Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'International consulting'

The starting point for this research study is the application of astrological consulting in the area of business consultancy. In many Western civilisations there is considerable prejudice regarding astrological consulting especially when it is active in the area of business consultancy. In contrast to this, astrological business consulting is encountered much more commonly in Asia and the USA, where it is not unusual that enterprises enquire for astrological consulting service. The research aims to investigate the applicability of astrological consulting in the domain of business counselling within a context of economic sociology. Management consulting has been used as a reference concept of business consultancy. The realm of systems thinking is considered to be suitable as the theoretical framework for this research. The systems methodology of the Networked Thinking approach of the interpretive tradition has been used to determine the systems of astrological business consulting as well as that of management consulting. This research proposes that, from a system-theoretical view or, let us say, from a technical-oriented perspective on management, astrological business consulting as compared with management consulting is not an applicable and justifiable consultancy concept in the area of business consulting. The research methodology used aims to set up a direct confrontation between the system of astrological business consulting and that of management consulting. For this purpose the thesis has been broken down into five stages. In the first stage each of the two consulting concepts was theoretically developed as a hypothesis on the basis of a comprehensive review of the literature with the aim of determining its systems structure. In this stage of theory-building, an exploratory as well as a descriptive type of research was employed. By applying an exploratory research type, the author’s intention is to look for ideas and patterns in order to construct the systems of reference as hypotheses. This research type has been supported to an even greater extent by a descriptive type to identify and classify the structure of each of the systems. Hence an inductive and a basic research approach are embedded in this first stage of the research process. The secondary data collection involves a mixture of qualitative and quantitative approaches. The knowledge acquired from this secondary data collection comes from multi-disciplinary but scientific sources. In the second stage of the research process the structure of each of the two systems derived from literature was statistically verified and modified where necessary. In the third stage, subsequent to the statistical verification, the two hypotheses were tested in practice. The primary data collection represents a deductive and a quantitative research approach mixed with qualitative components by using survey research as a suitable research method. The Delphi technique is regarded as appropriate to be employed as a data collection tool. Astrological and management consulting experts were contacted by a questionnaire procedure to achieve consensus with regard to the structure of each of these two consulting systems. Prior to this survey procedure, the questionnaires were subject to a pilot testing. The analysis of the findings from the primary data collection required modifications in each of the two consulting systems with regard to their systems structure. In stage four the two system models theoretically derived from the literature were compared with the empirical data. Subsequent to this comparison, in stage five, the two consulting systems empirically validated were confronted with each other by comparing their determinants.

The thesis was written against a backdrop of increasing international competition in the construction consulting sector when, at the same time, there was apparent growth in the requirements of developing countries for technology transfer. The opening chapters describe the industry including specific aspects of the British sector. A theoretical review is given on the eclectic theory, the stages of development approach, strategic theory and professional services literature, as well as technology transfer material and empirical studies relevant to the sector. The study itself is based upon a series of personal interviews with a range of construction firms, leading to sixteen cases being compiled, mostly for consulting firms but also for client organisations, aid agencies, contractors and suppliers. The interviews were also used to test hypotheses in four main areas of concern, covering the nature and extent of technology transfer, types of projects and firm, cooperative arrangements and long term implications. There were a number of findings: In construction consulting, technology transfer, consisting mainly of management know-how, is increasingly being required by overseas clients and aid agencies. Technology transfer changes the organisational structure of a firm, due to the greater need for staff at senior levels, with International experience. Newly internationalised firms, often medium-sized, can sometimes by-pass the stages of internationalisation by locating directly in client offices on technology transfer projects; while joint ventures occur, the role of established subsidiary offices is diminishing. Unlike contractors, construction consultants can sustain competitive advantage over time via technology transfer projects; clients can be accessed more effectively at lower cost and market information on new projects can be gleaned more readily. Wider conclusions were also discussed which had relevance for international business theory and policy of host governments and firms alike.

The purpose of this master’s thesis is to enter into the context of service sector internationalization in Finland by examining one Finnish multinational enterprise offering professional services for consulting and planning. The company under my examination is FCG Finnish Consulting Group Ltd. (FCG) and international operations of the company are mainly focused on international development consultancy sector. In the beginning of 2016 FCG established the new subsidiary in Singapore to offer the best Nordic and international expertise to a growing number of clients in Asian development consultancy markets. The Singapore office has been running in full effect since summer 2016 and it’s derived by Finnish and Chinese employees and managers. The Singapore office is meant to work as an Asian hub that allows FCG to work closely with already existing and future customers in Asia. The goal of this master’s thesis is to research the market position legitimacy of FCG in Asia. The study will focus on the processes that in the early phase of internationalization affect the FCG’s position in the Asian markets and how these processes eventually legitimize FCG to be reliable operator in the market and end up overcoming the entry barriers. The research represents the qualitative research tradition in international business studies. In this master’s thesis the empirical primary data was collected through two semi-structured interviews. The secondary data consists of written documents and reports forming the framework for FCG’s international business and international development consultancy industry. With the systematic qualitative analysis this research offer holistic picture about researched phenomenon. The competitive bidding process and especially high requirements for previous references from previous development projects were identified to be crucial element in achieving market position legitimacy. Primary networks between consultancy firm and international development financiers and international professionals working for the development projects appear to be central networks affecting market position legitimacy formation. Also secondary networks between competitors and local governmental actors in project target countries are identified to have role in legitimacy formation. Mutual trust between consultancy actor and international development financiers creates organizational legitimacy for consultancy firms in new markets and local presence and high quality works carried out in previous projects affect the legitimacy formation. The results of this research can be used in managing and coordinating internationalization processes in international development consultancy sector. The findings are useful for also other type businesses in which public and highly structured and regulated bidding processes determine the transactions.

Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences. Graduate School of Business
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2006.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This mini-study project is a review of South African and International practices for the procurement and remuneration of consulting engineering services. The manner in which engineering services have been procured from professionals in the built environment over the last decade in South Africa has varied considerably within the public sector. Historically government and professional associations published time based and percentage fee based scales. In 1997 the government published a Green Paper on Procurement Reform. This paper called for the uniformity of procurement policies throughout all industries. In 2000, a statutory body, the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) was established. The CIDB has developed procurement regulations based on the government guidelines for the construction industry. Compliance with these regulations became mandatory as of 14 November 2005 for organs of state who solicit tender offers such as national, provincial and local government institutes. Within the private sector, services have been procured on an ever increasing basis based on a negotiated fee with an agreed scope of works and involvement. The importance of this study is that no single procurement system has been proven worldwide to be optimal. The CIDB have set the rules and now it is up to the construction industry to develop a framework of practice that is sustainable and competitive. The study is a systematic investigation to establish the facts about the new government procurement policies and regulations for the South African construction industry. The guidelines and proposals of associations such as the South African Association of Consulting Engineers SAACE), the International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) and The World Bank are reviewed. Personal interviews are conducted with South African consulting engineers to investigate opinions on the latest reforms and practices. Procurement and remuneration practices in various other developed and developing countries are also reviewed. From the review it was found that the pertinent measures for the procurement and remuneration of consultants were project categorisation, consultant selection criteria., procurement processes, procurement procedures, cost based procurement approaches, the use of professional fee scales and the cost weighting of consultant remuneration. Trends that emerged from the study were the move in international practices away from the use of professional fee scales. Although the Quality Cost Based Selection (QCBS) approach is still used widely internationally, there is an increase in emphasis and move towards a Quality Based Selection (QBS) approach. Internationally there has been a trend to simplify the process and criteria for the selection of consultants. An important debate identified was whether the use of professional fee scales in South Africa should be eliminated and the determination of professional fees be left to market forces. The review found that although the CIDB had done immense work in the formulation of the new regulations to meet government reform policies, there were certain short comings that needed to be addressed. These included implementation, education of public officials in consultant evaluation, dealing with the tremendous shortage of public officials to do consultant evaluation and the simplification of processes. The study produces a comprehensive comparative table of institutional and practitioners inputs with respect to the identified consultant procurement and remuneration measures. The significance of this table is that it can be used to formulate or adjust existing frameworks. It is proposed that such revised frameworks be monitored and studied to optimise the objective of sustainability and competitiveness in the procurement and remuneration of consulting services in South Africa.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie mini navorsingsprojek bied 'n oorsig van die Suid-Afrikaanse en lntemasionale praktyke vir die werwing en vergoeding van raadgewende ingenieurs. Die manier waarop ingenieursdienste gewerf word van professionele persone in die konstruksiebedryf oor die laaste dekade in Suid-Afrika het aansienlik verskil binne die openbare sektor. In die verlede het die staatsdiens en professionele instansies tydgebasseerde en persentasievergoedingskale gepubliseer. In 1997 het die Regering 'n "Groenpapier" oor werwing en hervorming gepubliseer. In hierdie dokument word 'n oproep tot uniformiteit van werwingsbeleid deur alle deelnemers gedoen. In 2000 is 'n statutere liggaam, die "Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB)", gestig. Die CIDB het werwingsregulasies ontwikkel wat gebasseer is op die regering se riglyne vir die konstruksiebedryf. Hierdie regulasies het sedert 14 November 2005 vir tenders aan staatsliggame soos nasionale, provinsiale en plaaslike regerings verpligtend geword. Binne die privaatsektor word dienste op 'n toenemende basis op 'n onderhandelde basis vergoed. Daar is gevind dat daar geen enkel werwingsisteem wereldwyd is wat as optimaal bewys is nie. Die CIDB het die reels neergele en dit is nou die verantwoordelikheid van die konstruksiebedryf am 'n praktykgerigte raamwerk te ontwikkel wat beide volhoubaar en kompeterend is. Die navorsing is 'n stelselmatige ondersoek om vas te stel wat die regering se werwingsbeleid en regulasies vir die Suid-Afrikaanse konstruksiebedryf is. Die riglyne en voorstellings van instansies soos die van die Suid-Afrikaanse Assosiasie vir Raadgewende Ingenieurs (SAACE), die "International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC)" en Die Wereldbank is ondersoek en vergelyk. Persoonlike onderhoude is gevoer met Suid-Afrikaanse raadgewende ingenieurs om 'n ondersoek na opinies te doen oor die onlangse hervorming van praktyke. Werwings- en vergoedingspraktyke in verskeie ander lande is ook ondersoek. Hierdie ondersoek het uitgewys dat die pertinente metings vir die werwing en vergoeding van raadgewende ingenieurs projek kategorie, wenvingsprosesse, werwingsprosedures, koste gebaseerde benaderings, die gebruik van professionele vergoedingskale en die koste van vergoeding, is. Tendense wat na vore kom vanuit die navorsing, is die intemasionale praktyk om weg te beweeg van professionele vergoedingskale. Alhoewel die Kwaliteit Koste Gebasseerde Seleksie benadering nog steeds wyd gebruik word intemasionaal, is daar 'n toename in die beklemtoning en beweging na die Kwaliteit Gebasseerde Seleksie benadering. Daar is die neiging intemasionaal om die proses en kriteria vir die seleksie van konsultante te vereenvoudig. 'n Belangrike debat wat geidentifiseer is, is of die gebruik van professionele vergoedingskale in Suid-Afrika geelimineer moet word en of die vasstelling van professionele vergoeding deur markkragte bepaal moet word. Die navorsing het bevind dat alhoewel die CIDB heelwat werk gedoen het in die formulering van nuwe regulasies om te voldoen aan regerings hervormingsbeleid, dat daar sekere tekortkominge is wat aangespreek moet word. Hierdie sluit in: implementering, die opleiding van openbare amptenare in konsultant evaluering. die hantering van die geweldige tekort aan openbare amptenare om die konsultant evaluerings te doen en die vereenvoudiging van prosesse. Die navorsing produseer 'n omvattende vergelykende tabel van institutionele en die praktykvoerder se insette ten opsigte van die geidentifiseerde konsultant werwings - en vergoedingsmeetmiddels. Die belangrikheid van hierdie tabel is dat dit gebruik kan word om te formuleer of om aanpassings te maak aan bestaande raamwerke. Dit word voorgestel dat sulke hersiende raamwerke gemonitor en bestudeer word om sodoende die doelwit van onderhoudbaarheid en kompeterendheid in die werwing en vergoeding van konsulterende dienste in Suid-Afrika te optimaliseer.

The main objective of the present consulting report is to assess the opportunities and potential impact, considering advantages and challenges, of establishing a Free Trade zone in or around the area of the Jorge Chavez International Airport, in order to support Lima Airport Partners to prepare an initial study that will allow presenting the idea of the project to the Peruvian government. A thorough qualitative and quantitative analysis has been developed in order to identify which are the best practices and characteristics of success cases in Free Trade zones around airports and ports, as in the case of this project. Furthermore, this analysis has also allowed us to identify what is the current praxis in Peru and why the free trade zones do not perform adequately. These analyzes allowed the identification of four main enablers: (a) Legislation and Legal Framework, (b) Management Team, (c) Location and (d) Business Sectors, which were used as the basis for the proposal presented. On this sense, after the assessment it was decided that this Free Trade Zone has to focus on exports, specially taking advantage of the vast number of agricultural products produced in the central and northern region of the country. As well, the main characteristics under which the envisioned Free Trade Zone has to develop its activities have been identified as: (a) work under a single legislation, (b) be operated by a private entity, (c) be strategically located near the airport, port and highway, (d) include four major sectors: logistics, warehousing, manufacturing and trading. Moreover, prior implementing this proposal, it is important that the company has to have the full support of the government. Finally, the potential impact of the proposed Free Trade Zone has been assessed under three main expected outcomes: creation of jobs, increase in exports and further economic development; showing positive results that that support the general idea and objectives of the project.
El objetivo principal del presente informe de consultoría es evaluar las oportunidades y el posible impacto, considerando las ventajas y los desafíos, de establecer una zona franca en el área del Aeropuerto Internacional Jorge Chávez, con la finalidad de apoyar a Lima Airport Partners a preparar un estudio inicial que permitirá presentar la idea del proyecto al Gobierno Peruano. Se ha desarrollado un exhaustivo análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo para identificar cuáles son las mejores prácticas y características de casos de éxito en zonas francas alrededor de aeropuertos y puertos, como en el caso de este proyecto. Además, se ha podido identificar cómo es la práctica actual en Perú y por qué las zonas francas no funcionan adecuadamente. Estos análisis permitieron la identificación de cuatro habilitadores principales: (a) Legislación y Marco Legal, (b) Equipo de Gestión, (c) Ubicación y (d) Sectores Comerciales, que fueron utilizados como base para la propuesta presentada. En este sentido, luego de la evaluación se decidió que esta Zona Franca debe centrarse en las exportaciones, aprovechando especialmente la gran cantidad de productos agrícolas producidos en la región centro y norte del país. Asimismo, las principales características bajo las cuales la zona franca tiene que desarrollar sus actividades han sido identificadas como: (a) trabajar bajo una sola legislación, (b) ser operado por una entidad privada, (c) estar estratégicamente ubicado cerca del aeropuerto, puerto y carretera, (d) incluir cuatro sectores principales: logística, almacenamiento, fabricación y comercio. Además, antes de implementar esta propuesta, es importante que la compañía tenga el apoyo total del gobierno. Finalmente, el posible impacto de la zona franca propuesta se ha evaluado bajo tres principales resultados previstos: creación de puestos de trabajo, aumento de las exportaciones y mayor desarrollo económico; mostrando resultados positivos que apoyan la idea general y los objetivos del proyecto.
Tesis

Доступ до роботи тільки на території бібліотеки ОНЕУ, для переходу натисніть на посилання нижче
Досліджено теоретико-методичні основи дослідження послуг міжнародного фінансового консалтингу, визначено поняття та особливості послуг міжнародного фінансового консалтингу, узагальнено чинники впливу на здійснення та розвиток послуг міжнародного фінансового консалтингу, досліджено методи аналізу послуг міжнародного фінансового консалтингу Надано організаційно-економічну характеристику LLC «Pharmbills» як суб’єкта зовнішньоекономічної діяльності, проаналізовано чинники впливу на здійснення та розвиток послуг міжнародного фінансового консалтингу LLC «Pharmblills», здійснено аналіз показників надання послуг міжнародного фінансового консалтингу LLC «Pharmblills». Запропоновано шляхи удосконалення послуг міжнародного фінансового консалтингу LLC «Pharmblills», зокрема за рахунок географічної диверсифікації діяльності LLC ”Pharmbills” з надання послуг міжнародного консалтингу та диверсифікації послуг, організаційних заходів із вдосконалення діяльності LLC “Pharmbills” з надання послуг міжнародного фінансового консалтингу.
The bachelor's thesis consists of three sections. The object of research is the services of international financial consulting and the process of their improvement. Theoretical and methodological bases of research of international financial consulting services are investigated, concepts and features of international financial consulting services are defined, factors of influence on realization and development of services of international financial consulting are generalized, methods of the analysis of international financial consulting services are investigated. The organizational and economic characteristics of LLC "Pharmbills" as a subject of foreign economic activity are given, the factors of influence on the implementation and development of international financial consulting services LLC "Pharmblills" are analyzed, the indicators of international financial consulting services LLC "Pharmblills" are analyzed. Ways to improve the services of international financial consulting LLC "Pharmblills", in particular through the geographical diversification of LLC "Pharmbills" to provide international consulting services and diversification of services, organizational measures to improve the activities of LLC "Pharmbills" to provide international financial consulting services.

Lear Sport International (LSI) es una empresa peruana con más de 17 años en la industria del calzado deportivo, fabrica zapatillas de lona y suela de PVC y las comercializa bajo la marca Aster. La empresa posee una planta industrial ubicada en el distrito de Puente Piedra al norte de Lima. Sus productos están dirigidos a clientes de los niveles socio económicos D y E y se comercializan principalmente en los conos de Lima y en las principales ciudades del país. Al cierre del año 2017 la empresa declaró ingresos por 11,5 millones de soles y obtuvo una rentabilidad medida en términos del ROIC del 8.5% En base al análisis del entorno y del contexto de la empresa se identificó una serie de problemas que impiden alcanzar un crecimiento saludable. La informalidad del sector, competencia desleal, el alto poder de los proveedores, una estructura organizacional incompleta y falta de personal calificado, son algunos de los factores que contribuyen a agravar el problema. En ese sentido, considerando que el objetivo de toda empresa es la creación de valor, se ha determinado que el problema principal de la empresa en la baja rentabilidad medida en términos del ROIC. De acuerdo con lo anterior, se propone un plan de mejora en base a soluciones orientadas a fortalecer la estructura organizacional de la empresa mediante la contratación de personal calificado que contribuya a implementar medidas para incrementar la rentabilidad. El plan de mejora tiene un costo estimado de 285 mil soles; los beneficios estimados que se obtendrán a un año de implementado el plan de mejora serán de 373 mil soles. El periodo de recuperación de la inversión se logra en menos de un año.
Lear Sport International (LSI) is a Peruvian company with more than 17 years in the sports footwear industry, they manufacture PVC-textile sneakers and sell them under the brand Aster. The company has an industrial plant located in Puente Piedra, north of Lima. Its products are aimed at clients of socioeconomic levels D and E and are commercialized mainly in the cones of Lima and in the main cities of the country. At the end of 2017 the company declared revenues of 11.5 million soles and obtained a return measured in terms of ROIC of 8.5% Based on the analysis of the environment and the context of the company, a series of problems that prevent achieving healthy growth were identified. Informality of the sector, unfair competition, high power of suppliers, an incomplete organization structure and the lack of qualified personnel, are some of the factors that contribute to aggravate the problem. In this sense, considering that the objective of a company is the creation of value, it has been determined that the main problem of the company in the low profitability measured in terms of the ROIC. In accordance with the above, an improvement plan is proposed based on solutions aimed at strengthening the organizational structure of the company by hiring qualified personnel to help to implement measures to increase such profitability. The improvement plan has an estimated cost of 285 thousand soles; estimated benefits that will be obtained one year after the plant implementing will be around 373 thousand soles. The period of recovery of the investment is achieved in less than a year.
Tesis

This diploma thesis is focused on the current state of the marketing mix of a chosen company focused on project management consulting. Solutions to improve the marketing mix of this company are proposed based on the results of marketing analyses of the external and internal environment of the company.

Contractors have to construct the projects efficiently in accordance with the contract provisions when they accept a contract. All construction projects involve risk and there is no possibility to eliminate all the risks associated with a specific project. Management of risk requires identification and analysis of risk factors. After this risk assessment step, proper response strategies have to be developed so that an optimum risk-reward structure is ensured. Contracts are the grounds where risk allocation schemes between parties are settled and risk-reward mechanisms are defined. Since contractors are usually unable to influence the contract conditions and clauses, they should understand which risks they are retaining under contract conditions. Thus, succesful management of risk requires understanding of contract clauses and identification of secondary risk factors created due to poorly defined contract clauses. The aim of this thesis is to investigate standard conditions of contract, namely FIDIC and GSPW, which are the most widely utilised contracts by the Turkish contractors, from the risk management point of view. For this purpose an interview form is prepared and interviews are conducted using this structured form. Implications of the contract clauses for the risk management strategy of contractors are discussed based on interview findings. The basic philosophy of FIDIC and GSPW are investigated so that necessary suggestions for the contractors can be made considering the risk allocation schemes defined in these documents.

This thesis examines which processes enable knowledge transfer and which factors affect the transfer of knowledge from a repatriate to the home office within management consulting services. The results from one firm engaging in management consulting activities in Sweden suggest that the prime process for knowledge transfer is through providing post-repatriation assignments, which requires the repatriate to use the acquired knowledge and to cooperate with coworkers and thus share the knowledge. The main factors affecting the knowledge transfer are a corporate culture and a strategy which promote teamwork and sharing. The study indicates that the studied firm has a pragmatic view of sharing knowledge; knowledge is shared when it is used, and all efforts should in the end gain the firm's clients.

In the last decades, research in the field of diversity management has placed a focus on inclusion. It is argued that a diverse and inclusive workplace can lead to productivity and creativity, thus economic growth. However, in order to effectively manage diversity, it is important to recognize the differences in individuals as a focus on sameness can create an exclusionary environment where employees conform to the mainstream culture. This, according to more recent research in the topic, remains a diversity challenge. Further, diversity management has placed an increased awareness on the importance of creating an inclusive environment. Therefore, this thesis aims to understand what may hinder ethnic minorities within an MNC to feel included for effective diversity management to be achieved. Consequently, a qualitative and case study design has been implemented with Boston Consulting Group (BCG) as a case company. It allowed for an in-depth company view and analysis of the thoughts and feelings of inclusion among the employees at BCG. The findings indicate that a lack of recognition of diversity and the fact that employees with a different ethnic background assimilate to the dominant office culture hinders inclusion. Therefore, the case company does not achieve effective diversity management.

Begreppet managementkonsult har visat sig vara diffust och vad professionen innebär är svårt att definiera. Det faktum att managementkonsulter i princip säljer ett löfte om vad de ska leverera gör att förmågan att inge förtroende är en viktig egenskap hos en konsult. I denna studie undersöker vi hur den svenska managementkonsultbranschen ser ut och vilken betydelse förmågan att skapa förtroende har. Genom en fallstudie på företaget Reforce har vi kunnat analysera vilken position ett litet managementkonsultföretag, utan ett känt och väletablerat varumärke, kan ha på marknaden samt vilka aspekter som påverkar deras förmåga att inge förtroende. I kartläggningen av den svenska managementkonsultmarknaden framkommer att de företag som agerar på marknaden idag kan delas in i tre huvudsakliga kategorier; amerikanska, semiamerikanska och svenska företag. Det har visat sig att de olika kategorierna skiljer sig åt bland annat i avseende på vilka primära tjänster de erbjuder och på vilket sätt de arbetar. Managementkonsultbranschen är kunskapsintensiv och något som därför har uppmärksammats i denna studie är att företagen inte endast konkurrerar om kunder utan också om bra personal. Fallföretaget Reforce kallar sig själva för affärsstrateger och säger sig vara en blandning av managementkonsulter, säljkonsulter och investerare. De arbetar efter en specifik metod och hjälper sina klienter genom att ta fram strategier som de sedan operativt är med och förverkligar. Resultatet av fallstudien visar att det inte går att placera in Reforce i någon av de huvudsakliga aktörskategorierna på den svenska managementkonsultmarknaden. Detta tyder på att företaget har en unik position på marknaden i förhållande till övriga aktörer. Studien tyder även på att de utmaningar som ett mindre managementkonsultföretag står inför, både ur ett positionerings- och ett förtroendeperspektiv, beror av företagets specifika egenskaper och förutsättningar. Resultatet visar att det i dagsläget tycks finnas utrymme på marknaden för en aktör som inte går i fotspåren av de dominerande globala aktörerna. Vilket pris ett managementkonsultföretag tar för sina tjänster har visat sig vara av mindre betydelse i den förtroendegivande processen, medan konsulternas förmåga att utstråla engagemang, trygghet och erfarenhet är av stor vikt. En av de största utmaningarna för en aktör som tänker annorlunda, tycks vara att överbrygga och förändra gamla värderingar. I arbetet har Reforce endast studerats ur ett internt perspektiv och en intressant framtida utveckling av studien skulle därför kunna vara att utreda hur företagets kunder ser på Reforce och deras förmåga att inge förtroende.
There is no general definition of management consulting or what such consultants do. It is hard to measure the results that they deliver and one may say that they sell promises about future results. To be trustworthy is therefore one of the most important qualities for a management consultant to possess. The purpose of this study is to take a deeper look into the Swedish management consulting industry and to investigate the importance of trust. To be able to further discuss how small companies, without a well-established brand, can be positioned at the market and how they work with the creation of trust; a case study is performed at the Swedish company Reforce. The investigation of the Swedish management consulting industry shows that companies that are operating on this market, can be divided into three main categories; American, Semi-American and Swedish companies. These different categories differ in respect to, inter alia, what they offer and their method of work. Management consulting is a knowledge intensive industry, which makes the companies that operate on the market compete with each other, not only to win clients, but also to get the most talented consultants. Reforce uses the term business strategists to describe themselves. They say that they are a mix of management consultants, sales consultants and investors and have developed a specific methodology, which they use in all of their projects. They assist their clients to reposition themselves on their markets and are also operatively involved in the implementation process. Through interviews and observations it can be concluded that it is not possible to place Reforce in any of the main categories on the Swedish management consulting market. This suggests that Reforce might have a unique position relative to the other companies on the market. The challenges for small management consulting companies depend on its characteristics and the environment in which they operate. This study shows that there is room for new companies on the market, even though they do not think and act like the dominating, global companies. It has been shown that the price of the service is of minor importance when building trust. The consultant’s ability to show devotion, be confident and experienced is, on the other hand, of great importance. The main challenge for a company that differs from their competitors seems to be to overcome their clients’ conservative thoughts. This study investigates Reforce from an internal perspective and an interesting development would be to interview the company’s clients to find out how they experience Reforce ability to inspire confidence.

This case study explored the process of incorporating human rights into the operation of an international commercial organisation. Constructing a dialogue to bridge the gap between human rights discourse and commercial realities, this case study identified the unique roles required to develop dialogue and created a model as a diagnostic and educational tool. The roles specific to human rights consulting, of interpreter, Champoin and Enabler afforded effective penetration into the participating industry partner's operational levels. These roles emerged from the process of constructing a human rights discourse and tensions therein where the existing theory of organisational change and consulting was found to be inadequate for human rights intervention. Based on the data of industry partner's existing practices and human rights concerns and on the process of collecting and analysing this data, the model for education and implementation was constructed. It is a flexible tool for examining human rights practices from bottom up as well as top down of an organisation. This research showed that having a comprehensive picture of the complexities involved sas an effective method of exploration and making sense of human rights education and implementation in a multinational industrial setting. The construction of the roles and of the model relied on the central premise of willingness of a multinational corporation to examine its practices and take an autonomous position of corporate citizenship and responsibility. This was consistent with the participatory research design of the study. Theretically this research challenges the appropriateness of traditional organisational change concepts when dealing with human rights; provides a diagnostic and educational tool for human rights consulting; and points to further research in this area.

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This research aimed to construct a theoretical model for the company s internationalization with the intervention of organizing consultants. It was conducted through a qualitative research with unstructured interviews applied to nine business leaders who internationalized their companies using the consultant s support. It was found that the consulting firms, for the companies included in this study, had strong decision power on the alternatives adopted by its customers, enabling a new insight into the conditions of internationalization processes, studied mostly under the light of the firm s structural characteristics and their market forces. This study should be relevant to explain the participation of consulting companies in a framework that supports the study of business internationalization phenomenon with potential contributions, both in the theoretical and practical field. For scholars and teachers can contribute to a better understanding of business internationalization process, incorporating new factors considered in the characterization of this process. For researchers can help in creating larger models representing the business internationalization phenomenon, increasing the level of explanation of the phenomenon by introducing variables directly related to consulting activity. In addition, for business owners and general managers may indicate the need to create strategies to monitor interests and incorporate alignment elements of the consulting activities within international projects - or other types of projects that resemble them - in order to increase the adherence of alternatives offered to the interests of their own organizations.
A presente pesquisa objetivou a construção de um modelo conceitual para a internacionalização de empresas com a interveniência de consultorias de organização. Tal modelo posiciona as consultorias como elementos mediadores do processo de internacionalização de seus clientes, com forte poder de decisão sobre as alternativas adotadas por estes últimos, o que ainda não foi explorado de forma explícita em estudos anteriores e permite uma nova visão sobre as condicionantes de processos de internacionalização, estudados em sua maioria tão somente à luz das características estruturais das empresas que se internacionalizam e das forças do mercado em que atuam. Este estudo se mostra relevante ao explicitar a participação das empresas de consultoria em um framework que subsidia o estudo do fenômeno de internacionalização de empresas, com potenciais contribuições tanto para o campo teórico, quanto prático. Para acadêmicos e professores, pode contribuir para um melhor entendimento do processo de internacionalização de empresas, incorporando novos fatores a se considerar na caracterização deste processo. Para os pesquisadores, pode ajudar na criação de modelos mais amplos de representação do fenômeno de internacionalização de empresas, aumentando o nível de explicação do fenômeno por meio da introdução de variáveis diretamente ligadas à atividade de consultoria. E para empresários e gestores em geral pode indicar a necessidade de criação de estratégias que monitorem interesses e incorporem elementos de alinhamento da atuação das consultorias dentro de projetos de internacionalização ou outros tipos de projetos que se lhes assemelhem de forma a aumentar a aderência das alternativas oferecidas aos interesses de suas organizações.

This article discusses the conventionality control according to the jurisprudence of the interamerican Court of Human rights. Particularly, the author analyzes whether advisory opinions, like judgments, constitute the “controlling material” of the conventionality control. in this way, the author presents and discusses theses derived from the referred jurisprudence, to conclude that the interpretative guidelines contained in advisory opinions of the interamerican Court of Human rights constitute the “controlling material” under certain circumstances.
El presente artículo aborda el control de convencionalidad según la jurisprudencia emitida por la Corte interamericana de Derechos Humanos. En particular, el autor se detiene a analizar si las opiniones consultivas, al igual que una sentencia, pueden constituir el “material controlante” del control de convencionalidad. De esta forma, el autor expone y examina las principales tesis que se derivan de la referida jurisprudencia, para concluir los lineamientos interpretativos contenidos en opiniones consultivas de la Corte interamericana de Derechos Humanos valen como el “material controlante” bajo ciertas circunstancias.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
管理學院MBA
101
Innovation has become an important global trend in recent years. In order to respond to the rapid changes of a highly competitive business environment, many enterprises consider innovation as one of their major training topics. Until now the majority of businesses only practices innovation internally with a focus on innovation training curriculum. This closed model/approach cannot effectively utilize external resources or connect to external innovation platforms, and usually fails to apply to related industries or across different industries. Taiwan is facing increasing challenges of recession particularly on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). These SMEs have to compete against large corporations with less resources and innovation is the key to survive and compete. In this report we study a Taiwanese consulting firm that adopts open innovation in its strategy, business model and educational training. This case study is based on Henry Chesbrough’s (2006) "open innovation”. We investigate the impacts of adopting open innovation in business management with in-depth interviews. The evolution from closed innovation to open innovation approaches is analyzed and the performance is compared. In addition, the applicability of open innovation theory is verified. Our study shows that the company improves significantly on its product design, strategic partnership, and customer satisfaction, after adopting open innovation as its key business strategy. It is our hope that other consulting firms will benefit from our work while adopting open innovation in their business strategies and product development.

The purposes of this Master’s Degree Final Assignment are as follows: (1) Assess the relationship between customer segmentation and value propositions; (2) Review previous research on both concepts; (3) Present empirical evidence based on a curricular internship at the firm Konsulting Group International (KG International); (4) Propose a framework based on the comparison of the theory and the case. The goal is to explore the importance that Customer Segmentation has on Value Propositions. It later identifies aspects as the need for rethinking, adapting and redesigning customer segmentation and value propositions, especially in the company’s early years. The case is particularly illustrative of Value Propositions in the context of consulting services.

碩士
國立中央大學
人力資源管理研究所
98
The engineering consulting firms’ in Taiwan has faced with a great demand of expatriates due to the saturated development of domestic construction and government’s assistance for engineering consulting firms to step into overseas market. According to literature, expatriate willingness is one of the key issues for enterprises to run overseas business successfully. To probe into expatriate willingness can also be helpful to decrease the possibility that employees refuse to accept expatriation assignment. Because engineering consulting firms in Taiwan usually undertake overseas project which are located in desolate construction sites in developed countries, employees of engineering consulting firms might be affected by a lot of environmental factors than other industries. The purpose of this research is to consider some particular situations of engineering consulting firms, and then figure out the factors that may affect employees’ expatriate willingness. Several interviews with senior employees and managers of large-scale engineering consulting firms were conducted in order to have the preliminary result of factors selection, and then questionnaire is developed and distributed to employees of large-scale engineering consulting firms in Taiwan. This research firstly utilizes descriptive statistics to have elemental understanding about employees’ consideration about factors that affect expatriate willingness. Second, T-test analysis and ANOVA are used to compare the variations between employees who are willing to accept overseas assignment and those who are not. The variation among different demographics is also compared. The research finally utilizes logistic regression to find out key factors that affect employees’ expatriate willingness. In order to react to the tendency of increasing expatriates, we suggest that senior staffs’ opinion can be included in order to provide more precise result of future research. On the other hand, employees’ position, working seniority can also be included.

碩士
國立中興大學
高階經理人碩士在職專班
100
As globalization has become the reality of today, companies need to be veritifed of their quality management system to obtain orders. In general, companies seek consulting services by professional counsultants to obtain the certificate such as ISO that could meet customers'' required schedule. However, the ability of professional management counsultants is hard to measure. As relevant literature revealed, the number of reports related to the ISO quality management system focus far more on performance measurement than the ones on the professionalism of consultants. Moreover, studies from the auditor''s viewpoint are scarce. Therefore, this research examined the points of view of the auditors in order to strengthen the management consulting competence and to enhance the satisfaction of the companies using the consultancy. The purpose of this study aims at comparing the satisfaction of enterprises being served and the auditor''s impression on the proficiency of consultant''s service quality. Two questionnaires were designed based on the concepts of PZB’s service quality gap mode and SERVQUAL scale, within the original five dimensions, for client''s satisfaction and auditor''s opinion. The results were then analyzed by SPSS PASW Statistics 18 statistical analysis tools to compare the evaluation by auditors and the satisfaction on counsultants by their clients. According to our results, the auditor''s assessment on the proficiency of consultants is directly proportional to the satisfaction of the firms using the consulting services: 1. The management consulting firms should focus on following the auditors'' recommendations, providing integrated services, and considering the individual needs of the clients based on the auditor''s assessment to the consutants'' professional capability and the clinets'' satisfaction of service quality to enhance the quality of their consultation: 2. The relationship between the judgement on consultants'' professionlism by auditors and the satisfaction level by the clients: (1) To enhance the items related to reliability and assurance to improve the evaluation by the suditors. (2) To improve things associated with assurance and empathy to elevate the satification of the clients. (3) To reduce the gap between the quality gauged by auditors and clients'' satisfaction by improving responsiveness, assurance and empathy.

DHL Express, an international express market reference, registers a low market share on its international road delivery service, DHL Economy Select. This dissertation aims to understand what can be implemented by the client company to battle this situation and be among the top players in the service, particularly packages delivery. This research aims to characterize the DHL Express offer alongside its main competitors, striving to understand how similar DHL Express’s service offer is. The main topics covered are service, geographical coverage, delivery times and price, since they were identified among the client’s primary decision factors. The research starts by reviewing related literature and analyses both primary sources of data – interviews to employees and clients of the client company –, and secondary sources – company’s services, shipping rates, geographical coverage and corresponding delivery times. This research analysis comprised interviews coding and direct comparison of the topics mentioned. The analysis revealed that DHL Express offer to be uncompetitive. Indeed, competitors offer lower prices, accept larger packages, and charge less for oversize packages and do not restrict service access to clients contracting another service. Additionally, this research offers the client company a sensitivity analysis of its base rates, revealing the competitor’s minimum discount rate needed to match its standard business proposals. To conclude, an interdependent set of recommendations was presented to the client company to increase its service competitiveness, which results in a higher market share.
DHL Express, uma referência no mercado expresso internacional, regista uma baixa quota de mercado no serviço rodoviário internacional, DHL Economy Select. Esta dissertação visa perceber o que pode ser implementado pela empresa cliente para combater a situação e ficar entre as principais empresas a prestar o serviço, em particular embalagens. Esta pesquisa visa caracterizar a oferta da DHL Express ao lado dos seus competidores, num esforço de perceber a similaridade da oferta da DHL Express. Os principais tópicos abordados são o serviço, cobertura geográfica, prazos de entrega e preço, uma vez que foram identificados entre os fatores de decisão dos clientes. O estudo começa por rever literatura relacionada e analisa fontes primárias de informação – entrevistas a empregados e clientes da empresa cliente – e fontes secundárias – serviços, tarifas, cobertura geográfica e tempos de entrega de cada empresa. A análise deste estudo incluiu a codificação de entrevistas e comparação direta dos tópicos referidos, revelando que a oferta da DHL Express não é competitiva. De facto, a competição oferece preços mais baixos, aceita embalagens maiores, cobra menos por pacotes acima das dimensões limite e não restringe o acesso ao serviço a clientes que contratem outro serviço. Adicionalmente, este estudo oferece à empresa cliente uma análise de sensibilidade da tarifa base, revelando a taxa de desconto mínima que os competidores devem aplicar para igualar as suas habituais propostas empresariais. Para concluir, um conjunto interdependente de recomendações foi apresentado à empresa cliente para aumentar a competitividade do seu serviço, resultando numa maior quota de mercado.

Loyaltyprogramshavetobeadjustedforthepurchasingbehaviourofthetargetclient.ThisresearchprojectexploreshowGalp’scurrentB2Bprogramadaptstothistypeofclient,usingquantitativeandqualitativestudiestocomparetheperceiveddiscountwiththecompetition’sprograms,tofindthepainpointsfortheconsumerandtounderstandhowtheprogramimpactsconsumption.Inthefinalpartofthestudy,variousloyaltyprogramsofsuccessfulinternationalfuelcompaniesarebenchmarkedinordertohaveabetterunderstandingofthebestpracticesinthisfield.

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the importance of consulting services in the structure of the market economy at the present time. The need for tax advice is growing at a fast pace. The imperfection of tax legislation creates significant difficulties for both Russian and foreign companies operating in the domestic market. Therefore, tax advice is becoming increasingly important. This dissertation work consists of three main parts. The first part describes the theoretical foundations of tax advice, and discusses the experience of foreign countries. In the second section, we analyze the legal regulation of the tax advisory market, analyze the current state of the market for tax advisory services, and analyze the risks arising in the field of tax advisory. The third section formulates the main problems, their solutions, as well as prospects for the development and improvement of tax advisory services.
Актуальность темы научного исследования определяется важностью консалтинговых услуг в структуре рыночного хозяйства в настоящее время. Потребность в налоговом консультировании растет большим темпом. Несовершенство налогового законодательства создает значительные трудности, как для российских, так и для иностранных компаний, работающих на внутреннем рынке. Поэтому налоговое консультирование приобретает всё наибольшую актуальность. Данная диссертационная работа состоит из трех основных частей. В первой части описываются теоретические основы налогового консультирования, и рассматривается опыт зарубежных стран. Во втором разделе проводится анализ нормативно-правового регулирования рынка налогового консультирования, анализ современного состояния рынка услуг по налоговому консультированию, анализ рисков, возникающих в сфере налогового консультирования. В третьем разделе формулируются основные проблемы, пути их решения, а также перспективы развития и совершенствования услуг по налоговому консультирования.

碩士
南華大學
旅遊事業管理學研究所
94
This research dedicates to develop a hierarchical framework for selecting the international convention consultant firms using Fuzzy AHP. Using the survey data from the decision makers who hosted international conventions in Taiwan, the findings of this study are: 　 　　1.The evaluation system constructed by this study consists of three goals ( i.e. corporation management, reputation and professional image, and company resource and safety)and eight criteria (i.e. past experience, past performance, cost, cooperation, professional image,company reputation, company resource, and company safety). 　 　　2.Among the three evaluation goals, ''corporation management'' appears to be the most important goal.Among the eight evaluation criteria,'' corporation management'', '' professional image'' and ''past experience’ are the most three important criteria.

碩士
國立臺北護理健康大學
護理助產研究所
102
International Board Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCLC) is a certified Lactation expert. This is a longitudinal study, based on source-position-performance framework. Five different IBCLC sercive models were provided to explore the influence of IBCLC services related to breastfeeding outcomes. Data was collected by four times questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. In sample size of 200, 53 of them was intervention group and 147 of them are control group. The study results included: The resources and outcomes were: 1.Nurses were the main resourcers in utilizing for Breastfeeding management with free services: 54 out of 84 IBCLCs, Nurse-IBCLC took referrals from physician and provided free lactation services were the most popular way in Taiwan. 2.IBCLCs services enhance breastfeeding performences: the experimental group had higher Brestfeeidng Self Effacy Scale score in each measure time point, and increased by time. Also the breastfeeding rate in experimental group was higher than control group significantly. Women, seeking help from IBCLCs expressed a service satisfaction of 86.1 points (out of 90). 3.The proposition derived from breastfeeding mother experience is” The hope came from a inside-out compression self：Confusion, Vulnerability, Uncertainity, Confirmation, Determining. 4.Good user satisfacation, low penetration. Only 26.5% of sample seeked IBCLC help with a mean of 86.89 in 90. The recommendations will be; independent practicing is the last possibility to proceed, both commercial health insurance and employee benefits are quite possible to promote, and medical institutions to hire a full-time IBCLC is the most feasible IBCLC service model for Taiwan. If, a nationwide data network of IBCLCs has built. It includes human resources and paynment detail. In order to create counseling services model with characteristics of value, mission and endurance.

Relatório de estágio de mestrado em Negócios Internacionais
As Pequenas e Médias Empresas, particularmente aquelas de cariz tecnológico, representam em Portugal, à semelhança do restante cenário europeu, um ponto de análise estimulante, resultado da sua relevância e interesse ao nível empresarial. No plano atual, as Pequenas e Médias Empresas, devem apresentar capacidades de resposta não só a desafios internos, mas também a concorrência além-fronteiras: a internacionalização é uma realidade, e enquanto realidade deve ser seguida com proximidade pelas organizações, encarando as suas origens, razões e motivações, assim como as vantagens que lhe são associadas. Devem ser consideradas várias possibilidades, níveis e métodos de entrada no plano internacional, assim como as exigências próprias a empresas com um número limitado de recursos disponíveis. O objetivo do trabalho realizado no âmbito do relatório de estágio em Negócios Internacionais passará por analisar empiricamente os fatores supramencionados e compreender a estratégia e abordagem adequada para um processo de internacionalização na área tecnológica de uma empresa portuguesa específica. O projeto de internacionalização foi desenvolvido com base num período de estágio na Latourrette Consulting, empresa em processo de internacionalização, onde, resultado de diferentes visões do panorama internacional, foi redigido um plano que permita oferecer uma solução sustentada pela literatura a um nível teórico, e viável na sua aplicação prática num ambiente empresarial tecnológico em constante competição e mutação.
Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, particularly those of a technological nature, represent in Portugal, as in the European scenario, a stimulating point of analysis, result of their relevance and interest at the corporate level. In the current scenario, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises should be capable to answer not only to internal challenges but also to competition across borders: internationalization is a reality and as a reality must be closely followed by organizations, considering its origins, reasons, and motivations, as well as the advantages associated with it. Various possibilities, levels, and methods of entry must be considered for the international scenario, as well as the specific requirements for companies with a limited number of resources available. The objective of the work carried out for this internship report in International Business matter will be to analyze empirically the above-mentioned factors and to understand the most suitable strategy and approach for an internationalization process in the technological area of a specific Portuguese company. This internationalization project was developed based on a traineeship at Latourrette Consuiting, a company in a process of internationalization, where, result of different visions of the international scene, a plan was drawn up to offer a solution supported by literature at a theoretical level, and feasible in its practical application in a technologically business environment of constant competition and mutation.

碩士
元智大學
藝術與設計學系-藝術管理碩士班
100
Ever since the concept of curatorship was introduced to Taiwan in the 90’s, it developed rapidly and quickly became a popular trend. This concept helped promote the art environment in Taiwan in multiple ways. However, a variety of discussions and analysis emerged among various circles as the concept developed. Among which academic research mostly focused on the conflicts caused from cooperation between public sectors and non-governmental curatorial organizations. Only a few pertained to local art curatorial companies. In the art circles of Taiwan, “art curatorial companies” became an important influence and a leading role in many art and cultural activities in the form of intermediaries. However, due to their profitable background, curatorial companies have also become a loner among art circles. Thus, the focus of this study is to discuss how art curatorial companies rose and developed in the cultural environment in Taiwan, the roles these companies play in cultural production and where their values lie, the interactive relationship between art curatorial companies and public and private organizations, and whether they, along with the business considerations of profitable corporations, may cause a change of nature in the development of art in Taiwan. Therefore, this study speculates the definition and orientation of art curatorial companies in Taiwan from the perspective of cultural intermediaries using L’orangerie International Art Consultant as the subject. Related data were collected, and participant observation and qualitative interviews were adopted to understand the various activities hosted by subjects to further analyze the interactive relationship of cultural intermediaries formed by the company and external environment of organizations. Furthermore, “intermediateness”, “creativeness”, and “gatekeeping mechanism” were adopted for analysis. The orientation and meaning of L’orangerie International Art Consultant in the cultural production system of Taiwan were employed to analyze how art curatorial companies adapt and develop in the art and cultural environment in Taiwan using the interaction of cultural intermediaries. Finally, this study hopes to investigate the definition, current condition, and orientation of art curatorial companies in Taiwan using the case analysis of L’orangerie International Art Consultant. From the observation of the gradual development of curatorial companies, careful examination was carried out and suggestions for related research in the future were proposed. The purpose is to provide a reference for cultural intermediairies in establishing a more complete domain, integrate professional art curatorial resources, and for various units in building a cooperative partnership.

Dans ce mémoire, nous avons entamé une réflexion exploratoire sur l'enjeu du cyberterrorisme aux États-Unis, car il y a peu d'étude sur le sujet et les quelques textes désiraient donner des conseils pratiques aux gouvernements. La seule exception est le texte de Myriam Cavelty (2007) qui s'intéressait à la sécurisation du cyberterrorisme par le gouvernement des États-Unis, mais ne traitait pas de la prépondérance des experts sur cette problématique. Croyant qu'ils ont eu une influence et qu'ils ont peut-être cherché à sécuriser cet enjeu, nous nous sommes posé la question suivante : Comment les experts de la sécurité tentent-ils de faire du cyberterrorisme un enjeu de sécurité aux États-Unis depuis la fin des années 1990 et quelles sont les variables qui influencent la réussite ou l'échec de ces tentatives? Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons utilisé la même approche théorique que Cavelty, soit la théorie des cadres. Nous avons retenu trois cadres, le cadre diagnostique, pronostique et motivationnel, qui correspondent chacun à un chapitre de ce mémoire. Ensuite, en suivant une perspective temporelle, nous avons comparé chaque cadre des experts de la sécurité à celui du gouvernement afin de déterminer s'ils l'ont influencé. À l'aide de ces cadres, nous vérifierons notre hypothèse principale, qui est : « Les experts de la sécurité ont échoué dans leurs tentatives pour faire du cyberterrorisme un enjeu de sécurité aux États-Unis depuis la fin des années 1990 ». Nos résultats sont que les experts de la sécurité n'ont pas réussi leur tentative de sécurisation. En fait, ils ne sont pas parvenus à imposer leur cadre diagnostique, car le gouvernement a ciblé les cybermenaces, et non le cyberterrorisme spécifiquement, comme l'ennemi. Aussi, le cadre pronostique et le cadre motivationnel des experts de la sécurité n'ont pas été bien établis parce qu'ils proposent les mêmes solutions que ceux du gouvernement. De plus, ce dernier avait déjà identifié cette menace et il avait entrepris des actions directes pour le contrer. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : cybermenaces, cyberterrorisme, experts, infrastructures essentielles, sécurisation.