Journal articles: 'International Comparison Programme'

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Whitestone, Ben. "The International Comparison Programme: 2005 results and supporting the programme." Economic & Labour Market Review 2, no. 2 (February 2008): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/elmr.2008.24.

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Szilágyi, György. "The European Comparison Programme 1990 – an international comparison of Gross Domestic Product." Statistical Journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 11, no. 1 (March 1, 1994): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sju-1994-11104.

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Aminian, Gholamreza, and John Mitchell O’Toole. "Undergraduate prosthetics and orthotics programme objectives:a baseline for international comparison and curricular development." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 35, no. 4 (October 31, 2011): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364611425094.

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Background: Prosthetics and orthotics is a relatively recent addition to the suite of undergraduate professional preparation programmes. There has been limited publication regarding international patterns of curriculum development, particularly concerning how objectives differ across global regions. Objectives: This paper compares current prosthetics and orthotics curricula from a range of regions and identifies both common and distinctive objectives. Study Design: Mixed method: document analysis followed by modified Delphi process. Methods: Documents were analysed qualitatively to compare various curricula and emergent features were evaluated by a group of expert prosthetics and orthotics instructors. Results: There was substantial agreement that programmes should improve student knowledge and understanding. They should establish and extend student fabrication, communication skills and professional co-operation. However, there appeared to be regional differences in the priority given to critical thinking and clinical reasoning; integration of theory and practice and particular approaches to teaching prosthetics and orthotics. Conclusions: This study revealed substantial consensus regarding the importance of clear programme objectives dealing with student abilities, professional skills and contemporary understanding. However, this study also revealed regional differences that may well reward further investigation.

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Tall, Graham, Graham Upton, and Azza Ghanem. "Students' perceptions of a professional development programme: an international comparison." Teacher Development 3, no. 3 (October 1999): 355–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13664539900200091.

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Rae Duk Lee, Han Jun Kim, and G. W. Small. "International comparison of standard capacitors under the Asia/Pacific metrology programme." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 44, no. 2 (April 1995): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.377875.

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Brink, Sophia. "An evaluation of the income tax treatment of client loyalty programme transactions by South African suppliers." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 8, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v8i1.88.

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The popularity of client loyalty programmes has increased drastically over the past few years, with more than 100 suppliers in South Africa currently making use of them. Despite the fact that client loyalty programmes have been prevalent in South Africa since the 1980s, the South African Revenue Service has issued no specific guidance on the income tax treatment of client loyalty programme transactions. The main objective of the research was to determine whether South African client loyalty programme suppliers treat client loyalty programme transactions correctly for income tax purposes. In order to meet this objective, available local and international literature were analysed to determine the proposed income tax treatment of a client loyalty programme transaction expenditure incurred by supplier for purposes of the client loyalty programme. The proposed correct income tax treatment was compared with a survey circulated to a population of client loyalty programme suppliers in South Africa. The comparison indicated that in practice the Income Tax Act No. 58 of 1962 is treated differently from the proposed treatment. This incorrect tax treatment could result in possible financial loss to the client loyalty programme supplier as taxpayer.

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Horner, M. B., K. Richter, A. Peil, and V. G. M. Bus. "Comparison of fire blight resistance screening protocols in two international breeding programmes." New Zealand Plant Protection 68 (January 8, 2015): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2015.68.5802.

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Experiments were carried out to compare fire blight resistance screening methodologies used in the German and New Zealand pipfruit breeding programmes The small differences between the respective screening methodologies did not result in significant differences in the incidence of fire blight infection or the amount of resistance observed in plants Differences in bacterial growth media inoculum suspension and inoculation technique did not have a significant effect on the incidence of fire blight infection or the extent of resistance expression in various apple cultivars Some of the Erwinia amylovora isolates had a significant effect on the level of disease expression on different cultivars These differences can be used as tools to identify resistance quantitative trait loci in different cultivars Results from these experiments have led to standardisation of screening methods between the two countries and provided confidence in comparing the findings of the New Zealand/German collaborative resistance research programme

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Dalen, J., G. A. Blok, M. J. Moriey, J. Morton, B. Haase-Kromwijk, R. A. Sells, and R. W. G. Johnson. "Participants' judgements of the European Donor Hospital Education Programme (EDHEP): an international comparison." Transplant International 12, no. 3 (May 1999): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-2277.1999.tb00604.x.

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Giardini, W. J., C. Calderon, F. Cheng-yen, K. K. Hau, C.-S. Kang, S. M. Lee, F. Lesha, et al. "International comparison of surface-texture parameters organized by the Asia-Pacific Metrology Programme." Metrologia 39, no. 2 (April 2002): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/39/2/11.

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van Dalen, J., G. A. Blok, M. J. Morley, J. Morton, B. Haase-Kromwijk, R. A. Sells, and R. W. G. Johnson. "Participants' judgements of the European Donor Hospital Education Programme (EDHEP): an international comparison." Transplant International 12, no. 3 (June 23, 1999): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001470050208.

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Capraro, Robert M., Mary Margaret Capraro, Z. Ebrar Yetkiner, Serkan Özel, Hae Gyu Kim, and Ali Riza Küçük. "An International Comparison of Grade 6 Students' Understanding of the Equal Sign." Psychological Reports 106, no. 1 (February 2010): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.106.1.49-53.

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This study extends the scope of international comparisons examining students' conceptions of the equal sign. Specifically, Korean ( n = 193) and Turkish ( n = 334) Grade 6 students were examined to assess whether their conceptions and responses were similar to prior findings published for Chinese and U.S. students and to hypothesize relationships about problem types and conceptual understanding of the equal sign. About 59.6% of the Korean participants correctly answered all items providing conceptually accurate solutions, as compared to 28.4% of the Turkish sample. Comparison with previous studies in China and the USA indicated that the Chinese sample outperformed those from other nations, followed by Korea, Turkey, and the USA. In large-scale international studies such as Trends in International Mathematics and Science (TIMSS) and the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), students from China and Korea have been among the high achievers.

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Prekajac, Zora. "Comparison of real development levels of countries: Genesis and perspectives." Panoeconomicus 54, no. 1 (2007): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan0701087p.

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Comparison of levels of development among countries is usually done by reducing values in national currencies with a common denominator, using the official exchange rate. Because of its unreality, the values calculated in this way do not illustrate real relations between compared countries. That brings about the launching of the UN International Comparison Project (latter Programme) with two fold aims: developing a method for international comparison of real domestic product which could be applied to a number of very heterogeneous countries, and the comparison of growing number of very different countries. Until now six phases of comparisons are finished. Taking into consideration problems that appeared in the realization of the VI ICP phase as well as quality improvement proposals, a decision has been made to launch a new, global round for 2003-2006. Comparison will cover 150 countries (the widest coverage ever). This will give global character to the comparison, which was the end cause of the ICP.

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Sutherland, C. Simone, and Fabrizio Tediosi. "Is the elimination of ‘sleeping sickness’ affordable? Who will pay the price? Assessing the financial burden for the elimination of human African trypanosomiasis Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in sub-Saharan Africa." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 2 (April 2019): e001173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001173.

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IntroductionProgramme to eliminate neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) have gained global recognition, and may allow for improvements to universal health coverage and poverty alleviation. It is hoped that elimination of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (Tbg) would assist in this goal, but the financial costs are still unknown. The objective of this analysis was to forecast the financial burden of direct costs of HAT Tbg to funders and society.MethodsIn order to estimate the total costs to health services and individuals: (1) potential elimination programmes were defined; (2) the direct costs of programmes were calculated; (3) the per case out-of-pocket payments (OOPs) by programme and financial risk protection indicators were estimated. The total estimated costs for control and elimination programme were reported up till 2020 in international dollars. The mean results for both direct programme costs and OOPs were calculated and reported along with 95% CIs.ResultsAcross sub-Saharan Africa, HAT Tbg maintaining ‘Control’ would lead to a decline in cases and cost US$630.6 million. In comparison, the cost of ‘Elimination’ programme ranged from US$410.9 million to US$1.2 billion. Maintaining ‘Control’ would continue to cause impoverishment and financial hardship to households; while all ‘Elimination’ programme would lead to significant reductions in poverty.ConclusionOverall, the total costs of either control or elimination programme would be near US$1 billion in the next decade. However, only elimination programme will reduce the number of cases and improve financial risk protection for households who are impacted by HAT Tbg.

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Thomas, Bennett C. "Core–Periphery Relations in the European Union and the Role of Central Places in Europe with a Focus on Regional Policy in Britain and Germany." European Review 21, no. 3 (July 2013): 435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798713000392.

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Core–periphery analysis is vital to an understanding of the European Union (EU) and regional development. The European Economic Community (EEC), which would eventually become the EU, was formed in 1957 in order to promote progressive economic integration. Recognizing that there were depressed regions within both peripheral and core nation-states, the EC adopted a programme with the goal of bringing those regions into convergence. Its programme is essentially a liberal centre–periphery model similar to the one proposed by Friedman. Many of the nation-states within the EC also have their own regional policies and programmes regarding intervention within their own spatial boundaries. To present an approach for comparison this article will focus on two examples of regional policy: Britain's attitude toward regional development in the North and the German programme for integrating East Germany.

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Krol, A. A., and C. G. Dent. "A Comparison of the Application of ‘Energy from Municipal Solid Waste’ Technology in Three Countries—the United Kingdom, Sweden and Canada." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power Engineering 203, no. 4 (November 1989): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1989_203_031_02.

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The United Kingdom, Sweden and Canada are participants in an International Energy Agency programme designed to co-ordinate R and D activity on energy from waste (EFW) technologies. The scope and content of the individual national R and D programmes are a direct result of the different institutional, economic and environmental factors that govern application of such technologies in each country. A description of these factors is given together with an assessment of their influence in shaping the existing and likely future role of landfill gas, refuse-derived fuel and mass incineration in each country.

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Ryan, Neal. "A comparison of three approaches to programme implementation." International Journal of Public Sector Management 9, no. 4 (July 1996): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513559610128681.

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Knust, Michaela, Olaf Zawacki-Richter, and Anke Hanft. "Organisation and Management of Continuing Higher Education: Findings of a Comparative Study in Six Countries from a German Perspective." Journal of Adult and Continuing Education 14, no. 2 (November 2008): 132–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/jace.14.2.3.

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An international comparison study investigated the organisation and management of continuing higher education (CHE) in Germany, Finland, France, the United Kingdom, Austria and the United States of America. CHE is compared on the system level (boundaries between traditional study programmes and CHE, linking of CHE and vocational training, accessibility openness of the HE system, and recognition of prior learning), the institutional level (type of organisation, cooperation between centralised and decentralised units, and implementation of lifelong learning), as well as on the programme level (use of ECTS-credit points, duration of courses, e-learning, and corporate programmes) in order to derive potentials for CHE and to identify decisive factors of success. The main results are reported in this article.

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Donoso Mantke, Oliver, Elaine McCulloch, Paul Wallace, Constanze Yue, Sally Baylis, and Matthias Niedrig. "External Quality Assessment (EQA) for Molecular Diagnostics of Zika Virus: Experiences from an International EQA Programme, 2016–2018." Viruses 10, no. 9 (September 13, 2018): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10090491.

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Quality Control for Molecular Diagnostics (QCMD), an international provider for External Quality Assessment (EQA) programmes, has introduced a programme for molecular diagnostics of Zika virus (ZIKV) in 2016, which has been continuously offered to interested laboratories since that time. The EQA schemes provided from 2016 to 2018 revealed that 86.7% (92/106), 82.4% (89/108), and 88.2% (90/102) of the participating laboratories reported correct results for all samples, respectively in 2016, 2017, and 2018. The review of results indicated a need for improvement concerning analytical sensitivity and specificity of the test methods. Comparison with the outcomes of other EQA initiatives briefly summarized here show that continuous quality assurance is important to improve laboratory performance and to increase preparedness with reliable diagnostic assays for effective patient management, infection and outbreak control.

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Kang, Jinwon. "The Effect of International Joint Research to the Research Performance: The Case of the Global Research Laboratory and the Basic Research Laboratory Programme." Science, Technology and Society 22, no. 3 (September 22, 2017): 473–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971721817723392.

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Korea has been in a transition from catching-up to post-catching-up period. In this circumstance, the strengthening of basic research is one of the important strategies. This research investigates the main factors influencing research performance through the international joint research (IJR). The literature about determinants of performance of R&D and the effect of IJR to the performance is reviewed. The research performance of IJR will be investigated in comparison with IJR programme and general R&D programme as a result of international and domestic research activities. The comparison about research performance will be performed using independent samples test on the modified impact factor of papers. The main factors influencing the performance are investigated in terms of research budget, capacity, number of researchers and international collaboration on the basis of previous researches. The main finding is that the research capacity is basic requirement to increase the modified impact factor and the main factors influencing research performance through IJR are the network size and the number of contact in this research. Its recommendations, in accordance with this finding, are as follows. The government should support researcher to have more and easier contact with foreign researchers in terms of budget and programme structure and institutional improvement, including evaluation system. The additional budget on the existing programme and easy usage of research budget in the IJR are the good ways to promote the IJR activities through renovation of basic R&D programme structure. The additional credit to the research groups with bigger research networks should be considered in the selection process and ex-post evaluation process. Long-term and sustainable support for the research is the basic requirement to improve the capacity of researchers and obtain better research performance.

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Simpson, R. David, and Roger A. Sedjo. "Paying for the conservation of endangered ecosystems: a comparison of direct and indirect approaches." Environment and Development Economics 1, no. 2 (May 1996): 241–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x00000607.

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ABSTRACTA number of international conservation donors support efforts to encourage conservation indirectly by subsidizing commercial activities. Such plans beg two questions. First, if commercial ventures are expected to be profitable, why is external financing necessary for their initiation? Second, if commercial ventures are not expected to be profitable, could not greater incentives for conservation be generated by making direct payments? We examine these questions in detail. While we find that the practical impediments to instituting a direct payment programme may be substantial, the practical impediments to instituting any effective conservation programme may be substantial. On balance, there is a strong case to be made for greater experimentation with direct payment schemes than heretofore.

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Serginson, Michael, George Mokhtar, and Graham Kelly. "A Theoretical Comparison of Traditional and Integrated Project Delivery Design Processes on International BIM Competitions." International Journal of 3-D Information Modeling 2, no. 4 (October 2013): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ij3dim.2013100105.

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The Architectural Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry experiences higher rates of iteration, material wastage and poor cost management in comparison to other design industries. In an attempt to address such inefficiencies and control project budgets, various Governments are insisting that Building Information Modelling (BIM) is used by the appointed design teams on high value public buildings. Such legislation has been introduced in order to encourage a standardised level of collaborative working throughout the design process by enhancing interoperability of project information between design and construction professionals. In this paper, the MacLeamy Curve, a theoretical graphical representation of how integrated project delivery (IPD) processes improve efficiencies and allow for the reduction of costs by resolving issues during the earlier stages of the project, as well as other associated benefits are tested on both traditional and IPD design processes within two 48 hour international openBIM competition projects: Build London Live; and Build Qatar Live. The projects are compared by analysing the planned project programme against the reality, measured through recorded project exchanges, using a graphical representation. The findings of this paper suggest several recommendations, including: a collaborative design process appears to reduce iteration and results in a more comprehensive conceptual design at an early stage in comparison to a traditional process; more information and documentation is produced; and the overall programme is exceeded. Such findings suggest improved time, cost and design quality control.

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Besor, Omri, Orly Manor, Ora Paltiel, Milka Donchin, Orly Rauch, and Vered Kaufman-Shriqui. "A city-wide health promotion programme evaluation using EQUIHP: Jerusalem Community-Academic Partnership (J-CAP)." European Journal of Public Health 30, no. 3 (September 20, 2019): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz154.

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Abstract Background While health promotion initiatives are common, too little is known about their quality, impact and sustainability. Fragmentation between sectors exists and programme evaluation initiatives lack consistency, making comparison of outcomes challenging. Methods We used a ‘snowball’ methodology to detect health promotion programmes (HPPs) in the Municipality of Jerusalem, excluding those in schools. The European Quality Instrument for Health Promotion (EQUIHP) was adapted and used to examine programme quality. The tool was pre-tested among stakeholders, and translated into Hebrew and Arabic between March and December 2017. Trained research assistants collected information on four domains using in-person interviews: (i) compliance with international principles of HPPs, (ii) development and implementation, (iii) project management and (iv) sustainability of programmes. Results Overall, 93 programmes, including 33 670 participants, were ascertained and evaluated. The majority of HPPs (54.8%) addressed nutrition and physical activity, with 58.1% targeting the non-orthodox Jewish population and 68.8% aimed at both sexes. Cronbach’s alpha scores were 0.968 for the entire EQUIHP tool and 0.802, 0.959, 0.918 and 0.718 for the subdomains of Framework, Project Development, Project Management and Sustainability, respectively. Median domain scores were 0.83, 0.61, 0.76 and 0.75. Median score of the entire tool was 0.67. HPPs operated by the Municipality scored lower than those of non-governmental organizations and health providers/organizations in every domain except for Project Management. Conclusion A systematic city-wide evaluation of HPPs is feasible and uncovers strengths and weaknesses, including sustainability and variability by programme provider. Academic-community partnerships may assist planning and improving HPPs in the city.

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Chia, Fah Choy, Martin Skitmore, Jason Gray, and Adrian Bridge. "International comparisons of nominal and real construction labour productivity." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 25, no. 7 (August 20, 2018): 896–915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-12-2016-0255.

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Purpose A comparison of international construction labour productivity (CLP) is carried out by the conventional use of exchange rates to convert national construction output to a common base currency. Such measurement is always distorted by price-level differences between countries and therefore the purpose of this paper is to adopt a purchasing power parities (PPPs) approach, which eliminates price-level differences, as an alternative means of comparing CLP. Design/methodology/approach PPP construction expenditure data from the World Bank’s International Comparison Programme 2011 and employment statistics maintained by the International Labour Organization are used to generate the CLP of 93 matching economies. A one-way analysis of variance is conducted to evaluate the relationship between the development status and the CLPs. Findings The CLPs of developed economies are higher than developing economies in both PPPs (real) and exchange rate (nominal) measurements. The real CLPs are always higher than nominal CLP in high-income, upper-middle-income, lower-middle-income and low-income economies. Both real and nominal CLPs converge along with the economic growth. Research limitations/implications The average figures used in the study may not always be the most representative statistics. The CLPs determined provide an initial approximation for comparison between different economies to gain further insights into the best practices and policies for the more successful economies. Future research is recommended to uncover the underlying factors of CLPs congruence. Originality/value The convergence of real and nominal CLPs when economies transit from a developing to developed status indicates that the construction product has transformed from a commonly understood non-internationally traded product to an internationally traded product.

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Fabiánek, P., K. Hellebrandová, and M. Čapek. " Monitoring of defoliation in forest stands of the Czech Republic and its comparison with results of defoliation monitoring in other European countries." Journal of Forest Science 58, No. 5 (May 21, 2012): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/84/2011-jfs.

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 As a part of International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effect on Forests (ICP Forests), defoliation of forest stands has been assessed in the Czech Republic since 1986. Defoliation is one of the principal parameters reflecting the health of forest stands that is assessed on monitoring plots within this programme. Monitoring plots are distributed evenly according to woodiness of the area in a regular schematic network all over the Czech Republic. Even though there has been a long-term reduction of air pollution in most European countries, forest ecosystems reflect these changes with some delay. In the Czech Republic the trend of total defoliation of coniferous and deciduous forest stands has been increasing very moderately in the last 10 years. This trend appears to be partially analogous with some neighbouring countries. Compared to the whole of Europe the trend of defoliation of broadleaves is very similar, but differences have occurred in conifers in the last 10 years. There are significant differences in defoliation levels among the particular countries; in this comparison the Czech Republic is classified as one of the worst. Differences in these levels are very evident especially among the neighbouring countries. To partly eliminate these differences, regular international calibration courses are organized.  

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Ferris, C. P., D. C. Patterson, and D. J. Kilpatrick. "A comparison of the performance of Holstein-Friesian and Norwegian Red dairy cattle on commercial dairy farms over five lactations." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200028994.

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Norway has adopted a multi-trait selection programme within its Norwegian Red (NR) dairy cow population for over thirty years, in contrast to breeding programmes with the Holstein-Friesian (HF) breed, which have, until recently, focused primarily on milk production. As a result, evidence from Norway suggests a dairy cow population with high levels of fertility and a relatively low incidence of mastitis. Consequently, there is considerable international interest in the NR breed as a means of overcoming some of the fertility, health and longevity problems that currently exist within the HF breed. To examine the potential of the NR breed, an experiment was established on 19 commercial dairy farms to compare the production, fertility and longevity of animals of the NR and HF breed across a range of production systems.

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Bonell, M. "Tropical forest hydrology and the role of the UNESCO International Hydrological Programme." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 3, no. 4 (December 31, 1999): 451–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-3-451-1999.

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Abstract. The paper outlines a perspective on tropical forest hydrology within the context of an international hydrological programme. Experience in tropical forest hydrology research in North East Australia is a focal point for comparison with international activities elsewhere. The impacts of climate variability and change are considered briefly, as well as those of reforestation of degraded land on the land use hydrology, which requires a longer term vision and support of long term experimental catchments. Sadly, too few long term experimental catchments have been maintained in the humid tropics and there have been some significant closures even of these sites in recent years. Yet the case for long-term experiments is strengthened by the problematic issue of separating anthropogenic influences (such as land use change) on the hydrology of landscapes from the effects of climate variability at a time of escalation in population and related socio-economic pressures in the humid tropics. Particular emphasis is made of the need for greater consideration for the social and cultural dimensions of forest management within forest hydrology. Furthermore, scientists must be committed to incorporating ‘societal needs' in their planning of research projects, as well as in publicizing the applications of their results, within the framework of forest-land-water policy. Alarm is expressed at the extensive disregard for the application of existing forest hydrology ‘know how' in forest-land management manipulations associated with the humid tropics.

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IMAMURA, Yoshiyuki. "Crucial Factors in the Development of a UN Water Assessment Programme - Comparison of the World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) with Global International Waters Assessment -." JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES 20, no. 5 (2007): 400–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3178/jjshwr.20.400.

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Lomazzi, Vera, and Daniel Seddig. "Gender Role Attitudes in the International Social Survey Programme: Cross-National Comparability and Relationships to Cultural Values." Cross-Cultural Research 54, no. 4 (May 25, 2020): 398–431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069397120915454.

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Differences in societal views on the roles of men and women have been addressed in many large-scale comparative studies by employing indicators of gender roles attitudes from cross-sectional surveys. Assuming that cross-country differences in gender role attitudes are linked to the prevailing cultural value orientations in each society, this study aims at investigating the association between societal views on gender roles, as measured by the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), and the prevailing cultural values, as defined by Schwartz’s theory. However, to carry out meaningful comparisons, we first assessed the prerequisite of measurement equivalence between countries. The comparability of gender role attitudes is limited when using traditional methods based on the concept of exact equivalence (multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis). However, the recently established alignment optimization procedure reveals approximate measurement equivalence and suggests that the mean comparison is trustworthy. Based on these results, we correlate the national mean levels of gender role attitudes with the cultural values of embeddedness, hierarchy and egalitarianism, showing that traditional gender roles are displayed in societies emphasizing hierarchy and embeddedness while progressive views are more expressed in egalitarian societies.

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Sawatzky, Pam, Irene Martin, Patricia Galarza, Marıa Elena Trigoso Carvallo, Pamela Araya Rodriguez, Olga Marina Sanabria Cruz, Alina Llop Hernandez, et al. "Quality assurance for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Latin American and Caribbean countries, 2013–2015." Sexually Transmitted Infections 94, no. 7 (April 19, 2018): 479–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053502.

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ObjectivesA Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial susceptibility quality control comparison programme was re-established in Latin America and the Caribbean to ensure antimicrobial susceptibility data produced from the region are comparable nationally and internationally.MethodsThree panels, consisting of N. gonorrhoeae isolates comprising reference strains and other characterised isolates were sent to 11 participating laboratories between 2013 and 2015. Antimicrobial susceptibilities for these isolates were determined using agar dilution, Etest or disc diffusion methods. Modal minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for each panel isolate/antibiotic combination were calculated. The guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute were used for interpretations of antimicrobial susceptibility. The agreement of MICs with the modal MICs was determined for each of the participating laboratories as well as for each of the antibiotics tested.ResultsFive of 11 laboratories that participated in at least one panel had an overall average agreement between participants’ MIC results and modal MICs of >90%. For other laboratories, agreements ranged from 60.0% to 82.4%. The proportion of agreement between interpretations for all the antibiotics, except penicillin and tetracycline, was >90%. The percentages of agreement between MIC results and their modes for erythromycin, spectinomycin, cefixime and azithromycin were >90%. Tetracycline, ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin agreement ranged from 84.5% to 89.1%, while penicillin had 78.8% agreement between MICs and modal MICs.ConclusionsThe participating laboratories had acceptable results, similar to other international quality assurance programmes. It is important to ensure continuation of the International Gonococcal Antimicrobial Susceptibility Quality Control Comparison Programme to ensure that participants can identify and correct any problems in antimicrobial susceptibility testing for N. gonorrhoeae as they arise and continue to generate reproducible and reliable data.

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Quétel, C. R., S. M. Nelms, L. Van Nevel, I. Papadakis, and P. D. P. Taylor. "Certification of the lead mass fraction in wine for comparison 16 of the International Measurement Evaluation Programme." J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 16, no. 9 (2001): 1091–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b103248h.

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Ma, Leo F. H., and Maggie Mei Ki Wong. "From Local to Global: A Comparison of Hong Kong Library Association Mentoring Programme and International Librarians Network." International Information & Library Review 50, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 170–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10572317.2018.1449434.

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Lian, Siqing, Yu Xia, Jinzhi Zhang, Xiaoning Han, Chunhua Chi, and Michael D. Fetters. "Comparison of general practice residents’ attitudes and perceptions about training in two programmes in China: a mixed methods survey." Family Medicine and Community Health 7, no. 4 (November 2019): e000238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2019-000238.

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ObjectiveTo understand general practice (GP) residents’ attitudes about their residency training in China.DesignMixed methods survey administered cross-sectionally.SettingTwo GP training programmes similar in most regards according to current GP training policy of 5 years’ undergraduate degree in medicine and 3 years of postgraduate GP residency training—but differing as the Beijing programme has adopted educational innovations beyond the nationally prescribed standard curriculum used by the second Shenzhen programme.Participants105 (85%) of eligible GP trainees, 35 (90%) in the innovative Beijing programme and 70 (83%) in the standard training Shenzhen programme.ResultsOverall, residents felt discrimination because of specialty choice, and that they lacked competency as a general practitioner. Many residents commented faculty had negative teaching attitudes. Beijing residents were more satisfied than Shenzhen residents with their training (p=0.001), and felt teaching faculty had sufficient knowledge (p<0.001), and appropriate attitudes towards teaching (p=0.004). Beijing residents more strongly agreed on five items about good future job prospects (all p<0.05).ConclusionThese Chinese GP residents identify areas for improvement in their training as well as strengths. Higher satisfaction with faculty teaching and job optimism in Beijing where GP residents receive training from specifically qualified faculty, and can earn special certification, suggest that the educational innovations enhance training and promote positivity about job prospects. These findings imply that GP residents in China face many training challenges that are similar to other international reports, while also implicating benefits of using an innovative curricular approach.

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Steffen, Verónica, and Ángeles Bueno-Villaverde. "Perceived difficulties between early years and primary teachers in International Baccalaureate Primary Years Programme implementation." Journal of Research in International Education 17, no. 2 (August 2018): 116–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475240918791244.

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The purpose of this article is to contribute to discussion as to whether the Primary Years Programme (PYP) of the International Baccalaureate (IB) meets the needs of early childhood (3-5 years old) learners. The research underpinning the article adopted a mixed method approach comprising both a qualitative and a quantitative framework located in six private Spanish schools across three autonomous communities. The research compared perceived difficulties of Early Years teachers and Primary teachers regarding PYP implementation. Aspects of the PYP involved in the research aligned to the IB Standards and Practices. This document, revised periodically, regulates the implementation of IB programmes around the world. The basis of the structure of the research has a direct alignment with those Standards (philosophy, organization, curriculum and assessment). These core themes take the discussion beyond the PYP when considering best practice. A questionnaire was delivered to all full-time PYP teachers, and qualitative analysis was undertaken of the main school documents such as IB preliminary visit reports, school action plans, studies of parent satisfaction surveys, professional development plans, Programme of Inquiry, Units of Inquiry, assessment tools and IB authorization reports. While the document analysis highlighted some areas of difficulty, it was the quantitative comparison that emphasized significant differences in perceived difficulty of PYP implementation between these Early Years and Primary teachers. Although results of the research, in general, are favourable regarding perceived ease in the implementation of PYP philosophies as well as fundamental aspects, there were perceived differences between these two groups regarding specific items. Early Years teachers in and among the schools found 32 items significantly more difficult than did Primary teachers, including the use of transdisciplinary theme descriptors, key concepts, and the Learner Profile. Regarding assessment, Early Years teachers expressed having more difficulties than did Primary teachers in making their students work with their portfolios and using student-led conferences. However, the role of constructivism was one of seven items perceived as easier for Early Years teachers.

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Çera, Gentjan, and Edmond Çera. "Intention to start a business and entrepreneurship education programme: a pre- and post-programme research design." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 14, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 603–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-05-2020-0095.

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Purpose The effect of a study programme in entrepreneurship on intention to start a business has not received adequate attention by researchers using a pre- and post-programme research design. The purpose of this paper is to find evidence of entrepreneurship education programme on entrepreneurial intention in the context of a post-communist transition county. Design/methodology/approach Coarsened exact matching method is performed to achieve two similar groups: control (people who did not attend a study programme in entrepreneurship) and treated (those who attended) groups. Based on a set of covariates as identified in theory, 442 out of 528 members were matched. Hypotheses developed in a pre- and post-programme setting can be tested by using the ANCOVA. Members’ scores on intention to start a business before the programme was introduced were used as the covariate in this analysis (pre-programme). Findings The analysis confirms a significant difference between the two groups on entrepreneurial intention after the study programme in entrepreneurship was completed (post-programme). The results suggest that entrepreneurial intention is affected by entrepreneurship education programme. Research limitations/implications This study offers useful insights for universities and individuals running a business. Aiming better results in terms of entrepreneurship, university, industry and government should align their efforts following a triple helix model. Originality/value This work adds value to the entrepreneurship literature in the context of post-communist transition country. Furthermore, it uses a rigour methodology that makes the comparison of control and treated groups possible.

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Baker, Felicity Anne, Jodie Bloska, Sabine Braat, Anna Bukowska, Imogen Clark, Ming H. Hsu, Tone Kvamme, et al. "HOMESIDE: home-based family caregiver-delivered music and reading interventions for people living with dementia: protocol of a randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 9, no. 11 (November 2019): e031332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031332.

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IntroductionPharmacological interventions to address behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) can have undesirable side effects, therefore non-pharmacological approaches to managing symptoms may be preferable. Past studies show that music therapy can reduce BPSD, and other studies have explored how formal caregivers use music in their caring roles. However, no randomised study has examined the effects on BPSD of music interventions delivered by informal caregivers (CGs) in the home setting. Our project aims to address the need for improved informal care by training cohabiting family CGs to implement music interventions that target BPSD, and the quality of life (QoL) and well-being of people with dementia (PwD) and CGs.Methods and analysisA large international three-arm parallel-group randomised controlled trial will recruit a sample of 495 dyads from Australia, Germany, UK, Poland and Norway. Dyads will be randomised equally to standard care (SC), a home-based music programme plus SC, or a home-based reading programme plus SC for 12 weeks. The primary outcome is BPSD of PwD (measured using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire). Secondary outcomes will examine relationship quality between CG and PwD, depression, resilience, competence, QoL for CG and QoL for PwD. Outcomes will be collected at baseline, at the end of the 12-week intervention and at 6 months post randomisation. Resource Utilisation in Dementia will be used to collect economic data across the life of the intervention and at 6-month follow-up. We hypothesise that the music programme plus SC will generate better results than SC alone (primary comparison) and the reading programme plus SC (secondary comparison).Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained for all countries. Results will be presented at national and international conferences and published in scientific journals and disseminated to consumer and caregiver representatives and the community.Trial registration numbersACTRN12618001799246p; NCT03907748

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Davies, P., G. D. Sims, B. R. K. Blackman, A. J. Brunner, K. Kageyama, M. Hojo, K. Tanaka, et al. "Comparison of test configurations for determination of mode II interlaminar fracture toughness results from international collaborative test programme." Plastics, Rubber and Composites 28, no. 9 (September 1999): 432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/146580199101540600.

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Wright, Ewan, Moosung Lee, Hayes Tang, and Gordon Chak Pong Tsui. "Why offer the International Baccalaureate Middle Years Programme? A comparison between schools in Asia-Pacific and other regions." Journal of Research in International Education 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475240916635896.

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Bertler, N., P. A. Mayewski, A. Aristarain, P. Barrett, S. Becagli, R. Bernardo, S. Bo, et al. "Snow chemistry across Antarctica." Annals of Glaciology 41 (2005): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756405781813320.

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AbstractAn updated compilation of published and new data of major-ion (Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Na, NO3, SO4) and methylsulfonate (MS) concentrations in snow from 520 Antarctic sites is provided by the national ITASE (International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition) programmes of Australia, Brazil, China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Norway, the United Kingdom, the United States and the national Antarctic programme of Finland. The comparison shows that snow chemistry concentrations vary by up to four orders of magnitude across Antarctica and exhibit distinct geographical patterns. The Antarctic-wide comparison of glaciochemical records provides a unique opportunity to improve our understanding of the fundamental factors that ultimately control the chemistry of snow or ice samples. This paper aims to initiate data compilation and administration in order to provide a framework for facilitation of Antarctic-wide snow chemistry discussions across all ITASE nations and other contributing groups. The data are made available through the ITASE web page (http://www2.umaine.edu/itase/content/syngroups/snowchem.html) and will be updated with new data as they are provided. In addition, recommendations for future research efforts are summarized.

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STIRLING, C. M., D. HARRIS, and J. R. WITCOMBE. "MANAGING AN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH PROGRAMME FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: AN INSTITUTE WITHOUT WALLS." Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 2 (March 10, 2006): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479705003340.

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There is no one widely accepted method of managing international agricultural research and numerous different models exist. Here we review one in particular, referred to as the ‘institute without walls’, from the perspective of the UK Department for International Development's (DFID) Renewable Natural Resource (RNR) Research Strategy (1990–2006). We begin with a brief history of the RNR Research Strategy from 1990 to 2004. We then draw on nearly 15 years experience of managing one of the programmes within the RNR Research Strategy to assess critically the impact of externally and internally imposed organizational and management changes on the performance of the DFID Plant Sciences Programme (PSP). The current RNR Research Strategy (1995–2006), with its emphasis on demand-led research, has greatly increased the relevance and effectiveness of DFID's natural resources research. A comparison between the PSP in 2004 and the early 1990s inevitably concludes that the programme has been transformed: unlike in 1991, research is now firmly demand-driven, much is based in developing countries and farmers are benefiting from the research. Over time, the outputs of the long-term strategic research have been applied in practical plant breeding and participatory crop improvement programmes. Key to the success of the PSP has been the provision of continuous, long-term funding which has allowed projects time to develop and produce outputs of real value to end users. Alongside this, the ability of the PSP to build long-term, in-country partnerships has ensured the effective adoption of its research outputs. We conclude that the successes of the PSP have largely derived from (i) identification of research that is clearly demand driven, (ii) continuous long-term funding that has allowed research to move from the strategic to adaptive phase, (iii) continuity of management, and (iv) the flexibility to develop a wide range of partnerships, both in-country and overseas, based on their ability to deliver.

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Yu, Chong Ho, Hyun Seo Lee, Emily Lara, and Siyan Gan. "Adult Learning Across USA, Canada, and New Zealand: A Cross-Cultural Study of PIAAC." International Education Studies 12, no. 5 (April 29, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v12n5p1.

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Skeptics of Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and Trend for International Math and Science Study (TIMSS) argue that while US elementary and high school students are behind their peers in other nations, the US workforce is still excellent because of the high quality post-secondary educational institutions in the US. However, the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) indicates that US adults are in fact far behind their international peers in literacy, numeracy, and technology-based problem solving. Through the use of data mining, this study explored the possible association between PIAAC scores and several constructs. Since the US, Canada, and New Zealand were considered culturally similar nations, according to cluster analysis, patterns between PIAAC scores and selected constructs were analyzed by a variety of big data analytical methods, including cluster analysis, bootstrap forest, boosted tree, and data visualization. Given that PIAAC used multiple computerized adaptive testing, the consequential plausible values were randomly selected when the ensemble approach was used. Additionally, model comparison was utilized to decide between bagging and boosting in order to select the optimal model for each sample. In these samples, cultural engagement, readiness to learn, and social trust, respectively emerged as strong predictors for learning outcomes as they were assessed by PIAAC.

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Južnik Rotar, Laura. "Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Employment Programme on Young Unemployed People." Engineering Economics 32, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.32.1.23276.

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Youth unemployment is of paramount concern for the European Union. Young people are facing potentially slow and difficult transitions into stable jobs. What optimally supports young people on the labour market poses a challenging question for economic policy makers. Active labour market policies can be beneficial to young unemployed people. The aim of active labour market policy is to improve employability of the unemployed. The consequences of an overly generous welfare state can be a reduction in motivation to work. The effectiveness of employment programmes is therefore a crucial step in the process. This paper aims to estimate the treatment effect of subsidized employment programmes on young Dutch unemployed people using difference in differences propensity score matching. We test whether the effects of subsidized employment programmes for young Dutch unemployed people are positive and strong in both the short and long term on the probability of re-employment and on the probability of participation in the regular educational system in comparison with the outcome produced in the event that an individual would continue seeking employment as an unemployed person. The probability of re-employment in short-term circumstances is positive, but small. Whereas with long-term examples (two years after the programme start) the probability is negative. Alternatively, the probability of participation in regular educational systems is positive in the short-term as well as in the long-term, but evidently decreases in the long-term. Welfare reforms undertaken in the Netherlands are directed towards enhancing efficiency. The role of social partners in social security administrations is reduced and the reforms are intended to promote reintegration of people who are out of work. There is a general agreement that the Netherlands is going in the right direction by giving priority to work and study over benefits, as it has become evident that generous social benefits make employment policies inefficient.

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Goel, A. K. "Looming Threat of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents." Defence Science Journal 66, no. 5 (September 30, 2016): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.66.10705.

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<p><br />In the recent past, a dramatic shift has been observed in the strategies of warfare from conventional to non-conventional. Now-a-days, traditional power is of less importance than it used to be earlier. Weapons of mass destruction, which comprise of nuclear weapons, and chemical and biological warfare agents, are posing a great peril to the world due to their devastating potential. Though, there are several bilateral as well as multilateral treaties to control the use and proliferation of these weapons, yet the risk of use of such agents by non-state actors cannot be overlooked. Chances of use of chemical and biological agents are more likely than the nuclear weapons. A comparison of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons in terms of technology, cost, signature, effectiveness on protected and un-protected troops shows that chemical and biological weapon programmes require much lower level of technology and cost than the nuclear weapon programme. Further, there is no or least distinctive and readily observable signature in biological weapon programme in comparison to nuclear and chemical weapon facilities. There can be two possibilities of use of these agents in terrorist attacks. First, there is a risk of transfer of material or know-how of these weapons to terrorists for using against the adversaries and second, the risk of these agents being pilfered due to poor security, thereby sabotaging the national security. The International Committee of Red Cross in February 1918 reckoned these agents as ‘barbarous inventions’ that can ‘only be called criminal’.</p>

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Sarmento, Elsa De Morais, and Alcina Nunes. "Business Creation in Portugal: A Viewpoint on Data Comparison." Journal of Enterprising Culture 22, no. 01 (March 2014): 111–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495814500058.

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Portugal has some of the highest business entry rates when compared to other countries, according to Eurostat, Statistics Portugal and the OECD Entrepreneurship Indicators Programme. We look at business creation in Portugal, from 2000 to 2007, by approaching two other complementary data sources, the World Bank Group Entrepreneurship Survey, based on official Portuguese business register's and the universe of active employer enterprises, obtained by applying to the dataset Quadros de Pessoal, the methodology and definitions of the Eurostat/OECD's "Manual on Business Demography Statistics". This allows us to address entrepreneurship indicators comparability issues and exploit complementarities to support entrepreneurship patterns and trends previously identified by other national and international sources. We highlight the importance of considering information other than business registries, in particular when calculating business entry rates. Datasets where economically active units can be identified provide a better proxy for the true level of business creation and activity in Portugal.

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Kotrošan, Dražen, and Ena Hatibović. "Raptors in Bosnia and Herzegovina - their status and perspectives for monitoring development." Acrocephalus 33, no. 154-155 (December 1, 2012): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10100-012-0004-x.

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Abstract In the last 150 years, 49 raptor species belonging to the families Pandionidae, Accipitridae, Falconidae, Tytonidae, Strigidae and Laniidae have been recorded in Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, little is known about their populations. In comparison with historical data, their status has changed significantly, while nine species became extinct or probably extinct as breeders. In this paper, data on the present status of raptor populations is presented, as well as problems and the possibilities of developing species monitoring in Bosnia and Herzegovina. So far, no raptor monitoring has been established in the form of a long-term programme. The establishment of such programme is hampered by a number of reasons (lack of observers, lack of financial resources, lack of experience and knowledge, etc.). Monitoring of raptors in Bosnia and Herzegovina is needed to improve knowledge of the local populations as well as to protect these birds and their habitats. Also, this programme would be significant for the studies concerning the construction of various facilities (e.g. wind turbines). One of the important points of the development programme is to mobilize international cooperation and projects to solve current problems

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Nero, Håkan, Jonas Ranstam, Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri, and Leif E. Dahlberg. "Evaluation of a digital platform for osteoarthritis treatment: study protocol for a randomised clinical study." BMJ Open 8, no. 11 (November 2018): e022925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022925.

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IntroductionDespite favourable results from structured face-to-face treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) in Sweden through the Better management of patients with OsteoArthritis (BOA) initiative, only around 20% of people with knee or hip OA receive the primary treatment recommended by international guidelines (ie, information, exercise, weight management). In 2014, a digital treatment programme named Joint Academy was introduced in Sweden, based on the same concept as the face-to-face BOA programme. In line with BOA, Joint Academy follows national and international guidelines and best practice for OA treatment. Results from observational studies suggest that this digital treatment is a valuable alternative to the traditional treatment approach and can positively impact patients’ function and pain. However, conclusions from such studies commonly suggest that more rigorous testing is necessary to ascertain the benefits of digital treatment delivery for people with OA.Methods and analysisA randomised clinical trial will be performed, comparing regular face-to-face care according to BOA with the digital version, Joint Academy. A total of 270 participants with clinically diagnosed knee OA will be recruited at primary care centres and randomised to either standard treatment (BOA) for 3 months, or the experimental group (digital intervention programme). Both groups will receive educational sessions and exercises yet with a difference in programme deliverance. The objective of the trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of the online treatment programme, in comparison with BOA. The two treatment groups will be compared with respect to the number of repetitions of the 30 s chair stand test at 3, 6 and 12 months, using a mixed model repeated measures analysis of variance.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been attained from the Regional Board of Ethics in Lund, Sweden (Dnr 2017/719). Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberNCT03328741.

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Alderman, Harold, Biram Ndiaye, Sebastian Linnemayr, Abdoulaye Ka, Claudia Rokx, Khadidiatou Dieng, and Menno Mulder-Sibanda. "Effectiveness of a community-based intervention to improve nutrition in young children in Senegal: a difference in difference analysis." Public Health Nutrition 12, no. 5 (May 2009): 667–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980008002619.

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AbstractThere are few studies of community growth promotion as a means of addressing malnutrition that are based on longitudinal analysis of large-scale programmes with adequate controls to construct a counterfactual. The current study uses a difference in difference comparison of cohorts to assess the impact on the proportion of underweight children who lived in villages receiving services provided by the Senegal Nutrition Enhancement Project between 2004 and 2006. The project, designed to extend nutrition and growth promotion intervention into rural areas through non-governmental organisation service providers, significantly lowered the risk of a child having a weight more than 2 sd below international norms. The odds ratio of being underweight for children in programme villages after introduction of the intervention was 0·83 (95% CI 0·686, 1·000), after controlling for regional trends and village and household characteristics. Most measured aspects of health care and health seeking behaviour improved in the treatment relative to the control.

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Tachezy, Ruth, Philip Davies, Marc Arbyn, Lukás Rob, Gunta Lazdane, Jana Petrenko, Eva Hamsíková, Alena Beková, Jan Klozar, and Jaroslava Dusková. "Consensus recommendations for cervical cancer prevention in the Czech Republic: a report of the International Conference on Human Papillomavirus in Human Pathology (Prague, 1–3 May 2008)." Journal of Medical Screening 15, no. 4 (December 2008): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jms.2008.008057.

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A comparison of cervical cancer incidence and mortality in the Czech Republic with that from other countries shows that the burden of cervical cancer here is considerably higher than in Western Europe, where screening is widespread. In May 2008, the International Conference on Human Papillomavirus in Human Pathology was convened to review the latest evidence and to formulate consensus recommendations for the reduction of cervical cancer rates. The Czech Republic is spending considerable resources on cervical cancer prevention, but these resources are being used inefficiently. The current system is characterized by a lack of coordination and monitoring that leads to the over-screening of a minority of women while the majority of the target population are under-screened or not screened at all. It was recommended that a comprehensive, organized programme be implemented, coordinated by an independent administrative body with legal and budgetary responsibility. As the laboratory infrastructure and professional technical skills required for a quality-assured organized screening programme are already in place, implementation of this programme would not require much in the way of additional resources to produce substantial cost-effective reductions in cervical cancer rates.

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Holman, Andrei Corneliu, Ana Maria Hojbotă, Emilia Alexandra Pascal, Cristina Maria Bostan, and Ticu Constantin. "Developing Academic Persistence in the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme: Educational Strategies, Associated Personality Traits and Outcomes." International Journal of Educational Psychology 8, no. 3 (October 24, 2019): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/ijep.2019.3913.

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The aim of the study was to investigate the relationships between certain educational strategies and students' personality traits, on the one hand, and students' academic performance, on the other, respectively between the latter and two types of outcomes (i.e. students' academic performance and intentions to drop out of high school). These relationships were examined in two educational settings: in the Diploma Programme (DP), a two-year college-preparatory curriculum offered by the International Baccalaureate (IB), an international private educational system, and the traditional Romanian schools. A sample of IB students in 3 Eastern and Central European countries, and a comparison sample of non-IB students in Romania participated in the research. Results reveal several educational strategies and personality traits among those suggested by previous investigations that significantly sustain IB DP students’ academic persistence. Also, IB students’ academic performance and dropout intentions are influenced by these traits and educational strategies, and these effects are fully or partially mediated by academic persistence. A different pattern of associations emerged in the non-IB sample, with independent work style as the most important determinant of academic persistence, suggesting that relative to the traditional Romanian schools, the IB programme promotes a climate that better supports students in completing their education.

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Alemayohu, Mulubirhan Assefa, Elisabetta Zanolin, Lucia Cazzoletti, Liliya Chamitava, Veronica Mattioli, Jenny Plumb, Peter G. J. Burney, and Vanessa Garcia-Larsen. "Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods – A Comparison of Four International Composition Tables." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa056_002.

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Abstract Objectives As part of the multinational Burden of Lung Disease (BOLD) survey, this study investigated the flavonoid content and agreement levels of foods included in BOLD's food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), using four international flavonoid composition tables. Methods The USDA (American), BioActive Substances in Food Information System (eBASIS; European), Indian Food Composition (IFCT), and Phenol-Explorer (European) Tables were selected for their comparable data on five subclasses of flavonoids (flavan-3-ols, flavanones, flavones, flavonols, and isoflavones). Flavonoid estimates were derived for all foods available in each table (n = 117 USDA; n = 77 eBASIS; n = 69 IFCT; n = 90 Phenol-Explorer), and comparisons were carried out for foods common between tables. Percentage differences of flavonoid content were calculated, and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs; 95% confidence intervals [95%CI]) estimated. ICC reliability was categorized as low (<0.5), moderate (0.50–0.75), good (0.75–0.90), or excellent (>0.90). Results Compared to the USDA Table, total flavonoid content was overestimated by 181.5%, 14.1%, and 26.5%, in the eBASIS, IFCT, and Phenol-Explorer tables, respectively. Compared to Phenol-Explorer, total flavonoid content was overestimated by 53.0% in eBASIS and by 29.6% in IFCT. The reliability for total flavonoid content between the USDA and Phenol-Explorer tables was moderate (ICC 0.51; 95% CI 0.33, 0.65), low between Phenol-Explorer and eBASIS (ICC 0.27; 95% CI 0.02, 0.49), and low between Phenol-Explorer and IFCT (ICC 0.22, 95%CI −0.07, 0.48). There was good-to-excellent reliability between USDA and Phenol-Explorer for flavanones and flavones (ICC 0.93; 95%CI 0.82, 0.98; and ICC 0.86; 95%CI 0.73, 0.93, respectively). Phenol-Explorer and IFCT showed good reliability for flavanone and flavanol subclasses. ICCs for other subclasses was low across tables. Conclusions Flavonoid estimates varied considerably across international tables. These differences should be taken into consideration when deriving flavonoid content in population-based surveys. Funding Sources MAA is funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement). The UK's Medical Research Council (MR/R011192/1) funds the BOLD stud.

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Ashworth, David W. C. "Project Based Learning in International Teams – Monitoring the Effectiveness of Teamwork." Key Engineering Materials 450 (November 2010): 581–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.450.581.

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Students working on semester-long projects in international teams, such as the European Project Semester programme at the Ingeniørhøjskolen i København – University College (IHK), face many challenges, not the least of which is communication between different cultures. The supervisor pays a key role in supporting a project team and monitoring its effectiveness. One of the key tools employed is a self and peer review assessment, undertaken twice by each team member during the semester. The assessment considers the quantity and quality of the contribution made by each team member and their participation in teamworking activities. The supervisor uses the assessment to monitor teamworking and to give constructive feedback and advice where needed. Comparison of the responses from self and peer review assessments was undertaken and the findings are presented. Limited results over a 3 year period were analysed and compared with Autumn 2009 semester results and conclusions drawn.

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Journal articles on the topic 'International Comparison Programme'

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