Relevant bibliographies by topics / International conflicts

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'International conflicts'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "International conflicts"

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Marukhovska-Kartunova, Olga, Andrii Bozhkov, Valentyn Romanchuk, Oleksandr Bazov, Dymytrii Grytsyshen, and Valentyna Opanasiuk. "International Law: Regulation of Conflicts and International Relations." Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 18, no. 6 (June 10, 2024): e06979. http://dx.doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n6-132.

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Objective: In the backdrop of escalating military confrontations and worsening economic and environmental challenges worldwide, this research aims to delve into effective systems for managing international conflicts and optimizing the global security framework. Theoretical framework: The study delves into the integration of legal frameworks within nations engaged in hostilities, examining key institutions influencing the regulation of international conflicts. It analyzes the evolution of conflicts in Ukraine and Israel, elucidating the involvement of legal institutions in regulating these conflicts. Methods: The research utilizes qualitative and quantitative approaches. It scrutinizes scholarly publications, evaluates prevailing strategies employed by states in conflicts, and assesses major geopolitical entities' support for such conflicts. It synthesizes insights from diverse disciplines, including international law, political science, and international relations. Results and conclusion: This research underscores international law's role in regulating conflicts through diplomatic frameworks, conflict oversight, and treaty enforcement despite challenges in politically charged environments. Case studies of Ukraine and Israel highlight the complexities of applying international law to modern conflicts. Research implications: The study highlights the need to reform the legal framework of international organizations like the European Union to enhance conflict management efficacy. It emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary research in developing more effective legal frameworks and strategies for conflict resolution and peacekeeping. Originality/value: This research contributes to understanding the dynamic interplay between law and politics in conflict resolution. It identifies areas for further research, including the role of international organizations in peacekeeping and the intersection of conflict regulation with other branches of international law.
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Marukhovska-Kartunova, Olga, Andrii Bozhkov, Valentyn Romanchuk, Oleksandr Bazov, Dymytrii Grytsyshen, and Valentyna Opanasiuk. "International Law (SDG'S): Regulation of Conflicts and International Relations." Journal of Lifestyle and SDGs Review 4 (July 25, 2024): e01667. http://dx.doi.org/10.47172/2965-730x.sdgsreview.v4.n00.pe01667.

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Objective: This research aims to explore effective systems for managing international conflicts and optimizing the global security framework amidst escalating military confrontations and worsening economic and environmental challenges worldwide. Theoretical Framework: The study delves into the integration of legal frameworks within nations engaged in hostilities, examining key institutions influencing the regulation of international conflicts. Method: Utilizing qualitative and quantitative approaches, the research scrutinizes scholarly publications, evaluates prevailing strategies employed by states in conflicts, and assesses major geopolitical entities' support for such conflicts. It synthesizes insights from diverse disciplines, including international law, political science, and international relations. Results and Discussion: Case studies of conflicts in Ukraine and Israel underscore the complexities of applying international law to contemporary conflicts. The study highlights the need to reform the legal framework of international organizations like the European Union to enhance conflict management efficacy. It emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary research in developing more effective legal frameworks and strategies for conflict resolution and peacekeeping. Research Implications: This research contributes to understanding the dynamic interplay between law and politics in conflict resolution. Originality/Value: This research identifies areas for further research, including the role of international organizations in peacekeeping and the intersection of conflict regulation with other branches of international law.
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Farrés-Fernández, Guillem. "Reanalysing International Conflicts: Proposals from the Sociology of Power." International Studies 56, no. 4 (July 9, 2019): 255–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020881719857512.

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This article opens a dialogue between different notions of conflict and the sociology of power and suggests a new theoretical framework for the analysis of international conflicts. Refusing to consider abstract entities as actors, it helps us better determine who the relevant actors are in each international conflict and gives special attention to the existing power relations between them. Accordingly, it is considered that a large social system is made up of numerous actors with multiple conflicts between them. Thus, in the case of international conflicts, we do not face one single conflict, but a conflictual complex involving a multitude of actors with their different power resources, who weave a network of conflicts and power relations between them, and at its top a dominant conflict, the conflict around which the other conflicts evolve. Acknowledging the complexity of international conflicts, this new theoretical approach should better explain both the behaviour of the actors and the evolution of the conflictual complex itself.
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Novik, Iryna. "CONFLICT MANAGMENT IN THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION." Bulletin of the National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" (economic sciences), no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2519-4461.2023.1.22.

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The article is devoted to the fact that conflicts are inevitable in our lives and that conflict management in the international organization is one of the most important areas in the activities of the head because it affects the productivity of employees and it affects the results of the work of the organization as a whole. The article discusses the mechanisms of management as well as the definition of conflict and how to manage stress to avoid conflict situations in the organization. For most companies, the main reason was and remains a conflict of interest of employees, and that would prevent or resolve an existing conflict the article reveals the stages of conflict development and the characteristics of ways to resolve conflicts, as well as methods of behavior of individuals or groups in the conflict, called methods of conflict prevention in the organization, reveals what is conflict forecasting since it plays a not unimportant role in personnel management in the organization. To resolve conflict situations, the leader can turn to methods such as smoothing, cooperation, compromise, etc. The use of these strategies can help resolve conflicts. One of the most effective methods of conflict resolution is a compromise, since most often the conflicting parties use a compromise, since the friendly steps towards which one of the conflicting parties makes, make it possible to achieve an asymmetric (one side can give in more, the other will give in less) or even symmetrical ( parties are trying to make mutual concessions approximately equal to each other) agreement. The main thing to remember is that managing conflicts between employees is a controlled process, and even people with opposite views on the situation can agree. And do not forget about the prevention and forecasting of conflicts in order to prevent the appearance of discontent and tension in the team. Conclusions based on the results of the study are formulated.
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Chen, Guolin. "The Impact of International Trade in the Context of Local Turmoil in the World." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 78, no. 1 (April 18, 2024): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/78/20241664.

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Studying the impact of regional conflicts on international trade helps to better understand and predict changes and trends in trade, providing important references for government and business decision-making. By conducting in-depth research on the impact of conflicts on international trade, targeted measures can be formulated to reduce the negative impact of conflicts on trade and promote regional and international economic stability and development. In addition, studying the impact of local regional conflicts on international trade can also help strengthen the international community's attention and assistance to conflict areas, help conflict areas achieve peace and stability, and create a more favorable environment for international trade. Therefore, the importance of studying the impact of regional conflicts on international trade lies in enhancing understanding of the mechanisms of trade impact, improving targeted decision-making, and promoting international cooperation and peaceful development.Next, this paper will start with the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, study the global influence and economic development, and finally study China's trade problems.
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Balas, Hashem, Ahmed Al-Btoosh, and Reem Shatnawi. "International Protection of Human Rights in Non-International Armed Conflicts." International Journal of Religion 5, no. 11 (July 3, 2024): 2795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.61707/drj2m024.

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This research examines the foundations for protecting human rights in non-international armed conflicts. The meaning and importance of the International Bill of Human Rights will be clarified, and the applicable rules for resolving non-international armed conflicts will be explained. The research relied on descriptive and analytical methods and was the primary objective. The results yielded several important results, the most important of which is that due to the International Committee of the Red Cross's tireless efforts and coordinated regional and global efforts, it introduced the draft articles created by the four agreements to the Diplomatic Conference held in 1949. This Article was delivered to the Conference and attempted to apply the principles of the agreements to all instances of armed conflict, including those involving non-international armed conflicts. The study suggested reviewing the texts of the Geneva Conventions of 1949, considering the past experiences of non-international armed conflicts to ensure greater protection of human rights.
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Macra-Oșorhean, Maria-Daniela, Alexandru Morar, and George Suciu. "Conflict Management Within Transylvania College International School." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Educatio Artis Gymnasticae 65, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeag.65(4).33.

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ABSTRACT. The conflict has always been an inevitable progress and it existed since our earliest times whenever there was a desire to lead a group or even an empire. For this theme we took into account the fact that the term “conflict” has a negative connotation and it is often associated with concepts such as anger, aggressivity, opposition, although conflict doesn't necessarily need to be referred to as a negative experience. We must acknowledge the fact that if we experience conflicts in our lives, it means we are sincere, we express our visions, opinions, thoughts and feelings, and that, in this way, we can evolve and develop as humans. The objectives of the research within the international school Transylvania College Cluj-Napoca were to analyse the types of conflicts and what caused them within the organisation, the people who offered support to solve these conflicts and the number of conflicts each teacher had. For the research we used a survey where 37 teachers (males and females) replied to several questions in a google form at the end of the 2018 - 2019 academic year and where the responders had difficulties the researchers offered additional explanations by email or verbally. The study concluded that conflicts are not created because of the difference in objectives, but from the difference in how the parties involved want to achieve these objectives and the most common of the conflicts was definitely when people didn’t express clearly what they wanted or gave unclear instructions. Furthermore, a clear communication reduces the differences in perception and the probability of a conflict.
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Kompaniets, Oleksandr, and Volodymyr Prykhodko. "ECONOMY AS A BACKGROUND OF CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS: THEORETICAL ASPECTS." International Interdisciplinary Scientific Journal "Expert" 1, no. 1 (2023): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.62034/2815-5300/2023-v1-i1-005.

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The article examines the economic aspect of international conflicts, in particular the role of the economic component in international conflicts. Individual causes of occurrence, management methods and principles of conflict resolution were studied, in order to structure theoretical knowledge about conflicts and determining the role of economic aspects in the reasons of conflicts, its influence on their course and the possibility of applying of economy as a lever that contributes to the prevention, resolution or minimization of the negative consequences of international conflicts, the search for solutions and the prevention of such in the future, also by taking into account the results of previous scientific studies and using the examples of modern interstate disputes. The main three functions that can be performed by the conflict economy have been defined and the importance of such roles for understanding the nature of the conflict and determining the methodology of its management and resolution has been defined. Authors studied the reasons of actual conflicts to reveal the role of economic aspects of each conflict in order to realize how is economy applied in those conflicts and if it could be as an instrument of aggression or as an instrument of stabilization and resolving the conflict. Also, the nature of conflicts itself was examined to understand if it is possible to find some signs that there is a possibility that a conflict is coming. This understanding could help to prevent the worst consequences of such foreign policy or how to manage it better. Some aspects of the psychology of the conflict were examined. The aim of studying this aspect was to realize which aspects give the possibility to the government to step in the conflict. And how the internal policy of some country could testify that country is preparing to some kind of a conflict. The different systems of internal state organizing were examined to understand which of them is more stable and which one is less stable and could not only move forward to the conflict, but also could be a kind of such conflict. Key words: international conflict, economic component, prevention tool, conflict psychology, interstate relations.
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Bartels, Rogier. "Denying Humanitarian Access as an International Crime in Times of Non-International Armed Conflict: The Challenges to Prosecute and Some Proposals for the Future." Israel Law Review 48, no. 3 (September 28, 2015): 281–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223715000175.

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Impeding humanitarian access and the starving of civilians is prohibited under international humanitarian law in times of both international and non-international armed conflicts. Such conduct is criminalised under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC Statute) when committed during an international armed conflict. However, without good reason, it is not a war crime when committed during a non-international armed conflict. Contemporary conflicts, such as that in Syria, show that this is a problematic omission. This article addresses the challenges in prosecuting the denial of humanitarian access during international armed conflicts and examines the options to prosecute before the International Criminal Court such denial in times of non-international armed conflict as other war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. The author concludes that these options would not suffice and proposes to add to the ICC Statute the starvation of the civilian population, including through impeding humanitarian access, as a war crime for non-international armed conflicts.
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Harzl, B. "International Conflicts and International Law." Journal of International Analytics 11, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2020-11-3-11-21.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "International conflicts"

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Kurdovanidze, Salome. "conflicts in international teams." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-201774.

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This thesis aims to define international team and conflicts and identify the essential competencies for a manager and employee of international teams. It is argued that everyone in an international team should possess more skills and competencies than those who belong to homogeneous teams. As a result, representatives of international team must be able to understand culturally diverse backgrounds manage conflicts constructively, and comprehend different strategies to handle sensitive cases. The research begins by reviewing literature on culture, cultural dimensions in the team and conflict. A survey was performed on 167 individuals from various cultural backgrounds to analyze their attitudes towards multicultural teams and their managers. Some findings are in accordance with theories and some show different interesting opinions experienced pragmatically by the respondents. Eventually, the author based on the results obtained from the empirical research and the theoretical literatures has created a recommendation.
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Macak, Jakub (Kubo). "Internationalized armed conflicts in international law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:793d605d-dea3-403c-95df-c88bfe0cf19f.

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In a world shaped by the simultaneous forces of globalization and fragmentation, very few armed conflicts remain isolated from any foreign involvement and confined to the territory of one State. On the contrary, many begin as internal conflicts that gradually acquire international characteristics of varying degree and nature. Yet, the law of armed conflict forces each such conflict into one of two legal categories: it must either be a non-international, or an international armed conflict. Accordingly, the prevailing approach in the literature is to examine what type of conflict, if any, corresponds to a certain situation in reality at a given time. In contrast, this thesis opts for a dynamic approach, focussing on the combination of factors that transform a prima facie non-international armed conflict into an international armed conflict. It argues that four such modalities of internationalization have emerged thus far: (1) outside intervention; (2) State dissolution; (3) wars of national liberation; and (4) relative internationalization by way of recognition of belligerency, unilateral declarations, or special agreements. Since some situations feature more than two conflict parties, the thesis puts forward an autonomy-based interpretive model, which enables to determine whether such situations should be seen as a single internationalized armed conflict or a number of independent international and non-international armed conflicts. On the basis of this comprehensive map of conflict internationalization, the thesis turns to the effects brought about by this process. It analyses two areas of the law of armed conflict considered to be regulated differently in the two respective types of conflict, namely matters of combatant status and belligerent occupation. It argues that fighters belonging to non-State armed groups participating in internationalized armed conflicts are in principle eligible for combatant status and it proposes an interpretive model for the determination whether they in fact meet the relevant criteria in practice. Finally, the thesis argues in favour of the applicability of the law of belligerent occupation to internationalized armed conflicts. To substantiate this claim, it delineates the temporal, geographical, and personal scope of the law of occupation in such conflicts. In its totality, the thesis analyses the meaning, process, and effects of conflict internationalization and on this basis argues for a particular interpretation of the concept of internationalized armed conflict in international law.
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Corbetta, Renato. "State partisan interventions in international conflicts." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280684.

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The dissertation explores the phenomenon of joining behavior--non-neutral interventions by third party states in interstate conflicts. The opportunity and willingness theoretical framework (Most and Starr 1989) is used to develop a model of third party intervention that integrates simultaneously intervention decision, alignment choices, and selection of specific intervention techniques. Within the general model of third party intervention, two models of third party's preference formation--a rational choice and a homophily-based model--are compared. The models are empirically tested with newly collected data on interventions in interstate disputes for the 1946-2001 period. The data expand current knowledge on third states' activities by including information on non-military--diplomatic and economic--intervention techniques. Opportunity factors are found to predict effectively third parties' intervention; while willingness shapes alignment decisions and selection of intervention techniques. Strategic and homophily-based similarities with the state supported in a conflict and dissimilarities with the state being antagonized are found to matter equally in shaping third parties' decisions. Methodologically, this study addresses a variety of selection issues present in current research on joining behavior. Theoretically, it speaks to a variety of international relations issues, such as balance-of-power and bandwagoning, spatial diffusion of conflict, foreign policy substitutability and decision-making, and alliance formation and reliability.
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Jackson, Richard D. W. "Negotiation versus mediation in international conflict: Deciding how to manage violent conflicts." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Political Science, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8905.

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The thesis is an attempt to fill the theoretical and empirical gap in current conflict management research, which has failed to examine methods of conflict management comparatively. Two dominant paradigms exist, neither of which is adequate to the task of comparing negotiation and mediation in the real world of international politics: the Psychology paradigm and the Third Party Intervention paradigm. An alternative theoretical framework, the Contingency framework of negotiation and mediation was therefore, constructed. This model suggests that negotiation and mediation are conceptually and empirically different, and specifies a series of contextual and process variables which are vital to any examination of conflict management. Utilising a unique data set of thousands of cases of negotiation and mediation coded according to the variables specified in the Contingency model, a general bivariate analysis, followed by a more in-depth multivariate analysis, revealed a number of important differences and similarities between the two methods. The results suggest that negotiation and mediation are different forms of conflict management, which are most likely to be successful under contrasting conditions in international politics. Negotiation is the most successful method overall, but tends to be limited to low intensity, interstate conflicts. Mediation tends to occur in the most intense, intractable, and primarily civil conflicts, and is useful under a number of onerous circumstances.
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Masad, David P. "Agents in Conflict| Comparative Agent-Based Modeling of International Crises and Conflicts." Thesis, George Mason University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10131444.

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Inter-state conflicts are a key area of study in international relations, and have been approached with a variety of techniques, from case studies of individual conflicts, to formal analysis of abstract models and statistical investigations of all such conflicts. In particular, there are a variety of theories as to how states make decisions in the face of conflicts – such as when to threaten force, when to follow through, and when to capitulate to an opponent’s demand. Some scholars have argued that states may be viewed as rational decisionmakers, while others emphasize the role of psychological biases affecting individual leaders. Decisionmaking is challenging to study in part because of its complexity: the decisionmakers may not just be individuals but organizations, following internal procedures and reflecting institutional memory. Furthermore, the decisions are often believed to be strategic, reflecting the decisionmakers’ anticipation of multiple other actors’ potential responses to each possible decision.

In this dissertation, I demonstrate that agent-based models (ABMs) provide a powerful tool to address this complexity, and advance their use as a bridge between different methodologies. Agents in ABMs can be used to represent countries and endowed with a variety of internal decisionmaking models which can operationalize a variety of theories drawn from case studies, psychological experiments or game-theoretic analysis. The specific decision model agents utilize may be changed without altering the sub-models governing how the agents interact with one another. This allows us to simulate the same overall interactions utilizing different decisionmaking theories and observe how the outcomes differ. Furthermore, if these interactions correspond to real-world events, we may directly see how much explanatory or predictive power the outputs of the model variants provide. If one variant’s outputs correspond closer to the empirical data, it provides evidence supporting that variant’s underlying theory.

I implement two agent-based models, extending well-established prior models of international conflict: the International Interaction Game (Bueno de Mesquita and Lalman, 1992) and the Expected Utility Model (Bueno de Mesquita, 2002). For each, I start with their original agent decisionmaking models, and develop several variants grounded in relevant theories. I then instantiate the models with historic, empirically-derived data and run them forward to generate sets of simulated outcomes, which I compare to empirical data on the relevant time periods. I find that non-rational models of decisionmaking in the International Interaction Game provide similar explanatory power to the purely rational model, and yield rich satisficing behavior absent in the original model. I also find that the Expected Utility Model variant implementing a Schelling (1966)-inspired model of coercion yields richer dynamics and greater explanatory power than the original model.

In addition to providing evidence in support of particular theories and hypotheses, this work demonstrates the power of the comparative modeling methodology in studying international conflict. Future work will involve adding more statistical controls to the model output analysis, comparative analysis between the outputs of the two overall models, and extension of the decisionmaking models for each. The same methodology may also be expanded to other formal and computational models of international relations, and social science more broadly.

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Ranganathan, Surabhi. "International law and strategically-created treaty conflicts." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608031.

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Hameed, Asif. "Conflicts with jus cogens in international law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5b111346-30bb-409c-9a08-1c82cf67c228.

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Jus cogens is a mysterious body of international law. It comprises legal standards which are thought to be superior to those in ordinary international law, namely, international treaties, customary international law, and general principles of law. The title of this study 'Conflicts with Jus Cogens in International Lawa' condenses its main aims. The study examines conflict-situations between jus cogens rules and rules of ordinary international law. The study is divided into four Parts. Part I clarifies what jus cogens status means and how jus cogens rules are made. Part II analyses some of the different ways in which legal rules come into conflict with each other. I seek to push the boundaries of our understanding of legal conflict, and I also construct a typology of legal conflict. In Part III, I apply the analysis of conflict in Part II to the jus cogens context by identifying and classifying situations where rules of ordinary international conflict with jus cogens rules. Finally, Part IV explores the consequences of the conflicts with jus cogens which were identified in Part III. What we see is that the consequences of these conflicts are varied. Most strikingly, however, we find that in some cases jus cogens rules are being defeated by rules of ordinary international law. This challenges the orthodox thinking that jus cogens rules are straightforwardly superior to ordinary international law, in the sense that they always prevail in conflict-situations. But while the conclusion of the study may seem radical, it is informed by theoretical writing about law and about how rules conflict. Ultimately, the study seeks to improve our understanding of jus cogens rules in international law, as well as the more general problem of how legal rules conflict with each other.
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Baldé, Saïdou. "La justice pénale internationale et les conflits armés en Afrique subsaharienne : contribution à l’étude du droit international pénal." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU10014/document.

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Kadimanche, Kadima Kalala André. "La mise en oeuvre du droit international humanitaire en République démocratique du Congo." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022COAZ0035.

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Malgré l'engagement de la République démocratique du Congo en matière de droit international humanitaire, engagement favorisé par son appartenance au système moniste et sa participation institutionnelle aux instances de mise en œuvre prévues par les traités humanitaires, les règles du droit international humanitaire sont constamment violées en République démocratique du Congo. Cette réalité a amené à analyser les facteurs de l'ineffectivité de sa mise en mise en œuvre. Parmi ceux-ci, les principaux semblent être les insuffisances institutionnelles favorisant l'impunité en matière de crimes internationaux et l'inopérabilité de certains mécanismes de mise en œuvre prévus par les traités humanitaires. Afin de pallier ces défaillances, la thèse fait des propositions concrètes pour une mise en œuvre effective et efficiente du droit international humanitaire en République démocratique du Congo, notamment la création des Chambres spéciales au sein du système judiciaire congolais pour juger les internationaux
Despite the commitment of the Democratic of the to international humanitarian law - a commitment favored by its membership in the monist systèm - and its institutional participation in the implementation bodies provided for in humanitarian treaties, the rules of IHL are constantly violated in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This reality has led to an analysis of the factors behind the ineffectiveness of the implementation. Among thse, the man ones seem to be institutional shortcomings that encourage impunity for international crimes and the inoperability of certain implementation mechanisms provided for in humanitarian treaties. In order to overcome these shortcomings, the thesis makes concrete proposals for the effective and efficient implementation of international humanitarian law in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including the creation of Special Panels within the Congolese judicial system to try international crimes
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Lagerberg, Eric M. "Conflicts of laws in private international air law." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59992.

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The thesis deals with problems of conflict of laws and its latest developments, especially in Europe, in relation to international air transport. (1) The contractual situations connected with air transport are analysed in light of the applicable international air law conventions and of a comparative survey of the conflict of laws rules of some states and international conventions on conflict of laws concerning contracts. Where the international air law conventions do not supply the solution or where they are not applicable resort has to be made to the conflict of laws. (2) Conflict of laws also arises in the legal interaction (contracts, sale of goods, transfer of ownership--res in transitu, torts, marriages, wills, etc.) between persons onboard an aircraft in flight. (3) The aircraft as an expensive and highly mobile chattel poses problems from the rights in rem point of view in the conflict of laws. (4) Aircraft accidents and the tortious liability of persons and entities involved as well as obligations arising from assistance and rescue operations pose conflict of laws problems.
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Books on the topic "International conflicts"

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Leif, Ohlsson, and Buzan Barry, eds. Case studies of regional conflicts and conflict resolution. Gothenburg, Sweden: Padrigu, 1989.

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Leflar, Robert Allen. American conflicts law. 4th ed. Charlottesville, Va: Michie Co., 1986.

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1936-, Kanet Roger E., ed. Resolving regional conflicts. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998.

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Wolfrum, Rüdiger. Conflicts in international environmental law. Berlin: Springer, 2003.

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Wolfrum, Rüdiger, and Nele Matz. Conflicts in International Environmental Law. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05113-9.

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Zhang, Shixin Ivy, and Altman Yuzhu Peng. China, Media, and International Conflicts. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003261278.

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Tsuneo, Iida. International economic conflicts and Japan. Nagoya, Japan: Economic Research Center, Faculty of Economics, Nagoya University, 1985.

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Nye, Joseph S. Understanding international conflicts: An introduction to theory and history. 6th ed. Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2006.

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Nalbandov, Robert. Foreign interventions in ethnic conflicts. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2009.

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Zartman, I. William, and Guy Olivier Faure, eds. Escalation and Negotiation in International Conflicts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511550584.

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Book chapters on the topic "International conflicts"

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Haydock, Karen, Abhijit Sambhaji Bansode, Gurinder Singh, and Kalpana Sangale. "Dialectical Conflicts." In International Explorations in Outdoor and Environmental Education, 35–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64065-1_3.

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Lanoszka, Anna. "Armed conflicts, violence, and development." In International Development, 125–51. New York : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315617671-5.

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Kyris, George. "International Organizations and Statehood Conflicts." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Peace and Conflict Studies, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11795-5_155-1.

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Kozhemiakin, Alexander V. "Global Democratization and International Conflicts." In Expanding the Zone of Peace?, 103–27. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-333-99534-1_6.

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Stavenhagen, Rodolfo. "International Dimensions of Ethnic Conflicts." In Ethnic Conflicts and the Nation-State, 203–26. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25014-1_8.

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Azar, Edward E. "Protracted International Conflicts: Ten Propositions." In Conflict: Readings in Management and Resolution, 145–55. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21003-9_8.

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Cook, Ian. "Civil Wars and International Conflicts." In The Politics of the Final Hundred Years of Humanity (2030-2130), 111–43. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1259-9_6.

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Kyris, George. "International Organizations and Statehood Conflicts." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Peace and Conflict Studies, 611–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77954-2_155.

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Liu, Shujun, and Mark Boukes. "Strategy framing of international conflicts." In China, Media, and International Conflicts, 9–27. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003261278-2.

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Bernstein, Murray M. "Conflicts in Adjustment." In International Handbook of Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma, 119–24. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5567-1_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "International conflicts"

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Stojanovska, Slagjana, and Kristina Velichkovska. "COMMUNICATION DIFFERENCES AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT." In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.s.p.2020.85.

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This paper aims to examine the challenges of cross-cultural communication in multicultural teams and the resolution of conflicts arising during that process of communication. For this purpose, a survey was conducted on individuals coming from various cultural backgrounds to determine how cultural differences affect the organizational communication styles, their perception of conflict situations and the choice of conflict resolution procedures. The study is underpinned by a literature review of cross-cultural communication and theories on culture, conflict resolution and multicultural team dynamics. Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Theory will be used to define the cultural differences using four dimensions: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs collectivism, and masculinity vs femininity. The outcome of the study assesses the intercultural communication competence of employees in North Macedonia and gives recommendations on how to improve communication and avoid conflicts that plague multicultural teams.
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De Silva, Piyanwada, and Y. G. Sandanayake. "Conflicts Handling Styles Used by Professionals at Pre-Contract Stage of Building Construction Projects in Sri Lanka." In The SLIIT International Conference on Engineering and Technology 2022. Faculty of Engineering, SLIIT, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54389/vluv8738.

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Conflicts between design team professionals is a common experience in building construction projects in Sri Lanka. Depending on the way they are been handled, these conflicts bring either positive or negative impacts to the project. Thus, this paper investigates the conflict-handling styles that the professionals use to handle different types of conflicts among themselves at pre-contract stage of construction projects in Sri Lanka. The study on different types of conflicts and handling styles were derived through quantitative approach by a questionnaire survey designed incorporating Rahim’s Organisational Conflict InventoryII (ROCI-II) with the participation of 42 number of professionals engaged during the pre-contract stage of building construction projects in Sri Lanka. The scope of the study was limited to the building construction projects and only to the conflicts among professionals at the same level. The collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The research findings revealed that there are four types of conflicts: task, relationship, process and status conflicts, occur in different frequencies among the professionals. The task conflicts occur very often, and process conflicts occur often whilst relationship and status conflicts occur rarely among professionals during the pre-contract stage. This study revealed that professionals use different conflict handling styles to handle these four types of conflicts among themselves during the pre-contract stage of building construction projects in Sri Lanka. Further, majority of professionals use integrating style often to handle conflicts among themselves, and they use avoiding style very rarely to handle the conflicts among themselves except for relationship conflicts. However, to handle relationship conflicts, professionals use dominating style as the last option. The study would assist the industry practitioners to identify their personnel conflict handling style and the outcome of using each style with their supervisors when handling conflicts during the precontract stage. KEYWORDS: Conflicts, Conflict-Handling Styles, Conflicts With Professionals, Construction Industry, Pre-Contract Stage.
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Nofeli, Reihane, Seyede Simin Mirhashemi Dehkordi, and Hojjat Mianabadi. "Theory of Institutional Peace and Peacebuilding in Transboundary River Basins." In 8th Peace and Conflict Resolution Conference [PCRC2021]. Tomorrow People Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52987/pcrc.2021.014.

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ABSTRACT Social developments have led to prompt the significance of concentrating on peace and the factors influencing it throughout history. In order to analyze this concept, various theories have been proposed in the field of international relations and peace and conflict studies. Institutional peace theory is one of the prominent theories that emphasizes the role of international institutions to achieve meaningful change and cooperation among governments at the international level. Most researchers in the field of environmental challenges in general and water challenges in particular have also based liberal institutionalism in their research at the international level. Attention to the role of institutions in dealing with water conflicts and peacebuilding in transboundary river basins has led to the need to analyze the theory of institutional peace in the management of water conflicts. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study is to analyze the capacity of institutional peace theory in dealing with water conflicts in transboundary river basins. With this goal in view, while using library resources, the effectiveness of institutional peace theory in the management of water conflicts is analyzed. Based on the analyses, it can be acknowledged that despite the positive effect of water institutions in relieving water conflicts in some river basins, there are significant criticisms of this theory. KEYWORDS: Water Conflicts, Institutional Peace, Transboundary river basins, Institutionalism
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Dzhindzholiya, Raul'. "On the right of children to protection in armed conflict." In Development of legal systems of Russia and foreign countries : problems of theory and practice. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02110-1-50-61.

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The article deals with the rights of children in international conflicts. The author focuses on international legal mechanisms for the protection of children in armed conflict, on the issues of compliance and fulfillment of obligations defined by international agreements and the activities of the International Committee of the Red Cross. The article proposes measures to improve international legal instruments for the protection of the rights of children in armed conflict
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Jankurova, Andrea. "INTERCULTURAL CONFLICTS WITHIN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS." In 2nd International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2015/b21/s4.024.

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Neumeyer, Xaver, and Ann F. McKenna. "Assessing Team Conflict in Student Design Teams." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63933.

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Our work is investigating the role of team conflict in the context of student design project work. We are interested in the types of conflicts that occur during the team’s development of their design solution, and how these conflicts may in fact contribute in a positive way to the overall design solution. We are using a mixed-method approach to data collection through student interviews, team observations, reflective memos, and surveys. This paper reports results from a study implemented in a required first-year engineering design course. Results from this study indicate that teams experience a range of conflicts, where some students perceive these conflicts as beneficial to team performance. In addition, our results describe several strategies teams use to manage and leverage these conflicts. Finally, methodologically we found that the team memos and team conflict surveys were better instruments for capturing team conflict, more so than self-report surveys.
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Olak, Antoni, Bożena Konecka-Szydełko, and Jerzy Michno. "The Importance of Stabilization Peacekeeping Missions as an Entity of the Security System in Europe and in the World – Outline of the Issues." In Národná a medzinárodná bezpečnosť. Akadémia ozbrojených síl generála Milana Rastislava Štefánika, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52651/nmb.c.2023.9788080406516.294-299.

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Nowadays, international relations are characterized by the presence of many conflicts and contradictions between or within countries, which pose a threat to international peace and security. This leads to the emergence of a form of global international cooperation called "peacekeeping". One of the main tools for resolving conflicts is the use of armed force in the form of international peacekeeping missions. The UN plays a key role in this area, as well as other regional and international organizations such as NATO, the European Union, and the African Union. Primary responsibility for maintaining international security and peace rests with the UN Security Council. The Security Council has many responsibilities, including: deciding on ceasefires, sending troops and missions to armed conflict zones, and conducting peacekeeping operations through UN-sponsored military contingents.
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Eifler, Rebecca, Jeremy Frank, and Jörg Hoffmann. "Explaining Soft-Goal Conflicts through Constraint Relaxations." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/641.

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Recent work suggests to explain trade-offs between soft-goals in terms of their conflicts, i.e., minimal unsolvable soft-goal subsets. But this does not explain the conflicts themselves: Why can a given set of soft-goals not be jointly achieved? Here we approach that question in terms of the underlying constraints on plans in the task at hand, namely resource availability and time windows. In this context, a natural form of explanation for a soft-goal conflict is a minimal constraint relaxation under which the conflict disappears (``if the deadline was 1 hour later, it would work''). We explore algorithms for computing such explanations. A baseline is to simply loop over all relaxed tasks and compute the conflicts for each separately. We improve over this by two algorithms that leverage information -- conflicts, reachable states -- across relaxed tasks. We show that these algorithms can exponentially outperform the baseline in theory, and we run experiments confirming that advantage in practice.
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Golovko, Liudmyla, Olena Gulac, and Roman Oleksenko. "INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGULATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DURING ARMED CONFLICT AND THE POSSIBILITY OF ITS APPLICATION IN UKRAINE." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/5.1/s23.79.

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The purpose of the article is to analyze international legal documents regarding the possibility of their application for the purpose of environmental protection during armed conflict. Special attention was paid to the provisions of international humanitarian law. The gaps that exist in this area were identified. The topic is especially relevant nowadays, when we are witnessing the significant damage caused to the environment during the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. Already now, the damage caused to the environment in Ukraine has reached catastrophic values. Therefore, the issue of holding the Russian Federation accountable for the damage caused to the environment is acute. The article pays special attention to this issue. A comparative analysis of the international legal support of environmental protection during armed conflicts was made. In addition, several legislative acts of Ukraine aimed at monitoring and identification of environmental damage, reports of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Ukraine were examined. International legal regulation of bringing states to responsibility for environmental damage during armed conflicts was analyzed. The insufficiency of international legal regulation in this area was revealed. The need for timely recording of damage caused to the surrounding natural environment during armed conflicts, involvement of the widest range of subjects in the collection of evidence has been proven. The article reveals Ukraine's experience in this area, which may be useful for other states.
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Oruwari, Humphrey Otombosoba. "Assessment of Conflict Management in Niger Delta and Implications for Sustainable Development of Oil and Gas in Nigeria." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208224-ms.

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Abstract Nigerian oil and gas industry have over the years witnessed incessant conflicts between the stakeholders, particularly the host communities in Niger Delta region and the oil and gas companies in partnership with the Federal Government. Conflict which is here defined as manifestation of disagreement between individual and groups arising from differing and mutually incompatible interests has both positive and negative effects depending on how it was managed. Managing conflicts is all about limiting the negative aspects. The study examined conflicts management in Nigeria oil and gas industry and how best the positive elements of conflicts can be maximally exploited for the mutual benefit of both oil and gas company and the host communities in Niger Delta. The study adopted the multidisciplinary approach, literature review, case study and relied on secondary sources using analytical method of data analysis. The study findings revealed that the major factors that precipitate conflicts between the oil and gas industry and host communities in Niger Delta include economic, social, political, and ecological factors. There are available strategies that can be used in conflict management. These include avoiding, accommodating, or smoothing, competing, or forcing, compromising, and collaborating. Any of these strategies can be used to manage conflict depending on the situation, the environment factor, and the nature of the conflict. The problem is that the oil and gas companies in partnership with the Nigerian government often adopted the wrong approach in dealing with the conflict with host communities, using avoiding or forcing strategies. The study recommends collaboration strategy which ensues long term-term solution to mutual benefits.
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Reports on the topic "International conflicts"

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Lewis, Dustin, Gabriella Blum, and Naz Modirzadeh. Indefinite War: Unsettled International Law on the End of Armed Conflict. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, February 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/yrjv6070.

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Can we say, definitively, when an armed conflict no longer exists under international law? The short, unsatisfying answer is sometimes: it is clear when some conflicts terminate as a matter of international law, but a decisive determination eludes many others. The lack of fully-settled guidance often matters significantly. That is because international law tolerates, for the most part, far less violent harm, devastation, and suppression in situations other than armed conflicts. Thus, certain measures governed by the laws and customs of war—including killing and capturing the enemy, destroying and seizing enemy property, and occupying foreign territory, all on a possibly large scale—would usually constitute grave violations of peacetime law. This Legal Briefing details the legal considerations and analyzes the implications of that lack of settled guidance. It delves into the myriad (and often-inconsistent) provisions in treaty law, customary law, and relevant jurisprudence that purport to govern the end of war. Alongside the doctrinal analysis, this Briefing considers the changing concept of war and of what constitutes its end; evaluates diverse interests at stake in the continuation or close of conflict; and contextualizes the essentially political work of those who design the law. In all, this Legal Briefing reveals that international law, as it now stands, provides insufficient guidance to precisely discern the end of many armed conflicts as a factual matter (when has the war ended?), as a normative matter (when should the war end?), and as a legal matter (when does the international-legal framework of armed conflict cease to apply in relation to the war?). The current plurality of legal concepts of armed conflict, the sparsity of IHL provisions that instruct the end of application, and the inconsistency among such provisions thwart uniform regulation and frustrate the formulation of a comprehensive notion of when wars can, should, and do end. Fleshing out the criteria for the end of war is a considerable challenge. Clearly, many of the problems identified in this Briefing are first and foremost strategic and political. Yet, as part of a broader effort to strengthen international law’s claim to guide behavior in relation to war and protect affected populations, international lawyers must address the current confusion and inconsistencies that so often surround the end of armed conflict.
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Lewis, Dustin, Naz Modirzadeh, and Gabriella Blum. Medical Care in Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law and State Responses to Terrorism. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/hwga7438.

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The surge in armed conflicts involving terrorism has brought to the fore the general question of medical care in armed conflict and the particular legal protections afforded to those providing such care to terrorists. Against this backdrop, we evaluate international humanitarian law (IHL) protections for wartime medical assistance concerning terrorists. Through that lens, we expose gaps and weaknesses in IHL. We also examine tensions between IHL and state responses to terrorism more broadly. In studying the IHL regime applicable to medical care, substantive fragmentation and gaps in legal protection between states and across types of conflict emerge. These ruptures are not new. But they are increasingly noticeable as terrorism is more frequently conceptualized as forming part of armed conflicts and as more states undertake aggressive responses to terrorist threats. The U.N. Security Council has been a key driver of these responses, requiring member states to take more and broader steps to obviate terrorist threats. Yet so far the Council has not required that, in doing so, states fully exempt impartial wartime medical care, even in circumstances that would render such care protected under IHL. Rather, the Council seems to consider providing medical assistance and supplies to al-Qaeda and its associates as at least a partial ground for designating those who facilitate such care as terrorists themselves. The overall result today is unsatisfactory. By prosecuting physicians for supporting terrorists through medical care in armed conflicts, some states are likely violating their IHL treaty obligations. But in certain other instances where states intentionally curtail impartial medical care there is no clear IHL violation. Both those actual IHL violations and the lack of clear IHL violations, we think, are cause for concern. The former represent failures to implement the legal regime. And the latter highlight the non-comprehensiveness - or, at least, the indeterminateness and variability - of the normative framework.
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Iwara, MaryAnne. Hybrid Peacebuilding Approaches in Africa: Harnessing Complementary Parallels. RESOLVE Network, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/pn2020.15.lpbi.

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Many of the most pressing conflicts across sub-Saharan Africa today—including violent extremism, sexual and gender-based violence, pastoralist/farmer conflicts, and criminal banditry—are shaped by local, community-level drivers. Despite these local drivers, however, international peacebuilding approaches often ignore or neglect bottom-up, grassroots strategies for addressing them. Often, international efforts to contribute to the prevention and management of local conflicts depend heavily on large-scale, expensive, and external interventions like peacekeepers, while under-investing in or by-passing traditional/customary mechanisms and resources that uphold locally defined values of peace, tolerance, solidarity, and respect. Recognizing that these traditional and customary practices themselves sometimes have their own legacies of violence and inequality, this policy note emphasizes the possibility of combining aspects of traditional peacebuilding mechanisms with international conflict management approaches to harness the benefits of both.
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Semotiuk, Orest. RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN MILITARY CONFLICT: TERMINOLOGICAL AND DISCURSIVE DIMENSIONS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11399.

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The paper is devoted to terminological, typological and discursive dimension of concepts describing modern conflicts. Historical development of concept “war” is retraced including four generations of warfare. Difficulties in establishing a methodological framework for analyzing the media coverage of military conflicts are analyzed and an interdisciplinary approach to the media coverage of military conflicts is proposed. This enables the integration of different theories - international relations, conflict studies, political communication and journalism. Two dimensions of the Russian-Ukrainian military conflict (physical and discursive) are desribed. In the physical dimension, the conflict is localized. The discursive dimension of the conflict is implemented at the global, interstate (Russian-Ukrainian) and local (intra-Ukrainian) levels. Discursive understanding of the Russian-Ukrainian military conflict was investigated on local level. The object of analysis was coverage of the conflict in 4 Ukrainian online news portals. The need of new methodological approaches to analysis of the relationship between the media and security issues is emphasized.
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Walsh, Alex, and Ben Hassine. Mediation and Peacebuilding in Tunisia: Actors and Practice. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.061.

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This Helpdesk Report is part mapping of the mediation and peacebuilding actors in Tunisia and part review of the available literature. There are a host of governmental and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) that are involved in the mediation of conflicts and peacebuilding, both in formal and informal ways. There is overlap in the principles and goals of peacebuilding and mediation; many organisations conduct both practices, intermingling them. Local, regional, national and international actors have applied mediation and peacebuilding to many different types of conflict in the past decade in Tunisia, involving varied parties. The case studies included in this rapid review cover conflicts relating to labour and the economy, the environment, basic services, constitutional/political disputes, and women’s rights. They involve local communities, the unemployed national and regional trade unions, civil society organisations (CSOs), national utility and mineral companies, and political parties.
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Herbert, Siân. Maintaining Basic State Functions and Service Delivery During Escalating Crises. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.099.

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This rapid literature review explores how to maintain essential state functions and basic service delivery during escalating conflict situations. It draws on literature and ideas from various overlapping agendas including development and humanitarian nexus; development, humanitarian and peacebuilding nexus (the “triple nexus”); fragile states; state-building; conflict sensitivity; resilience; and conflict prevention and early warning. There has been an extensive exploration of these ideas over the past decades: as the international development agenda has increasingly focussed on the needs of fragile and conflict-affected contexts (FCAS); as violent conflicts have become more complex and protracted; as the global share of poverty has become increasingly concentrated in FCAS highlighting the need to combine humanitarian crisis strategies with longer-term development strategies; as threats emanating from FCAS increasingly affect countries beyond those states and regions e.g. through serious and organised crime (SOC) networks, migration, terrorism, etc; and as global trends like climate change and demographic shifts create new stresses, opportunities, and risks.
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Kelly, Luke. Humanitarian Considerations in Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR). Institute of Development Studies, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.106.

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This rapid literature review finds that disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) raises a number of humanitarian considerations, centred on the treatment of participants and the unintended consequences of the programmes. In particular, DDR undertaken during conflicts is linked to several protection risks and is difficult to implement in a neutral, equitable and humanitarian manner. By humanitarian concerns, this report means: • Some of the functions undertaken in DDR, • Humanitarian risks to individuals in DDR programmes, • Indirect risks of conflict arising from DDR programmes; DDR is a broad and multi-faceted process involving security, humanitarian and development aspects and actors, with wide-ranging impacts. Humanitarian actors do not undertake DDR, but they may support some DDR processes, and maybe affected by DDR or its effects. According to UN guidance and the academic literature, successful DDR will consider socio-economic conditions in the community, as well as for the ex-combatants. It should be attuned to the range of needs of participants and should abide by relevant international law. The political dynamics of a conflict or post-conflict situation shape the success of DDR. It was first used in post-conflict situations, but the increasing use of DDR in ongoing conflicts creates new difficulties. The failure or partial implementation creates many humanitarian problems. This may arise from a lack of resources; competing authorities (and particularly the co-option of DDR for war aims); ongoing conflict and instability; mistakes in implementation; and socio-economic conditions unconducive to successful reintegration. Unsuccessful DDR may see partially demobilised actors remain dangerous, or may fuel new grievances around the perceived unfairness of granting support to former combatants. There is a large body of evidence on the successes and failures of DDR programmes, how they vary over time and across contexts, and guidance on how to implement DDR. Relatively little refers explicitly to humanitarian concerns, but many of the issues covered can be characterised as humanitarian. DDR has been employed in many situations since the 1980s, meaning that it is not possible to comprehensively survey the guidance or case study evidence. Instead, this review focuses on the main areas where DDR can be said to raise humanitarian concerns, with a particular focus on the problems raised by DDR in ongoing conflicts.
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Hachem-Vermette, Caroline, Matteo Formolli, and Daniele Vettorato. Surface Uses in Solar Neighborhoods. IEA SHC Task 63, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task63-2022-0002.

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This report has been completed through international collaboration under the International Energy Agency (IEA) Solar Heating and Cooling (SHC) Programme - Task 63 on Solar Neighborhood Planning. Specifically, the work contributes to Task 63 Subtask B - Economic Strategies and Stakeholder Engagement by identifying and discussing the potential usage of different urban surfaces in harvesting solar energy. Special focus has been placed on the identification of conflicts and synergies among solutions, and their contribution to the major climate resilience and sustainability objectives defined by solar neighborhoods.
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Jaffar, Fatma. Speaking Up: The role of women in building peace in Yemen. Oxfam International, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2023.621481.

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This paper brings the voices of Yemeni women forward. Women were active in the 2011 protests, influencing political developments at key junctures. However, subsequent armed conflicts militarized the political environment and pushed forward a more limited religious agenda that saw more and more women systematically marginalized in the process. This paper outlines these major trends and offers some key recommendations to the government and wider international community to better support women’s participation in peace negotiations and involvement in the Yemeni political arena.
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Picciotto, Sol. The Contested Shaping of International Tax Rules: The Growth of Services and the Revival of Fractional Apportionment. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.014.

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The digitalisation of the economy has spotlighted fundamental flaws in international tax rules, which have been exacerbated since the 1970s with the wider shift to the services economy and the growth of international services. These systemic flaws have been more evident from the perspective of countries that are mainly importers of services that have tried to retain rights to tax profits at the source from which they derive. While they succeeded in retaining a wider scope for source taxation, key provisions have been subject to continuing conflicts and contestation over their formulation and interpretation, leaving a legacy of ambiguity and confusion. Digitalisation has now sparked a dramatic reversal of perspective by more developed countries and an acceptance of principles they have long resisted: that taxation of transnational corporations can be based on apportionment of an appropriate fraction of their global income and can be by countries from where they derive income, regardless of physical presence. This paper outlines the contested process that has shaped the formulation of key provisions on taxation of international services, discusses the recent moves to reshape these rules and evaluates some policy options for capital-importing countries to strengthen their taxing rights in the current context.
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