Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'INTERNATIONAL DECADES'

Four fundamental principles constitute the basis of international regulations pertaining to the operational aspects of telecommunications, and communications satellites in particular. Firstly, provision of global distress and safety service should be provided globally on a priority basis. Secondly, global telecommunications coverage and connectivity should be achieved. Thirdly, basic telecommunications services should be established within every national jurisdiction, including developing areas, and should be accessible to all individuals. Finally, universal access to telecommunications services on a non-discriminatory basis should be guaranteed.
At the outset, governments have not only chosen to foster and closely regulate the development and operations of communications satellites, but also to maintain management oversight by cooperatively establishing two unique consortia, namely Intelsat and Inmarsat. This international regulatory framework, which currently continues to oversee the operational aspects of global satellite services, is essentially comprised of the Intelsat and Inmarsat Agreements adhered to by numerous member states. This framework was established a few decades ago at the inception of commercial fixed and mobile satellite services, and has not been structurally reviewed despite the changing global environment.
Considering that the prime objective of international agreements is to ensure that the world community adheres to the principles outlined above, this thesis examines the relevance of the current regulatory framework at the dawn of the information age. A growing number of governments may be rewriting their own role in the operational aspects of communication satellites for the future, as they review this framework to address the challenges of the emerging environment nearly three decades after the launching of the first commercial satellite, Early Bird. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

The main aim of this dissertation is to research and measure the international and global exposure of organizations, with a specific focus upon the positive and negative correlation amongst variables and the degree of exposure. The problem statement relies on understanding whether the internationalization of organizations actually occurs and whether the instruments implemented truly measure the phenomenon. Moreover, it will be observed how, due to the multidimensionality of the phenomenon, complex is to determine whether the market and organizations are globalized as we think they are. In order to comply with these objectives, we initially depicted the multifaceted definitions of the complex phenomenon of globalization, followed by a description of its historical background, its drivers and two opposite views by economists regarding the current state of globalization. We concluded by explicating the multidimensional indexes of globalization. The achieved results that arose from the globalization indexes depict that the ranking of the most globalized countries changes based on the chosen indicators, the selection and criterion with which the indexes are developed is almost completely subjective consequently we didn’t achieve a universal and concrete vision of the phenomenon. From the market focus we shifted to multinational corporations, we defined the multinational corporations describing the main internationalization theories and indexes, which measure the degree of internationalization of an organization; both theories and indexes were subject to criticism. To conclude we brought forward a meta-analysis, the interdisciplinary and interdependent nature of the internationalization research offers the type of rich knowledgeable framework in which meta-analysis techniques can be most valuable. Samples were taken from multiple studies and a meta-analysis that aggregates the empirical findings was conducted; this study presents a systematic investigation of the correlation amongst indicators that should measure firm’s internationalization and internationalization itself. Based on theories and dissenting opinions we developed numerous hypothesis which we statistically tested in order to observe whether the hypothesis could be accepted or not. By considering all variables a meta-analysis was brought forward in order to see if there is a positive correlation amongst the variables and the degree of international exposure, the higher correlation could indicate the finest indicator of the degree of internationalization. It is hoped that this study will provide a higher awareness regarding the phenomenon, its current state, measurements and discrepancies. On the basis of the meta-analytic findings several directions for future research are provided.

In the decade following the Asian-African Conference of 1955, the communist government of the People’s Republic of China took unprecedented interest in its relations with countries in the Middle East. China’s leaders formed particularly strong ties first with Gamal Abdel Nasser’s Egypt, then, beginning in 1958, with the Algerian Front de Libération Nationale (FLN), which at that time was engaged in a bitter struggle for independence from France. The bonds that developed between China and Egypt and between China and Algeria were strengthened by a shared commitment of the governments of these countries to carry out “revolutions” that would challenge Western preeminence in global affairs and establish their own societies as independent voices on the world stage. The common ideological heritage of these three revolutionary countries allowed their leaders to forge connections that went beyond mere expressions of mutual support. Sino-Arab relations in the 1950s and 1960s cannot be explained by a realist narrative of attempts to exert power or influence through high-level diplomacy; rather, the evolving relationships between China and its Arab allies demonstrate how three countries could co-opt one another’s experiences to define and articulate their own nationalist identities on behalf of domestic audiences. This thesis pays particular attention to two constituencies that played a central role in mediating the development of Sino-Arab relations: Chinese Muslims and Arab leftists. Focusing on publications about Sino-Arab relations written by or intended for members of these two groups makes clear the manners in which domestic ideological concerns shaped the development of international relationships. Sino-Egyptian and Sino-Algerian relations between 1955 and 1965 were primarily symbolic. The perception of international amity gave journalists, policymakers, intellectuals, and religious figures free rein to expound their own distorted interpretations of Chinese and Arab society in order to promote their own ideological causes. These causes, which varied over the course of the decade, included the incorporation of Chinese Muslims into Chinese politics, the conferral of revolutionary legitimacy on Nasser’s government, the celebration of China as a champion of global revolution, the legitimization of the FLN, and the presentation of China as a fully anti-imperialist country in contrast to the Soviet Union. Each of these projects had in common the enduring goal of transforming how citizens of China, Egypt, and Algeria perceived their own national identity.

Mestrado em Toxicologia e Ecotoxicologia
Organotins (OTs) are organometallic compounds. Despite of the multiple applications of the OTs, the notoriety of these compounds is due to tributyltin (TBT), a potent biocide used in antifouling paints since the 60s to prevent biofouling on submerged surfaces, including the hulls of ships. Despite of the extreme effectiveness of these paints in combating biofouling, they are also extremely toxic to non-target organisms, therefore several legislative measures restricting their use were implemented in several countries worldwide. TBT causes a huge variety of adverse effects on non-target species (sublethal / lethal) of different taxonomic groups (from bacteria to mammals). The first evidence of adverse effects induced by TBT on non-target species emerged in the 70s in oysters of the species Crassostrea gigas in the Bay of Arcachon, France. Their shells have suffered thickening with consequent decrease in the volume of edible portion, reducing its commercial value. In the same decade was verified the occurrence of male sexual characteristics in female prosobranch gastropods (formation of a penis and / or development of a vas deferens), by exposure to TBT. This phenomenon was coined as "imposex" by Smith in 1971. The imposex is the best known example of endocrine disruption caused by a pollutant being used as a biomarker to monitoring the environmental pollution by TBT. The gastropods are used globally for monitoring environmental pollution by TBT. In the present work we studied how gastropods have been used to track the course of TBT pollution worldwide during the last decade (2003-2013), and the main results obtained. We searched for the number of published articles by year / continent and country regarding the bioindicator species most used in biomonitoring TBT pollution in function of their geographical location; we evaluated the efficacy of the AFS Convention in reducing TBT pollution worldwide; we evaluated the temporal evolution (2003-2013) of the levels of imposex by bioindicator species and geographical area, as well as the concentration of OTs in the biota, water and sediments. There was noticed an increase of the number of publications for monitoring environmental pollution by TBT in 2008, coincident with the time of entry into force of the AFS Convention and a gradual decrease of the number of publications from 2008 to 2013, after the entry into force of this Convention; most of the monitoring studies developed in the period 2003-2013 were conducted in Europe, followed by the continents: America, Asia, Africa e Oceania; in this period were used 96 bioindicator species of imposex, being that the 5 more used were: Nucella lapillus, Hexaplex trunculus, Nassarius reticulatus, Stramonita haemastoma and Thais clavigera. A greater diversity of bioindicators was used in America and Asia compared to Europe, whist Africa and Oceania were the continents with smaller number of bioindicator species used. Regardless of the geographic region, and despite the wide diversity of species used, the bioindicators were all caenogastropods (Subclass Caenogastropoda) and most frequently of Order Neogastropoda and Littorinimorpha, being the majority from family Muricidae. There was a decrease of the levels of imposex in the different bioindicators used by continent and country, as well as a decline of the concentrations of OTs in biota, water and sediments, by continent and country, since the entry into force of the AFS Convention in September 2008.
Os organoestânicos (OTs) são compostos organometálicos. Apesar das múltiplas aplicações dos OTs, a notoriedade destes compostos, no que diz respeito a fenómenos de poluição, é devida ao tributilestanho (TBT), um potente biocida usado em tintas antivegetativas desde a década de 60 para prevenir a bioincrustação nas superfícies imersas, nomeadamente nos cascos de embarcações. Apesar da extrema eficácia destas tintas no combate à bioincrustação são também extremamente tóxicas para organismos não-alvo pelo que várias medidas legislativas restringindo o seu uso foram implementadas em vários países. O TBT provoca uma enorme variedade de efeitos nefastos em espécies não- alvo (sub-letais / letais) de diferentes grupos taxonómicos (de bactérias a mamíferos). A primeira evidência de efeitos nefastos induzidos pelo TBT em espécies não alvo surgiu na década de 70 em ostras da espécie Crassostrea gigas na Baía de Arcachon, França. As suas conchas sofreram um espessamento com a consequente diminuição do volume da parte comestível, diminuindo o seu valor comercial. Na mesma década verificou-se a ocorrência de características sexuais masculinas em fêmeas de gastrópodes prosobrânquios (formação de um pénis e/ou desenvolvimento de um vaso deferente), por exposição ao TBT. Esse fenómeno foi designado de "imposex" por Smith em 1971. O imposexo é o melhor exemplo conhecido de disrupção endócrina provocada por um poluente sendo utilizado como biomarcador para monitorizar a poluição ambiental por TBT. resumo (cont.) Nesta tese fez-se um levantamento da metodologia utilizada na monitorização da poluição por TBT a nível mundial durante a última década (2003-2013), nomeadamente, o número de artigos publicados por ano/continente e país sobre as espécies bioindicadoras do imposexo mais utilizadas na biomonitorização da poluição por TBT nesta década e em função da sua localização geográfica. Neste trabalho avaliou-se, também, a eficácia da Convenção AFS na redução da poluição por TBT a nível mundial, através da evolução temporal (2003-2013) dos níveis de imposexo por espécie bioindicadora e zona geográfica, e avaliou-se a evolução temporal (2003-2013) da concentração de OTs no biota, água e sedimentos por zona geográfica. Verificou-se um aumento do número de publicações de monitorização da poluição ambiental por TBT em 2008, coincidente com o momento de entrada em vigor da Convenção AFS; um decréscimo gradual do número de publicações de 2008 a 2013, após a entrada em vigor da Convenção AFS; a maioria dos estudos de monitorização no período 2003-2013 foi realizada na Europa, seguindo-se os continentes: America, Ásia, África e Oceania; neste período foram usadas 96 espécies bioindicadoras de gastrópodes (imposex), sendo que as 5 mais utilizadas foram: Nucella lapillus, Hexaplex trunculus, Nassarius reticulatus, Stramonita haemastoma e Thais clavigera. Neste trabalho é possível verificar a utilização de uma maior diversidade de espécies bioindicadoras na América e na Ásia em relação à Europa, África e Oceania são os continentes que apresentam menor número de espécies bioindicadoras. Independentemente da região geográfica onde foram realizados os estudos, e apesar da grande diversidade de espécies utilizadas, os bioindicadores foram todos caenogastropodes (subclasse Caenogastropoda) e mais frequentemente das ordens Neogastropoda e Littorinimorpha, sendo a maioria da família Muricidae. Neste trabalho também é possível verificar descida dos níveis de imposexo nas diferentes espécies bioindicadoras, utilizadas por continente e país, e descida das concentrações de OTs no biota, água e sedimentos, por continente e país, desde a entrada em vigor da convenção AFS em Setembro de 2008.

Family and children are brought to the front in contemporary Russia and constitute an important policy area. Manifesting the centrality of family and children, the period 2018―2027 has also been officially proclaimed “the decade of childhood”, leading to numerous policy initiatives and momentous media attention. The thesis explores this current development with a particular interest in what role the family plays in asserting and negotiating (state) power and in the overall national project of constructing Russianness. The aim is thus to examine the articulations of Russianness and family in policy and media in contemporary Russia. The analysis is conducted mainly at the level of discourse and is inspired by Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse theory. Applying constructivist theories of nationalism in conjunction with feminist theories that critique the concepts of the nation and the state, the thesis demonstrates how the discourse articulated in policy documents and state-controlled media interconnects “family”, “tradition”, and “Russianness” and what possible effects are produced as a result. It also discusses how categories of gender, class, ‘race’/ethnicity and sexuality inform the articulated national identity. The thesis argues that despite civic “Russianness” (rossiyskaya naciya) being furthered as the desired national project, a number of articulations clearly point to nation’s ethnic character. As “Russianness” and “tradition” are loosely defined the viability of such articulations is questioned, given both Russia’s history and the coming transformations of the Russian welfare state.

The thesis aims primarily to analyse the communication strategies of radical right parties. More specifically, the research examines three cases of radical right parties in Western Europe during the first decade of the twenty-first century with particular emphasis on the political communication along with marketing and branding techniques used to engage with the electorate to gain and maintain electoral support. These case studies comprise the Greek Popular Orthodox Rally (LA.O.S.), the Swiss People’s Party (SVP) and the Italian National Alliance (AN). Different forms of content analysis are used in order to pinpoint the characteristics that identify the parties as members of the radical right family. Through this approach the thesis provides evidence that the parties, in their effort to become more appealing to their audiences, avoid direct engagement with issues, which reflect traditional ideological tenets of the radical right issues such as fascism, racism or xenophobia. Rather, they attempt to present a more mainstream and competitive profile in the political arena. From a market-oriented perspective, the thesis addresses questions on marketing and related explanations which focus both on how the parties choose to communicate with the electorate, what is their message and, through comparative analysis, whether there are similarities in communication techniques among the three parties and whether it can be argued that parties in the radical right family project a common profile in terms of their communication strategies. Furthermore, the application of such an approach to the use of political communication techniques of the selected radical right parties can contribute to a wider understanding of how the concept of ‘consumption’ has come to be applied increasingly in activities undertaken in the political arena.

Although the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade has generated great interest from foreign aid donors, its impact. in terms of increased service levels has been poor. These disappointing results have been explained by the UN and other donors in terms of inadequate funding and lack of cost recovery, poor operations and maintenance, lack of personnel, unacceptable technology, poor logistics and non involvement of the beneficiaries. However, an alternative explanation revolves around factors contributing to poor project design. These include the lack of understanding of the development process, donor bias and self interest, and poor coordination and commitment by the recipient government. A review of the development and trends of contemporary aid philosophy and its translation in to rural development and water and sanitation projects, which led to the launch of the IDWSSD, provides a number of lessons that can be used to formulate a hybrid model for project design and the sector development process, that defines the relative roles of donors, recipient governments and people themselves. The model is based on coordinated development, community participation, and sector growth from pilot projects to large scale programmes. The developments in the rural water and sanitation sector that took place in Zimbabwe from 1974 to 1987, provide a unique opportunity to test this model using a systems analysis approach. After gaining Independence in 1980, Zimbabwe's development assistance funding grew tenfold with the influx of foreign donors, and major commitments were made by the new Government to rural development and the goals of the IDWSSD. However, the large investments in water and sanitation which included the preparation of a national master plan with external technical assistance, had both positive and negative impacts on the continuing development of the sector, the start of which can be traced back, well before Independence, to small pilot projects sponsored by non government organizations that used appropriate technology developed by the Rhodesian Government. This development process and the changing approach to project design is illustrated by a series of case studies of projects supported by multilateral and bilateral donors, and non government organizations, that were milestones during this period. Finally the project and sector development model is modified based on the practical lessons from Zimbabwe and recommendations for future practice are made together with suggestions for areas of further research.

The submitted prior output works form an analysis of the reasons for the overall failure of a decade on international efforts and measures in anti terrorist financing since the 9/11 attacks. The covering document deals with three perspectives, highlights the impact of such works and integrates them with current and relevant developments. The analysis is drawn from three perspectives. The three perspectives are, the inherent legal difficulties of promulgating anti terrorist and anti terrorist finance measures; the strategic oversight in identifying and realising the full significance of certain modus operandi of terrorist financing; and the strategic mindset of government policy makers and law enforcement intelligence in the area of certain types of financial crime and in the implementation of counter measures against terrorist financing. The inherent legal difficulties are dealt with by showing the basic difficulties of defining terrorism, and then the post 9 /11 measures and the impediments to achieving the objective of intelligence exchange between law enforcement agencies and between law enforcement and the banking institutions,and the particular issue of charities and NGOs compounding such difficulties. The strategic oversight of modus operandi for terrorist financing are dealt with through three examples of potential underestimations of a particular modus operandi, and an over focussing of another. Paradoxically, one of the underestimated potential modus operandi appears to provide its own exception to its trend in that a related but far more applicable modus operandi was highlighted by the studies. The third perspective, that of strategic mindset of policy makers and law enforcement leads on from the modus operandi in that it identifies part of the reason for understating one such modus operandi was due to the post 9/11 reaction and measures having their origins in past anti money laundering strategies, without recognising differences between money laundering and terrorist financing. Furthermore, later in the decade, as strategic intelligence identified trends, one such trend was utilised in error to support a flawed premise regarding the assessment of the continuing global capability of al Qaeda to finance and co-ordinate extremist groups and to fund their attacks. Finally an overall conclusion is formulated. In terms of impact, it is respectfully submitted that the cited works have all contributed and enhanced knowledge in the area of terrorist financing. Particular impact has been made in the specific areas of, 9 the overlooking of the true significance of the role of cash couriers, highlighted in the study of 2007, the report of which was disseminated to the trustees of sponsoring organisation, including Brigadier Ed Butler, former commander 16 Airborne Assault Brigade Helmand Province Afghanistan and Professor Paul Wilkinson, Emeritus, Professor of International Relations and former Director of the University of St Andrews Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence' " the vulnerabilities of Islamic banking, the study of which was received by the commissioning organisation and then disseminated to the Swiss National Bank and Swiss government ministers.

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of Toledo, 2008.
Typescript. "Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Higher Education." Bibliography: leaves 293-309.

碩士
國立臺北藝術大學
舞蹈研究所理論組
102
Ballroom dancing has become increasingly popular in Taiwan either as a leisure activity or as a category of sports competition. Against this backdrop, how its foreign origin merges with the local Taiwanese culture has become an issue of paramount importance. Nevertheless, an in-depth literature review has revealed a scarcity of research that systematically delineates the development of ballroom dancing in Taiwan. Therefore, through document analysis and interviews, the current paper documents the development of ballroom dancing extending from the 1950s to today. On the basis of the evolution of the name of ballroom dancing, I divide the history of ballroom dancing into three phases---1950-1969, 1970-1989, 1990-now---exploring its features and developmental trajectory. The study shows that the evolution of ballroom dancing primarily encompasses six domains---“Environment”, “Name”, “Participant”, “Teaching”, “Management”, and “Teacher”--- jointly reflecting a trend for ballroom dancing to become an increasingly recognized sport in Taiwan. I conclude the study by providing possible solutions to problems associated with the development of ballroom dancing in Taiwan. The problems being related to three aspects, namely, “Research”, “Teaching”, and “Competition”, I call for concerted efforts in rewarding academic achievement, integrating resources, and ensuring fairness in competition, with the ultimate goal of attracting more attention and therefore creating a propitious future for ballroom dancing in Taiwan.

This national joint training initiative, funded at 14 cents per payroll hour worked, represents a key institutional innovation. Negotiated under Article 20 of the contract, this program has evolved over its first decade of experience. It expands life long learning to nearly all hourly workers. Major components of the program include: Layoff and Redeployment assistance, The Health and Safety Institute; Career and Personal Development; Classroom Training; Personal Enrichment, and High Performance Work Organization (HPWO). After a decade, the joint programs have reached between 40 and 50% of bargaining unit employees. Lean initiatives at Boeing are largely separate from the National Joint Training programs. The joint training programs have attractive design features and a steady stream of funds - so perhaps they should be more tightly linked. The program is jointly governed and staffed and thereby provides shared ownership from management, the union and the workforce. Its full potential will only be realized, however, when line managers see it as a core resource.

碩士
國立高雄餐旅大學
飲食文化暨餐飲創新研究所
105
The study of food films and documentaries has, since the 1980s, begun to be noticed in the scholarship. According to some literature review, the scholarship on food films focused largely on analysis of food representations in individual films. This aspect of research usually explored the symbolic role or metaphoric role of food and food behaviors play in cinematic narratives and images. The results of the research indeed affirmed that “films’ narratives and images are a legitimate means of observing the changing structures of social interdependence and shifts in cultural identity” (Ferry, 2003, p. 2). However, the success of this aspect of research suggests that there is even more that could be done in this burgeoning area. The study intends to review a decade’s food films selected and demonstrated in Berlin International Film Festival from 2007 to 2016. In the literature review section, 171 food films including new and old food documentaries and short and feature food films from all over the world have been briefly introduced. Also the previous overarching frameworks used to analyze the food films have been reviewed. In order to find out the main themes demonstrated the real roles of food play in people’s life, the researcher have watched the 171 films and studied related reviews, journal articles, and book chapters on these documentaries and films. The researcher also conducted a systematic research synthesis on them. Using Glaser and Strauss’ Grounded Theory (1967) constant comparison method, the researcher did comparative reviews on these documentaries and films. Four main themes emerged from the synthesis are: (1) It is the time to disclose the desire and awakening of human beings for nature and healthy food and for fair and just food; (2) The eternity of human beings is built on the sustainable ecology and biological diversity; (3) The persistence, creativity and ideals of the cooks are the driving force for human food culture transmission and inheritance；(4) Food is the origin of emotional communication between human life and all things. It is anticipated the research results can provide Taiwanese scholars and educators of food culture with a general overview of the current global food culture issues, so that they would study and teach food culture in a broader perspective. It is also expected that the analysis on the 171 selected food films can inspire more Taiwanese film makers and producers to shoot profound and far-reaching dietary documentaries or dramas to spread the long history and plenty of Chinese food culture. By doing so, it is hoped that Taiwanese can sincerely look at the current global concern of the various food issues and its connection to Taiwan society.

Objective: The overall aim of the work is to contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics between health sector reform policies and practices as well as the factors that determine and shape the thinking about global public health; and to try out a framework for understanding the inter-linkages and interactions between the determinants for and the elements of health sector reforms and their implementation. Methods: The object of study was a contemporary phenomenon, consisting of a diverse array of interventions in many different directions and fields within a complex political, social and economic environment. It is difficult to attribute the effects of the reforms to any single intervention or to establish exact boundaries between the phenomenon and the context. Therefore, a multi-stage case study research strategy, based on the work of R.K.Yin, was chosen. The study involved two major sub-units of analysis, i.e., the macro and the micro level. Each of these involved several sub-units of analysis. The analysis of the micro level further comprised a cross-case analysis of 10 individual case studies conducted in six developing countries. Results: Clear linkages were found between the greater societal processes and the shape and results of reforms during the decade. The reforms had not been completed in any of the countries studied, but appeared to be stuck with undesired effects, lacking energy to move forward. Contributing to this was the diminishing role of the state, which bordered abdication from public health in most of the countries, leaving the drive to the market and individual demands and interests. The net effect could well be a reversal of some of the public health achievements of the past - however, it was also found that reverting to dedicated disease control programmes would not be the answer, as these were found unsustainable and undermining the health systems. Conclusion: There is a divide between libertarian and utilitarian values on the one side and communitarian and egalitarian values on the other. Thus, it is not just about public health practitioners not being good enough to implement, it is more so about what we want to achieve and what it acceptable respectively not acceptable and reaching compromises. This place the societal processes at centre-stage for public health. However, it is also about implementation, it is about how public health policy-makers and reformers can effectively dialogue and facilitate achieving consensus and translate the societal 'wants' and 'want nots' into managerial bites. Implementation becomes a process of constant adjustment and readjustment oscillating between political and technocratic levels