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Journal articles on the topic 'International conflicts'
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1
Marukhovska-Kartunova, Olga, Andrii Bozhkov, Valentyn Romanchuk, Oleksandr Bazov, Dymytrii Grytsyshen, and Valentyna Opanasiuk. "International Law: Regulation of Conflicts and International Relations." Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 18, no. 6 (June 10, 2024): e06979. http://dx.doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n6-132.
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Objective: In the backdrop of escalating military confrontations and worsening economic and environmental challenges worldwide, this research aims to delve into effective systems for managing international conflicts and optimizing the global security framework. Theoretical framework: The study delves into the integration of legal frameworks within nations engaged in hostilities, examining key institutions influencing the regulation of international conflicts. It analyzes the evolution of conflicts in Ukraine and Israel, elucidating the involvement of legal institutions in regulating these conflicts. Methods: The research utilizes qualitative and quantitative approaches. It scrutinizes scholarly publications, evaluates prevailing strategies employed by states in conflicts, and assesses major geopolitical entities' support for such conflicts. It synthesizes insights from diverse disciplines, including international law, political science, and international relations. Results and conclusion: This research underscores international law's role in regulating conflicts through diplomatic frameworks, conflict oversight, and treaty enforcement despite challenges in politically charged environments. Case studies of Ukraine and Israel highlight the complexities of applying international law to modern conflicts. Research implications: The study highlights the need to reform the legal framework of international organizations like the European Union to enhance conflict management efficacy. It emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary research in developing more effective legal frameworks and strategies for conflict resolution and peacekeeping. Originality/value: This research contributes to understanding the dynamic interplay between law and politics in conflict resolution. It identifies areas for further research, including the role of international organizations in peacekeeping and the intersection of conflict regulation with other branches of international law.
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Marukhovska-Kartunova, Olga, Andrii Bozhkov, Valentyn Romanchuk, Oleksandr Bazov, Dymytrii Grytsyshen, and Valentyna Opanasiuk. "International Law (SDG'S): Regulation of Conflicts and International Relations." Journal of Lifestyle and SDGs Review 4 (July 25, 2024): e01667. http://dx.doi.org/10.47172/2965-730x.sdgsreview.v4.n00.pe01667.
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Objective: This research aims to explore effective systems for managing international conflicts and optimizing the global security framework amidst escalating military confrontations and worsening economic and environmental challenges worldwide. Theoretical Framework: The study delves into the integration of legal frameworks within nations engaged in hostilities, examining key institutions influencing the regulation of international conflicts. Method: Utilizing qualitative and quantitative approaches, the research scrutinizes scholarly publications, evaluates prevailing strategies employed by states in conflicts, and assesses major geopolitical entities' support for such conflicts. It synthesizes insights from diverse disciplines, including international law, political science, and international relations. Results and Discussion: Case studies of conflicts in Ukraine and Israel underscore the complexities of applying international law to contemporary conflicts. The study highlights the need to reform the legal framework of international organizations like the European Union to enhance conflict management efficacy. It emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary research in developing more effective legal frameworks and strategies for conflict resolution and peacekeeping. Research Implications: This research contributes to understanding the dynamic interplay between law and politics in conflict resolution. Originality/Value: This research identifies areas for further research, including the role of international organizations in peacekeeping and the intersection of conflict regulation with other branches of international law.
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Farrés-Fernández, Guillem. "Reanalysing International Conflicts: Proposals from the Sociology of Power." International Studies 56, no. 4 (July 9, 2019): 255–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020881719857512.
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This article opens a dialogue between different notions of conflict and the sociology of power and suggests a new theoretical framework for the analysis of international conflicts. Refusing to consider abstract entities as actors, it helps us better determine who the relevant actors are in each international conflict and gives special attention to the existing power relations between them. Accordingly, it is considered that a large social system is made up of numerous actors with multiple conflicts between them. Thus, in the case of international conflicts, we do not face one single conflict, but a conflictual complex involving a multitude of actors with their different power resources, who weave a network of conflicts and power relations between them, and at its top a dominant conflict, the conflict around which the other conflicts evolve. Acknowledging the complexity of international conflicts, this new theoretical approach should better explain both the behaviour of the actors and the evolution of the conflictual complex itself.
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Novik, Iryna. "CONFLICT MANAGMENT IN THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION." Bulletin of the National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" (economic sciences), no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2519-4461.2023.1.22.
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The article is devoted to the fact that conflicts are inevitable in our lives and that conflict management in the international organization is one of the most important areas in the activities of the head because it affects the productivity of employees and it affects the results of the work of the organization as a whole. The article discusses the mechanisms of management as well as the definition of conflict and how to manage stress to avoid conflict situations in the organization. For most companies, the main reason was and remains a conflict of interest of employees, and that would prevent or resolve an existing conflict the article reveals the stages of conflict development and the characteristics of ways to resolve conflicts, as well as methods of behavior of individuals or groups in the conflict, called methods of conflict prevention in the organization, reveals what is conflict forecasting since it plays a not unimportant role in personnel management in the organization. To resolve conflict situations, the leader can turn to methods such as smoothing, cooperation, compromise, etc. The use of these strategies can help resolve conflicts. One of the most effective methods of conflict resolution is a compromise, since most often the conflicting parties use a compromise, since the friendly steps towards which one of the conflicting parties makes, make it possible to achieve an asymmetric (one side can give in more, the other will give in less) or even symmetrical ( parties are trying to make mutual concessions approximately equal to each other) agreement. The main thing to remember is that managing conflicts between employees is a controlled process, and even people with opposite views on the situation can agree. And do not forget about the prevention and forecasting of conflicts in order to prevent the appearance of discontent and tension in the team. Conclusions based on the results of the study are formulated.
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Chen, Guolin. "The Impact of International Trade in the Context of Local Turmoil in the World." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 78, no. 1 (April 18, 2024): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/78/20241664.
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Studying the impact of regional conflicts on international trade helps to better understand and predict changes and trends in trade, providing important references for government and business decision-making. By conducting in-depth research on the impact of conflicts on international trade, targeted measures can be formulated to reduce the negative impact of conflicts on trade and promote regional and international economic stability and development. In addition, studying the impact of local regional conflicts on international trade can also help strengthen the international community's attention and assistance to conflict areas, help conflict areas achieve peace and stability, and create a more favorable environment for international trade. Therefore, the importance of studying the impact of regional conflicts on international trade lies in enhancing understanding of the mechanisms of trade impact, improving targeted decision-making, and promoting international cooperation and peaceful development.Next, this paper will start with the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, study the global influence and economic development, and finally study China's trade problems.
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Balas, Hashem, Ahmed Al-Btoosh, and Reem Shatnawi. "International Protection of Human Rights in Non-International Armed Conflicts." International Journal of Religion 5, no. 11 (July 3, 2024): 2795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.61707/drj2m024.
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This research examines the foundations for protecting human rights in non-international armed conflicts. The meaning and importance of the International Bill of Human Rights will be clarified, and the applicable rules for resolving non-international armed conflicts will be explained. The research relied on descriptive and analytical methods and was the primary objective. The results yielded several important results, the most important of which is that due to the International Committee of the Red Cross's tireless efforts and coordinated regional and global efforts, it introduced the draft articles created by the four agreements to the Diplomatic Conference held in 1949. This Article was delivered to the Conference and attempted to apply the principles of the agreements to all instances of armed conflict, including those involving non-international armed conflicts. The study suggested reviewing the texts of the Geneva Conventions of 1949, considering the past experiences of non-international armed conflicts to ensure greater protection of human rights.
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Macra-Oșorhean, Maria-Daniela, Alexandru Morar, and George Suciu. "Conflict Management Within Transylvania College International School." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Educatio Artis Gymnasticae 65, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeag.65(4).33.
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ABSTRACT. The conflict has always been an inevitable progress and it existed since our earliest times whenever there was a desire to lead a group or even an empire. For this theme we took into account the fact that the term “conflict” has a negative connotation and it is often associated with concepts such as anger, aggressivity, opposition, although conflict doesn't necessarily need to be referred to as a negative experience. We must acknowledge the fact that if we experience conflicts in our lives, it means we are sincere, we express our visions, opinions, thoughts and feelings, and that, in this way, we can evolve and develop as humans. The objectives of the research within the international school Transylvania College Cluj-Napoca were to analyse the types of conflicts and what caused them within the organisation, the people who offered support to solve these conflicts and the number of conflicts each teacher had. For the research we used a survey where 37 teachers (males and females) replied to several questions in a google form at the end of the 2018 - 2019 academic year and where the responders had difficulties the researchers offered additional explanations by email or verbally. The study concluded that conflicts are not created because of the difference in objectives, but from the difference in how the parties involved want to achieve these objectives and the most common of the conflicts was definitely when people didn’t express clearly what they wanted or gave unclear instructions. Furthermore, a clear communication reduces the differences in perception and the probability of a conflict.
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Kompaniets, Oleksandr, and Volodymyr Prykhodko. "ECONOMY AS A BACKGROUND OF CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS: THEORETICAL ASPECTS." International Interdisciplinary Scientific Journal "Expert" 1, no. 1 (2023): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.62034/2815-5300/2023-v1-i1-005.
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The article examines the economic aspect of international conflicts, in particular the role of the economic component in international conflicts. Individual causes of occurrence, management methods and principles of conflict resolution were studied, in order to structure theoretical knowledge about conflicts and determining the role of economic aspects in the reasons of conflicts, its influence on their course and the possibility of applying of economy as a lever that contributes to the prevention, resolution or minimization of the negative consequences of international conflicts, the search for solutions and the prevention of such in the future, also by taking into account the results of previous scientific studies and using the examples of modern interstate disputes. The main three functions that can be performed by the conflict economy have been defined and the importance of such roles for understanding the nature of the conflict and determining the methodology of its management and resolution has been defined. Authors studied the reasons of actual conflicts to reveal the role of economic aspects of each conflict in order to realize how is economy applied in those conflicts and if it could be as an instrument of aggression or as an instrument of stabilization and resolving the conflict. Also, the nature of conflicts itself was examined to understand if it is possible to find some signs that there is a possibility that a conflict is coming. This understanding could help to prevent the worst consequences of such foreign policy or how to manage it better. Some aspects of the psychology of the conflict were examined. The aim of studying this aspect was to realize which aspects give the possibility to the government to step in the conflict. And how the internal policy of some country could testify that country is preparing to some kind of a conflict. The different systems of internal state organizing were examined to understand which of them is more stable and which one is less stable and could not only move forward to the conflict, but also could be a kind of such conflict. Key words: international conflict, economic component, prevention tool, conflict psychology, interstate relations.
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Bartels, Rogier. "Denying Humanitarian Access as an International Crime in Times of Non-International Armed Conflict: The Challenges to Prosecute and Some Proposals for the Future." Israel Law Review 48, no. 3 (September 28, 2015): 281–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223715000175.
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Impeding humanitarian access and the starving of civilians is prohibited under international humanitarian law in times of both international and non-international armed conflicts. Such conduct is criminalised under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC Statute) when committed during an international armed conflict. However, without good reason, it is not a war crime when committed during a non-international armed conflict. Contemporary conflicts, such as that in Syria, show that this is a problematic omission. This article addresses the challenges in prosecuting the denial of humanitarian access during international armed conflicts and examines the options to prosecute before the International Criminal Court such denial in times of non-international armed conflict as other war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. The author concludes that these options would not suffice and proposes to add to the ICC Statute the starvation of the civilian population, including through impeding humanitarian access, as a war crime for non-international armed conflicts.
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Harzl, B. "International Conflicts and International Law." Journal of International Analytics 11, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2020-11-3-11-21.
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Bradley, Martha M. "Classifying Non-International Armed Conflicts." Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies 11, no. 2 (December 9, 2020): 349–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18781527-bja10011.
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Abstract In terms of Additional Protocol ii to the Geneva Conventions ‘territorial control’ is a requirement in order to determine whether, as contemplated by the provisions of the Protocol, a non-international armed conflict exists. Complex situations in which conflict is not confined to the territorial borders of the State where the non-international armed conflict originated increasingly present a challenge to those responsible for conflict classification under the conventional law of non-international armed conflict. In situations such as these, a non-international armed conflict is no longer restricted to the territory of a single State. Multiple non-international conflicts involving numerous actors can co-exist in a single territory at the same time or lead to fighting across borders. The complex conflict situations in the Central African Republic, Mali, South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo serve as examples. Attaining legal certainty is pivotal with respect to conflict classification because the category of conflict determines the applicable rules of the conventional law of armed conflict. Even though Additional Protocol ii remains the only comprehensive treaty dedicated to the regulation of non-international armed conflict, there is a paucity of literature which analyses its scope of application, and specifically the territorial control requirement. This article offers an in-depth examination of the territorial control requirement.
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Guţan, Sabin. "Ukraine - Type of Armed Conflict." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 22, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2016-0056.
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Abstract The armed conflict in Ukraine raises questions about the typology of armed conflicts and the application of international humanitarian law in modern armed conflicts. Many controversies are found at international level regarding the involvement of other countries in the armed conflict in Ukraine. In this study we intend to analyse facts and international norms regarding the armed conflict in Ukraine and establish the kind of conflict and therefore what the applicable rules of international law are.
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KRPEC, OLDRICH, and VLADAN HODULAK. "War and international trade: Impact of trade disruption on international trade patterns and economic development." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 39, no. 1 (March 2019): 152–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-35172019-2854.
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ABSTRACT The disruptions of trade flows due to military conflicts leads to changes in economic structures of countries, to the subsequent changes in trade policies, and to the changes of established trade patterns with impact on position of countries in international trade system. This paper deals with three modern time’s conflicts: Napoleonic Wars, WWI and WWII. We argue that the changes resulting from the disruption of trade flows itself, leads to changes and shifts which are relatively permanent, independent on outcomes of the conflicts for individual countries, and do significantly affect regions which did not take part in the conflict.
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Kretzmer, David. "Rethinking the Application of IHL in Non-International Armed Conflicts." Israel Law Review 42, no. 01 (2009): 8–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700000431.
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The first step in application by treaty of IHL norms to non-international armed conflicts, adoption of Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, 1949, was taken before the dramatic development of international human rights law (IHRL). The assumption was that unless international humanitarian law (IHL) norms were applied to such conflicts, the way States acted would be unrestrained by international law. With the development of IHRL this assumption is no longer valid. Application of IHL in such conflicts should therefore be re-examined. The Article argues that moving away from IHL in non-international armed conflicts should be based on the following principles: 1. In cases other than international armed conflicts, the presumption should be that the prevailing international legal regime is the human rights regime, based as it is on a law-enforcement model of law, rather than an armed conflict model. 2. The only justification for departure from that regime and for action under the armed conflict model, should be that the level and scope of organized armed violence are such that the State cannot reasonably be expected to act in accordance with the law-enforcement model. The rule of thumb in deciding whether this test has been met could be the definition of non-international armed conflicts adopted in APII. 3. There should be a return to the notion of minimum humanitarian standards or fundamental standards of humanity, which apply to all Parties in all situations, whether armed conflict, internal violence, disturbances, tensions and public emergencies. 4. A State should not be allowed to employ the armed conflict model, without at least some of the norms of protection that this model affords Parties in international armed conflicts. The ideal solution would be to demand that a State, which employs the armed conflict model has to draw the legal consequences and recognize as combatants those members of dissident forces who meet the substantive conditions of combatants under Article 4, paragraph 2 of Third Geneva Convention.
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Plattner, Denise. "The penal repression of violations of international humanitarian law applicable in non-international armed conflicts." International Review of the Red Cross 30, no. 278 (October 1990): 409–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400075938.
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At a time when non-international armed conflicts are increasing in number, it may be interesting to examine the implementation of international humanitarian law (IHL) applicable in these conflicts. To ensure its respect in international armed conflict, this law provides for the penal repression of certain violations. Used with discernment, especially for preventive purposes, this is undoubtedly an effective measure. There is good reason, therefore, also in view of the work of the International Law Commission (ILC) on a draft code of crimes against the peace and security of mankind, to see whether penal repression of the violations of international humanitarian law applicable in non-international armed conflicts should be promoted.
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Bartels, Rogier. "Timelines, borderlines and conflicts." International Review of the Red Cross 91, no. 873 (March 2009): 35–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383109990191.
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AbstractCalls have been made in recent years for the legal distinction between international and non-international armed conflicts to be removed. Also as of late, confusion regarding the applicable legal regime has been created by so-called transnational conflicts involving non-state entities. These situations do not fit naturally into the two traditional types of armed conflict recognized by IHL from 1949 onwards. The present article centres on how the legal divide that still exists between international and non-international armed conflict can be explained historically. It aims to further the discussion on whether such a distinction is still relevant, as well as on how certain situations could be classified in the existing typology of IHL.
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TABANLI, Figen. "PROTECTION OF CULTURAL PROPERTY IN ARMED CONFLICT WITHIN THE HAGUE CONVENTION 1954." SOCIAL SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL 8, no. 37 (May 15, 2023): 174–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31567/ssd.890.
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Cultural values are part of human dignity and civilian life. Cultural property must be primarily protected during armed conflicts as well as during peacetime. Unfortunately, in armed conflicts, culture has often been one of the primary victims of conflict. As a matter of fact, the parties to the conflict usually target the cultural heritage militarily or politically in order to demoralize the targeted society and show their superiority. During the armed conflicts, many cultural heritages, many of them world heritage, have been destroyed or damaged. The destruction of cultural heritage fuels violence, hatred and revenge among people and undermines the foundations of peace by impeding reconciliation even when conflicts are over. The protection of cultural property in international law is regulated in many international documents. However, the first international regulation prepared by UNESCO on the protection of cultural property in times of armed conflict, “The 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict” has a special importance. International law requires the protection of cultural heritage in armed conflicts. Recent history, however, provides numerous examples of the deliberate destruction or its use to secure a military objective. This leads to questioning whether international law provides adequate protection to cultural heritage in times of armed conflict. The study aims to examine what should be understood from the concept of cultural property in terms of international law, what the international regulations are in this regard and whether these regulations are sufficient, on the basis of the 1954 Hague Convention on the Protection of Cultural Properties during Armed Conflicts, and to make some observations and comments.
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Stark, Andrew. "Inverting Donaldson’s Framework: A Managerial Approach To International Conflicts Of Cultural And Economic Norms." Business Ethics Quarterly 25, no. 04 (October 2015): 535–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/beq.2015.30.
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ABSTRACT:Thomas Donaldson’s framework for dealing with value-conflicts between a manager’s home and host country distinguishes between a “conflict of relative [economic] development”—conflicting norms that arise because home and host are at two different stages of economic development—and a “conflict of culture,” which arises because the home and host’s different cultures generate conflicting norms on the issue the manager faces. My question here is a thought experiment. What different insights might emerge if we flipped Donaldson’s framework around? Specifically: What if we viewed the kinds of conflicts that fall under Donaldson’s “conflicts of culture” as arising not because the home and host exhibit a “fundamental” conflict in cultural norms, but because they are at two different stages ofculturaldevelopment? And what if we viewed “conflicts of relative economic development” as conflicts that occur not because home and host are at two different stages of economic development but, simply, because their economies contemporaneously interact with each other in ways that generate normative conflict: call them “conflicts of economy”?
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Radivojević, Zoran, and Nebojša Raičević. "The legal regime of international humanitarian assistance in armed conflicts." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta Nis 60, no. 92 (2021): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfn0-35063.
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The legal regime of international humanitarian assistance provided during armed conflicts is based on several general legal principles. They are guiding principles that apply in all circumstances and situations, regardless of the nature of the armed conflict. The first principle entails that the state has primary responsibility to ensure that the basic needs of population under its jurisdiction are met during the armed conflict. The second principle, closely related to the first one, is the principle that third countries and international humanitarian organizations may offer assistance if a party to the conflict fails to undertake its duty to provide supplies necessary for the survival of the population. The next principles calls for the consent of all concerned parties in the provision of humanitarian assistance, as well as the duty of the parties to the conflict and all third countries to approve and facilitate the unimpeded passage of aid. The last principle is that staff involved in relief operations must be respected and protected. In addition to these general legal principles, international humanitarian assistance is regulated by a dozen of special rules covering various aspects of providing international humanitarian assistance during armed conflict. These rules are the result of a compromise between efforts to provide the vulnerable population with the necessities of life and a demand to protect the sovereignty of all parties to the conflict, but particularly of the state in which the aid is being sent. There is a difference between the rules governing humanitarian aid operations in international armed conflicts and the rules applicable in non-international conflicts. The first group of rules is far more numerous; they regulate in detail the issues related to relief actions, including the conditions for passage, delivery and distribution of consignments, the types of goods and services that can be sent, the category of persons who they are intended for, the position of the personnel engaged in these operations, and the technical conditions for implementing these rules. As regards non-international armed conflicts, the rules on humanitarian assistance are fewer, shorter and more general. These scarce rules are sometimes vague, and they mainly come down to the principle of humane treatment and the right of international humanitarian organizations to offer their assistance. Given that non international conflicts are the predominant form of armed conflict today, there is a strong tendency to extend the application of codified rules of international law governing the provision of humanitarian assistance to these conflicts. The practice of respecting almost all codified rules governing the provision of humanitarian assistance in modern armed conflicts and its wide acceptance by states and other participants confirms that the rules of customary International Humanitarian Law created in this area are applicable in both international and non-international armed conflicts.
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Ahmed, Abdulatif Hajjismael, Osman Alfahim Osman Hamed, and Svetla Gocheva. "Intercultural Conflict and Experiences of International Students in Turkey." Open Education Studies 2, no. 1 (October 22, 2020): 202–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/edu-2020-0120.
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AbstractConflict is a part of daily life and it can occur for many reasons. In an intercultural environment, both international and local people can face conflict due to their interactions. Even though there has been an exponential increase in the growth of international students in Turkey in recent years, little is known about their experiences in the realm of intercultural conflicts. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the occurrence of intercultural conflicts among international students at Anadolu University. In particular, the study sought to examine possible intercultural conflicts this group of students might experience, international students’ intercultural awareness, the major sources of the intercultural conflict and how the international students cope with intercultural conflict. A qualitative research method with phenomenological research design was utilized and semi-structured in-depth interviews were used to gather data. The analysis of the study was organized into six themes, namely: awareness, approach, experience, communication style, worldview change, and coping strategy. Except for the last theme, the obtained data aligned with the literature. Findings revealed that the international students experienced intercultural conflicts mainly due to lack of intercultural competence. Based on these findings, recommendations for future studies were suggested.
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Lisenco, Vladlena. "International humanitarian law and the international legal status of journalists." Revista Moldovenească de Drept Internaţional şi Relaţii Internaţionale 18, no. 1 (November 2023): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.61753/1857-1999/2345-1963/2023.18-1.02.
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This article analyses international instruments in the sphere of international humanitarian law, in particular, devoted to ensuring the protection of journalists during an armed conflict. The absence of clear legal criteria of non-international conflict, incomplete guarantees of rights of mass media employees may give grounds for manipulation or ignoring their legal protection. The author gives the concept of the system of protection of rights and freedoms of journalists covering military conflicts, legal status during an armed conflict, conclusions and proposals to fill the gaps in international humanitarian law.
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Wolfrum, Rüdiger. "Intractable Conflicts: The Effectiveness of International Dispute Resolution Mechanisms." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 112 (2018): 172–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amp.2019.4.
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Our chairman has indicated that we first should consider between a conflict and a dispute. Conflict is the broader term. Conflicts mostly contain one or more legal disputes, resolving those would help resolve the conflict.
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Dnistrianskyi, Miroslav, Galina Kopachinska, and Nataliya Dnistrianska. "PROBLEMS OF UNREGULATED POLITICAL STATUS OF TERRITORIES AS A FACTOR OF DEEPENING CONTRADICTIONS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS." SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES: GEOGRAPHY 51, no. 2 (December 5, 2021): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2519-4577.21.2.9.
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All international conflicts regarding unregulated political status of territories, despite the variety of their types, can be united by the lack of legitimate power in different parts of the earth's surface or the desire to establish such power. In order to differentiate all the conflicts regarding international legal unregulated political status of the territories according to their origin the following types can be proposed: 1) conflicts that arose as a result of the forcible annexation of territories, the incorporation of which is not recognized by the international community; 2) conflicts that arose due to the creation of the self-proclaimed states in the territories controlled by the occupation regimes; 3) conflicts that arose due to the creation of the self-proclaimed states as the result of domestic crisis reasons, but with the participation of foreign policy factors; 4) conflicts over disputable border areas and islands; 5) conflicts regarding political claims to dependent countries under the control of other states; 6) latent conflicts over claims on land and water areas, which according to international conventions should not be extended to the sovereignty of any state; 7) the Middle East conflict due to non-compliance with the decision of the UN General Assembly of 1947 on the establishment of a sovereign Arab state. The conflict over the legal status of Palestine and the there solution of the so-called self-proclaimed states are the main issues of geopolitical controversy among the various types of conflicts. The conflict-generating potential regarding disputes over control independent countries is much smaller today. Interstate border disputes mostly concern the status of individual islands. In order to avoid new conflicts, the UN needs to strengthen the status of Antarctica and the areas adjacent to the North Pole, making them as a neutral demilitarized territory, which can not be extended to the sovereignty of individual states. The greatest concentration of conflicts regarding the international legal unregulated political status of the territories is connected with the contradictions in the collapse of the USSR and in thein completeness and disorder of decolonization.
Thus, the resolution of territorial and political conflicts requires the UN Security Council and international law modernization and reform, paying much attention to the conditions and circumstances of state and political self-determination, as well as the realization of effective sanctions in the case of annexation of territories.
Among the various types of conflicts related to the international legal unresolved political status of territories, the main nodes of geopolitical controversy are Russia's occupation of Crimea and part of Donetsk and the conflict over the state status of Palestine and resolving the problems of so-called self-proclaimed states. its influence in the post-Soviet space.
Key words: territorial-political conflict, types of conflicts concerning international legal unregulated status of territories, self-proclaimed states, border conflicts, status of Antarctica and Arctic.
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Byron, C. "Armed Conflicts: International or Non-International?" Journal of Conflict and Security Law 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2001): 63–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/6.1.63.
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Fox, Gregory H. "International Organizations: Conflicts of International Law." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 95 (2001): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272503700056925.
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de Beco, Gauthier. "War Crimes in International Versus Non-International Armed Conflicts: "New Wine in Old Wineskins"?" International Criminal Law Review 8, no. 1-2 (2008): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156753608x265312.
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AbstractThis note discusses the distinction between international and non-international armed conflicts in the prosecution of war crimes before the International Criminal Court. It analyses the international humanitarian law applicable to both kinds of conflict, and the way in which the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia succeeded in prosecuting war crimes committed in non-international armed conflicts. It also studies the two war crimes regimes provided for in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The note then examines how Pre-Trial Chamber I dealt with this issue in its Decision on the confirmation of charges against Thomas Lubanga Dyilo and the problems it faced in doing so. It concludes with a plea for the abolition of the distinction between international and non-international armed conflicts with respect to war crimes in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.
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Ilona, Mizser Csilla. "Conflicts Beyond Borders – Possibilities for International Alternative Conflict Resolution." South Florida Journal of Development 5, no. 4 (April 4, 2024): e3797. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv5n4-003.
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Mediation is one kind of procedures to solve a conflict. Mediation is based on the voluntary participation of the parties. Mediation is a voluntary process in which an impartial person (the mediator) helps with communication and promotes reconciliation between the parties which will allow them to reach a mutually acceptable agreement. It is a procedure, in which an intermediary without adjudicatory powers systematically facilitates communication between the parties with the aim of enabling the parties themselves to take responsibility for resolving their dispute. The procedure has the character of confidentiality and the neutrality. Mediation is a negotiation procedure facilitated by a neutral third-party who assists the parties in moving to resolution. The neutral third party has no control over the outcome of the case and conflict, but controls and directs the process itself, he or she is responsible for the procedure. While court proceedings are authoritative, formalised and claim-oriented, mediation offers a flexible, self-determined approach in which all aspects of the conflict -independent of their legal relevance- may be considered. Against this background, mediation -in contrast to court proceedings- is described as alternative dispute resolution (ADR). The question is: to solve the conflict and find a solution or to transform a conflict and reshape the connection between the parties? What is the matter when the mediation process has to be conducted between parties, who live in different countries or when one person of the parents just want to go abroad with the common child or children. How can cross-border mediation help? This publication tries to show a possible answer.
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Sarbash, S. "MILITARY CONFLICTS AND THE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu Serìâ Ekonomìka 13, no. 26 (2023): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-2822-2023-13-26-90-96.
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The article explores modern trends in the development of the international security system in the context of the influence of military conflicts. It is proven that the intensification of uncertainty and tension in global confrontation affects the increase in military spending in countries worldwide. The features of acquiring international characteristics of modern conflicts are highlighted. Dynamic changes in contemporary military spending, factors influencing their dynamics are analysed. Regional peculiarities of shifts in the security environment and trends in military spending are identified. The correlation between the geopolitical interests of countries and the level of military spending are substantiated. The intensification of geo-economic and geopolitical confrontation in the world is analysed in the context of the rivalry between the USA and China – leaders among countries in terms of military spending. The Top 10 countries in the world and Ukraine are analysed by the level of military spending. It is determined that russia's war against Ukraine not only has catastrophic consequences for the European continent but also poses a real threat to the world order and security system. The impact of geopolitical asymmetries and modern global challenges on the escalation of conflicts in the world is proven. Characteristics of modern conflicts defining their asymmetry are identified in the article. The essence of hybrid warfare as a form of modern conflict that combines traditional and non-traditional (military and non-military) measures of purposeful and organized infliction of losses, destruction of the country's potential (economic, innovative, military, demographic, etc.) to achieve strategic goals by the aggressor country is determined. Keywords: conflict, military conflicts, terrorism, military spending, security, international security system, asymmetry, hybrid warfare.
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Chernobuk, V. "International legal standards for the protection of children’s rights in the conditions of armed conflicts." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 3 (July 18, 2023): 437–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2023.03.79.
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In the article, the author outlined international legal standards for the protection of children’s rights in armed conflicts. The main problem for considering this topic is that in the modern world there are many armed conflicts, the nature and qualification of which is becoming more and more difficult to determine. Firstly, it is connected with the complication of the subject structure of the participants of the armed conflict, secondly, with the emergence of other such forms of influence on the conduct of the armed conflict, such as, for example, the implementation of “effective control” by states that are not parties of the conflict, as well as with the existing terminological ambiguity in the characteristics of the use of force between the conflicting parties, which can lead to an erroneous legal assessment of the situation. This applies equally to both international and non-international armed conflicts. The problem of the use of force in international law is closely related to the problem of protecting the civilian population.It was determined that the protection of children in armed conflicts is a complex of legal acts, the main of which are Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions of 1977, the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989, the Convention on the Worst Forms of Child Labor in 1999, the Optional Protocol to The Convention on the Rights of the Child, which concerns the participation of children in armed conflicts of 2000, as well as established norms of customary humanitarian law. A number of international non-governmental movements are outlined, the activities of which are aimed at monitoring compliance by states with the norms of International Humanitarian Law regarding children, at stopping the parties to the conflict from committing crimes against children in the conditions of armed conflicts, at the rehabilitation of children who survived the armed conflict. The international courts’ observance of the principle of priority protection of children during armed conflicts and the situation with crimes against children that have come under the judicial control of the International Criminal Court have also been investigated.
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CRAWFORD, EMILY. "Unequal before the Law: The Case for the Elimination of the Distinction between International and Non-international Armed Conflicts." Leiden Journal of International Law 20, no. 2 (May 21, 2007): 441–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s092215650700413x.
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This article examines the possibility of creating a law of armed conflict that could be uniformly applied to both international and non-international armed conflict. The article looks at the history of modern armed conflict, and charts the progression of warfare from a predominantly interstate event to that which is more likely to be characterized as non-international or internal. The increasing prevalence of non-international armed conflicts throughout the twentieth century has lead to ongoing moves on behalf of the international community to bring the regulation of such conflicts further within the ambit of international regulation. With this in mind, the article argues that such moves have blurred the historical distinction between types of armed conflict to the point where the distinction could be eliminated altogether. By looking at international treaties, tribunals, and state practice, this article asserts that the law of armed conflict could be uniformly applied, with the aim of ensuring that all participants in armed conflict are equally and humanely treated.
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Tykhomyrova, Galyna, and K. Romanova. "INTERNATIONAL LEGAL PROTECTION OF CHILDREN IN ARMED CONFLICTS." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Pravo 10, no. 20 (2020): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3047-2020-11-20-23-31.
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The article deals with the problems of involving children in armed conflicts and issues of their protection. The problems that children face during participation in hostilities have been identified. The realization of the rights of the child is a problem for all states. Nowadays, there is no state where this problem has been completely solved. It is difficult to exercise all the rights of the child in peacetime, but it is especially difficult to guarantee their exercise in times of armed conflict. The child during armed conflicts becomes the main victim of hostilities and terrorist acts. The armed conflict in Ukraine, which is lasting more than 5 years, and the political and military events in the Chechen Republic, the Autonomous Province of Kosovo, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and South Ossetia, which show special vulnerability of children, are a clear confirmation of the urgency of this topic. Therefore, international law provides special forms of protection of children in hostilities. Since children are considered a vulnerable part of the population, armed conflicts have a tremendous impact on them. Children can be both victims of wars and their direct participants as combatants (members of the armed forces), being forcibly involved in the conflict. The military action of children-combatants in the world is an extremely hot topic due to the constant armed conflict and the very low economic level. This is especially true in some countries on the African continent (Somalia, Chad, Kenya), as well as in Afghanistan and Iraq. According to that fact, children do not have access to full-fledged upbringing and education; they are easily influenced or deceived by adults. They also do not have the opportunity to eat properly, which pushes them to take part in the armed conflict as soldiers, because only in this way will they be able to feed themselves and their families. Children, who are discriminated, including the discrimination on the grounds of gender, are most often recruited. Participation in the armed forces provides them with food, clothing and protection from such problems. The problematic issue of the child's age, before which he can take part in armed conflicts, has been studied. Violations against minors during armed conflicts are considered. Examples from the judicial practice on the topic of research are described. The directions of the solution of the considered problems are offered/
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Omran, Hani Abdullah. "The Effect of Natural Gas on International Relations." International Journal of Law and Politics Studies 5, no. 5 (September 4, 2023): 01–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijlps.2023.5.5.2.
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Natural gas has become one of the most important energy elements at the present time through the increase in global demand for it after it became a new source of energy, which prompted the consuming and producing countries of this commodity to strive to develop the possibilities of obtaining it by various means, so this commodity has an impact in shaping International relations, especially in its conflict pattern, as new conflicts emerged in the past two decades, gas was one of the most important reasons that led to its outbreak, which prompted some to name these conflicts as new gas conflicts.
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Nuri, Najafov Zafar. "Conceptual Bases of the İmpact of Ethnic Conflicts on Regional and İnternational Security." Polit Journal: Scientific Journal of Politics 1, no. 2 (June 5, 2021): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/polit.v1i2.447.
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The article examines the impact of ethnic conflicts on regional and international security. It is noted that during the Cold War, it was impossible to conduct serious research in this area. Because ethnic conflicts were seen as an internal affair of states. However, with the end of the Cold War, the collapse of absolute sovereignty intensified the interaction between the domestic life of the country and the international community. Such a development in the context of globalization has turned ethnic conflicts into a problem of international politics, taking them out of the context of the internal affairs of states. The globalization of ethnic conflicts has strengthened its impact on regional and international security and laid the groundwork for the "ethnicization of international relations". The impact of ethnic conflicts on regional and international security can be studied in the context of instrumentalism, neomondialism, the Brubaker’s Triangle, ethno-political movements, and theories of protracted conflict. In the theory of instrumentalism, ethnic conflict is seen as a means of struggle by elites. Even this struggle serves the interests of the ruling forces not only within the country, but also abroad. In the theory of protracted social conflicts, the main processes revolve around internal conflicts and identities. The Brubaker’s Triangle and theories of the ethnopolitical movement play an important role in the study of the external resources of separatism and its transformation into an interstate war. In the context of neomondialism, S. Huntington's theory of "clash of civilizations" tried to justify the fact that future conflicts will occur between religious and civilizational systems stemming from cultural factors.
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Smirnov, E. N. "INTERNATIONAL TRADE: CHALLENGES OF MODERN GEOPOLITICAL CONFLICTS." International Trade and Trade Policy 10, no. 1 (May 2, 2024): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2024-1-20-35.
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This article is devoted to the study of the relationships between modern geopolitical conflicts and structural and dynamic changes in modern international trade. The author notes the ambiguous impact of conflicts on international exchange, as a result of which trade models undergo significant changes. Geopolitical conflicts, which have changed the conditions for further participation of countries in international trade, have become a serious challenge to the current openness of markets. It is the superposition of several successive shocks (the Chinese- American trade conflict, the pandemic and the risks of deglobalization) that make the scenarios for the development of international trade uncertain even in the foreseeable future, since the very impact of conflicts on trade has become wave and cumulative. Conflicts will ultimately not lead to a reduction in trade relations between countries, but will only reformat them and modify them, which will likely have a negative impact on trade costs that will be associated with the restructuring of global supply chains. International trade in the future will become more fragmented and regionalized, but in the medium term it will restore its pre-pandemic dynamics. Trade policy will gradually adapt to increasingly frequent geopolitical conflicts, gradually moving away from the main established principle of international trade – liberalization, but without abandoning it completely.
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Lewis, Dustin A. "The notion of “protracted armed conflict” in the Rome Statute and the termination of armed conflicts under international law: An analysis of select issues." International Review of the Red Cross 101, no. 912 (December 2019): 1091–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383120000028.
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AbstractLegal controversies and disagreements have arisen about the timing and duration of numerous contemporary armed conflicts, not least regarding how to discern precisely when those conflicts began and when they ended (if indeed they have ended). The existence of several long-running conflicts – some stretching across decades – and the corresponding suffering that they entail accentuate the stakes of these debates. To help shed light on some select aspects of the duration of contemporary wars, this article analyzes two sets of legal issues: first, the notion of “protracted armed conflict” as formulated in a war-crimes-related provision of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, and second, the rules, principles and standards laid down in international humanitarian law and international criminal law pertaining to when armed conflicts have come to an end. The upshot of the analysis is that under existing international law, there is no general category of “protracted armed conflict”; that the question of whether to pursue such a category raises numerous challenges; and that several dimensions of the law concerning the end of armed conflict are unsettled.
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Iutes-Petrescu, Alexandru, and Gheorghe-Gabriel Carabu. "Kosovo conflict." Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science 6 (October 31, 2003): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22151/politikon.6.5.
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The hypothesis: in the case of the Kosovo conflict, the international actors and organisations used new approach regarding intrastate conflicts. Because the international context is changing, our ways of dealing with intra-state conflicts try to adapt. With the help of some basic concepts, like humanitarian intervention, conflict transformation and new style of intervention, the paper analyses the international intervention and the projects that were thought for to help in configurating a long time solution for the crisis. The analysis focuses not only on NATO intervention, but also on EU reaction through its projects proposals for the region. The major core of a new approach is the idea of the responsibility of international organisations to protect, and the idea of solving conflicts through transformation.
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Long, William J., and Peter Brecke. "The emotive causes of recurrent international conflicts." Politics and the Life Sciences 22, no. 1 (March 2003): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400006262.
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Many international conflicts are recurrent, and many of these are characterized by periods of violence, including wars, that are hard to describe as planned products of rational decision-making. Analysis of these conflicts according to rational-choice international-relations theory or constructivist approaches has been less revealing than might have been hoped. We consider the possibility that emotive causes could better explain, or at least improve the explanation of, observed patterns. We offer three emotive models of recurrent conflict and we outline a method by which the reliability of emotive explanations derived from these models could be tested prospectively.
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Fernández-Sánchez, Pablo Antonio. "The Interplay Between International Humanitarian Law and Refugee Law." Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies 1, no. 2 (2010): 329–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187815211x560988.
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AbstractInternational humanitarian law (IHL) is not the sole body of international law that applies in armed conflicts. Among the different legal bodies that may be subject to the simultaneous application during armed conflicts is refugee law. The questions considered in this article are the protection of refugees under IHL, including the right of non-refoulement during armed conflicts. The cumulative application of IHL and refugee law is another focus of analysis. This article deals with inter alia the reinforced extension of alien rights to refugees during armed conflict, the possibility to grant refugee status to new actors which appear during armed conflict, the obligation to disarm and separate armed elements, the forced transfer of refugees for military or humanitarian reasons, and the right of ex-combatants to be treated as civilian refugees once they have disarmed and their legal status can be determined.
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Nikitin, A. I. "EVOLUTION OF CONFLICT STUDIES IN THE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY CONTEXT IN POST-SOVIET RUSSIA." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 5(50) (October 28, 2016): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2016-5-50-48-62.
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Article analyses formation and development of the conflict studies in Russia as a sub-discipline within political sciences, on the edge between political theory and studies of international relations and international security. Article defines stages of formation of conflict studies in Russia, analyzes social request for studies of conflicts, considers influence of foreign and international institutes and research, both form the CIS and from other foreign countries, onto the conflict studies in Russia. Author postulates turning of the "New Political Thinking"paradigm elaborated by Gorbachev that allowed reconsidering Moscow's attitude towards various conflicts and rethinking of theoretical principles of conflict analysis, that are not anymore limited to class struggle and ideological contradictions. Introduction of more pluralistic concepts of "socio-political model" and "world order" instead of Marxist category of "socio-economic formation" led to remodeling of international relations along new lines, as well as study contradictions within one social system. Splash of inter-ethnic and separatist conflicts in the first half of the 1990s led to shaping of "practically oriented conflict studies" reflecting political interests of conflict sides in conflicts in Karabakh, Georgia/Abkhazia, Georgia/South Ossetia, Moldova/Transnistria. On the eve of 1990s-2000s formation of theoretical systemic conflict studies as a discipline took place, and this discipline was already quite strongly interfaced with international and foreign conflict studies theory. Article considers role of various institutes of the Russian Academy of Science, research centers including Russian Council on International Affairs, Council on Foreign and Defense Policy? Russian Pugwash Committee, Center for Political and International studies, Moscow Carnegie Center, Russian institute for Strategic Studies, Institute for the USA and Canada Studies, etc. As a separate direction of studies article tackles studies of post-soviet conflicts by foreign institutes and centers, like UNIDIR (Geneva), SIPRI (Stockholm), EU ISS (Paris), British Royal institute of International Affairs. Interaction of Russian and Swiss scientists on the basis of Geneva-based GCSP and DCAF attracts special attention. In conclusion typical issues in focus, as well as theme fields of the Russian conflict studies as a sub-discipline within political sciences are formulated.
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KREUDER-SONNEN, CHRISTIAN, and MICHAEL ZÜRN. "After fragmentation: Norm collisions, interface conflicts, and conflict management." Global Constitutionalism 9, no. 2 (July 2020): 241–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045381719000315.
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AbstractFragmentation, institutional overlaps, and norm collisions are often seen as fundamental problems for the global (legal) order. Supposedly, they incite conflict and disorder. However, some scholars have also emphasised functional and normative advantages of the resulting institutional pluralism. We argue that the consequences of the increasing international institutional density are conditional on whether and how different norms, institutions, and authorities are coordinated. In distinction from the fragmentation framework in international law and the regime complexity framework in international relations, this introduction outlines an interface conflict framework that enables important insights into this question and guides the contributions assembled in this issue. It zooms in on the micro-level of conflict between actors that justify incompatible positional differences with reference to different international norms. In particular, the concept of interface conflicts allows studying the conditions under which overlaps and norm collisions become activated in conflicts as well as the ways in which such conflicts are handled. Foreshadowing the main findings of the contributions to this Special Issue, we hold that interface conflicts are neither inevitable nor unmanageable. Most importantly, it seems that, more often than not, conflicts stimulate cooperative forms of management and contribute to the building of inter-institutional order.
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Zhomartkyzy, Maria. "The role of mediation in international conflict resolution." Law and Safety 90, no. 3 (September 28, 2023): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/pb.2023.3.14.
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International conflicts are becoming increasingly complex and pose a threat to world stability and security. In this context, mediation acquires key importance as a mechanism to prevent violence and find a peaceful solution. This article explores the important role of mediation in the process of resolving international conflicts. International conflicts are growing in complexity and protractedness, requiring effective resolution mechanisms to prevent violence and mitigate tensions between parties. Mediation is a key tool in resolving such conflicts, providing neutral mediation and creating a fruitful platform for dialog.
The article analyzes various aspects of mediation in international conflicts, including the roles of mediators, the methods and strategies used to resolve differences, and examples of successful and unsuccessful mediation attempts in the history of international relations. The importance of neutrality, trust, and diplomatic skill for effective mediation is highlighted.
Challenges associated with mediation in international conflicts, such as the reluctance of parties to mediate, difficulties in enforcing agreements, and external influences on the mediation process, are discussed. The author suggests ways to overcome these challenges, including strengthening international support for mediators, using innovative mediation techniques and tools, and improving coordination and cooperation among international organizations.
The article emphasizes that mediation is an effective tool for easing tensions between parties to a conflict and ensuring neutral mediation. The author examines the different roles of mediators, their methods and strategies used to facilitate dialog and reach agreement. Examples of successful and unsuccessful mediation cases in the history of international relations are presented, highlighting key factors influencing the success of this process.
Particular attention is paid to the challenges mediators face in resolving international conflicts. These challenges include the difficulty of establishing trust between the parties, the reluctance of the parties to recognize the need for mediation, and the influence of external actors on the course and outcome of mediation efforts. The author suggests strategies to overcome these challenges, including strengthening diplomatic efforts and utilizing innovative approaches.
The concluding sections of the article emphasize the importance of further research on mediation and international conflict resolution. The author calls for increased support for mediators from international organizations and states, as well as well as the active implementation of mediation approaches in conflict resolution to ensure peace and stability in the global arena.
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Bekker, Pieter. "Introductory Remarks by Pieter Bekker." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 112 (2018): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amp.2019.3.
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Welcome to this panel on “Intractable Conflicts: The Effectiveness of International Dispute Resolution Mechanisms.” There appears to be a negative connotation associated with the term “intractable conflicts.” By describing a conflict as “intractable,” are we not ascribing a defeatist meaning to it? The program description, the drafting of which neither the panelists nor the moderator were involved in, would seem to confirm this negative connotation, where it suggests that intractable conflicts might “compromise international law.” This panel will take a critical look at the issues surrounding “intractable conflicts” by examining, and perhaps questioning, the very notion of “intractable conflicts” and by highlighting how conflicts that might seem intractable at first blush actually have seen positive developments and even outcomes through the use of existing international law processes. Therefore, this panel is not all about doom and gloom or about how international law has failed in practice.
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Tikhov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich. "Methodological and applied aspects of classification and typology of international geopolitical conflicts." Конфликтология / nota bene, no. 1 (January 2020): 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0617.2020.1.32782.
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This article is dedicated to the development of methods and applied aspects of the typology of international geopolitical conflicts in modern world. Relevance of this topic is substantiated by intensification of intergovernmental conflicts on the regional and transregional levels, as well as escalation of sociopolitical tension. The author offers a method of classification of geopolitical conflicts that considers spatial and time specificity of such forms of cooperation and is based on the comprehensive analysis of all components of the process. As one of the key factors, the author highlights the causes and prerequisites for formation of a conflict. An integral approach towards typology of the forms of conflict interaction between the countries is being developed on the basis of three-way classification matrix. The matrix is based on the three diagnostic features that characterize the key factors of formation and development of a conflict, and substantiate a subsequent model of intensification of a conflict. This allows achieving the necessary level of objectivity for conducting further complex diagnostics of geopolitical conflict and precision of the result of typology using the instruments and methodology of different scientific approaches towards studying such type of processes. The proposed method may be used in studying certain types of geopolitical conflicts of the past and present, forecasting the development and qualitative changes of a certain conflict in future, as well as comprehensive assessment of conflict potential of a particular territory of region as a whole. In the course of this work, the author established and confirmed interpretation and interdependence between the political decisions of one or another country and the corresponding geographical environment. Determination of causal lings allow viewing the method as a foundation for future examination of conflicts and forecast their development.
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Zillich, Arne F., Roland Göbbel, Karin Stengel, Michaela Maier, and Georg Ruhrmann. "Proactive crisis communication? News coverage of international conflicts in German print and broadcasting media." Media, War & Conflict 4, no. 3 (December 2011): 251–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750635211420629.
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This study examines the ambitions of proactive crisis communication in the realm of international conflicts. Based on the concept of peace journalism, the authors analyse whether German media coverage on international conflicts complies with normative demands. So far, most studies have investigated the media’s role during the climactic stages of conflicts and have neglected the pre- and post-escalation phases. Therefore, the study distinguishes four specific phases of a conflict. With regard to news value theory, it shows that international conflicts exhibit different news factors in their particular phases; in addition, it illustrates that the propositions of peace journalism, although considered relevant by journalists, are hardly being fulfilled in their day-to-day conflict reporting. Combining content analytical research with semi-structured interviews proves to be fruitful for critically reflecting the demands of proactive crisis communication.
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AROSEMENA, GUSTAVO. "Conflicts of rights in international human rights: A meta-rule analysis." Global Constitutionalism 2, no. 1 (January 31, 2013): 6–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045381712000214.
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AbstractThis study is an analytical account of the phenomenon of conflicts of rights, tailored to the context of international human rights law. It addresses the nature of conflicts of rights, the relationship between conflicts of rights and the extent and scope of the rights catalogue and the methods used to resolve conflicts. It is structured around the notion of a meta-rule. It argues that a conflict of rights can only be resolved ‘legally’ through the application of a rule that guides the decision maker to a solution. The study addresses the suitability and justification of such rules.
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Capllonch Bujosa, Marta, Sara Figueras Comas, and Teresa Lleixà Arribas. "Prevención y resolución de conflictos en educación física: estado de la cuestión (Prevention and conflict resolution in physical education: a review paper)." Retos, no. 25 (March 6, 2015): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i25.34502.
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Este artículo presenta el estado de la cuestión sobre la prevención y resolución de conflictos desde el Área de Educación Física tomando como referencia las principales aportaciones de la comunidad científica internacional. El análisis se ha realizado mediante la explotación de las principales bases de datos, tanto nacionales como internacionales, a saber, ISOC, TESEO, ISI y ERIC, con el objetivo de acceder a las publicaciones que permiten identificar los tipos de conflictos más frecuentes que se dan en el área de educación física, las diferentes estrategias que se adoptan para abordarlos, así como, los modelos que se pueden establecer a partir de las diferentes formas de aproximarse al conflicto. La investigación que ha generado este estado de la cuestión, se centra en la necesidad de abordar, desde la educación física, formas para la prevención y resolución de la conflictividad en los centros escolares cuyo incremento es hoy en día una realidad. Palabras clave: educación física, prevención del conflicto y resolución del conflicto, estado de la cuestión.Abstract: This review paper offers the current international scientific status of the prevention and conflict resolution issue in physical education. The analysis has being made through the examination of the most important national and international databases, as, ISOC, TESEO, ISI and ERIC database, with the aim of identify the most frequent conflicts in physical education, the different ways of dealing with them, as well as, to identify the models found behind each way of conflict approach. The increment of the disputes in the schools communities and the need to find new approach of prevention and conflict resolution, justifies the research in which we develop this scientific status of this issue.Key words: physical education, conflict prevention and conflict resolution, review.
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Londoño Camargo, Tatiana. "THE SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW TO NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS." Vniversitas 64, no. 130 (May 15, 2015): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.vj130.saih.
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Desde el momento de la expedición de los Convenios de Ginebra de 1949, ha existido una confusión latente entre los Estados que atraviesan situaciones de violencia interna acerca de si existen o no conflictos armados no-internacionales en sus territorios nacionales, dado que ni el Artículo 3 Común a los Convenios ni el Protocolo Adicional II de 1977 definen qué es un conflicto. Por tanto, este documento investigativo busca aclarar mediante el análisis de la legislación, jurisprudencia y doctrina vigentes este asunto, delimitando cuál es el margen de aplicación del Derecho Internacional Humanitario a los conflictos armados no-internacionales. Posteriormente, se busca aclarar otro interrogante común: ¿el Derecho Internacional Humanitario aplica exclusivamente a los Estados Parte, o aplica también de manera directa a los agentes no estatales? Finalmente, este documento busca proponer muy brevemente, una solución plausible a la problemática de la confusión que una ausencia de definición clara sobre conflicto armado plantea, en detrimento claro de la protección que en los conflictos debe brindárseles en todo momento a los hors de combat o población protegida.
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Lundgren, Magnus, and Isak Svensson. "The surprising decline of international mediation in armed conflicts." Research & Politics 7, no. 2 (April 2020): 205316802091724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053168020917243.
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We identify and investigate a fundamental puzzle in contemporary mediation of armed conflicts. Although the preparedness of international mediators has increased, the proportion of armed conflicts that receive mediation has not increased, but decreased. Using quantitative data on the occurrence of mediation between 1989 and 2013, our analysis suggests that this puzzling contradiction cannot be explained by conflicts being more fragmented, intractable or internationalized. Instead, we argue that the puzzling decline of mediation can be explained by a mismatch between supply and demand in the international mediation ‘market’. Although there are more mediators available, the rise in the number of conflicts involving Islamist armed actors, coupled with increased reliance on terror-listing, especially since 2001, has placed a growing number of conflicts beyond the reach of international mediators. Our findings challenge the conventional belief that the post-Cold War era is characterized by high mediation rates and point to the need to develop the practice of mediation to maintain its relevance in the contemporary conflict landscape.
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Sushentsov, A. A. "Models of Conduct of Russian Federation in International Conflicts in 1990-2000 s." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 5(26) (October 28, 2012): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2012-5-26-33-37.
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The article clarifies author’s typology of conflict behavior in contemporary international conflicts proposed in previous papers. Based on the methodology of analysis of the motives for conflict behavior the paper contains a classification of the most significant international conflicts 1990-2000's with the participation of Russia. In conclusion are given the results of an in-depth analysis of the Georgian- South Ossetian conflict in 2008, with an emphasis on analyzing the behavior of Georgia, Russia and the United States.
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Hultman, Lisa, and Dursun Peksen. "Successful or Counterproductive Coercion? The Effect of International Sanctions on Conflict Intensity." Journal of Conflict Resolution 61, no. 6 (September 7, 2015): 1315–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002715603453.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the frequent use of economic and military-specific sanctions against countries affected by civil conflicts, little is known about the possible impact that these coercive tools have on conflict dynamics. This article examines how threats and imposition of international sanctions affect the intensity of civil conflict violence. We formulate and test two competing views on the possible effect of economic and military-specific sanctions on conflict dynamics by combining data on fatalities in battle-related violence in all internal armed conflicts in Africa from 1989 to 2005 with data on economic sanctions and arms embargoes. The results indicate that threats of economic sanction and arms embargo are likely to increase the intensity of conflict violence. Similarly, imposed economic sanctions are likely to contribute to the escalation of conflict violence. Imposed arms embargoes, on the other hand, are likely to reduce conflict violence. We conclude that international sanctions appear to be counterproductive policy tools in mitigating the human cost of civil conflicts unless they are in the form of imposed arms embargoes attempting to limit the military capacity of the warring parties.