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Journal articles on the topic 'International code for marketing substitutes of breast milk'

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Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Hidayana, Irma, Judhiastuty Februhartanty, and Vida A. Parady. "Violations of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes: Indonesia context." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 1 (2016): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980016001567.

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AbstractObjectivesTo measure compliance with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (‘the Code’) in Indonesia.DesignThe study was a cross-sectional survey using the Interagency Group on Breastfeeding Monitoring protocol.SettingPublic and private health facilities in six provinces on Java island in Indonesia.SubjectsA total of 874 women (382 pregnant women and 492 breast-feeding mothers of infants below 6 months) and seventy-seven health workers were recruited from eighteen participating health facilities. The study also analysed a total of forty-four labels of breast-mi

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Wungrath, Jukkrit. "Thailand's Position on the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes: An Overview." Journal of Child Science 13, no. 01 (2023): e127-e133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1776402.

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AbstractThe International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes aims to regulate marketing practices of breast milk substitutes to protect breastfeeding. The Code was introduced due to the negative impact of aggressive marketing and promotion of breast milk substitutes on breastfeeding rates, which provide essential nutrients and health benefits for both infants and mothers. Key provisions of the Code, such as banning advertising and promotion to the general public and ensuring accurate information from manufacturers, help reduce the influence of marketing on infant feeding choices. Man

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Becker, Genevieve E. "Marketing Breastfeeding Substitutes: A Discussion Document." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (2020): 9239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249239.

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Marketing influences knowledge, attitudes, and decisions related to infant and young child nutrition, safety, development, parental confidence, and other aspects of health and wellbeing of the child. These attitudes and behaviours of parents, health workers, policy makers, and other influencers have short- and long-term effects on the child. There is an International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes. Is it time to have a code of marketing of breastfeeding substitutes?

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Soldavini, Jessica, and Lindsey Smith Taillie. "Recommendations for Adopting the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes Into U.S. Policy." Journal of Human Lactation 33, no. 3 (2017): 582–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334417703063.

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In 1981, the World Health Organization adopted the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes ( International Code), with subsequent resolutions adopted since then. The International Code contributes to the safe and adequate provision of nutrition for infants by protecting and promoting breastfeeding and ensuring that human milk substitutes, when necessary, are used properly through adequate information and appropriate marketing and distribution. Despite the World Health Organization recommendations for all member nations to implement the International Code in its entirety, the

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Vinje, Kristine Hansen, Linh Thi Hong Phan, Tuan Thanh Nguyen, Sigrun Henjum, Lovise Omoijuanfo Ribe, and Roger Mathisen. "Media audit reveals inappropriate promotion of products under the scope of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes in South-East Asia." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 8 (2017): 1333–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980016003591.

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AbstractObjectiveTo review regulations and to perform a media audit of promotion of products under the scope of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (‘the Code’) in South-East Asia.DesignWe reviewed national regulations relating to the Code and 800 clips of editorial content, 387 advertisements and 217 Facebook posts from January 2015 to January 2016. We explored the ecological association between regulations and market size, and between the number of advertisements and market size and growth of milk formula.SettingCambodia, Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam.Re

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Liu, Aihua, Yaohua Dai, Xiaohua Xie, and Li Chen. "Implementation of International Code of Marketing Breast-Milk Substitutes in China." Breastfeeding Medicine 9, no. 9 (2014): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2014.0053.

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Lutter, Chessa K. "The International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes: lessons learned and implications for the regulation of marketing of foods and beverages to children." Public Health Nutrition 16, no. 10 (2012): 1879–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012004235.

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AbstractObjectiveTo identify lessons learned from 30 years of implementing the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (‘the Code’) and identify lessons learned for the regulation of marketing foods and beverages to children.DesignHistorical analysis of 30 years of implementing the Code.SettingLatin America and the Caribbean.SubjectsNone.ResultsLegislation to restrict marketing of breast-milk substitutes is necessary but not sufficient; equally important are the promulgation of implementing regulations, effective enforcement and public monitoring of compliance. A system of f

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8

Gossler, Sandra M. "Selling Out Mothers and Babies by Marsha Walker." Journal of Perinatal Education 12, no. 1 (2003): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1058-1243.12.1.48.

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The monitoring project reported in Marsha Walker’s book, Selling Out Mothers and Babies, offers a qualitative assessment of formula companies’ unethical marketing practices in the United States. The book presents extensive documentation on the questionable strategies of formula companies and how they avoid and circumvent recommendations of the International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes.

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Brodribb, Wendy E. "Ethics and the WHO “International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes”." Breastfeeding Medicine 9, no. 3 (2014): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2014.9991.

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Boccolini, Cristiano, Patricia Boccolini, and Raquel Mezzavilla. "National System to Monitor the International Code of Breast Milk Substitutes in Brazil: SisNBCAL." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (2020): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa051_002.

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Abstract Objectives We aim to describe the research protocols developed for the System to Monitor the International Code for Breast Milk Substitutes NBCAL in Brazil (known as “The Brazilian Code”). Methods We have developed an internet-based program for ongoing monitoring of the Brazilian Code. Eleven institutions from all the 5 Brazilian regions were involved to develop and validate a standardized questionnaire to monitor retail stores and health facilities. This questionnaire was adapted to the system and can be filled in a computer or mobile device. Three users were designed: citizens, gove

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11

Sikkink, Kathryn. "Codes of conduct for transnational corporations: the case of the WHO/UNICEF code." International Organization 40, no. 4 (1986): 815–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027387.

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The WHO/UNICEF International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes was passed by the 1981 World Health Assembly. Subsequent arrangements between the Nestlé Corporation and its nongovernmental critics for the implementation of the code indicate what is possible within the normative framework of an emerging regime on investment and transnational corporations. In the baby food case the context was particularly positive. A high level of consensual knowledge, the successful strategies of nongovernmental organizations, the susceptibility of the involved industries to pressure, the brevity of

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McInnes, Rhona J., Charlotte Wright, Shogufta Haq, and Margaret McGranachan. "Who's keeping the code? Compliance with the international code for the marketing of breast-milk substitutes in Greater Glasgow." Public Health Nutrition 10, no. 7 (2007): 719–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007441453.

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AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate compliance with the World Health Organization's International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes in primary care, after the introduction of strict local infant feeding guidelines.DesignAn audit form was sent to all community-based health professionals with an infant feeding remit. Walking tours were conducted in a random sample of community care facilities.SettingGreater Glasgow Primary Care Division.Subjects(1) Primary-care staff with an infant feeding remit; (2) community health-care facilities.Main outcome measuresContact with manufacturers of breast-m

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Ahmed, Azza H. "The International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes: Update on the Global Implementation." Journal of Human Lactation 36, no. 4 (2020): 803–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334420950258.

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Vettorazzi, Renata, Uroš Rajkovič, and Ljubiša Pađen. "PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CODE OF MARKETING OF BREAST-MILK SUBSTITUTES – NARRATIVE REVIEW." Slovenska pediatrija, revija pediatrov Slovenije in specialistov šolske ter visokošolske medicine Slovenije 30, no. 1 (2023): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.38031/slovpediatr-2023-1-05en.

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Barennes, Hubert, Guenther Slesak, Sophie Goyet, Percy Aaron, and Leila M. Srour. "Enforcing the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes for Better Promotion of Exclusive Breastfeeding." Journal of Human Lactation 32, no. 1 (2015): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334415607816.

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Exclusive breastfeeding, one of the best natural resources, needs protection and promotion. The International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (the Code), which aims to prevent the undermining of breastfeeding by formula advertising, faces implementation challenges. We reviewed frequently overlooked challenges and obstacles that the Code is facing worldwide, but particularly in Southeast Asia. Drawing lessons from various countries where we work, and following the example of successful public health interventions, we discussed legislation, enforcement, and experiences that are need

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Pomeranz, Jennifer L., and Jennifer L. Harris. "Federal Regulation of Infant and Toddler Food and Drink Marketing and Labeling." American Journal of Law & Medicine 45, no. 1 (2019): 32–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0098858819849991.

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Foods and beverages marketed for infants, babies, and toddlers through 3 years of age is a $7 billion industry in the United States, incorporating a wide range of products, including infant formula and other types of drinks, foods, and snacks. The World Health Organization (“WHO”) found that mothers “are often inundated with incorrect and biased information” from direct advertising, health claims on products, information packs from sales representatives, and the distribution of samples of infant formula and “educational materials” by infant formula manufacturers. To address these problematic p

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Becker, Genevieve E., Constance Ching, Paul Zambrano, Allison Burns, Jennifer Cashin, and Roger Mathisen. "Evidence of Violations of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes since the Adoption by the World Health Assembly in 1981: A Systematic Scoping Review Protocol." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (2021): 9523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189523.

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This is the protocol for a scoping review that aims to systematically explore and summarise the published evidence of violations of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (the Code) and subsequent World Health Assembly Resolutions globally. The planned scoping review will seek to identify what research has been conducted on the topic, examine the geographic spread and nature of violations, and summarise knowledge gaps. The Code was adopted in 1981 by the World Health Assembly to protect infant health, in particular from aggressive and inappropriate marketing of breastmi

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Harris, Jennifer L., and Jennifer L. Pomeranz. "Infant formula and toddler milk marketing: opportunities to address harmful practices and improve young children’s diets." Nutrition Reviews 78, no. 10 (2020): 866–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuz095.

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Abstract Children’s diets in their first 1000 days influence dietary preferences, eating habits, and long-term health. Yet the diets of most infants and toddlers in the United States do not conform to recommendations for optimal child nutrition. This narrative review examines whether marketing for infant formula and other commercial baby/toddler foods plays a role. The World Health Organization’s International Code of Marketing Breast-milk Substitutes strongly encourages countries and manufacturers to prohibit marketing practices that discourage initiation of, and continued, breastfeeding. How

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Funduluka, P., S. Bosomprah, R. Chilengi, R. H. Mugode, P. A. Bwembya, and B. Mudenda. "Marketing of breast-milk substitutes in Zambia: evaluation of compliance to the international regulatory code." Journal of Public Health 40, no. 1 (2017): e1-e7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdx023.

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Taylor, A. "Violations of the international code of marketing of breast milk substitutes: prevalence in four countries." BMJ 316, no. 7138 (1998): 1117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7138.1117.

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Ergin, Ahmet, Celile Hatipoğlu, Ali İhsan Bozkurt, et al. "Compliance Status of Product Labels to the International Code on Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes." Maternal and Child Health Journal 17, no. 1 (2012): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-012-0971-5.

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Grummer-Strawn, Laurence M., and David Lawson Clark. "David Clark: Defender of Human Rights and Breastfeeding." Journal of Human Lactation 36, no. 2 (2020): 221–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334420902685.

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On September 10, I had the pleasure of interviewing my friend and colleague David Lawson Clark, the legal advisor for infant and young child nutrition and expert on the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes at UNICEF. A native of Scotland, David began his career as an attorney with the Scottish Development Agency and subsequently worked for the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute in Rome, Italy. Since 1995, David has assisted more than 60 countries in drafting legislation to implement the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitut

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Bayard, Chantal, and Phyllis L. F. Rippey. "Cornering the Market on Maternal Affect: A Discourse Analysis of a Social Media Marketing Campaign for Infant Formula." IJFAB: International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics 16, no. 2 (2023): 115–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ijfab-2022-0015.

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Breastfeeding advocates and global health agencies have been sounding alarms about the dangers of digital marketing practices of the formula-feeding industry. This study comprised a feminist discourse analysis of materials produced (blog, social media posts, comments) in a paid partnership between baby formula brand Enfamil and an influencer, Marilou Bourdon from Trois fois par jour. Our analysis reveals a sophisticated marketing campaign that co-opts feminist critiques of breastfeeding promotion discourse while carefully avoiding explicitly violating the International Code of Marketing of Bre

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Gyamfi, Adwoa, William Ekow Spio Donkor, and Richmond Aryeetey. "Linkages Between Breast Milk Substitute Limiting Interventions and Breastfeeding Outcomes: A Scoping Review." Journal of Science and Technology (Ghana) 43, no. 1 (2025): 103–30. https://doi.org/10.4314/just.v43i1.8.

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Background: The initiation of infants to human milk within the first hour of delivery, exclusive breastfeeding for 180 days and continued breastfeeding up to 24 months or beyond are standard breastfeeding recommendations. However, globally, the majority of infants do not experience optimal breastfeeding for many reasons including the unethical and inappropriate commercial marketing strategies that expose children to breast milk substitutes (BMS). Research Aim: To identify and categorise published interventions that promote, protect and support breastfeeding while limiting exposure to and use o

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Michaud-Létourneau, Isabelle, Marion Gayard, and David Louis Pelletier. "Translating the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes into national measures in nine countries." Maternal & Child Nutrition 15 (February 2019): e12730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12730.

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Kenon, Clifton J. "Overcoming Barriers to Implementing the International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes—The Rosebud Experience." Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 42 (June 2013): S62—S63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12143.

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Koronkiewicz-Wiórek, Anna. "Deficyty obowiązującej w prawie polskim regulacji w zakresie reklamy i innych technik marketingowych dotyczących produktów relewantnych dla ochrony karmienia piersią, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem preparatów do początkowego żywienia niemowląt. Zarys problematyki." Przegląd Prawa i Administracji 112 (August 2, 2018): 79–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1134.112.6.

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THE REGULATORY DEFICIENCIES OF POLISH REGULATION CONCERNING ADVERTISEMENT AND OTHER MARKETING TECHNIQUES RELATING TO PRODUCTS RELEVANT TO PROTECTION OF BREASTFEEDING, WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO THE INFANT FORMULAE. AN OUTLINE OF THE ISSUESThe aim of this article is to draw attention to the regulatory deficiencies of Polish regulation concerning advertisement and other marketing techniques related to products relevant to protection of breastfeeding, with special regard to infant formulas, and the evaluation of its effectiveness for breastfeeding protection. This regulation is non-transparent, heter

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Ching, Constance, Paul Zambrano, Tuan T. Nguyen, Manisha Tharaney, Maurice Gerald Zafimanjaka, and Roger Mathisen. "Old Tricks, New Opportunities: How Companies Violate the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes and Undermine Maternal and Child Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (2021): 2381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052381.

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Breastfeeding is critical to maternal and child health and survival, and the benefits persist until later in life. Inappropriate marketing of breastmilk substitutes (BMS), feeding bottles, and teats threatens the enabling environment of breastfeeding, and exacerbates child mortality, morbidity, and malnutrition, especially in the context of COVID-19. These tactics also violate the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes. This study identified marketing tactics of BMS companies since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic by reviewing promotional materials and activities from 9 c

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Hardy, B. J. "Commentary: Getting to Compliance. Multisector dialogue, collaboration and the International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes." Journal of Public Health 35, no. 2 (2013): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdt025.

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Greiner, Ted. "Protecting Infant Health: A Health Worker'S Guide to the International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes." Journal of Human Lactation 5, no. 1 (1989): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089033448900500130.

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Bernshaw, Nicole J. "Book Review: The International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes: A Common Review and Evaluation Framework." Journal of Human Lactation 14, no. 1 (1998): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089033449801400121.

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Pereira-Kotze, Catherine, Tanya Doherty, and Elizabeth C. Swart. "Use of social media platforms by manufacturers to market breast-milk substitutes in South Africa." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 12 (2020): e003574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003574.

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In South Africa (SA), exclusive breast feeding remains rare, with breast-milk substitutes (BMS) commonly being used in ways that are detrimental to infant and young child nutrition, health and survival. The use of internet, digital and mobile platforms has increased, including in low-income and middle-income countries, like SA and these platforms are avenues for BMS marketing. SA has national legislation (Regulation R991) to enforce the International Code of Marketing of BMS. This paper aims to provide pertinent examples of how BMS manufacturers in SA use social media to market their products

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Dodgson, Joan E., Amanda L. Watkins, Angela B. Bond, Cheryl Kintaro-Tagaloa, Alondra Arellano, and Patrick A. Allred. "Compliance with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes: An Observational Study of Pediatricians' Waiting Rooms." Breastfeeding Medicine 9, no. 3 (2014): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2013.0096.

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Gitz, Evelyn. "Violations of the Code in Argentina: analysis of promotions, advertising and labeling of commercial milk formula and complementary foods products." World Nutrition 14, no. 2 (2023): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26596/wn.20231423-12.

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Breastfeeding has unique benefits for the child and the mother, and its decline may be one of the most significant mass phenomena in infant feeding. While there are several causes, standing out among them is the marketing practices of commercial milk formula (CMF) and commercial complementary foods (CCF). This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using qualitative and quantitative methodology, between August 2018 and August 2020. Regarding the promotion, advertising and labeling of CMF and CCF, none of the companies in Argentina at the time complied with the International Code of Ma

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Piaggio, Laura Raquel, Belén Nuñez, Ignacio Porras, and Florencia Guma. "Formula for deception: Corporate violations and State negligence; Labelling and advertising in breast-milk substitutes in Argentina." World Nutrition 14, no. 2 (2023): 13–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26596/wn.202314213-32.

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The protection of breastfeeding is a human rights issue. It is closely related to the right that babies and mothers have to the highest attainable standard of health, to adequate nutrition and to reliable information. Argentina has incorporated the “International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes” into different regulations in a partial and fragmentary manner, being considered a country “with some provisions of the Code included”.This article is intended to present an assessment of the level of compliance with the rules currently in force in Argentina by corporations as well as by st

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Tharaney, Manisha, Ella Campaore, Jillian Emerson, et al. "Violations of the International Code (Code) of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (BMS) in Health Systems of Burkina Faso and Cote d'Ivoire." Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (2022): 1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac071.005.

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Abstract Objectives Marketing of BMS continue to undermine breastfeeding globally. The health system is the most frequently used marketing platform in West Africa. In Burkina Faso (BF) and Cote d'Ivoire (CI), we aimed to understand the frequency and type of contacts between representatives of BMS companies and health workers, the presence of educational materials and branded equipment in health facilities, and their overall prevalence in public and private health facilities. Methods In 2021, we used the World Health Organization's NetCode protocol and conducted semi-structured interviews with

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Vanderlinden, Karen, Veerle Buffel, Bart Van de Putte, and Sarah Van de Velde. "Motherhood in Europe: An Examination of Parental Leave Regulations and Breastfeeding Policy Influences on Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration." Social Sciences 9, no. 12 (2020): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9120222.

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This study examines how European variation in breastfeeding initiation and duration rates is related to the presence of baby-friendly hospitals, the international code of marketing of breast-milk substitutes, and different constellations of maternal, paternal, and parental leave. We use Eurobarometer data (2005) to compare initiation and duration levels across 21 European countries within a multilevel regression framework. We find that countries play a significant role in determining breastfeeding through their different social policies. Breastfeeding practices across different leave regulatio

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Serbezova, Ivanichka, and Daniela Lyutakova. "IS ANYBODY KEEPING THE CODE IN BULGARIA? A STUDY TO EXPLORE LOCAL PARENTS' AWARENESS REGARDING THE INTERNATIONAL CODE FOR THE MARKETING OF BREAST-MILK SUBSTITUTES." Proceedings of CBU in Medicine and Pharmacy 2 (October 24, 2021): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/pmp.v2.188.

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This paper reviews Bulgarian parents’ awareness concerning the existence of the WHO Code for the marketing of breast-milk substitutes and how it can help them optimize their breastfeeding journey. Frequently occurring problems and breaches of the Code in Bulgaria are discussed, and their context explained. We focus on parental attitudes and investigate whether they acknowledge the significant necessity for a Code-compliant prenatal education and postnatal care. We also explore their viewpoints on the implementation of the Code and maximizing compliance with it on a local level. The research fi

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Thanh Son, Nguyen, Simon Barraclough, Martha Morrow, and Duong Quang Trung. "Controlling Infant Formula Promotion in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: Barriers to Policy Implementation in the Health Sector." Australian Journal of Primary Health 6, no. 1 (2000): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py00003.

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Despite the irrefutable evidence of the dangers of bottle feeding and international recommendations for exclusive breastfeeding of young infants, breast milk substitutes are widely used and continue to be promoted. National and international codes to restrict marketing activities of formula companies have had little effect in many countries. Breastfeeding is nearly universally practised in Vietnam, but rarely in accordance with current guidelines for optimal infant outcomes, and infant formula is easily available, especially in large cities, where socio-economic changes linked to transition to

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Johnson, Douglas A., and Laura J. Duckett. "Advocacy, Strategy and Tactics Used to Confront Corporate Power: The Nestlé Boycott and International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes." Journal of Human Lactation 36, no. 4 (2020): 568–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334420955158.

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Douglas A. Johnson began his career as a human rights activist while earning his undergraduate degree in philosophy (1975) at Macalester College in the United States. He lived at Gandhi’s ashram in India to study nonviolent organizing (1969 to 1970). He served as the director of the Third World Institute in Minneapolis, MN, USA (1973–1979), which functioned as the international social justice program of the Archdiocese of Minneapolis and St. Paul. Johnson’s work included creating and running a political collective; leading development study tours into villages in Guatemala and Honduras; and in

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Vitalis, Debbie, Chantell Witten, and Rafael Pérez-Escamilla. "Gearing up to improve exclusive breastfeeding practices in South Africa." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (2022): e0265012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265012.

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South Africa has one of the lowest breastfeeding rates on the African continent. Globally, just 44% of infants are breastfed soon after birth, and 40% of those less than six months old are exclusively breastfed. To improve infant nutrition by 2025, the United Nations established targets to eliminate malnutrition and increase exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rates to at least 50%. Despite the WHO Code regulations endorsed by the World Health Assembly since 1981, breaches continue to be prevalent due to a combination of weak implementation, monitoring and enforcement in low-to-middle income countri

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Forsyth, S. "Non-compliance with the International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes is not confined to the infant formula industry." Journal of Public Health 35, no. 2 (2013): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fds084.

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Bevin, Tui. "Breaking The Rules 1994:A worldwide report on Violations of the WHOIUNICEF International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes." Journal of Human Lactation 11, no. 1 (1995): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089033449501100132.

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Hoepner, Andreas G. F., Thereza Raquel Sales de Aguiar, and Ravi Majithia. "The Level of Compliance with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes: Does it Matter to Stock Markets?" Journal of Business Ethics 119, no. 3 (2013): 329–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1625-2.

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Forsyth, J. S. "International code of marketing of breast-milk substitutes--three decades later time for hostilities to be replaced by effective national and international governance." Archives of Disease in Childhood 95, no. 10 (2010): 769–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.2010.187294.

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Agbozo, Faith, Doris Ocansey, Prosper Atitto, and Albrecht Jahn. "Compliance of a Baby-Friendly Designated Hospital in Ghana With the WHO/UNICEF Baby and Mother-Friendly Care Practices." Journal of Human Lactation 36, no. 1 (2019): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334419848728.

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Background: Although the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative has improved breastfeeding rates globally, weak monitoring still affects hospital-level implementation. Research aim: To reassess compliance of a Baby-Friendly Hospital with the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding, International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes, HIV and Infant Feeding, and Mother-Friendly Care following the WHO/UNICEF global criteria. Methods: In this cross-sectional, prospective, mixed-methods study ( N = 180), clinical staff ( n = 60), pregnant women ( n = 40), postpartum mothers ( n = 60), and mothers

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Koletzko, Berthold. "Marketing of Dietetic Products for Infants and Young Children in Europe Three Decades after Adoption of the International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 59, no. 2-4 (2011): 70–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000332738.

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Kantorová, Lucia, Andrea Poloková, Michal Sýkora, Tereza Vrbová, Miloslav Klugar, and Jitka Klugarová. "Breastfeeding support and avoiding inappropriate breast milk substitute marketing in a neonatal ward in the Czech Republic: a best practice implementation project." JBI Evidence Implementation 21, S1 (2023): S47—S56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/xeb.0000000000000388.

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ABSTRACT Objectives: The aim of this implementation project was to improve breastfeeding support, and more specifically, to increase compliance with the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) and the requirements of the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes (the Code). Introduction: The Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding of the BFHI have been shown to improve breastfeeding outcomes at target hospitals. The Code is a minimum standard for the regulation of marketing practices related to breastfeeding support. Methods: We used the JBI evidence implementation model to iden

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Unar-Munguía, Mishel, Andrea Santos-Guzmán, Pedro Javier Mota-Castillo, et al. "Digital marketing of formula and baby food negatively influences breast feeding and complementary feeding: a cross-sectional study and video recording of parental exposure in Mexico." BMJ Global Health 7, no. 11 (2022): e009904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009904.

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BackgroundThere is little evidence of the association between digital marketing of formula and baby food and infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices.ObjectiveAssess parents’ exposure to digital marketing of formula and baby food for children <2 years and its association with the purchase and IYCF practices in Mexico.MethodsParents ≥18 years recruited from a market research panel completed an online survey (n=1074) and capture-on-screen (n=95) between December 2020 and January 2021. Logistic regressions were used to estimate the association between exposure to digital marketing of fo

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Kyenkya, Margaret Isabirye, and Kathleen A. Marinelli. "Being There: The Development of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes, the Innocenti Declaration and the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative." Journal of Human Lactation 36, no. 3 (2020): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334420926951.

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Margaret Isabirye Kyenkya (photo) grew up in Uganda with five bothers and six sisters. Her Bachelor of Arts was in Social Work and Social Administration (Makerere University, Uganda), and was followed by a Masters in Sociology, (Nairobi University), and a Certificate in Mother and Child Health (International Child Health Institute, London). Her PhD focused on Hospital Administration inspired by the WHO/UNICEF Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative. She has worked as a researcher, the founder of Non-Governmental Organizations, a Senior United Nations Officer (New York Headquarters and several region

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