Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'International Art Exhibition'

The International Exhibition of Industry, Science and Art held in Edinburgh in 1886 was the first universal international exhibition to be staged in Scotland. This thesis examines the event as a reflection of the character and social structure of its host city and as an example of the voluntary organisation of an ambitious project. The background to the Exhibition is located in the progress of large-scale exhibitions in Victorian Britain, in competition between cities, and in Edinburgh’s distinction as an administrative and cultural centre and a national capital. The Exhibition’s organisers are situated within the city’s networks of power and influence and its circles of commerce, industry and municipal government. The space created to host the Exhibition is examined as an ideal depiction of Edinburgh as both a modern and a historic city. The origins of the exhibitors populating the Exhibition space are analysed, and their motivations and exhibiting strategies are scrutinised. The composition of the visitors to the Exhibition is considered and the development of the event as a venue for popular entertainment and spectacular display is discussed. In conclusion the chaotic aftermath of the project is examined, together with its influence on subsequent British exhibitions.

In this study I have sought to explore the theoretical foundations of the French artist Daniel Buren's work and its subsequent resonance in a context of emergent cultural conservatism. The study also traces, the increasingly tenuous position of the avant-garde, the survival of which is contingent on the presence of certain liberal democratic institutions. For me these concerns led to a systematic investigation of the censorship of Buren's installation at the 1971 Guggenheim International Exhibition. This was the last in a series of exhibitions that was to promote international goodwill by bringing together the best of recently produced works by contemporary avant-garde artists from around the world, and awarding prizes to those considered outstanding. But the real ideological significance of this show was apparent in the aggressive attempt by the administrators of the Guggenheim to promote American cultural superiority. Buren was invited to contribute a piece to the show in the belief that his work fit into the formalist mode around which the exhibition was organized. Yet the day before the show opened Museum officials suddenly decided to remove his work from the exhibition. The official explanation provided by the authorities of the Guggenheim cited the size and placement of Buren's work as being in direct conflict with the work of other artists in the exhibition. However, this explanation was clearly specious given that the Guggenheim officials knew months in advance exactly what this work would look like, and its intended place of installation. Moreover, Museum officials used the complaints of four participating artists as justification for their actions. Meanwhile, fifteen other artists in the show objected to the Museum's use of censorship. The issue of the Guggenheim Museum's sudden decision to withdraw Buren's installation from the Sixth Guggenheim International is thus more complex than the official explanation would indicate. My thesis contends that the abrupt removal of Daniel Buren's work is traceable to efforts by Guggenheim officials to protect other works in the exhibition, and the International series as a whole, from floating into the avant-gardist-traditionalist polemic that had again flared up in the New York art world. Chapters One and Two examine the organization of the 1971 Guggenheim International and the rationale behind that organization. Chapter Three looks at the threefold controversy surrounding the 1971 International: the conflict that arose between participating artists, the questions of censorship that were raised by the actions of Museum officials, and the overwhelmingly hostile critical response to the exhibition. This study investigates a period of social and epistemological rupture in American art, the reverberations of which continue to be felt today.<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>Art History, Visual Art and Theory, Department of<br>Graduate

This thesis studies the influential role of architectural exhibitions in shaping and directing architectural discourses. The study accepts architectural exhibitions and associated publications as the critical act of architecture, in which (the work of) architecture is interpreted, reproduced and publicized. The main focus of this thesis is Modern Architecture: International Exhibition, held in 1932 at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). This particular exhibition is a significant historical event, which officially announced architecture of the early 20th century as International Style. The thesis underlines the role of the 1932 exhibition and MoMA as an architectural media in reproducing the works of architecture and reformulating the agenda of 20th century modern architecture especially in U.S.A.

La France et la Belgique organisent plusieurs expositions coloniales internationales et universelles de la fin du XIXe siècle à 1958. Ces deux puissances coloniales y développent une propagande multiforme pour justifier leurs « missions civilisatrices ». Les missionnaires catholiques et protestants participent à ces grandes fêtes. La consultation d’archives des congrégations religieuses (Spiritains, Jésuites…), de l’œuvre de la Propagation de la Foi, de fonds publics français, belges, suédois et du Saint-Siège permet de comprendre comment s’organisent les missionnaires pour participer à ces expositions en France et en Belgique. De l’exposition de 1897 (Tervuren) à celles de 1935 et 1958 (Bruxelles), en passant par Paris 1900, 1931 et 1937, les missionnaires s’exposent dans des pavillons qui s’agrandissent pour devenir de véritables complexes architecturaux. Les vecteurs de la mise en scène changent et s’adaptent : les objets « indigènes » sont délaissés au profit de dioramas, de statistiques stylisées et de cartes lumineuses. L’architecture du pavillon est en elle-même un discours comme le prouve le pavillon des missions catholiques de 1931. A travers ces évolutions de la mise en scène, ce sont des changements dans les représentations missionnaires du monde qui s’observent : les colonisés et leurs cultures sont de plus en plus valorisés et le lien avec la colonisation moins affirmé<br>France and Belgium organised several international and colonial exhibitions, as well as universal exhibitions or World Fairs, from the end of the 20th century to 1958. Through these world exhibitions, these two great colonial powers developed various forms of propaganda to account for their “civilizing missions”. Protestant and catholic missionaries took part in those great celebrations. By reading and working on archives of religious congregations such as the congregation of the Holy Spirit, The Jesuit, and the oeuvre de la Propagation de la Foi, but also the French, Belgian and Swedish national archives and the Holy Sea archives, I was able to understand how the missionaries organized themselves to take part in those exhibitions in France and Belgium. The missionaries organised exhibitions in ever growing pavilions which would become huge architectural complexes, from the 1897 exhibition (taking place in Tervuren) to the 1935 and 1958 exhibitions (taking place in Brussels), not forgetting the 1900, 1931 and 1937 Paris exhibitions. The way missionaries staged their work changed and evolved. Indeed, “indigenous” artifacts were gradually less displayed and missionaries used dioramas, stylish statistics and lit-up maps instead. The architecture of the pavilion was in itself telling, a good example of this being the 1931 pavilion of the Catholic missions. The way missionaries staged their exhibitions reflected the changes in their worldview. The colonized populations and their cultures were more and more emphasized, while the link with the colonization was less and less asserted and straightforward

Les Etats post-soviétiques participent à la Biennale d’art contemporain de Venise depuis les années 1990. Ils ont montré, dans les pavillons nationaux, tout au long de leur participation et de manière récurrente, des images de souffrance physique, de catastrophe sociale et de traumatisme politique. Ce thèse vise à analyser les causes possibles d’une telle insistance sur la représentation de la catastrophe en les liant aux enjeux politiques, économiques et artistiques qui déterminent, pour ces Etats, leur participation aux foires artistiques internationales.Ces pays post-soviétiques vérifient, en premier lieu une transformation radicale de la culture politique moderne: en quelques décennies, l'idéal orienté vers un avenir de progrès et de liberté a été remplacé par la célébration douloureuse d’un passé décliné sous une forme victimaire. Une telle transformation s'est accompagnée d'un changement de certains idéaux sociaux caractéristiques de la mythologie communiste : "Au centre de la culture historique moderne n'est plus l'idéal du héros, mais l'idéal de la victime". Le statut privilégié de la victime dans les années 1990 a créé alors de nouvelles formes d'auto-représentation et de politique identitaire : l'Arménie, un pays avec une longue tradition de souffrances depuis le génocide du début de siècle, ou les pays baltes, après l'effondrement de l'Union soviétique, ont construit leur identité sur le rôle de victime, en transformant l'histoire traumatique de la répression stalinienne et de l'occupation soviétique en glorification collective du passé misérable de leur peuple... Des expositions pour la Biennale illustrent visuellement, et avec une ferveur presque religieuse, cette histoire sacrificielle, représentant la résistance à la violence et le catastrophe vécu par le peuple comme origine héroïque de la naissance des nations. La célébration des catastrophes fonde une nouvelle conception de l'identité nationale. L'histoire traumatique, encore activement présente dans la mémoire vivante des contemporains, est transformée en objet esthétique et incluse dans le système international des manifestations artistiques<br>The post-Soviet states have been participating in the Biennale of Contemporary Art in Venice since the late 1990s. They have constantly shown, in their national pavilions and throughout their participation, images of physical and social suffering and trauma. The PHD project analyse the possible causes of such an insistence on the representation of the suffering of people by linking them to the political, economic and artistic stakes that determine, for these states, their participation in international art fairs.These post-Soviet countries mainly deal with a general phenomenon which in political science has been called the conflict or the competition of victims. Victims compete for a bigger role in social memory. The historian Martin Sabrov asserts that a radical transformation of modern political culture took place: within a few decades, the ideal oriented towards a future of progress and freedom has been replaced by the painful celebration of a past haunted by victimhood. Such a transformation was accompanied by a change in certain social ideals characteristic of communist mythology: “At the center of modern historical culture is no longer the ideal of the hero, but the ideal of the victim.” The privileged status of the victim in the 1990s created new forms of self-representation and identity politics: Armenia, a country with a long tradition of suffering since the genocide of the turn of the century, and the Baltic countries, after the collapse of the Soviet Union built their identities on the role of the victim, transforming the traumatic history of Stalinist repression and the Soviet occupation into a collective glorification of the miserable past of their people. Exhibitions for the Biennale illustrate visually, and with almost religious fervour, this sacrificial history, representing the resistance to violence and the miserable destiny of the people as the heroic origin of the birth of nations. The celebration of heroic and miserable victims is the foundation of a new conception of national identity. Traumatic history, still actively present in the living memories of contemporaries, is transformed into an aesthetic object and included in the international system of artistic manifestations

This dissertation presents a fresh approach to the study of Haitian art through research conducted in the emerging interdisciplinary field of exhibition history. In a deliberate attempt to move away from existing notions of Haitian art as a formal or aesthetic style of art practice associated with primitivism – based on mid-twentieth-century art historical narratives – I have opted to explore the display of works by Haitian artists outside of conventional museum and gallery settings. Taking a broader cultural studies approach centred on three case studies, I examine the exhibition of artworks within the transitory sites of national cultural display at two world’s fairs and an art biennial: the Haitian pavilion at the World’s Columbian Fair of 1893; Haiti’s “Little World’s Fair” officially titled Exposition Internationale du Bicentenaire de Port-au-Prince of 1949-50; and the Haitian pavilion at the Venice Biennale in 2011. These exhibitions overlap in the sense that they all claimed to present an official representation of the Haitian nation-state and therefore an authoritative vision of Haitian culture. However, when we peer behind this veneer of official national rhetoric it becomes clear that at each of these sites there were numerous images of Haitian nationhood, as well as notions of a national cultural essence referred to throughout as Haitian-ness, being produced by various agents. Across the course of this study these include: Haitian and foreign state representatives, curators, artists, academics and cultural professionals drawn from Haiti, Haiti’s diasporas and elsewhere, as well as NGOs and other international collaborators. In each case those curating Haiti’s national displays at these events balanced assertions of national sovereignty against international marketability: delicate negotiations that, I argue, can be discerned through analysis of the forms, aesthetics, subjects and contextualisation of the artworks displayed. Across the course of this dissertation therefore I chart a shift in the substance of these Haitian cultural displays, and the artworks presented within them, from a fin de siècle expression of Francophile neoclassicism, through an uneasy post-war coupling of folkloric exoticism and western modernity, to a fragmented picture of contemporary Haitian-ness articulated with reference to poverty and cultural otherness as well as cosmopolitanism. Through an examination of these case studies I have sought to explore how the visual arts intersected with expressions of Haiti’s postcolonial nationhood at exhibitions staged within events scattered across the Atlantic World. Further, by charting shifts in the production and projection of Haitian nationhood and art across these three sites I have attempted to grasp a fuller picture of how entangled ideas of nation and culture have had a bearing on exhibition histories, international institutional engagement with and the marketing and perception of the work of Haitian artists through the long twentieth century.

Cette thèse retrace l’histoire des expositions temporaires à caractère artistique organisées aux Galeries nationales du Grand Palais (GNGP) entre 1966 et 2005. Les analyses sur le contexte historique, politique et social et sur la politique artistique internationale en France révèlent que le pouvoir publique contribue à cette histoire des expositions dès l’origine : il soutient et institutionnalise des expositions temporaires en tant qu’action culturelle de l’État. La mise en oeuvre des expositions est coordonnée principalement par trois organismes publiques : la Réunion des Musées nationaux (RMN), l’Association française d’Action artistique, et les administrations pour l’art contemporain. Sous le titre de grande exposition prestigieuse, chacune de ces expositions a été un moyen pour illustrer une célébration commémorative, une belle relation diplomatique avec l’étranger et une présentation de recherches scientifiques et de politique de patrimoine. De la volonté d’échanges artistiques avec des musées étrangers a résulté l’internationalisation des expositions temporaires, la professionnalisation de la RMN en la matière. Le développement des recherches en histoire de l’art en collaboration avec ces musées étrangers est une conséquence évidente. Toutes ces orientations apparentent les Galeries nationales du Grand Palais à une institution culturelle phare au centre de la capitale en affirmant leur place parmi les grands musées parisiens. Ce travail se focalise également sur la gestion organisatrice, introduite dans la pratique de l’organisation d’expositions aux GNGP notamment pour : l’entretien et la muséographie des collections, le financement des expositions et l’accueil des publics. On constate aussi une professionnalisation des métiers concernant l’organisation d’expositions, pendant ces années. Cette thèse présente le développement de grandes expositions organisées dans un cadre institutionnel, le goût des grands publics pour des expositions artistiques. Elle nous permet également de comprendre l’évolution des expositions temporaires muséales dans la seconde moitié du XXème siècle<br>This thesis presents an investigation on the history of temporary art exhibitions at the Galeries nationales du Grand Palais (GNGP) between 1966 and 2005. The analysis of the historical, political and socialistic background and the international artistic policy of France show that the government has played a central role in the development of art exhibitions at the GNGP : the government has encouraged and institutionalized art exhibitions as one of its cultural policy. These exhibitions were mostly planned by three public institutions; Réunion des Musées Nationaux (RMN), Association française d’Action artistique, and the institution for contemporary arts. Each exhibition named as a major representation has been taken place for the commemoration and the presentation of friendly diplomatic relations with foreign countries. Some exhibitions announced academic achievements in art history and outcomes of museum and cultural heritage policies. The enhancement policy of the cultural exchange with foreign museums has led to the internationalization of artexhibitions, and the development of the RMN specialized for the planning of international art exhibitions. This policyalso contributes to the art history research development through the academic collaboration with foreign museums. These grand exhibitions that took place at the GNGP have contributed to make the GNGP as a major cultural institution in the centre of capital city, comparable to other main museums of Paris. This works also discusses the introduction of management for running exhibitions at the GNGP. First, this management included the systematic care and presentationof collections, then the funding of exhibitions and even more the reception of visitors. Moreover, during these years, there has arisen a professionalization of jobs related to art exhibition planning and operation. This thesis presents the development of grand art exhibitions organised in the frame of the public administrations, public audiences for fine arts exhibition, and also allows the understanding of the development of the temporary museum exhibitions held in thesecond half of the twentieth century

Australia’s relationship with the rest of the world was particularly complex in the two decades of acute economic, political, and social crises between World War One and Two. This thesis argues that Australia employed visual arts exhibitions in the national interest within its foreign policy stance to amplify and recruit allies for its response to this complexity and that it did so to both international and domestic audiences. Six visual arts exhibitions between 1918 and 1941 have been selected to illustrate this transactional Australian cultural diplomacy within the decline of the European empires, the establishment of the League of Nations in 1920 and the rise of American power after 1930. The thesis opens with the nation a member of the British War Office in 1918 and ends with Australia a member of the Pacific War Council which formed in Washington DC in 1942. While post-WWII initiatives in cultural diplomacy have been studied, their antecedents have been rarely noted in either the literature on Australian diplomacy, or within the history of Australian art and its exhibition. This thesis seeks to address this oversight, necessarily doing so from a broad multidisciplinary perspective. The profiled exhibitions are detailed as to their origins and content within their historical backdrop, the politics and the people involved. The thesis argues that visual arts exhibitions established a distinguishing aspect of national projection in the interwar period, one which remains embedded in policy and the public cultural programs of government and the national, state, and regional art galleries. I draw three principal findings from the presented research. The exhibitions discussed enrich our knowledge of the various ways the nation managed its strategic interests as an internationally aligned nation after 1918. Secondly, it addresses a gap which will continue while the many public actors captured by cultural diplomacy - the participants, their objectives and location, institutional arrangements, and foreign and strategic policy – are investigated in isolation from each other. Finally, my hope is that this thesis will make an original contribution to an understanding of the role of exhibitions within the modernisation and the cosmopolitanising of the nation, including the important contribution of artists and arts institutions, business, and public administrators to those exhibitions in the inter-war period.

En España, al igual que en el resto de países europeos a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX, se hace exhibición de "lo primitivo": personas (indígenas procedentes de los nuevos territorios colonizados) y objetos (piezas de arte y artefactos de la cultura material de los indígenas procedentes de las colonias). Algunas de estas muestras coinciden con las primeras exposiciones organizadas en España: Exposición General de las Islas Filipinas en Madrid (1887), Exposición Universal de Barcelona (1888) y Exposición Internacional de Barcelona (1929). El presente trabajo analiza la presencia o ausencia de "lo primitivo" (personas y objetos) en los principales acontecimientos expositivos españoles, su relación con acontecimientos homónimos en otros países europeos y su posible recepción en colecciones museísticas (museos de antropología, etnología y misionales).<br>In Spain, as in the rest of European countries at the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth, aboriginal from the new colonized territories and "primitive" objects (art and artefacts from the material culture of the colonies) were also exhibited. Some of these events coincide with the first organized Exhibitions in Spain: General Exhibition of the Philippines Islands in Madrid (1887), Barcelona World Exhibition (1888) and Barcelona International Exhibition (1929). This work analyzes the presence or absence of "the primitive" (people and objects) in the major Spanish exhibitions, the relationship with similar events in other European countries and the possible reception in museum collections (museums of anthropology, ethnology and missionary).

On the basis of the art and architectural displays at the 1878 Exposition Universelle Internationale à Paris, this thesis investigates the conflicting claims of nationalism; the late nineteenth-century tensions between tradition and modernity; and the disparities between the intentions of the organizers and the perceptions of the visitors. Creating connections between methodological and theoretical issues of interest to art history and museum studies, the argument explores further and refines our understanding of what has been constitutive of Exhibitions. This thesis takes the 1878 Exposition Universelle Internationale à Paris as its focus, in order to further appreciate the extent to which Exhibitions were able to influence their visitors’ minds and bodies. It scrutinizes a wide range of material generated as part of the national participation of the United Kingdom to this event in specific case studies for both breadth and depth of understanding. The examination of material published in 1878 newspapers provides evidence of a critical gaze within the Exhibition boundaries. International and universal Exhibitions have been significant events in producing and conveying various messages about diverse topics to unprecedentedly large audiences. Their rich content entailed the production and consumption of diverse experiences and meanings beyond attempt of controlling bodies and behaviours. The study of the British participation in the 1878 International Street or Rue des nations uncovers the tensions between symbols, taste and technology in architecture. Original research in the archives of the Royal Academy of Arts, London, gives a particular insight in the role of a key institution in the preparation of a national visual arts exhibition in the 1878 Paris Exposition. The examination of the reception of a particular artwork provides a useful counterpoint to these first institutionally-oriented analyses. Focusing on W. P. Frith’s The Railway Station (1862) offers a different perspective to understand the way a vast array of contemporary meanings could impact the reception of a particular work. The investigation of the critical reception of British paintings in 1878 France emphasizes the strength of cultural narratives beyond the specific vision for the Exhibition.

Notre étude porte sur la présence des artistes grecs(peintres, sculpteurs, graveurs) aux manifestations universelles et internationales qui se sont déroulées dans de différentes villes européennes, durant les quarante premières années du XXe siècle.Effectuée principalement aux catalogues officiels des expositions traitées, notre recherche a essayé d’appréhender l’activité artistique des hellènes, en la situant dans un contexte culturel international(expositions universelles et/ou internationales) et dans un cadre chronologique précis (1901-1939) ; pour ce faire, nous avons tenu compte des divers paramètres sociaux, politiques et intellectuels, qui ont régi deux réalités historiques et géographiques : d’un côté la Grèce, un état jeune dans toutes ses manifestations, et de l’autre côté l’Europe de la Grande Guerre, du progrès industriel et des avant-gardes<br>Our study focuses on the presence of Greek artists(painters, sculptors, engravers) in the universal and international exhibitions, that took place in various European cities during the first forty years of the 20th century.Our research, which was principally carried out in the official catalogues of the presentations in question, attempted the approach and in-depth comprehension of the artistic activity of the Greeks, placed in an international cultural context(universal and international exhibitions in Europe) and in a specific chronological frame(1901-1939). For this to be achieved, we took into consideration the diverse social, political and cultural parameters that ruled two different realities; on the one hand, Greece, a “young” country in all it’s manifestations and on the other hand, Europe of the Great War, industrial progress and the “avant-garde”

Le musée contemporain ne se caractérise plus seulement comme un lieu voué à préservation, conservation et présentation des collections mais comme un lieu inscrit dans des réseaux, comme le montre l'étude de la politique de diffusion : celle-ci est l'objet de ma thèse en sciences de l'information et de la communication intitulée " La diffusion culturelle à l'échelle internationale : les enjeux de la politique du prêt des œuvres et des expositions du Mnam-Cci (Centre Georges Pompidou) pendant la période 2000-2007 ".Le Mnam-Cci est l'un des plus importants musées au monde grâce à sa collection d'art moderne et contemporain. Il offre non seulement des expositions temporaires mais aussi de nombreuses activités culturelles : cinémas, conférences, concerts, spectacles. Sa collection se compose de 60 000 œuvres, est empruntée auprès des musées du monde entier.Compte tenu de la richesse de la collection, la politique du prêt des œuvres est l'une des stratégies importantes du musée. Dans la perspective d'une étude muséologique, l'analyse de la politique du prêt des œuvres nous paraît des plus pertinentes.La première partie de la thèse met en évidence les mécanismes de la circulation des œuvres et celles des expositions dans un contexte des territoires à l'échelle internationale. La deuxième partie de la thèse décirt la circulation des biens culturels à l'heure de la mondialisation. La dernière partie de la thèse montre le développement de la stratégie communicationnelle à l'échelle internationale à travers la politique de diffusion.C'est ainsi que ce travail montre la diffusion culturelle à l'échelle internationale par l'intermédiaire de la politique du prêt des œuvres et des expositions du Mnam-Cci.

Cette thèse vise à interroger la façon dont les biennales internationales d’art contemporain, en tant qu’événements culturels et premiers temps d’historicisation des oeuvres et des artistes, contribuent à la fabrique des imaginaires de l’altérité. Le cadrage chronologique de notre recherche s’ancre à partir de 1989, date qui correspond à un « tournant global », un changement de paradigme qui aurait eu pour effet de repenser les rapports de domination et les logiques de centre/périphérie, notamment dans le champ de l’art contemporain. L’internationalisation de l’art contemporain et le renouvellement des cadres de pensées que l’on rattache au « tournant global » ont donné lieu à l’émergence d’un processus de labellisation de la différence, dont témoignent des catégories artistiques et esthétiques telles que « art non-occidental » ou « art global », porteuses d’imaginaires renouvelés que ce travail de recherche entend analyser. Notre démarche, qui s’appuie sur un corpus de six expositions ayant marqué le champ des événements culturels internationaux, est volontairement pluridisciplinaire et vise à considérer l’hétérogénéité du matériel qui compose ces expositions. En premier lieu, la mise en lumière des discours expographique résulte de l’analyse conjointe de trois composantes : les écrits, à partir desquels nous proposons une typologie spécifique qui considère la fois les intentions qui président à leur production et les usages qui en sont faits ; les pratiques artistiques, qui dans le cadre des biennales sont au service du discours expographique ; et les gestes de mise en exposition qui sont propres au dispositif médiatique spécifique des biennales. En deuxième lieu, la réalisation d’entretiens et la collecte d’archives ont permis de circonscrire le contexte d’énonciation et l’intentionnalité des événements. En tant que dispositif médiatique à part entière, le catalogue d’exposition a également donné lieu à une méthodologie adaptée à l’ensemble des éléments (discursifs et non discursifs) qui le caractérise. Plus particulièrement, les écrits de connaissances que l’on y trouve ont fait l’objet d’une analyse sémiolinguistique permettant de mettre en lumière les processus de concrétisation des concepts, et donc de saisir les imaginaires et valeurs qui sont attachés. L’approche privilégiée pour analyser ce corpus permet ainsi d’articuler à la fois les spécificités de chaque exposition (c'est-à-dire leur individuation à travers l’articulation de leur concept et de leur dispositif) et leur inscription dans un réseau (en tant que résultat d’un processus de réécriture), vis-à-vis du thème de l’altérité<br>This research aims to examine how contemporary international art biennials, considered as cultural events and as first step in the historicization process of works and artists, contribute to the making of « otherness » as an imagined community. The chronologic frame of our research is anchored in 1989, which correspond to the « global turn », a shift of paradigm that would have led to the rethinking of domination relationship and the logic center/periphery, especially in the field of contemporary art. The internationalization of contemporary art and the renewal of the frameworks of thought that are often connected with the global turn have led to a process of labeling the difference, as evidenced by artistic and aesthetic categories such as « non-western art » or « global art » that carry renewed representations that this research intends to analyze. Our approach, which is based on a corpus of six exhibitions that have marked the field of international cultural events, is deliberately multidisciplinary and aims to consider the heterogeneity of the material that composes these exhibitions. First, we highlight the expographic discourses from the analysis of three components : the writings, from which we propose a specific typology that considers both the intentions that preside over their production and the uses that are made of them ; artistic practices, which in the context of biennials are at the service of the expographic discourse ; and the gestures of exhibitions which are characteristics of the specific media device of the biennials. Secondly, interviews and the collect of archival documents have led us to circumscribe the context of enunciation and the intentionality of the events. As a media device in its own right, the exhibition catalog also gave rise to a metholody adapted to all the elements (discursive and non-discursive) that characterize it. More particularly, the writings of knowledge have been the subject of semiolinguistic analysis to highlight the processes of concretization of concepts, and thus have led us to grasp the artistic values that are attached to the imagined otherness. The preferred approach to analyze this corpus thus makes it possible to articulate the specificities of each exhibition (i.e their individuation through the articulation of their concept and their device), and their inscription in a network (as a result of a process of rewriting) at the same time

Le présent travail intègre une dimension internationale dans son sujet : La sculpture russe du naturalisme à l’Art Nouveau : géopolitique des pratiques artistiques. Il a pour fondement l’étude de ceux des sculpteurs russes qui, d’une manière ou d’une autre, ont voyagé ou séjourné à l’étranger entre 1870 et 1914. En faisant converger les approches de la nouvelle « macro-histoire de l’art », soutenue par les méthodes statistiques de l’histoire de l’art quantitative, avec l’émergence d’une problématique non pas « bilatérale » mais « multilatérale », à même de rendre compte de manière complète de l’évolution internationale d’un art et de ses acteurs, l’étude se concentre sur les rapports entretenu par des artistes d’un pays avec les autres pays en général. Il cherche ainsi à redéfinir une géographie européenne de l’art, avec une mise en relation des différents centres artistiques entre eux vus par un prisme étranger. Ainsi, par une approche multinationale, distingue-t-il les centres artistiques européens majeurs de la période : Paris supplantant progressivement Rome au cours du siècle en tant que centre artistique de niveau mondial, Munich et Berlin se disputant la place de centre majeur de l’Europe médiane. Paris assoit alors sa domination écrasante dans la concentration des sculpteurs par rapport à ses concurrentes allemandes et italiennes. Les circulations internationales influencent dès lors l’évolution artistique en Russie, notamment lorsque les sculpteurs y reviennent après un séjour à l’étranger : les apports de la sculpture occidentale interviennent dans les multiples évolutions qui affectent la plastique russe depuis les années 1870 jusqu’à l’Âge d’Argent<br>The following work is to be considered from a global point of view, as shown in this topic: Russian sculpture from naturalism to Art nouveau: a geopolitical analysis of artistic practices. The basis of this study is that of the Russian sculptors who have somehow traveled or stayed abroad between 1870 and 1914. By putting together the new ‘macro art history’ approaches supported by the statistics of a quantitative method of art history with the emergence of a rather multi-lateral question than a bi-lateral one which has the power to fully acknowledge the global evolution of an art and its participants, this study focuses on the relations maintained by the artists from one country with other countries in general. From a foreign perspective, this study aims at redefining the European geography of art while connecting various artistic centers together. A distinction is therefore made from a global approach between the most important art-related European centers of the time; namely Paris, which progressively replaced Rome over the century as a nationally-scaled point of interest, as well as Munich and Berlin, which challenged their number one standing in central Europe. Unlike its German and Italian competitors, Paris managed to establish its authority by gathering sculptors. Global migration consequently influenced the evolution of art in Russia, especially when sculptors went back after staying abroad. Thereby, contributions from Western sculptures played an essential role in the various artistic evolutions that affected Russia from the 1870’s to the Silver Age

S’inscrivant à la croisée de l’histoire des expositions et des relations culturelles internationales, la thèse a pour principal objectif l’étude de la construction d’une certaine image de la nation mexicaine à l’étranger à travers l’art et de la manière dont celle-ci a été perçue par des audiences diverses dans différentes contrées. Pour ce faire, la thèse propose une étude de la présence de l’art mexicain dans l’espace transnational analysant des phénomènes de circulation, médiation et réception autour de la première grande exposition d’art mexicain itinérante en Europe. Entre 1952 et 1953, l’exposition Art mexicain du précolombien à nos jours a été présentée successivement à Paris, Stockholm, Londres et Mexico. Cette manifestation culturelle participe d’une longue génèse qui remonte aux années 1920. Après plusieurs tentatives échouées, l’idée de présenter une exposition d’art mexicain en Europe émerge à nouveau dans le monde de l’après-guerre, impulsée par le gouvernement mexicain et une constellation d’acteurs européens étatiques et non-étatiques qui ont fait que le projet se concretise en 1952. La thèse étudie les enjeux que cette manifestation a répresentés pour ses promoteurs, ainsi que la manière dont son discours curatorial consacre une certaine rhétorique nationaliste qui insiste sur la continuité du génie artistique mexicain à travers les époques. L’étude des réceptions et des va-et-vient au sein de l’espace euro-américain est alors menée à travers l’analyse des diverses représentations autour du Mexique exprimées par les publics européens, ainsi que par les manières dont la société mexicaine resignifie les réactions européennes vis-à-vis de l’art mexicain afin de les adapter au contexte local. Ensuite, ce travail se concentre sur les adhésions et les rejets exprimés au Mexique par rapport à ce portrait de lo mexicano impulsé depuis l’État. La thèse démontre comment cette exposition est devenue par la suite un modèle pour la présentation de l’art mexicain à l’étranger, décliné à plusieurs reprises dans les décennies suivantes comme le fer de lance de la diplomatie culturelle mexicaine<br>Located in the intersection of the fields of History of Exhibitions and History of International Cultural Relations, this thesis studies the construction of a particular image of the Mexican nation abroad through the medium of art, and the ways in which this image was perceived by diverse audiences in different countries. The thesis analyzes the circulation, mediation and reception of Mexican art in a transnational context for the first major traveling exhibition of Mexican art in Europe.Between 1952 and 1953, the exhibition Art mexicain du précolombien à nos jours (Mexican art from pre-Columbian times to the present day) was successively presented in Paris, Stockholm, London and Mexico City. This cultural event draws upon a long prehistory that dates back to the 1920s. After several failed attempts, the idea of presenting an exhibition of Mexican art in Europe reemerges in the postwar period driven by the Mexican government and a constellation of European state and non-state actors, leading up to the opening of the exhibition in Paris on May 20, 1952.The thesis studies the stakes that various promoters had in the exhibition as well as the ways in which its curatorial discourse crystallized a nationalist rhetoric that stresses the continuity of the mexican artistic genius through the ages. It further investigates the different receptions and interactions within the Euro-American space by analyzing the various representations of Mexico articulated by the European publics; conversely, it examines the ways in which Mexican society resignifies the European reactions vis-à-vis Mexican art and adapts them to the local context. Moreover, this work scrutinizes the approvals and rejections expressed by the Mexican public with regard to the particular image of lo mexicano promoted by the state. The thesis demonstrates how this exhibition became a model for the display of Mexican art abroad, reappearing several times in various declensions over the following decades as a trademark of Mexican cultural diplomacy

[EN] Exhibitions are a cornerstone of Alison and Peter Smithsons' multifaceted approach to their work. A powerful medium for conveying and materialising their ideas which provided them, throughout their career, with the opportunity to freely create experimental constructions to relay their thoughts. The exhibitions they staged in the 1950s and 60s, such as 'Parallel of Life and Art', 'House of the Future', and 'Patio & Pavilion' were, and still are, at least as important to architectural critics as their few built works or many writings. However, from the 1970s onwards little is known about their prolific work in the realm of exhibitions. In his lecture 'The Masque and the Exhibition: Stages Towards the Real' in 1980, Peter Smithson mentioned the importance of exhibitions in shaping the Smithsons' architecture as places of opportunity in which to experiment with reality. This comment makes it logical to think that if the exhibitions held before then had always been a powerful tool - a tool used, furthermore, by the Smithsons to create some of their most intense productions - then those staged after said lecture, which acknowledged and highlighted this aspect of their work might, despite being little known, be at least as intense as the previous exhibitions with greater media visibility. This idea, together with the expectations raised by the 'Christmas-Hogmanay' exhibition - not only because it was staged whilst said lecture was being drafted but also because of the ideas that sprang from the analysis of a related collage mentioned in the prelude to this doctoral thesis - channelled the research towards this final period of the Smithsons' exhibition architecture. The research herein focuses specifically on two groups of exhibitions that stand out amongst the Smithsons' wide range of documented exhibitions on account of their inherent intellectual cohesion enabling the concepts staged by Alison and Peter Smithson to be seen more clearly. This doctoral thesis consists of four chapters. It begins with an introductory chapter which firstly analyses and contextualises architecture in the shape of exhibitions; then outlines the importance of exhibitions in Alison and Peter Smithson's work; and finally puts the specific period under study into context in terms of both their career and the discourse of architecture in general. The two main chapters in this thesis are entitled 'Christmas Exhibitions' and 'Tecta Exhibitions', each organised in a similar fashion: a short introduction to the group of exhibitions followed by an in-depth analysis of each exhibition in the group based mainly on the unpublished documentation to which the author had access in the three main archives devoted to Alison and Peter Smithson: The Alison and Peter Smithson Archive in the Special Collections Department of the Frances Loeb Library at Harvard Design School (USA); the Alison and Peter Smithson Archive / Tecta Archive at Lauenförde (Germany); and the Smithson Family Archive in Stamford (United Kingdom). Finally, each chapter ends with an essay which analyses and links up the different concepts conveyed by each individual exhibition and the exhibitions in the group as a whole. The last chapter is a short epilogue that gathers up all the concepts set out previously in relation to the Christmas and Tecta exhibitions, and shows how they all tie in together in the Smithsons' most experimental work: the Hexenhaus at Bad Karlshafen.<br>[ES] Dentro del enfoque polifácetico del trabajo de Alison and Peter Smithson, las exposiciones son pieza fundamental. Un medio poderoso para comunicar y materializar sus ideas que les brindó a lo largo de toda su trayectoria la oportunidad de abordar con libertad la construcción experimental de su pensamiento. Sus propuestas expositivas de la década de los cincuenta y sesenta, como Parallel of Life and Art, House of the Future, o Patio & Pavilion, han sido y son tanto o más relevantes para la crítica arquitectónica como sus escasas obras construidas o sus abundantes escritos. Sin embargo, a partir de la década de los setenta, poco se conoce de su prolífica producción expositiva. Peter Smithson en la conferencia "The Masque and the Exhibition: Stages Towards the Real" en 1980 expresaba el importante significado que tenían las exposiciones para la conformación de su arquitectura como lugares de oportunidad para experimentar con la realidad. A partir de esta reflexión, parece lógico pensar que si hasta ese momento dichas instalaciones siempre fueron una herramienta con la que los Smithson han ofrecido algunos de sus momentos más intensos, las realizadas a partir de ese momento de reconocimiento consciente y puesta en valor de esta faceta de su trabajo, pese a su poca difusión, podrían entrañar una intensidad al menos similar a las que ya han destacado hasta el momento en los medios. Esta consideración, unida a las expectativas generadas en torno a la exposición Christmas-Hogmanay, tanto por ser simultánea a la elaboración de dicha conferencia, como por las ideas que se desprenden del análisis de un collage vinculado a la misma que aparece como preludio de esta tesis doctoral, ha dirigido la investigación hacia este último periodo de su arquitectura expositiva. En concreto, el estudio se centra en dos grupos que, dentro del amplio abanico de montajes expositivos realizados, destacan por poseer una cohesión intelectual propia que permitirá descubrir con mayor claridad las reflexiones que Alison y Peter Smithson ponen en escena. La tesis doctoral se estructura en cuatro grandes apartados. Arranca con un capítulo de introducción dedicado a enmarcar el tema de estudio en el que primero se analiza y contextualiza la arquitectura hecha exposición; después, se presenta la relevancia que tiene la obra expositiva en el trabajo de Alison y Peter Smithson; y finalmente se contextualiza el periodo concreto en el que se centra el estudio atendiendo tanto a su propia trayectoria como al discurso arquitectónico general. Los dos grandes apartados de la disertación son las exposiciones de Navidad y las realizadas junto a TECTA, estructurándose ambos de manera similar. Tras una breve introducción al grupo de exposiciones que se va a analizar, aparecen ampliamente documentadas cada una de las exposiciones que conforma el grupo a partir, principalmente, de la documentación inédita a la que se ha tenido acceso en los tres principales archivos dedicados a Alison and Peter Smithson: The Alison and Peter Smithson Archive en el Special Collections Department de la Frances Loeb Library de la Harvard Design School (Estados Unidos); The Alison and Peter Smithson Archiv / TECTA Archiv en Lauenförde (Alemania); y The Smithson Family Archive en Stamford (Inglaterra). Finalmente, cada capítulo se cierra con un ensayo en el que se analizan y relacionan las diferentes reflexiones que las exposiciones ofrecen, de manera individual y en su conjunto. El último capítulo es un breve epílogo que reúne y entrelaza todo lo anteriormente expuesto, a través de las exposiciones de Navidad y TECTA, en su obra más experimental, la Hexenhaus en Bad Karlshafen.<br>[CAT] Dins de l'enfocament polifacètic del treball d'Alison i Peter Smithson, les exposicions en són una peça fonamental. Un mitjà poderós per a comunicar i materialitzar les idees que, al llarg de tota la seua trajectòria, els van brindar l'oportunitat d'abordar amb llibertat la construcció experimental del seu pensament. Les seues propostes expositives de la dècada dels cinquanta i seixanta, com ara Parallel of Life and Art, House of the Future, o Patio & Pavilion, han sigut i són tant o més rellevants per a la crítica arquitectònica com les seues escasses obres construïdes o els seus abundants escrits. No obstant això, a partir de la dècada dels setanta, poc es coneix de la seua prolífica producció expositiva. Peter Smithson, en la conferència "The Masque and the Exhibition: Stages Towards the Real" al 1980, expressava l'important significat que tenien les exposicions per a la conformació de la seua arquitectura com a llocs d'oportunitat per a experimentar amb la realitat. A partir d'aquesta reflexió, sembla lògic pensar que, si fins a eixe moment les dites instal·lacions sempre van ser una eina amb la qual els Smithson han ofert alguns dels seus moments més intensos, les que van realitzar a partir d'aquest moment de reconeixement conscient i posada en valor d'aquesta faceta del seu treball, tot i la poca difusió, podrien contenir una intensitat com a mínim similar a la d'aquelles que ja han destacat fins al moment en els mitjans. Aquesta consideració, unida a les expectatives generades entorn a l'exposició Christmas-Hogmanay, tant per ser simultània a l'elaboració de la dita conferència, com per les idees que es desprenen de l'anàlisi d'un collage vinculat a la mateixa que apareix com a preludi d'aquesta tesi doctoral, ha dirigit la investigació cap a aquest últim període de la seua arquitectura expositiva. En concret, l'estudi se centra en dos grups que, dins de l'ampli ventall de muntatges expositius realitzats, destaquen per posseir una cohesió intel·lectual pròpia que permetrà descobrir amb una major claredat les reflexions que Alison i Peter Smithson posen en escena. La tesi doctoral s'estructura en quatre grans capítols. Arrenca amb un apartat d'introducció dedicat a emmarcar el tema d'estudi, en què primer s'analitza i contextualitza l'arquitectura feta exposició; després, es presenta la rellevància que té l'obra expositiva en el treball d'Alison i Peter Smithson; i finalment es contextualitza el període concret en què se centra l'estudi, atenent tant a la seua pròpia trajectòria com al discurs arquitectònic general. Els dos grans capítols de la dissertació són les exposicions de Nadal i les realitzades junt amb TECTA, i s'estructuren tots dos de manera similar. Després d'una breu introducció al grup d'exposicions que s'analitzarà, apareixen amplament documentades cadascuna de les exposicions que conforma el grup, a partir principalment de la documentació inèdita a la qual s'ha tingut accés en els tres principals arxius dedicats a Alison i Peter Smithson: The Alison and Peter Smithson Archive a l'Special Collections Department de la Frances Loeb Library de la Harvard Design School (Estats Units d'Amèrica); The Alison and Peter Smithson Archiv / TECTA Archiv a Lauenförde (Alemanya); i The Smithson Family Archive a Stamford (Anglaterra). Finalment, cada capítol es tanca amb un assaig en què s'analitzen i relacionen les diferents reflexions que les exposicions ofereixen, de manera individual i en conjunt. L'últim capítol és un breu epíleg que reuneix i entrellaça tot allò exposat anteriorment, a través de les exposicions de Nadal i TECTA, en la seua obra més experimental, la Hexenhausen Bad Karlshafen.<br>Ábalos Ramos, A. (2016). ALISON AND PETER SMITHSON: THE TRANSIENT AND THE PERMANENT [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62223<br>TESIS

碩士<br>國立彰化師範大學<br>美術學系<br>102<br>Abstract As the course of history changes, art museums worldwide are facing decreasing funds as well as diverse cultural competitions. As the result they have to embrace new changes in their operation policies. This paper discusses the development trend for art museums in Europe and America by examining the changes in their operation. From art museums’ commercialization, this paper explores art museums’ marketing strategies, expansions, franchising and exhibit rental and loan exhibition. Next it discusses, under the influence of the systematic changes in western art museums, how holding major international exhibitions becomes a trend among art museums in Taiwan in order to understand the current and future development of Taiwan’s art museums in holding special exhibitions. This study has discovered that art museums have incorporated marketing into their operation. Among art museums that seek franchising and alliances, the name Thomas Krens stands out. He was responsible for a series of expansion for Guggenheim Museum and planning on opening Guggenheim museums globally. His vision is to build Guggenheim into a globally renowned brand. For instance, Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is the classic example of how culture, when built as a brand, can stimulate the local tourism. Following the footsteps of Guggenheim, Louvre Museum’s Louvre Abu Dhabi pushes art museum expansion to another climax. As for marketing, art museums now rent their collections to increase revenues. They also have a more diversified operation strategy, such as including a gift shop, boutique shop, bookstore or restaurant to increase its revenue. Products in the stores are also more diversified than before. Such strategy will help bring in more revenue and visitors for the art museums. Large special exhibitions do create more business opportunities and attract more visitors for art museums, while making the organizing art museum’s exhibitions more diversified. Introducing major international exhibitions is also beneficial to the development of Taiwan’s art museums, since such exhibitions can promote the art museum’s awareness and attract more visitors while help people in Taiwan develop appreciation for art. While planning major international exhibitions, the local cultural context and environmental development should be the top priorities instead of revenue and visitor count. This paper uses the exhibition “Modigliani and His Circle” at Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts as an example and explains how this exhibition’s main theme corresponds to the local community. This allows visitors to be connected to the exhibition and be inspired, which is the main mission of art museums –educate the public. It will also continue to attract returning visitors, which is the only way for art museums to achieve sustainability.

碩士<br>國立臺灣藝術大學<br>視覺傳達設計學系碩士班<br>99<br>Children’s drawing revealed the most ingenious psychology and thinking of children, and is also a form of behavioral and language expression of children. Children’s drawing had its own connotation and took on various picture expression forms and different types and styles. In recent years, children’s drawing had gained more and more attention. Some researchers began to carry out different studies on it, and art teaching had become more interested in competitions. However, few studies investigated the forms of the prize winning works in children’s drawing competitions. In order to understand the drawing styles of prize winning works from the World School Children’s Painting Exhibitions, the study chose, as research subjects, part of the prize winning works of the Exhibition in Taiwan and Japan that have over 40 years of experience with the Exhibition. A total of 144 works created by kindergarten, low grade, intermediate grade and high grade students in the 2008 World School Children’s Painting Exhibition were selected as the study samples. Literature analysis and Delphi method were adopted to investigate and generalize the expressive forms of children’s drawing, which included: subject matter, composition, media and drawing frame, in order for the study to obtain further understanding on the influence and enlightenment of the prize winning works’ expressive forms on the future. The study found that the expressive forms of the Taiwanese and Japanese prize winning works in the 2008 World School Children’s Painting Exhibition were mostly dominated by the theme of children’s life. The composition styles showed significant differences among high grade students, with obvious adoption of vertical line composition and triangle composition. The paper materials used also showed significant differences between the low grade students of the two countries, among which the works in Taiwan all used only one kind of paper; and for the tools, oil-based markers and water-based paints were mostly used. Most of the works showed drawing of black frames. In terms of the three classifications of the item, the ratio in Taiwan was quite different from that in Japan. Based on the statistics performed according to expert classifications, the study analyzed the distribution of the prize winning works in Taiwan and Japan in terms of the students’ group (kindergarten, low grade, intermediate grade and high grade) and their expressive forms (subject matter, composition, media and drawing frame), and then further explored the art selection and educational issues derived from the Exhibition, in hope of providing reference and consideration for educators, children’s drawing competition organizers, researchers and parents towards the manifestation of children’s drawing. Keywords: Children’s art, children’s drawing, World School Children’s Painting Exhibition, Delphi method

碩士<br>國立臺北藝術大學<br>博物館研究所<br>107<br>Museum exhibition nowadays not only solely narrates, but also accelerates the audience’s perception of exhibitions through individual’s background and interest (Roppola, 2012). Meanwhile, under the influence of cognitive linguistics, metaphor not only serves as a form of rhetoric, but also the process by which people transform abstract concepts or difficult knowledge into more concrete ways of expression and action. This is an interdisciplinary research on museology and metaphor studies, with the case study of the exhibition “Kau-Puê, Mutual Companionship in Near Future”. The study proposes a conceptual metaphorical analysis to prove how multimodal metaphors could transfer the exhibition content to create a dialogue between curators and audience. This research adapts qualitative methods to collect data from both the curator and the audience. Combining Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Blending Theory, the paper offers a theoretical proposal called the Metaphor Identification Procedure of Exhibition (MIPE), along with the curator’s interview in carrying out exhibition analysis. Moreover, 9 audiences who participated in this case study shared their in-depth perceptions about each display in “Kau-Puê, Mutual Companionship in Near Future”. The researcher uses open coding to analyze the audiences’ descriptive experience, thus simulating a platform for curator and audience to exchange viewpoints through the interpretation of multimodal metaphors applied in exhibition. Three major findings in the study indicate that, first, metonymies are widely used as a display method when exhibition designer tries to give audience contexts about certain object or artworks, be it a location, or a historical scene; whereas multimodal metaphors usually contain difficult messages, atmosphere, or feelings. Second, exhibition narrative is a contact zone connecting the object or artwork displayed, the curator, and the audience. Finally, multimodal metaphors used in displays empower the audience to better understand the exhibition narrative, whilst creating a whole new experience that is intimate, unique and meaningful to each audience.

Relatório de estágio em Mestrado em Estudos Curatoriais, apresentado ao Colégio das Artes da Universidade de Coimbra, sob a orientação do Prof. Doutor Delfim José Gomes Ferreira Sardo e coorientação do Prof. Doutor Henrique Silva.<br>Este relatório tem por base o trabalho desenvolvido durante o estágio curricular na Fundação Bienal de Cerveira, no âmbito do mestrado em Estudos Curatoriais, do Colégio das Artes, da Universidade de Coimbra. Num primeiro momento, o trabalho desenvolvido traduziu-se numa investigação sobre as dezassete edições transatas da Bienal de Cerveira, a partir da qual foram recolhidos vários dados descritivos das mesmas, e foi feito um mapeamento da informação, de forma a organizála e compilá-la. A investigação foi sendo aprofundada e com alguma pesquisa complementar posterior, permitiu-se neste relatório uma apresentação histórica e documental da Bienal de Cerveira, desde a sua origem nos Encontros Internacionais de Arte em Portugal, até à atualidade. A primeira parte deste relatório diz respeito a essa abordagem, contextualizando a Bienal de Cerveira no panorama histórico nacional e na região onde prosperou, assim como a sua institucionalização e o seu património. Recontar a Bienal de Cerveira intitulou um projeto que constava na programação do Museu da Bienal, para o corrente ano. O projeto previa a recolha de memórias vivas sobre as primeiras bienais, através do registo em vídeo de depoimentos que revelassem histórias pessoais, que se viessem acrescentar à história da Bienal. Tendo havido a oportunidade de me envolver no projeto, toda a investigação que havia feito encontrou aqui a sua aplicação prática. O projeto partiu para a produção de uma exposição, como já estava previsto na programação do Museu, que pretendeu transparecer essas histórias pessoais, não só pela apresentação dos vídeos dos depoimentos, integrados na exposição, mas pela seleção de obras e objetos documentais que refletissem ligações, diretas ou indiretas, às referências dos testemunhos. A curadoria e produção da exposição, que manteve o mesmo tema, é apresentada e descrita na segunda parte deste relatório, tendo sido a experiência mais significativa e estimulante do estágio curricular, não só pessoalmente como enquanto mestranda e estagiária de Estudos Curatoriais. Por fim, é feita uma abordagem a outras atividades pontuais que fui experienciando durante o estágio, como por exemplo no âmbito do serviço educativo com crianças, e uma reflexão e comentário crítico final, onde foco a falta de dinâmica do Museu da Bienal, face aos anos de não bienal.<br>This report is based on the work done during the internship at the Cerveira Biennial Foundation, under the master's degree in Curatorial Studies, of the College of Arts of the University of Coimbra. At first, the work has resulted in an investigation on the seventeen previous editions of the Cerveira Biennial, from which were collected various descriptive data, and was made a mapping of information in order to compile and organize it. The research has been thorough and with some further additional research, a historical and documentary presentation of the Cerveira Biennial was allowed in this report, from its origin in the International Art Encounters in Portugal, to the present day. The first part of this report refers to this approach, contextualizing the Cerveira Biennial in national historical overview and in the region where it thrived, as well as its institutionalization and its heritage. Retell the Cerveira Biennial titled a project which was already included in the Biennial Museum program for the current year. The project intended the collection of living memories about the firsts biennials, by recording video testimonials that reveal personal stories, to be added to the history of the Biennale. Having had the opportunity to get involved in the project, all the research I had done before, found here its practical application. The project set off for producing an exhibition, as was already foreseen in the program of the Museum, which intended to disclose those personal stories, not only by presenting the testimonials videos, included in the exhibition, but by selecting works of art and documentary objects that would reflect direct or indirect links to the references of the testimonies. The curating and producing of the exhibition, which kept the same theme, is presented and described in the second part of this report, and it was the most significant and challenging experience of internship, not only personally but as a graduate student and intern in Curatorial Studies. Finally, it is made an approach to other specific activities that I have experienced during the internship, such as in the educational service with children, as well as a reflection and final review, where the focus is the lack of dynamic in the Biennial Museum in not biennial years.

碩士<br>臺南藝術學院<br>博物館學研究所<br>89<br>In Post-90s，Taipei Fine Art Museum adopts some more active strategies in pushing Taiwanese contemporary art into the global world of Art. There were two ways at the some time: one was “export”─the Taiwanese Pavilion at the Venice Biennial and the other was “import”─setting up the Taipei Biennial to invite international curators and artists in participating and communicating with local context. In the first part of my thesis, I review the “localization/globalization” discourse which lead me to realize that after the exhibition 1996 Taipei Biennial：the Identity Quest for Taiwanese Art, the call for “localization” alters its phase to “Globalization. ” Here, the “Globalization” rejuvenates itself from the previous dichotomization in becoming a term that is closer to a combination of “Localization＋Globalization, ” that is to say, in the globalized world, exhibitions tend to address the local characteristics whereas in the local space they attempt to girdle the international rail. In Post-90s, the discourses gather themselves to form the energy that allows local voices into the global community. “Taiwan Consciousness” controls the exported international exhibitions and the Taipei Biennial also bases on this notion to attract the international artists and curators. In the proceeding discussion, I used the method of “poetic and politics of exhibition “in New Museology to understand the structure, the process, and the interpretation of exhibitions. The case studies include 1995、1997、1999 The Taiwanese Pavilion at the Venice Biennial and 1998、2000 Taipei Biennial. The analysis clearly shows that the politics extends its power to the culture realm. Furthermore, the exhibition, as a whole, depends on the western structure and value while strategically combined with the “accomplice structure” of the western curators and judges. The reason lies in a void of identity and lack of confidence as the Taiwanese. Only when the western curators and our artists use their culture imagination to visualize the need of the international exhibition, then, depend on the western judges as well as curators to decide which styles should Taiwanese artists present, could we possibly receive attention in the global community. These strategies bring certain degrees of influence to the Taiwan contemporary art. Positively speaking: (1) Through these exchanging opportunities, they bring new excitations and ideas as well as accomplish the primary goal that establishes Taiwanese art circuit into a global network. （2）By this chance, the Taipei Fine Art Museum also has internal change in their organization system. Negatively speaking:（1）In connecting with international art society, these grand exhibitions over-centralize the resource, supplant some small exhibition out from the group, and dwindle the internal rejuvenation. （2）Since the strategy insists on grand exhibitions, it makes the “paragon” of the Taiwan contemporary art which narrows its potentiality in the future. Base on the above observations, I contribute two suggestions in my thesis:（1）Building multiple stepping channels for Art Exhibition .（2）Developing the epistemology and the ecological art network.

The loan of artworks is similar to the lending of artworks. It includes the transfer of possession of artistic goods between institutions or museums for a certain period of time. In this Master thesis, we approach the topic of lending of artworks along two chapters, plus an introduction and conclusion. Following our introduction, we seek to provide a definition of artworks. For that, we refer to the artworks as legal goods. What we attempt to demonstrate is that artworks are indeed objects of significant cultural value, that are willing to partake international commercial transactions. In addition, we seek to analyze the existing definition of cultural goods, in the frame of the existing international conventions and european regulations for protection of cultural heritage. Throughout chapter 3 of our work, we seek to describe what a temporary loan of artworks consists of. Our aim is to characterize the loan from a legal standpoint. For a lending of artworks to occur, the parties involved in the transaction often sign a loan agreement. We thus focus our analysis on some of the conditions that can be considered mandatory when signing a loan agreement. As we will mention, the conditions agreed by the parties mostly abide with the usages and practices established by the professionals in the art sector. However, there are certain litigation cases that require the application of judicial remedies by arbitral tribunals or State courts.<br>A concessão temporária de bens culturais móveis corresponde à cedência de bens móveis que se revestem de um particular interesse cultural, por um período de tempo delimitado. Por bens culturais móveis, referimo-nos a bens, ou coisas, passíveis de serem transportados, e que são dotados de valor cultural e artístico. A concessão temporária de bens culturais móveis é o tema que abordamos nesta dissertação de Mestrado. Após uma introdução ao tema, procuramos apresentar uma definição jurídica de bem cultural móvel. Por um lado, veremos que, para o Direito, os objetos de arte são considerados bens móveis, passíveis de integrar o tráfego comercial internacional. Por outro lado, convocamos a definição existente no quadro dos tratados internacionais e regulamentos comunitários adotados em matéria de património cultural. No capítulo 3 do nosso trabalho, procuramos apresentar uma síntese daquilo em que consiste a concessão temporária de bens culturais móveis. Não contornando o facto de que o estudo da obra de arte (e da sua gestão) é sobretudo objeto de estudo da filosofia, das belas-artes ou da museologia, o que visamos é apresentar uma breve análise do contrato de concessão temporária de obras de arte, de um ponto de vista jurídico. Concentramos a nossa análise em alguns dos elementos considerados indispensáveis para a celebração de um contrato ou protocolo de concessão de objetos de arte. Como veremos, o cumprimento das condições acordadas entre as partes num acordo de concessão temporária deverá ocorrer em conformidade com um conjunto de práticas consagradas por profissionais e peritos do setor cultural e artístico. Apesar disso, surgem por vezes certos casos de litígio, para resolução dos quais são convocados os tribunais arbitrais ou estaduais.

Depuis les années 1980-1990, au moment où on assiste, dans le monde de l’art contemporain globalisé, à une prolifération des biennales internationales d’art contemporain, le climat de compétition s’intensifie et l’univers des biennales se phénoménalise et s’homogénéise. Ce mémoire a pour but d’historiciser et de définir les biennales sous leur nature phénoménale afin d’identifier, parmi leur hétérogénéité, un dénominateur commun sous lequel il est possible de comparer ces institutions artistiques en toute légitimité. Le projet étudie ce point de comparaison défini selon les trois critères d’autoévaluation des biennales identifiés dans cette recherche : la globalisation, l’industrie culturelle et touristique, ainsi que l’événementiel et le spectaculaire. Ce mémoire présente comme étude de cas la Biennale de Montréal et son récent renouvèlement. Il fait le point sur la controverse y étant reliée à travers une analyse comparée de la nouvelle Biennale de Montréal et les grandes biennales internationales.<br>Since the 1980s and 1990s, back when Contemporary Art Biennials were quickly spreading in the Global Artworld, the climate of competition has been intensifying. The world of biennials is becoming more homogenous and more of a phenomenon each year. The current study’s purpose is to historicize and define the biennials according to their phenomenal nature in order to go beyond their heterogeneity and find a common denominator which would allow the comparison of such artistic institutions in a legitimate way. The project will study this point of comparison according to three areas of self-assessment identified for this purpose: globalization, the cultural and touristic industries as well as the entertainment industry. The case study for this research is Montreal’s biennial and its recent renewal. It will explore the controversy related to the subject by analysing and comparing the new Montreal Biennial to the great international biennials.