, which are lent by judicial authorities.
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Conde, e. Silva Gui J. "Transnational public policy in international arbitration." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2007. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1717.
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Arbitration tribunals rely on public policy principles to exclude or determine the applicable law. At times, the notion of public policy will contain fundamental yardsticks recognised by the world community at large. In such cases public policy may be called transnational or truly international. The thesis expounds the notion and content of transnational public policy as applied by international tribunals. This objective is met by exploring the method, functions and purpose of transnational public policy in international arbitration. The opening chapter sheds light on the origins and concept of public policy and the different levels it has been applied by international tribunals and national courts. It suggests a criteria for the distinction between domestic, domestic-international, regional and transnational public policy. The thesis then gives an in depth analysis of the origins and notion of transnational public policy. It suggests that international tribunals have relied on transnational public policy in their awards and proposes a method to determine its content and sources. Such method is then applied to deduct the content of transnational public policy from decided arbitration awards. The thesis shows that transnational public policy can be relevant at three different stages in international arbitration. At the outset of the proceeding, where the arbitrators determine their jurisdiction; during the arbitration, where it controls the procedure applicable in the arbitration; or at the stage of drafting the final award, where it determines fundamental substantive rules relied upon by the tribunal.
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El, Far Ahmed Mohsen. "Abuse of rights in international arbitration." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2018. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/44689.
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While international arbitration offers the prominent scheme for resolution of transnational disputes, the arbitration community must constantly examine areas of concern. Any system of justice, including the arbitration system, is not meant for abuse. Thus, it would be paradoxical to support a mischief that the arbitration system seeks to obviate. This could cast doubts as to the system's efficiency and induce distrust in a system formed to accommodate parties' interests and uphold their common intentions. In recent years, international arbitration has been plagued by different forms of procedural abuse. Abusive practices developed by parties may undermine the fair resolution of disputes and frustrate the administration of arbitral justice. There are pre-existing tools and legal rules at the disposal of arbitrators that can be utilised to prevent abuse and administer arbitral justice. However, these tools are inherently rigid in their application. The thesis introduces the principle of abuse of rights in international arbitration and argues for its application as a general principle of law to prevent the transmogrification of international arbitration into a process profoundly tainted with abuse. The virtue and efficacy of a single theory with a wide scope of application and an overarching premise, is that it can be used to address different abusive behaviours, and equally enjoys the flexibility of general principles of law.
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Lenci, F. "PROVISIONAL MEASURES IN INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT ARBITRATION." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/250993.
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The thesis deals with provisional measures in one of the fastest-growing areas of public international law, namely international investment law and arbitration.
Since to the best of my knowledge no monograph has ever been devoted thereto, my task in structuring this dissertation was at the same time easy (I was completely free to choose) and difficult (there was no extensive study to which I could refer). Moreover, the fact that this topic is a moving target, as I demonstrated in my study, rendered my task more complicated and fascinating. Therefore, this thesis constitutes a very personal endeavour, since it aims at representing the current state of my topic as it appeared to me throughout these three years.
After presenting the investment framework with a broad angle (Chapter one), the analysis proceeds through the adoption of a differentiated approach: in Chapter two I firstly draw on the history of the interpretation and application of provisional measures in inter-State and State-private international adjudication (Section one) and, secondly, address these measures from a comparative perspective inscribed in public international law adjudication (Section two). Indeed, in my opinion the choice of comparing the arbitral provisional power in international investment arbitration and international commercial arbitration would have been a wrong one, for two series of reasons, which can be briefly summarised as follows:
- The sovereign nature of one of the parties determines a fundamental difference between the two frameworks, causing that group of disputes to be inscribed in public international law adjudication, which merely share with international commercial arbitration the dispute settlement tool;
- As a corollary, contrary to international commercial arbitral case law, investment arbitral case law is perfectly able to influence (and to be influenced by) consolidation, divergence and development of public international law, constituting one of its sources under the terms of Art. 38 (1) lett. d) of the ICJ Statute.
Chapter three is devoted to the current state of provisional measures in international investment arbitration. Section one addresses their specific features, namely legal force and exclusive / concurrent jurisdiction to rule upon them. Thereafter, Section two focuses on conditions, purposes and atypicalness of recourse thereto (in the effort to describe the picture of the arbitral default rules as they emerge from case law), whereas Section three sets some aspects of treatification and contractualisation of provisional measures.
Chapter four discusses the rules applicable to the implementation of these measures, considering voluntary compliance, non-compliance and its consequences, finally the options available to the addressee in order to oppose their application.
My thesis concludes with some remarks on the role of consent, namely on the possibility for the parties to amend such default rules - through treatification and contractualisation of provisional measures - before their potential dispute occurs. Thus, they are able to tailor the latter to their needs, and particularly to their bargaining power before the investment is carried out in the host State, so as to increase legal security in that respect.
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Huang, Ze Yu. "Pathological arbitration clauses in international commercial arbitration :law and practice in China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2016. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3570897.
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Le, Goff Laurent. "An international arbitration act for South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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When South Africa emerged from the era of isolation in 1994, it was faced with the fact that many of its laws relevant in the field of international trade and investment were outdated and inadequate. An obvious example is in the field of international arbitration. The problem is a serious one. Even thought South Africa is a developing country (one of the richest countries in Africa) and provides everything an investor wants: mainly, a reliable political and juridical system and some great opportunities of business, the same investor is also interested in how a dispute arisen between parties is settled. In this matterone can be surprised not to see any references to international arbitration in the South African regulations.
South African passed the Arbitration Act 42 of 1965 that was based mostly on the English Arbitration Act of 1950. Unfortunately, this law was designed for domestic arbitration and has no provision at all dealing with international arbitrations. This Act is perceived by those involved in international arbitration as being totally inadequate for this purpose.
Given the fact that countries like Nigeria, Kenya or Zimbabwe have regulations on international arbitration prove the interests of States to give the best conditions for investors (e.g. predictability of where and how a dispute will be settled if one occurs).
Focus will be on private arbitration (two private entities such as persons or corporations) and investor/state arbitration and will therefore not be on the Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO which settles disputes between states. Besides, the domestic arbitration regime will be put aside to concentrate on International Arbitration.
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Sayed, Abdulhay. "Corruption in international trade and commercial arbitration /." The Hague [u.a.] : Kluwer Law Intern, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/331629887.pdf.
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Petsche, Markus A. "The growing autonomy of international commercial arbitration /." München [u.a.] : Sellier, Europ. Law Publ. [u.a.], 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/497948885.pdf.
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Tolkušinas, Kasparas. "Defective Arbitration Clauses in International Commercial Contracts." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110124_131045-86915.
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Usually in a drafting process of a contract arbitration clause is left at the end of a contract. Sometimes it happens that parties really do not wish start discussions on how should arbitration clause look like or what details should it contain, because either parties think they would never come to a conflict or they are short in time and leave arbitration clause unconsidered. Absence of proper attention when drafting arbitration clauses is likely to give rise to defective arbitration clauses, which lead to much higher than expected time and money costs or even make arbitration impossible.
Master thesis analyses defective arbitration clause types and provision of a way to create correct arbitration clauses. In order to reach this goal gradual completion of tasks is necessary, which involves: a) identification of the main features of defective arbitration clause, b) identification of the main elements of well drafted arbitration clause, c) identification of the main types of defective arbitration clauses, d) provision of a classification of defective arbitration clauses, e) provision of as much as possible ways to avoid defective arbitration clauses and f) analysis doctrine and case law in this field and result encompassing conclusions. First part of master thesis briefly defines international commercial contract. This way the geographical scope of master thesis object is defined. Second part presents the roots of defective arbitration clause. Second part encompasses... [to full text]Dažniausiai rengiant tarptautines komercines sutartis arbitražinė išlyga eina sutarties pabaigoje. Kartais nutinka taip, kad šalys nerodo didelio noro kelti diskusijų dėl to kaip turėtų atrodyti arbitražinė išlyga arba kokius sudėtinius elementus ji turėtų turėti. Šalys gali manyti, kad ginčas mažai tikėtinas, todėl neverta gilintis į arbitražinę išlygą arba dėl laiko stokos įkeliama atsitiktinė arbitražinė išlyga. Pakankamo dėmesingumo trūkumas ruošiant arbitražinės išlygas dažniausiai leidžia kilti arbitražinėms išlygoms su spragomis, kurios esant ginčui priverčia šalis sugaišti daug daugiau laiko ir suvartoja daug daugiau finansinių resursų nei tikėtasi arba išvis paverčia arbitražą kaip ginčų sprendimo būdą šalių atveju neįmanomą. Magistriniame darbe nagrinėjamos arbitražinės išlygos su spragomis ir siekiama pasiūlyti būdą, kaip parengti taisyklingas arbitražines išlygas. Šiems tikslams pasiekti būtinas nuoseklus užduočių įvykdymas, apimantis: a) pagrindinių arbitražinės išlygos su spragomis bruožų nustatymą, b) pagrindinių taisyklingai parengtos arbitražinės išlygos elementų nustatymą, c) pagrindinių arbitražinės išlygos su spragomis tipų nustatymą, d) arbitražinių išlygų su spragomis klasifikacijos pateikimą, e) būdų išvengti arbitražinių išlygų su spragomis pateikimą ir f) doktrinos bei teismų praktikos analizę ir apibendrinančių išvadų pateikimą. Pirmoji magistrinio darbo dalis glaustai apibrėžia tarptautinę komercinės sutartį. Tokiu būdu geografinės magistrinio darbo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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van, Harten Hendrik Hugh Angus. "The emerging system of international investment arbitration." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2405/.
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The system of international investment arbitration is established by hundreds of investment treaties that have the following key features: 1. States authorize foreign investors (read multinational enterprises) to make and enforce international claims for damages against states in disputes arising from the state's exercise of public authority, without those claims being filtered by the investor's home state or by an international organization; 2. States are subjected to broadly-worded international standards that apply to a wide range of governmental activity, affording arbitration tribunals broad discretion to award damages to investors and thus make decisions about the cost of government, with limited supervision by domestic courts; and 3. Disputes are resolved using a private model of adjudication based on rules of private arbitration and incorporating the enforcement structure of international commercial arbitration. The argument of this thesis is that investment arbitration, although commonly approached as a reciprocally consensual method of adjudication, should instead be viewed as a unique form of governing arrangement. Investment arbitration is a governing arrangement because it is established by a sovereign act of the state and because it is used to resolve regulatory disputes arising from the exercise of pubic authority. This distinguishes investment arbitration from conventional international adjudication (between states) or international commercial arbitration (between private parties). Further, investment arbitration is unique and open to criticism because it combines the prospective and far-reaching, yet selective, individualization of international claims with the use of a private model of arbitration. This distinguishes investment arbitration from other forms of international adjudication which allow individual claims. Overall, characterizing investment arbitration as a unique form of governing arrangement reveals the importance of the system as a means to control the exercise of public authority in the regulatory sphere.
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Muntañola, Alfonso Gómez-Acebo. "Party-appointed arbitrators in international commercial arbitration." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2013. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/26984.
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This thesis is a study of the system of party-appointed arbitrators in international commercial arbitration: an attempt to provide a comprehensive assessment of the system, in which the main questions about it are addressed and a set of answers to those questions is offered. The assessment takes a three-pronged approach: historical, theoretical and empirical. It includes an historical analysis of unilateral nominations, a theoretical assessment of how the system presently works and a comparative empirical study of challenges of arbitrators in ICC practice. The theoretical assessment of the system of unilateral appointments is a critical analysis of arbitration rules, laws, case law, other authors' reflections on the system and other written materials (such as, for instance, the works of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law and of the International Bar Association). This assessment addresses many questions, including, amongst others: the limits to the right of the parties to make unilateral appointments, the risks to the principle of equality of the parties in the constitution of the arbitral tribunal in certain situations (e.g. multiparty arbitrations, consolidation, joinder), the specific problems of bias in tribunals with party-appointed members, the repeat appointments of an arbitrator by the same party or counsel, the question of whether a different standard of impartiality and independence in party-appointed arbitrators makes any sense, the presumption that party-appointed arbitrators can do things that presiding arbitrators cannot (e.g. the so-called 'special role' of party-appointed arbitrators and certain unilateral communications between appointors and appointees) and the question of whether it is worth keeping the system of unilateral appointments as the default method for the constitution of multiple-member tribunals. The study also includes some suggestions on how to improve the system, namely in order to increase the trust of each party in the arbitrator appointed by the other party and to allow an accurate match between what arbitration end-users may want from party-appointed arbitrators and what they ultimately get.
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Abasheikh, Omar Said Imam. "International commercial arbitration : a single supranational system." Thesis, Brunel University, 2018. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/17102.
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This dissertation examines International Commercial Arbitration as it appears to have reached a turning point. Through the lens of institutional entrepreneurship opportunity and institutional change theory, the dissertation seeks to determine whether transforming arbitration from an unregulated process to a regulated system would enhance the practice. This question is vital at the present time as arbitration is blemished by increasing cost and time of arbitration proceedings, intervention by national courts in the arbitral process, diminishing party autonomy, and loss of privacy and confidentiality of the proceedings as shown by data from surveys conducted in the last decade or so, and also due to the potential threat posed by the growth of mediation and also litigation in specialist commercial courts. Commentary frequently highlights these issues, but many commentators seldom propose solutions because practitioners benefit from the institution's current chaotic arrangements where they could increase their fees and extend the proceedings for their financial gain. The dissertation shows that international commercial arbitration is a semi-institutionalised institution and would probably benefit from introduction of the regulative institutional pillar to make it fully institutionalised. An appeal procedure, a mechanism to make the process cost-effective, expeditious, and to reduce intervention by national courts in arbitration proceedings so that arbitrants can maintain privacy and confidentiality of their disputes appears desirable. It recommends establishment of a single supranational regulatory organisation called the 'International Centre for Arbitration of Commercial Disputes' (ICACD) to function as a bureaucratic structure in order to respond to the changing needs of the community and to enhance the institution's status and its functionality, such as to establish the 'International Arbitration Awards Review Council' (IAARC).
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Ghaffari, Peyman. "Jurisdiction & admissibility in international investment arbitration." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2012. http://arro.anglia.ac.uk/297161/.
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For an investment treaty tribunal to proceed to adjudge the merits of claims arising out of an investment, it must have jurisdiction over the parties and the claims, and the claims submitted to the tribunal must be admissible. Inconsistent interpretations of substantive and procedural principles of international investment law that govern the existence and exercise of the arbitral tribunal’s supremacy to adjudge an investment dispute have caused incoherence in investment treaty arbitration. The thesis is an in-depth study of article 25 of the 1965 Washington Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), which articulates the Material, Personal and Consensual requirements for establishing the existence of the adjudicative power (Jurisdiction) for dispute resolution and to exercise that adjudicative power (Admissibility) under the aegis of ICSID. The main findings of the research are as follows: 1) ICSID’s double-filtering nature, which has been largely overlooked in ICSID jurisprudence, is fundamental to correct decision-making by arbitral tribunals when deciding on admissibility and jurisdiction issues. 2) ‘Fraudulent intent’ criterion, which borrows its rationale from the concurrent themes in international law jurisprudence, is instrumental to test compliance as required in the upper jurisdictional threshold. 3) ‘Bona fide investor’ test used to measure compliance with the objective requirements of article 25 of the ICSID runs counter to the object and purpose of the Convention. 4) ‘Dynamic’ test, rather than plain ‘objective’ test, would be the adequate pattern to ensure compliance with article 25 of the ICSID Convention for the contemplated investment due to evolving meaning of such generic term. 5) ‘Lex Juridictio’ or set of rules, principals and mechanisms governing jurisdictional and admissibility issues is required as foundation for legal unification and harmonization.
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Remón, Jesús, Miguel Virgós, Gabriel Bottini, de Argumedo Álvaro López, and José Miguel Fatás. "Round table: conflicting positions in international arbitration." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2018. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123844.
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Are the criti cisms to investment arbitrati on valid?. Is the annulment acti on an indispensable mechanism?. Can the acts of ius imperium of the States be submitted to arbitration?.This round table respond to each of these questi ons by addressing many controversial issues in itnernati onal arbitration.¿Son válidas las críti cas al arbitraje de inversiones?. ¿Es el recurso de anulación un mecanismo indispensable?. ¿Pueden los actos de ius imperium de los Estados ser someti dos a arbitraje?.La presente mesa redonda, responde a cada una de estas interrogantes, tratando muchos temas controversiales en el arbitraje internacional.
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Ghaffari, Peyman. "Jurisdiction & admissibility in international investment arbitration." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2012. https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/297161/1/Ghaffari%20PhD%20Thesis.pdf.
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For an investment treaty tribunal to proceed to adjudge the merits of claims arising out of an investment, it must have jurisdiction over the parties and the claims, and the claims submitted to the tribunal must be admissible. Inconsistent interpretations of substantive and procedural principles of international investment law that govern the existence and exercise of the arbitral tribunal’s supremacy to adjudge an investment dispute have caused incoherence in investment treaty arbitration. The thesis is an in-depth study of article 25 of the 1965 Washington Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), which articulates the Material, Personal and Consensual requirements for establishing the existence of the adjudicative power (Jurisdiction) for dispute resolution and to exercise that adjudicative power (Admissibility) under the aegis of ICSID. The main findings of the research are as follows:
1) ICSID’s double-filtering nature, which has been largely overlooked in ICSID jurisprudence, is fundamental to correct decision-making by arbitral tribunals when deciding on admissibility and jurisdiction issues.
2) ‘Fraudulent intent’ criterion, which borrows its rationale from the concurrent themes in international law jurisprudence, is instrumental to test compliance as required in the upper jurisdictional threshold.
3) ‘Bona fide investor’ test used to measure compliance with the objective requirements of article 25 of the ICSID runs counter to the object and purpose of the Convention.
4) ‘Dynamic’ test, rather than plain ‘objective’ test, would be the adequate pattern to ensure compliance with article 25 of the ICSID Convention for the contemplated investment due to evolving meaning of such generic term.
5) ‘Lex Juridictio’ or set of rules, principals and mechanisms governing jurisdictional and admissibility issues is required as foundation for legal unification and harmonization.
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Rodler, Irmgard Anna. "When are non-signatories bound by the arbitration agreement in international commercial arbitration?" Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/112891.
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Tesis (master en derecho internacional (LL.M.) de la inversión, el comercio y arbitraje)This thesis concerns the issue of third non-signatory parties and analyses under what circumstances they should be bound by an arbitration agreement not signed by them. First it refers to the effects of signing an arbitration agreement between the parties, and then analyses the different theories that eventually could support an extension of the arbitration agreement to third parties. Also, it refers to the legislation of different countries and the treatment courts dispense on this subject, as well as to some international rules to discover which approaches are contained in those rules. It concludes by referring to the most important trends existing presently regarding the subject, used by arbitral tribunals to bring third non-signatory parties into arbitration proceedings
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Venter, Debra. "The UNCITRAL model law on international commercial arbitration as basis for international and domestic arbitration in South Africa / Debra Venter." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4930.
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Commercial arbitration is growing in importance in the modern world. People often use arbitration to ensure adjudication by an expert in the field and although arbitration may not always be quicker, its importance continues to grow especially in international commercial disputes.1 Effective arbitration procedures will have positive consequences for the economical and political relationships between countries.2
The Arbitration Act 42 of 1965 might have sufficed in the past, but as international commercial arbitration is ever increasing and changing, this act has become out–dated. It does not effectively facilitate international commercial arbitration. The Act was primarily designed with domestic commercial arbitration in mind and therefore it is of limited assistance in the international commercial arbitration sphere.
The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law3 has developed the Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration.4 This Model Law or variations thereof can be adopted by a country to regulate international commercial arbitration.5 Many countries choose to adopt the Model Law. The reasons vary but some are that the country’s own arbitration laws were out–dated and needed replacement. The Model Law has proved to be effective and it has become a benchmark for good arbitration legislation.6 Some countries have even adopted the Model Law for use in domestic commercial arbitration disputes. The South African Law Commission7 published a report in 1998 dealing with the possible application of the Model Law on international commercial arbitration in South Africa. It drafted a Draft Bill on International Arbitration (not as of yet promulgated) based on the Model Law.9 One of the points of discussion in the report of the Commission was whether the Model Law should also be made applicable to domestic commercial arbitration in South Africa. The conclusion was that domestic and international arbitration should be dealt with separately and that the present Act regulating domestic arbitration should be amended but not replaced by the Model Law. This implies two arbitration regimes: the International Arbitration Act (dealing only with international commercial arbitration); and the Arbitration Act (dealing only with domestic commercial arbitration) After the Commission’s report had been studied and South Africa’s legal position had been compared with Australia’s legal position, it is conlcuded that Australia is a good example to follow in regard to arbitration practices. It is, however, important to keep South Africa’s own background in mind. A good point made by Australia, is the fact that international commercial arbitration legislation and domestic commercial arbitration legislation, should be kept separate. This will bring about effectiveness and clarity for the users of the said legislation. Furthermore, as end conclusion, the Commission’s view is not favoured in regard to the fact that South Africa’s domestic arbitration legislation should not be based on the UNCITRAL Model Law. It would be a good idea to follow suit with Australia and base both South Africa’s international and domestic commercial arbitration legislation on the UNCITRAL Model Law.Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Born, Gary. "Addressing recent criticisms against international arbitrations." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/108667.
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The last 30 years have been a really exceptional time for international arbitration. The author resembles international arbitration with the SevenKingdoms of “Game of Thrones” where everything went right under the umbrella of the New York Convention.Gary Born states: “Winter is Coming” for international arbitration. The arbitration community should be prepared to defend itself from a metaphorical “armyof undead” who could demand more government control of the arbitration process in the future. In that regard, the author states that instead of beinghunted in defending arbitration, we ought to hunt a little bit. The time to stop fending off attacks and start going on the offensive against arbitration’s critics have come.Los últimos 30 años han sido una época realmente excepcional para el arbitraje internacional. Gary Born lo asemeja a los Siete Reinos de “Juego de Tronos”, pues todo ha funcionado bien bajo el marco de la Convención de Nueva York. Sin embargo, según Gary Born: “se acerca el invierno” para el arbitraje internacional. La comunidad del arbitraje debe estar preparada para defenderse de un metafórico “ejército de muertos vivientes” que podría exigir un mayor control del gobierno sobre el arbitraje en el futuro. En ese sentido, el autor señala que en vez de ser cazados defendiendo el arbitraje, debemos cazar un poco. El momento de dejar de defenderse de los ataques y empezar a ir a la ofensiva contra los críticos del arbitraje ha llegado.
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Pauker, Saar. "Characterization problems in investment treaty arbitration." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609210.
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Chirichiello, Michela. "Confidentiality and public interest in mixed international arbitration." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19633.
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Confidentiality is unanimously recognized to be one of the most characteristic and attractive features of international commercial arbitration. The confidential character of arbitral proceedings has often been presumed on the basis of the privacy of the hearings, but this presumption has proven ill-founded in arbitrations between private and public actors ("mixed arbitration"). National courts and international tribunals have come to recognize and to enforce a public interest exception to confidentiality based on the principle that the public has a right to be informed of the contents and outcome of the arbitral proceedings whenever the subject-matter of the dispute is of public concern. This thesis will assess the basis upon which and the limits within which the public interest exception to confidentiality might operate. The thesis will then provide an analysis of the benefits—the accommodation of moral and legal expectations of public participation—and risks—the politicization of the arbitrated dispute and disclosure of trade secrets—of greater transparency and openness in mixed arbitral proceedings. The thesis will show that the public interest exception to confidentiality is a valuable and important development along the path of democratic governance, but also that, in order to avoid the indiscriminate disclosure of information, the precise range of its application needs to be carefully defined and limited to only those cases wherein it appears to be fully justified.
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Chang, Mann-Long. "Harmonisation of procedural law in international commercial arbitration." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/9931.
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The principle of party autonomy is widely accepted in the practice of international commercial arbitration. However, it still encounters certain limitations in its applications, especially for the fact that the demands of natural justice and the public good cannot be neglected by the parties. The various states in the international system have and operate peculiar systems of mandatory rules and public policies, which tend to impart significantly on the arbitral procedure, thereby creating a situation of discordance of outcomes of arbitration in different countries. For this reason, this writer intends to examine ways by which the various procedural laws can actually be harmonised. This thesis shall therefore focus on the discordances and confusion that often arise in the interacion of the various laws that may be applicable to the arbitral process in International commercial arbitration, as well as ways of achieving a harmonisation of these laws.
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Sadafi-Chaghooshi, Farshad. "Is international commercial arbitration an autonomous legal system?" Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121482.
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In recent decades, the nature of international commercial arbitration has been transformed from a method of dispute resolution to an autonomous legal system. Globalization and a shift of power from states to private actors have resulted in the emergence of an international arbitration community that eventually produced this kind of transition. This movement has generated a dynamic discussion over the legality and systematicity of the arbitral legal system. By applying various legal theories, scholars of different legal systems have analyzed the legality of the arbitral legal system. A few scholars have advocated the concept of this system based on a transnational legal positivism theory. In contrast, others, because of a lack of essential qualities of law and structural deficiencies in international arbitration, refuse to recognize it as an autonomous legal system. The main objective of the present work is to study the major legal theories about the legality and systematicity of international commercial arbitration, and then to take an overview of the adverse and advantageous consequences of applying the concept of the arbitral legal system.Au cours des dernières décennies, l'arbitrage commercial international a subi de grandes transformations : longtemps utilisé comme simple méthode de résolution des différends internationaux, il est en voie de devenir un système de droit autonome. Avec la globalisation des échanges et des activités humaines et la décentralisation du pouvoir des États vers des acteurs privés, une nouvelle catégorie d'arbitres internationaux a fait son apparition, de nouveaux arbitres qui deviennent à leur tour des agents de changement. La pluralité de leurs opinions a poussé ces nouveaux acteurs à se questionner sur la viabilité à long terme de la mise en place d'un nouvel ordre juridique arbitral. Diverses théories juridiques mises de l'avant par des experts issus de différents domaines du droit ont permis d'en étudier la légalité et la systématicité. Ce nouvel ordre juridique a ses défenseurs et ses détracteurs. Certains le défendent en invoquant la théorie positiviste du droit basée sur les règles de droit transnationales. D'autres refusent de le considérer comme un système autonome parce certaines règles de droit essentielles n'y sont pas définies et qu'il existe des lacunes structurelles flagrantes en arbitrage international. Ce sont là quelques-unes des grandes questions qui seront débattues dans le présent ouvrage. L'auteur y fera d'abord l'analyse des principaux courants théoriques traitant de la légitimité et de la systématicité de l'arbitrage commercial international et de la mise en place d'un régime juridique dans ce domaine, pour se concentrer ensuite sur les avantages et les désavantages que sa reconnaissance en tant que système de droit autonome pourrait représenter.
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Al, Jazy Omar Mashhoor Haditheh. "Some aspects of jurisdiction in international commercial arbitration." Thesis, University of Kent, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322825.
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Abdullah, Muhammad Tahir. "Role of UAE courts in international commercial arbitration." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/305727.
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Concept of arbitration has been prevalent, historically, in the Middle East since the early days of Islam. The arbitral process has been problematic in the UAE however, it has not been until recently that the UAE has recognized the importance of arbitration as a powerful dispute resolution alternative and revised its legislation to accommodate the proceedings of domestic and international arbitration. In the past, foreign investors have been reluctant to select the UAE seat for their arbitration proceedings. There has been a perception that, as a general rule, the practice of international commercial arbitration in the Middle East is still in its infancy. The UAE is now demonstrating to the international community that it has the necessary infrastructure and laws in place to successfully count itself as one of the key arbitration players, alongside London, Paris and Hong Kong. This has been the result of the UAE updating their laws, reforming dispute resolution practice and procedures and through the establishment of key regional arbitration centres. The UAE's accession to the New York Convention was also seen as a significant step in demonstrating the UAE's commitment to foreign investors and the international community. Under Federal Decree No. 43 of 2006, the UAE managed to accede to the New York Convention. The UAE's accession is considered as a mile stone towards provision for a more straightforward arbitral process and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in other Convention states. As a recent development, the UAE has evidenced the joint venture between the Dubai International Financial Centre ('the DIFC') and the London Court of International Arbitration ('the LCIA'), in February 2009, to create the DIFC-LCIA Arbitration Centre ('the DIFC~LCIA'). The DIFC-LCIA operates alongside the longer-established Dubai International Arbitration Centre ('the DlAC'). Both offer their own procedural rules and regulations for the amicable settlement of disputes through arbitration. The Courts role is vital in an arbitral proceeding in any jurisdiction. Although arbitration is believed as a court-free, independent forum for dispute resolution; the court plays fundamental role to ensure that the arbitral proceeding is taking place in a moderate and independent decorum. The UAE Court's role towards the International commercial arbitration has been very problematic and the courts historically used to intervene in the arbitral proceeding over tiny issues. The new UAE arbitration laws has changed the situation and curtailed the courts powers to interfere the arbitral proceeding. At present, the arbitration in the UAE is more independent and straightforward. The proposed UAE arbitration law has much more similarities with the Model Law UNCITRAL and meets the International standards. A lot of work still has to be done in order to make the arbitration more independent, straightforward and friendly in the UAB. The Court's role is vital and is required to be more supportive then it is at present in the arbitral process.
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Soligo, Valentina <1991>. "International arbitration in the People's Republic of China." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/12244.
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This work is an analysis of the instrument currently used most frequently in the resolution of disputes arising from contracts between parties of different nationalities, which represents an alternative to ordinary justice. In the first chapter the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of international arbitration are introduced, with references to the main sources of international arbitration, such as international conventions and bilateral treaties. The second chapter analyzes instead the development of international arbitration within the People's Republic of China, introducing also the main sources and the main arbitration institutions within the country, which will be analyzed in the following chapters. The third chapter focuses on the main international arbitration institutions in the People’s Republic of China, the CIETAC and the CMAC, which have become the most important in the world. The chapter analyzes the evolution of the rules, underlying the main changes from one edition to another, the structure of the two commissions and the conduct of arbitration proceedings of the two institutions, providing references to their rules.
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Cheung, Sai Sing. "Comparing the arbitration power between Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre and the Estate Agents Authority." access abstract and table of contents access full-text, 2008. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/dissert.pl?ma-slw-b22724412a.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2008.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Oct. 3, 2008) "Master of Arts in arbitration and dispute resolution" Includes bibliographical references (p. 106-107)
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Mohlin, Anna. "Relations of Power and Democratic Accountability in Investor-State Arbitration." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-180894.
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International investment agreements largely cover today’s transnational investments. These agreements confer certain substantive rights to foreign investors while simultaneously obliging host-states to act in a given manner so as to not interfere with the investments. Most international investment agreements further contain an arbitration clause which provides the investor with the means to enforce the substantive rights of the agreement by directly bringing a claim against the host-state before an arbitral tribunal. Consequently, privately contracted arbitrators have the authority to scrutinize and overrule essentially any sovereign act of the host-state that may affect the investment – judicial and legislative acts included. This practice affects not only the parties of the dispute; when the arbitral award claims superiority to the state’s electoral choices, it further constrains the exercise of sovereignty by the population of the host-state. As a result, the arbitrators who manage the disputes and the investors who initiate them have become central power-holders in the context of both international and domestic law. Meanwhile, the arbitrators and investors alike seem to be unaccountable to the states and individuals who are adversely affected by their power assertions. A commonly accepted feature of democracy is that those who govern and wield power should be accountable to those who are governed and subjected to this power. This thesis relates this notion to a Foucauldian understanding of power, domination and resistance. The primary aim of the thesis is to examine the interplay between the prominent subjects involved in investor-state arbitration and to what degree these subjects hold power in the form of transformative capacity. After this investigation into the relations of power, the thesis scrutinizes the subjugated subjects’ ability to exercise effective resistance through institutionalized accountability mechanisms. The thesis detects an accountability deficit in the regime and concludes that foreign investors and arbitrators hold a dominant position within the context of investor-state arbitration, while states and individuals find themselves in a state of domination. The international investment regime, as it currently stands, is thus found to suffer from a democracy deficit, while it concurrently seems to undermine domestic democratic institutions.
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Chung, Ka Leung. "Critical review on fairness and justice in international arbitration." access full-text access abstract and table of contents, 2006. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/dissert.pl?ma-slw-b21816645a.pdf.
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Mbithi, Peter Mutuka. "International commercial arbitration in Kenya: is arbitration a viable alternative in resolving commercial disputes in Kenya?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12893.
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Includes bibliographical references.The purpose of this paper was to determine whether arbitration is a viable alternative for resolving commercial disputes in Kenya. More so, because Kenya has adopted the UNCITRAL Model law, 1985 and revised the same in line with the model law, 2006. Furthermore, Kenya has set up the Nairobi Centre for International Arbitration, with an aim to promote and improve the conducting of arbitrations in the country. To answer the research question, the writer looked at the history of the arbitration law in Kenya, how the communities living in Kenya settled their disputes. In doing so, the writer looked at the dispute resolution mechanisms of the Kamba, the Kikuyu and the Kipsingis, all communities living in Kenya before the country was colonised by the British. We also looked at how the law of arbitration was introduced. Having established the basis of the Arbitration law in the country, the writer canvassed on the development of the law since independence in 1963 to the current situation. This included the support recently given to alternative dispute resolution mechanisms by the Constitution of Kenya as well as the establishment of the Nairobi Centre for International Arbitration. The writer also gave an overview of the role of the court in arbitration in Kenya, giving instances and examples at which the law envisages the involvement of the court in the arbitration process. Court supervised arbitration was also canvassed. The paper went on to look at the situation of commercial arbitration in two other developing countries in Africa, South Africa and Mauritius. It was found that Mauritius, which enacted its International Arbitration Act in 2008, has moved decisively to market itself as a viable, safe and prospective place of international commercial arbitration. It was also established that South Africa has not been able to review its Arbitration law, which was enacted in 1965. Last the writer looked at the opportunities, the benefits and the challenges that face arbitration in Kenya today. The research was limited by the fact that it was not possible to write about the practice of all communities in Kenya and therefore the three chosen were taken as samples to represent all the others.
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Lendermann, Nathalie [Verfasser]. "Procedure Shopping Through Hybrid Arbitration Agreements : Considerations on party autonomy in institutional international arbitration / Nathalie Lendermann." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1160309108/34.
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Ager, Sheila Louise. "International arbitration in the Greek world, 337-146 BC." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29001.
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The subject of this thesis is international arbitration in the Greek world in the Hellenistic period, between 337 and 146 BC. The settlement of a dispute between two states through the intervention of another, a settlement carried out either by conciliatory or judicial methods, was a vital and widespread phenomenon in ancient Greece.
The bulk of this work consists of case studies of the individual instances of arbitration, rather than being a general analysis of the phenomenon of Hellenistic arbitration as a whole. The purpose was to produce a work for the Hellenistic period which would correspond to that of L. Piccirilli (Gli Arbitrati Interstatali Greci) for the Archaic and Classical periods. The latter work consisted of a series of case studies of individual instances of arbitration in Greece and its environs from the eighth through the fourth centuries.
Evidence for roughly three times the number of cases survives from the Hellenistic period as compared with the Classical period. Clearly international arbitration played an even more important role in diplomatic relations in the years between Alexander the Great and the Roman takeover of Greece. In the Hellenistic world, as in the earlier era, arbitration was quite clearly a Greek institution, one which the Greek states used with far greater ease than Rome. Nevertheless, owing to the historical and political circumstances of the time, Roman intervention necessarily plays a large role in the study of arbitration in the Hellenistic Age.
In order to arrive at the evidence for the various case studies which make up this work, research was carried out in both literary and epigraphic fields. The ancient historians, particularly Livy and Polybios, were examined for any evidence of specific instances of arbitration. The epigraphic research consisted of a search through the published corpora of inscriptions in order to uncover evidence of individual cases.
Once the evidence was collected, the material was organized under individual case headings. The testimonia, literary and epigraphic, have been cited in full in each instance. Each case is also provided with a specific bibliography and an individual commentary. The end result is intended to be an exhaustive survey of all known cases of international arbitration from the Hellenistic Age.
Although this work has concentrated primarily on the case studies, some analysis has also been offered in the final chapter. The conclusion provides a general interpretation of the phenomenon of arbitration in the Hellenistic period.Arts, Faculty of
Classical, Near Eastern and Religious Studies, Department of
Graduate
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Allahhi, Nahal. "The optimization of court involvement in international commercial arbitration." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-optimization-of-court-involvement-in-international-commercial-arbitration(39e048d6-7a83-465b-b5b2-5cf8e4b6f6e6).html.
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Despite all the advantages of international arbitration, it has never been considered as an entirely independent and complete dispute settlement system and as such has been traditionally assisted by national courts. Nevertheless, the optimum model for courts’ involvements in international arbitration is not clear. More importantly, given the latest development in the theory and practice of international arbitration, the necessity and nature of such involvement is under question. Accordingly, this thesis aims to determine the optimum scenario of court involvement in international arbitration in order to enhance its efficiency by providing a fairly harmonised (transnational) approach regarding court involvement in the various stages of international arbitration. Taking efficiency consideration as the main guidance and indicator in modern legal scholarship, the thesis will develop normative discourse regarding harmonization of court involvement in international arbitration based on the comparative and analytical study of two major jurisdictions, the United Kingdom and the United States, and will suggest different solutions which can minimize the need for court’s involvements through their substitution by other mechanisms such as party autonomy as well as the expansion of the competence and the authorities of arbitral tribunals. To achieve the desired result, this thesis will analyse and respond to the following fundamental questions: (a) Why, where and when can national courts become involved in arbitration cases? (b) Is there any potential conflict between national courts’ competence and the historical facts regarding independence of international arbitration? (c) What are the potential solutions to harmonize court involvement in international arbitration at each stage? (d) To what extent can it be argued that national courts should waive part of their authority in favour of international arbitration in order to enhance the efficiency of international arbitration? (e) What are the potential avenues that need to be explored in order to harmonize court involvement in international arbitration?After examining the above mentioned questions, the thesis concludes that courts’ involvement in international arbitration may occur in 4 different stages, namely, before the establishment of arbitral tribunal, at the commencement of arbitration process, during the arbitration and finally at the time of recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral award. It also suggests that prior to establishment of arbitral tribunal, recognition of a concurrent jurisdiction for the court of the place of arbitration can significantly remove the potential obstacles in front of the conclusion of the tribunal. Moreover, and given the extended role of party autonomy in selecting substantive and procedural law, arbitrating parties can minimizes the possibility of recourse to national courts at the commencement of the tribunal and during the process by submitting their claims arbitration institutions which can offer most of the services offered by national courts and as such will remove the need for national courts intervention. Finally, the thesis proposes that although recognition and enforcement of arbitral award may inevitably require the involvement of local courts, development of a transnational notion of public policy and arbtirability based on efficiency will lead to a sort of universal approach in the enforcement of international awards regardless of the place of business or the nationality of the party-debtor in arbitration.
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Bahmany, Leyla. "Sustainable development of international arbitration: rethinking subject-matter arbitrability." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=117139.
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The discussion pertaining to the inarbitrability of public policy disputes has a long-standing position in arbitration law. To protect public interests, domestic legal systems imposed a general ban on the arbitration of public policy disputes. In 1985, however, the United States Supreme Court in Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc. removed antitrust disputes from the category of inarbitrable matters and marked a new phase in the history of inarbitrability. The general nature of Mitsubishi's reasoning affected other Western jurisdictions to remove the inarbitrability of public policy disputes in order to develop international arbitration. Mitsubishi's rationale and holding, therefore, can be considered to be pillars of the new approach to inarbitrability. This thesis critically analyzes Mitsubishi's reasoning and the record of the past three decades in light of case law and the views of prominent scholars. It draws a picture of the current situation of arbitrability in the United States, Canada, France and Belgium. The discussion explains that the removal of inarbitrability has resulted in an ineffective protection for public interests, which has caused dissatisfaction in certain sectors of society and may amount to formation of a radical view hostile to arbitration. The situation raises concerns as to whether the current development of arbitration will endure. This thesis borrows the term "sustainable development" from environmental law and economy, and applies it to international arbitration law. By redefining "sustainable development" according to the needs of international arbitration, this thesis provides a solution for developing arbitration without jeopardizing public policy interests. The solution balances private and public interests to achieve sustainable development in international arbitration.La discussion relative à l'inarbitrabilité des différends portant sur l'ordre public occupe une position de longue date en droit de l'arbitrage. Afin de protéger les intérêts du public, les systèmes juridiques nationaux interdisaient généralement l'arbitrage de différends portant sur des questions d'ordre public. En 1985, cependant, la Cour suprême américaine dans l'affaire Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc. retira les différends pourtant sur le droit de la concurrence de la catégorie des questions inarbitrables, et marqua une nouvelle phase dans l'histoire de inarbitrabilité. Le caractère général des arguments soulevés dans l'affaire Mitsubishi a influencé d'autres pays occidentaux et ils retirèrent les différends portant sur l'ordre public des matières inarbitrables afin de développer l'arbitrage international. Par conséquent, les arguments formulés et la décision prise dans l'affaire Mitsubishi peuvent être considérés comme les piliers de la nouvelle approche de inarbitrabilité. Ce mémoire analyse l'argumentaire de l'affaire Mitsubishi et le bilan des trois dernières décennies, à la lumière de la jurisprudence et des points de vue d'éminents chercheurs. Il dresse un tableau de la situation actuelle de l'arbitrabilité aux Etats-Unis, au Canada, en France et en Belgique. L'exposé explique que la suppression de l'inarbitrabilité a donné lieu à une protection inefficace de l'ordre public, ce qui a provoqué l'insatisfaction dans certains secteurs de la société et pourrait résulter dans la formation d'un point de vue radical, hostile à l'arbitrage. La situation soulève des préoccupations quant à savoir si l'évolution actuelle de l'arbitrage durera longtemps. Ce mémoire emprunte le terme "développement durable" au droit de l'environnement et de l'économie, et il l'applique au droit de l'arbitrage international. En redéfinissant le terme "développement durable" en fonction des besoins de l'arbitrage international, ce mémoire propose une solution pour développer l'arbitrage sans mettre en péril les intérêts d'ordre public. Cette solution équilibre les intérêts privés et publics pour parvenir à un développement durable dans l'arbitrage international.
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Alshubaiki, Torki Abdulah. "A participation towards the internationalisation of international commercial arbitration." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402147.
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Steingruber, Andrea Marco. "Notion, nature and extent of consent in international arbitration." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2009. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/415.
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Arbitration is a consensual and private mechanism of dispute resolution which leads to an enforceable arbitral award. In the traditional field of commercial arbitration the agreement to arbitrate is considered to be the cornerstone of arbitration. On the other hand, in the international context, arbitration has become increasingly used in other areas, like investment arbitration and sport arbitration, where the consensual nature of arbitration appears to be different. At the beginning of the study it will be underlined that, when speaking about the consensual nature of arbitration, one needs to differentiate between consensual as one of the essential criteria for arbitration’s qualification and consent as a condition for the validity of the arbitration agreement. This differentiation is especially important in sport arbitration where, between the athletes and sport organisations, there is often induced consent rather than bargained consent. By sustaining that the consensual character of arbitration needs to be differentiated, but not abandoned, the thesis clearly takes a contractual, or better, a consensual approach. It is preferable to speak of a consensual approach, because the agreement to arbitrate does not always take the form of an arbitration agreement in the traditional sense. This is particularly the case in investment arbitration. This thesis is a comparative study. However, not only a comparison of national laws and different arbitration rules will be undertaken, but the thesis will also consider the evolution of arbitration by discussing the implications that evolution has had on the perception of the consensual character of arbitration. Moreover, and above all, the main body of the thesis will be dedicated to a comparison focused on the consent issues of the three main areas where arbitration is nowadays used in an international context: commercial arbitration, investment arbitration and sport arbitration. It will be stressed that, although already in the classical area of commercial arbitration, the structures of arbitrations may be of different types, ranging from bi-party situations to multiparty scenarios, and might play a role when considering the consensual nature of arbitration, this becomes even clearer when one analyses the other fields of arbitration. The thesis then also takes into account that, in the various phases of the arbitral process, the expectations with regard to the consensual character of arbitration may be different. In the thesis it will be argued that the reason the consensual nature of arbitration evolved over time, and the reason that it is different among the various fields of arbitration, might be seen in the fact that there is an inherent tension between the contractual and the jurisdictional side of arbitration. In this situation of “inherent tension” consent may be perceived as being more or less present. Nevertheless, the “intensity” of consent does not affect the basically consensual character of arbitration. While the four traditional theories (jurisdictional, contractual, mixed/hybrid and autonomous) used to explain the juridical nature of arbitration focus rather on the relationship between State and arbitration, the thesis attempts to indicate other solutions which seem to be more able to explain the use of arbitration in the different areas/fields where arbitration is expected to resolve disputes.
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Vafaeian, Leila. "Public policy v. party autonomy in international commercial arbitration." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3436.
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The purpose of this thesis is to examine and analyse the scope and extent of judicial involvement in international commercial arbitration, with specific emphasis on its consequences for Iran. As an alternative form of dispute resolution under the jurisdiction of national courts, arbitration involves the establishment of a private jurisdiction over disputes, and is implemented through the creation of commercial contracts that derive their authority from the parties’ free will and autonomy. However, in reality, arbitration is not a separate and free-standing system of justice. It is a system established and regulated pursuant to law, which is never independent from the supervisory authority and control of national courts over the arbitration system. International commercial arbitration involves finding a balance between individual freedom of contract and the sovereign right of states as exercised through their national courts to exert some control and influence over the international arbitration process. Arbitration in practice is essentially a mixture of contract and litigation. The voluntary consent of the parties is a reflection of its contractual bedrock, while its binding character draws elements of the judiciary into it. A richer grasp of the application of the principles of party autonomy and states’ jurisdictional rights in arbitration is therefore vital to a full comprehension of the operation of international commercial arbitration. Thus, this thesis examines and critically analyses the freedom of the parties in arbitration, the limits of the parties’ freedom or autonomy, the role of national laws in setting those limits, and the role of national courts in regulating those limits in both the place of seat and enforcement place. It is frequently emphasized that modern international commercial arbitration needs more freedom from the supervision of the state courts. While many states’ legislations recognise the principle of party autonomy, at the same time, in practice, they also seek to establish a framework for judicial intervention in arbitral proceedings in certain instances, such as public policy. National legal systems have reserved space for the domestic system to restrain the potential excesses of free will, so that party autonomy cannot go beyond it. This thesis advances the concept of ‘nationality’ as an essential aspect of the way in which the modern international arbitral framework seeks to strike a balance between party autonomy and public policy. It concludes that by fixing the nationality, parties are able to identify the primary and secondary jurisdictional authority, mandatory rules and the procedural law applicable to the whole arbitration process. The primary authority exercises its powers to intervene in the arbitration process to provide the necessary assistance and support to arbitration. iii This thesis concludes that the Iranian Civil Procedure Code, legal doctrines, and arbitral practices have generally recognised the party autonomy principle and enforce it in individual contractual relationships. According to Iranian law, the intention and consent of citizens is important in entering into contracts and, without the consent of the parties, there is no valid contract. Iranian legislators also provide the grounds on which party autonomy and parties’ free will are limited.
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Duquenne, Céline. "L'autonomie de la clause compromissoire en droit du commerce international." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31157.
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The arbitration clause is the clause by which the parties to a contract agree to submit the conflicts that may rise from their contractual relationship to an arbitral tribunal. A principle of autonomy is associated to this type of clause: on the one hand, the arbitration clause is separable from the main contract; on the other hand, it is independent from any state law. To a certain extent, one may even link this principle to other principles concerning the arbitration clause, such as the Kompetenz-Kompetenz principle. The question is to know whether special rules apply to the arbitration clause.
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Dowers, Neil Alexander. "The interface between jurisdiction instruments and arbitration." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26021.
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This thesis addresses the question of how conventions and other instruments regulating court jurisdiction should deal with court proceedings relating to arbitration. It argues that the conventional approach of excluding court proceedings related to arbitration entirely from the scope of the jurisdiction instrument cannot be justified with reference to any international arbitration convention. It continues to argue that the exclusion of arbitration causes or exacerbates significant problems at the interface between the courts and arbitration, taking the European Union’s recent experience as an example. It then argues that the European legislature has recently directly considered the exclusion of arbitration from its jurisdictional instruments and failed to act effectively. Any amendments to this system will necessarily be offered within the relevant legal context, so an assessment of the prevailing principles in European international private law and international commercial arbitration will follow. Furthermore, the ongoing debate surrounding the delocalisation of arbitration and its relevance to the debate about the interface between court jurisdiction and arbitration shall be addressed. Finally, this thesis proposes a model for inclusion of arbitration in the European jurisdiction instrument (the Brussels I Regulation) that would, it is argued, solve or ameliorate the problems at the interface between the Regulation and arbitration, whilst broadly aligning with the prevailing principles in the relevant legal context. The thesis then considers whether this approach could be extended beyond Europe to the world at large, concluding that it could not. This work therefore takes an original approach to a topic of much contemporary controversy, by taking a holistic, rounded, and reasoned view of the problems at the interface between court jurisdiction and arbitration. It also contains original insights into several other areas, including the historical justification for the exclusion of arbitration from jurisdiction conventions, the importance of mutual trust as a founding principle of the common market, the relevance of the delocalisation debate to the topic, and the proposal for reform advanced at the end of this thesis.
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Borba, Igor M. "International Arbitration: A comparative study of the AAA and ICC rules." [Milwaukee, Wis.] : e-Publications@Marquette, 2009. http://epublications.marquette.edu/theses_open/20.
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Al, Shamsi Abdulla Rashid Obaid. "Arbitration in international administrative contracts and administrative contracts with international dimensions in the UAE." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2017. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/7456/.
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This is a study on some controversial legal aspects of resorting to arbitration in disputes concerning administrative contracts with an international dimension – i.e. contracts between public authorities in the United Arab State (UAE) and foreign companies, as well as contracts concluded between local parties but indirectly generate results of international dimensions. In this study, I have adopted a descriptive methodology, meticulously describing the legislative and judicial status in the UAE compared to those of both Egypt and France. In addition, I have also resorted to an analytical approach to provide a concise analysis of the essence of legal provisions guided by the established jurisprudence and judicial opinions. Finally, I used the comparative approach to draw parallels and difference within the legislature and the judiciary between three legal systems, with an eye at making use of relatively advanced legal systems. According to the above, and through utilizing the three research methods mentioned, (the descriptive, analytical and comparative), we attempted to analyze the various relevant jurisprudence and judicial opinions, together with court rulings and legislative provisions. The ultimate objective is to draw scientific results from the detailed evidences drawn from the selected rulings, as well as deciding on the position of both local and international jurisprudence and judiciary on this regard. This is to consolidate the theoretical positions with existing practice. At the outset of the thesis (chapter one) this study begins with a discussion of the main concepts of the constitutional system of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), with an explanation of the federal structure of the state and the nature of the UAE system of government. This is important because this study is mainly concerned with the UAE. This is followed by an illustration of the principles of administrative law within the UAE state. The study shows that the judicial system of the UAE state adopts a unitary judicial system whereby the same courts have jurisdiction on all sorts of disputes, both on disputes arising from administrative law and administrative contracts, as well as on disputes arising between private persons. This would unify the rules that apply to all disputes relating to the administration including administrative contracts with international dimensions. (Chapter two) attempts to define the concept of the administrative contract; the main focus of this study, and the criteria for distinguishing it from other types of contracts. It is concluded that the distinctive criteria for administrative contracts in the UAE are that: (i) one party to a contract shall be a public persona (such as the state, city authorities or municipalities); (ii) the contract shall be connected to the running or organization of a public facility (such as public institutions and authorities, security organizations and educational institutions) and (iii) it shall include exorbitant conditions which are unfamiliar in private law contracts. This distinction would help determining the nature of the legal rules to be applied on settlement of disputes, whether pertaining to the rules of administrative law or those of private law. (Chapter three) displays and critically reviews the main ideas related to arbitration in administrative contracts and shows the reservations and disadvantages that might arise from resorting to arbitration in this field. (Chapter four) This study comes to a number of conclusions in relation to these reservations and disadvantages. Despite the great importance of resorting to arbitration in administrative contracts as a speedy and distinctively confidential instrument for protecting the interests of the contractual parties, my opinion resorting to arbitration for settlement of disputes should be followed only if and to the extent it encourages investment in the UAE and it is respectful of higher administrative interests of the UAE state. The same limitation should apply to international administrative contracts and administrative contracts with international dimensions. Arbitration should be carried out without prejudice to the principle that a public authority in the UAE shall pursue a public interest without prejudice to private interests. This study argues that the legislator should intervene in an unambiguous manner to achieve the following results in relation to arbitration in administrative contracts with an international dimension and formulate proposals on how best to address these issues: 1. Determine the fields in which resorting to arbitration in administrative disputes should be admitted. 2. Specify the competent authority for approval of resorting to arbitration in this field (preferably the higher administrative authority within the state, such as the cabinet of ministers, the competent minister or authorized representative among public persona. No delegation is permissible, in this regard, for public persona assuming positions inferior to the above-mentioned ones because of their distinguished expertise which brought them to shoulder highly sensitive positions. Delegation in arbitration should be restricted to a very limited domain and only endowed upon those who assume the highest executive positions and qualified to shoulder high ranking positions and responsibilities. 3. The arbitration panel shall refrain from prejudicing the nature of the administrative contract, that is to refrain from prejudicing public interests, in order not to use resorting to arbitration as a means of evading application of the rules and regulations pertaining to the established administrative contract, which are stipulated to maintain public interest and public funds without prejudice to the rights and freedoms of private persons. Hence, it is pertinent to preserve the administrative nature and enforce the substantive regulations of the administrative contract. The contract should involve provisions for including arbitration, in addition to explicitly specify that the applicable law governing the contract should be the administrative law and the theory of administrative contract, which shall be applied in case of dispute. Arbitration should be restricted to administrative contracts with international dimensions, connected with public interest projects and leading to the encouragement of foreign investment and applying the principles of arbitration for conciliation in internal administrative contracts disputes only. The study concludes by arguing that legislative reform should be carried out to introduce legislative amendments, incorporating the above-mentioned arrangements, which are crucial to the settlement of administrative contracts disputes through arbitration. Resorting to arbitration should be restricted to certain types of contracts concluded by public authorities as an exception to the general principle of resorting to a judicial authority for looking into a legal disputes. These were put in place only to strike a balance between achieving public interests of the state and protecting the rights and freedoms of individuals.