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Journal articles on the topic 'International e-commerce'
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1
Beck, Thorsten. "E-Commerce international." Call Center Profi 5, no. 1 (2002): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03244096.
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Yadav, Bajrang, and Vedant Kumar. "E-COMMERCE IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS." International Journal of Innovations & Research Analysis 04, no. 02(II) (2024): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.62823/4.2(i).6543.
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Divers may find plenty of opportunities in the international business world, but staying afloat can be challenging. In addition to the fact that this integration of IB with e-commerce will lead to an increase in complexity, it will also facilitate trade and remove many other obstacles that were previously present. A tremendous asset that one may learn and grow from is the quick growth of partnerships across countries worldwide as a consequence of IB, which has led to the best of each other's land and the flow of products and services. International business encompasses any profitable endeavours that promote the international transfer of goods, services, people, ideas, and technology. What are known as "internal business operations"? They occur within the borders of a nation. When companies buy and sell items, commodities, and services over international boundaries, it's called international commerce. This kind of firm is called an international business. The government or a commercial entity may own such trading techniques. Additionally, the country's economy remains steady. There are no competitors in a perilous nation. A global corporation's tools, goals, and objectives should inform its strategy development process.
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YOUNUS, WAQUAR. "E-COMMERCE IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 05 (2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem33058.
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Opportunities abound for divers in the global economic arena, but maintaining a steady footing can be difficult. While combining IB with e-commerce will certainly make things more complicated, it will also make trade easier and eliminate a lot of other problems. The free flow of goods, services, and ideas has flourished as a result of the stronger bonds that have been forged between nations through international trade. Worldwide trade encompasses all economic activities that facilitate the exchange of products, services, people, ideas, and technology beyond national borders. Anything a business does inside its own country is considered to be part of its internal operations. International commerce refers to the purchasing and selling of products and services across international borders, whereas international businesses are those that participate in this activity. Such trade procedures can be owned by a private company or the state. Furthermore, the national economy remains stable. A dangerous country can overcome any obstacle. The strategic planning of a multinational firm should be based on the resources, goals, and objectives of the company. Keywords: International business, e-commerce integration, cross-border trade, rapid development, global relationships, flow of goods and services, cross-border allocation, internal business operations, international commerce, economic stability, strategic development.
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Ahmed, Usman, and Brian Bieron. "Regulating E-commerce through International Policy: Understanding the International Trade Law Issues of E-commerce." Journal of World Trade 46, Issue 3 (2012): 545–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2012017.
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The Internet has facilitated a new wave of economic growth and development. Businesses across the world - both big and small - have taken advantage of the scale, scope, and access that the Internet provides to reach new markets and consumers. A small business in rural America can now reach an individual consumer in the European Union (EU) without any physical footprint in the EU. This type of transaction was not possible before the advent of electronic commerce (e-commerce). Moreover, this type of transaction requires a revaluation of a trade regime that was created with only the largest multinational corporations able to truly engage in international trade. The US has created trade policy governing cross-border e-commerce transactions largely through recent free trade agreements (FTAs). Since 2000, every FTA the US has signed has contained a chapter on e-commerce. These chapters have included important protections for the digital economy (e.g., no tax on digital goods, transparency in regulation, and free flow of information).Yet, these chapters have often taken a very narrow view of the issues that they have sought to tackle. It is worthwhile, a decade after these provisions were first written, to revisit and update them to better reflect the nature of modern e-commerce. There are a number of additional issues that are imperative to e-commerce that have not been addressed in past trade regulation. E-commerce often results in the cross-border transfer of digital services. These digital services must be protected against trade-distortive and domestic discriminatory preferences. Moreover, nation-states often rely on narrow interpretations of intellectual property law to restrict the cross-border transfer of e-commerce products and services. These non-traditional barriers to trade must be broken down. Internet intermediaries provide essential services that drive e-commerce. Strong limitations on liability must be guaranteed for these intermediaries. Finally, small businesses are only starting to engage in e-commerce. Future trade regulation should facilitate the growth of small businesses engaged in e-commerce. This article begins by describing the rapid growth of the e-commerce economy. It then reviews the history of past US free-trade agreement e-commerce provisions and suggests how to improve and update these provisions. The document then describes a host of additional e-commerce related issues that should be addressed in trade policy moving forward.
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Liu, Ivan. "Research on the Impact of e-commerce on International Trade and Countermeasures." Journal of Economic Theory and Business Management 1, no. 1 (2024): 8–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10576446.
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This paper aims to explore the impact and countermeasures of e-commerce on international trade. Through research on the relationship between e-commerce and international trade, the impact of e-commerce on international trade, and China's foreign trade e-commerce, we can draw some conclusions. E-commerce plays an important role in promoting the development of international trade. It can promote the development of international trade, reduce the cost of international trade, and promote innovation in international trade. There is an interdependent relationship between e-commerce and international trade, but the application of e-commerce in international trade faces some challenges, such as network security, intellectual property protection, cross-border payment and other issues, which need to be effectively resolved.
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Board, Editorial. "4th International conference on E-Commerce." Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 9, no. 1 (2017): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2017/15889.
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Makhina, E. S., and V. E. Talynev. "PROBLEMS OF E-COMMERCE COMPANIES ENTERING INTERNATIONAL MARKETS." Международный студенческий научный вестник (International Student Scientific Herald), no. 4 2023 (2023): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17513/msnv.21329.
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Priyanka, Pritam Bora. "E-Commerce : Role of E-Commerce In Today's Business." International Journal of Advance and Applied Research S6, no. 22 (2025): 870–74. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15533712.
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<em>E-Commerce stands for electronic commerce. It refers to use of an electronic medium to carry out commercial buying and selling transactions. Using e-commerce, organizations can expand their market national and international market with minimum capital investment. Currently we see all peoples have their own computers, laptop, mobile phones and personal internet connectivity. E-Commerce has changed the nature of competition in the current markets. Today mostly peoples have no time to go for shopping they want easiest way to buy product E-Commerce is a best way to that people therefore, e-commerce use is increasing day by day. Presently various advance technology like Artificial Intelligence(AI), Virtual Intelligence(VI) and Augmented Reality(AR) use to expand the Online Business. There are a big opportunities offered by e-commerce. The present paper mainly aim to discuss the Role of E-commerce in Today’s Business.</em>
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Yan, Weili. "On the Promotion of E-commerce on International Trade- Analysis Based on the Background of Digitalization." International Journal of Global Economics and Management 4, no. 1 (2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/ijgem.v4n1.01.
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With the continuous development of Internet technology, the global economy is getting closer and closer, and e-commerce emerges. As a new way of economic and trade, e-commerce provides an unlimited market platform for international economic and trade, bringing unprecedented opportunities for international trade participants. However, the development of e-commerce is also accompanied by various problems. This article takes the impact of e-commerce on international economic and trade as the starting point, analyzes the positive impact of e-commerce in international trade, explores the challenges brought by it, and give play to the role of Silk Road e-commerce in the background of China's "Belt and Road". Promote the healthy development of international economic and trade.
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Kim, Hyo-Jung. "The International Jurisdiction in International E-Commerce Consumer Contracts." Yonsei Law Journal 32 (December 30, 2018): 71–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.33606/yla.32.4.
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Shohista, Turdiyeva. "Ways to improve the marketing activities of e-commerce platforms." Journal of Management and Economics 5, no. 1 (2025): 32–34. https://doi.org/10.55640/jme-05-01-04.
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International e-commerce marketing strategies are the process of using digital platforms to promote products and services beyond national borders. Marketing strategies in the e-commerce market help attract new customers from different countries and cultures, increase turnover and strengthen positions in the international market. In the context of the modern development of e-commerce in the international market, the study of marketing strategies is especially relevant.
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Alkadi, Ihssan, Ghassan Alkadi, and Zhiwei Zhu. "Growth of international franchising through E-commerce." Human Systems Management 23, no. 4 (2004): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/hsm-2004-23408.
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Since the beginning of the Internet, electronic commerce (E-commerce) has grown rapidly. The rapid development of information technology has brought many business opportunities for companies doing business in a global market. This paper discusses the issues that affect a company's business operations in a global market.
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Adamyk, Viktoriia, and Anastasiia Poritska. "International and domestic initiatives for e-commerce regulation." Herald of Economics, no. 2 (August 10, 2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2021.02.066.
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Introduction. The development of online commerce, which is gradually displacing the traditional one, is a clear trend of global economic transformations. Key aspects of e-commerce, such as online transactions, privacy and consumer protection, and customs clearance, need to be regulated at the international and national levels.The purpose of the article is to study the development of e-commerce in retail goods in the XXI century. in the context of assessing the completeness and effectiveness of international and domesticResearch methods. General scientific and special methods were used to study the legal aspects of e-commerce regulation, namely: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, abstraction and concretization, description, characterization, generalization, comparison. The methodological basis for the study was international regulations (UN Laws, European Union Directives, Acts of International Organizations) and a list of laws of Ukraine on the regulation of the electronic sphere.Results. The analysis of indicators of e-commerce development on the world market is carried out, its rapid dynamics is pointed out. International initiatives to regulate e-commerce are considered. A comparison of aspects of legal regulation of e-commerce in Ukraine and the European Union is carried out. Conclusions are made on the completeness and degree of maturity of the institutional base. Emphasis was placed on the need to strengthen regulatory mechanisms in the field of e-commerce in order to create a modern institutional system adapted to the global and European.Perspectives. It is important to focus future research on the development of guidelines for determining the effectiveness of the implementation of initiatives to regulate e-commerce at the domestic and global levels.
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Olefirenko, Viktoriia, and Anna Ishchenko. "DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS." Scientific notes, no. 22 (April 21, 2021): 48–58. https://doi.org/10.33111/vz_kneu.22.21.01.05.033.039.
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In the current situation of COVID-19, e-commerce plays an important role in providing services to consumers according to their needs and avoiding unnecessary social contacts. Due to the increasing use of the Internet and electronic gadgets, the number of Internet companies is increasing every day. Previously, their number was limited to urban areas, and now even cover rural areas. E-commerce has grown tremendously in recent decades and is replacing traditional stores with contactless online sales. This is beneficial for both Internet companies and customers, as it provides profits to the company and convenience for customers. E-commerce allows you to buy and sell products globally, twenty-four hours a day without spending significant funds, compared to offline trading. Therefore, in modern conditions, the study of e-commerce is a very important issue. Given the recent changes in the world economy related to the pandemic, the prospects for the development of e-commerce are not yet fully addressed. Studies of theoretical and methodological bases, legal norms and features of e-commerce market development in Ukraine have been studied by both domestic and foreign scientists, such as: Orekhova T., Tyagunova N., M. Pleskach, T. G. Zatonatska, N. Solovenko, V. V. Tsarev, A. O. Kantarovich, V. V. Apopiy, I. P. Mishchuk, V. O. Sobolev, M. V. Makarova, V. Zwass, A. Summer, G. Duncan, D. Kozie, V. Triez, L. Stewart, E. Turban, R. Kalakota, A. Winston, Y. Kregul, V. Batrienko, M. Burov, N. Pisarenko, Z. Evdokimova, G. Androschuk, etc. The aim of the work is to study the theoretical and methodological foundations of the essence and models of e-commerce development, as well as to determine the prospects for development in the context of modern economic transformations. The article investigates the essence of e-commerce, analyzes the models of e-business, which are based on the interaction between entities involved in commercial transactions. The publication explores the main promising areas of e-commerce in the world during the pandemic and based on forecasts provides recommendations for improving e-business.
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Yuan, Si. "The Application and Influence of E-commerce in International Trade -- Taking Amazon as an Example." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 134, no. 1 (2024): 119–25. https://doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/2024.18701.
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With the advancement of globalization and the rapid development of Internet technology, e-commerce plays an increasingly important role in international trade. Being one of the biggest online retailers in the world, Amazon's use and impact in global trade have garnered a lot of attention. This study primarily employs a methodology that integrates literature analysis with case analysis. First, by reading pertinent literature, one can gain an understanding of Amazon's use in international trade, including its big data and cloud computing technologies, worldwide supply chain network, diverse payment options, and cross-border e-commerce platform. Secondly, through the analysis of Amazon's application cases in international trade, such as: KIVA orange robot operation, the impact and role of e-commerce in international trade are deeply discussed. The study presented in this paper demonstrates that e-commerce is being used more and more in international trade, and that Amazon, one of the biggest e-commerce platforms globally, is having a major impact on this field of commerce. E-commerce plays a significant role in promoting trade facilitation, reducing costs, improving efficiency, and supporting the growth of medium-sized and small businesses in international trade. However, the digital divide and security issues remain as bottlenecks in the application and development of e-commerce in international trade. Therefore, it is crucial to strengthen the formulation and implementation of relevant policies and measures to promote the application and development of e-commerce in international trade.
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He, Yugang, Renhong Wu, and Yong-Jae Choi. "International Logistics and Cross-Border E-Commerce Trade: Who Matters Whom?" Sustainability 13, no. 4 (2021): 1745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041745.
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Unlike previous papers on international logistics and cross-border e-commerce trade, this paper sets Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries as an example to explore the dynamic interaction between international logistics and cross-border e-commerce trade. The panel data for the period 2000–2018 will be employed to perform an empirical analysis via a host of econometric techniques, such as panel unit root tests, panel cointegration tests, panel causality tests and the panel vector error correction model. Incorporating with other control variables, we find that there is a long-term relationship between international logistics and cross-border e-commerce trade. Specifically speaking, in the long-run, international logistics has a positive and significant effect on cross-border e-commerce trade. However, in the short-run, international logistics has a negative and significant effect on cross-border e-commerce trade. Furthermore, the results suggest that deviation from a cointegration system of cross-border e-commerce trade and international logistics will lead to the cross-border e-commerce trade and international logistics changing within the range of approximately 2.2% to 47.2% in the next period. Therefore, referring to these findings, each OECD country’s government should take up corresponding policies to ensure the sustainable development of both international logistics and cross-border e-commerce trade.
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Zhang, Wei. "An Empirical Study on the Impact of China's E-commerce Development on Export Trade." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 4 (December 12, 2022): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v4i.3525.
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At home and abroad, this paper will concentrate on the perspective of the development of electronic commerce and the export trade development, draw lessons from advanced literature at home and abroad, and analyzes its limitations, establishing electronic commerce the influence mechanism of our country foreign trade export, and to our country's current e-commerce and the development of our country foreign trade status and the existing problems are studied. Finally, according to China's current policy and e-commerce market environment, put forward the strategy and suggestions to further expand e-commerce activities.China's e-commerce activities do have an important impact on China's export, and with the improvement of China's e-commerce level, the growth of trade volume will play a positive role in promoting China's export. Through the development of e-commerce activities, can significantly improve the export of a country's foreign trade, thus promoting the country's international trade. E-commerce can reduce international trade barriers between suppliers and the national consumers, through the logistics, information flow and cash flow, greatly reduces the country's purchase cost, reduce the cost of international suppliers, simplify the international market, improve the international suppliers and cooperation between countries, to produce more trade opportunities, promote the export of international trade.
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Guo, Kai-Yu, and Taehee Lee. "Review of the Applicability of CISG in International E-commerce." Institute of Management and Economy Research 14, no. 2 (2023): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32599/apjb.14.2.202306.201.
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Purpose - Internet-based e-commerce is rapidly developing and applied, and e-commerce through Internet technology overcomes the time and space constraints of existing business exchanges and facilitates multinational transactions.At the same time, disputes over e-commerce are increasing.In order to solve these disputes, clear laws should be regulated and regulated. Design/methodology/approach - This paper first studies the development and trend of E-commerce, then studies the legal provisions of CISG, and then combines them to analyze and draw a conclusion. Findings - Since its enactment in 1980, the CISG has been one of the most influential international commercial laws to date, with 95 States parties. It is a very important international agreement and norm that helps maintain and facilitate the settlement of international trade disputes and coordination of international merchandise sales activities. However, CISG, which is most widely used in traditional trade, faces many challenges due to the nature of E-commerce, but after studying the development and trend of E-commerce and the legal provisions of E-commerce, we conclude that CISG can be applied to E-commerce. Research implications or Originality - All the international conventions are the fruit of the efforts of the people, CISG, as one of the most important unitary laws of international trade, can be said to be representative.The analysis of CISG's legal provisions should be combined with the current international e-commerce trade form, so that CISG can be reasonably applied to modern trade disputes.
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Pan, Jin. "The Impact of E-Commerce on International Trade." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 41 (October 15, 2024): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/v9xf9m56.
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With the continuous deepening of world economic integration and globalization, the demand for efficient, flexible, and widely covered information exchange technologies in international trade has sharply increased. This trend directly nurtures and promotes the birth and development of e-commerce, a new business model. The rise of e-commerce is not only a product of the deep integration of information technology in international trade but also an important driving force for transforming and upgrading the global economic structure. It redefines the operation mode of international trade, promotes the global allocation of resources, and seamlessly connects with the market. E-commerce has rapidly emerged in global trade and, with its unique advantages, has become a powerful engine driving the deepening development of international trade. By eliminating geographical boundaries, optimizing transaction processes, enhancing information transparency, and promoting market diversification, e-commerce not only reshapes the competitive landscape of international trade but also greatly enhances the vitality and efficiency of international trade, injecting new vitality and momentum into the process of global economic integration. This article analyzes the specific manifestations of e-commerce in promoting the development of international trade and proposes corresponding countermeasures for the challenges faced by e-commerce.
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Prof., Vaishali Shivaji Kshirsagar. "E-Commerce in India." International Journal of Advance and Applied Research S6, no. 22 (2025): 338–41. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15501838.
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<em>The worldwide marketplace has changed due to e-commerce, which has an impact on how companies run and how customers engage with goods and services taken into account .This article discusses the evolution, benefits, and downsides of e-commerce, including its impact on international trade, customer behavior, and business practices. Future technologies and trends that may impact the e-commerce business are also discussed. The research also considers future technologies and trends that might have an impact on the e-commerce business.</em>
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yashasvi, yashasvi. "E-Commerce." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 04 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem45353.
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In recent years, e-commerce platforms have emerged in an endless stream, including Amazon and eBay in the high-end international market, Tmall and JD.com in the high-end Chinese market, Pinduoduo and Taobao in the low-end market. It is not so difficult for many companies to share a piece of the online shopping business. However, due to the serious homogeneity of online shopping platforms, it is difficult for users with special purchasing needs to find suitable e-commerce platforms. At the same time, different e-commerce platforms have different user stickiness for different products. Therefore, understanding users’ preferences and reasons for purchasing on the platform can help enterprises improve the efficiency and accuracy of marketing. For example, after big data analysis, companies can push different products to different groups of people with more accurately and more appropriate prices. This paper chooses four popular e-commerce platforms at present: JD, Taobao, Pinduoduo and Tall as the analysis objects. Analysing consumers’ purchasing tendency and reasons for different platforms by investigating. For different online review systems, reviews and comments have different effects on sales. Under the classified evaluation system, the total number of reviews and the number of positive comments have a significant positive impact on sales. Negative reviews or comments have a significant negative impact on sales . Hence, in this experiment, the author hopes to collect feedback from consumers to analyse whether the four platforms are successful in marketing within different consumer groups, and to analyse the reasons why different consumer groups are attracted to these four platforms. According to the survey, users tend to have obvious preferences when buying different products. For example, they tend to choose JD.com when buying electronic products, while they tend to choose Taobao and Pinduoduo when buying low-priced daily necessities. At the same time, the author will also classify theconsumers participating in the survey according to age and gender in order to analyse the impact of these factors on the choice of purchasing platform. Keywords: E-commerce, marketing strategy, consumer segmentation, collection of comments from consumers, business analysis
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Basu, Subhajit. "Direct Taxation and E-Commerce." International Journal of Innovation in the Digital Economy 1, no. 1 (2010): 37–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jide.2010091503.
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E-commerce poses significant challenges for existing tax rules. One of the most important effects of e-commerce has been to de-emphasise the significance of the place where economic activity is carried out, which makes it difficult to determine which jurisdiction has the right to tax. It has also blurred the traditional distinction between the form of delivery and the substance of what is delivered. Thus, the specific tax implications of e-commerce and the threat it imposes on the established tax systems can be examined by reference to how much e-commerce tends to disrupt the concepts and principles of direct taxation and international tax treaty rules. This article explores the effect of e-commerce on the principles of direct taxation. The question is should the tax system of the future be developed at a national or an international level?
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Shen, Jianjun. "Research on the International Trade Performance Evaluation of Cross-Border e-Commerce Based on the Deep Neural Network Model." Journal of Sensors 2022 (October 8, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3006907.
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The rapid development of e-commerce international trade has driven the rapid growth of the economic system of international trade enterprises. This also means that industry competition is gradually intensifying, which also makes performance evaluation the key to cross-border e-commerce international trade. At present, my country’s research on the performance evaluation of cross-border e-commerce international trade is in a blank state. Therefore, this paper takes the international trade performance evaluation of cross-border e-commerce as the research object and, based on the deep neural network model, develops a cross-border international trade performance evaluation model, changes trade strategies, and improves trade performance. This paper first analyzes various neural network models, such as artificial neural network, “BP” neuron model, and LSTM neural network. This paper summarizes a deep neural network model that is conducive to the development of cross-border e-commerce and points out the problems in the current performance evaluation of cross-border e-commerce international trade: the e-commerce market supervision system is not perfect; the second is the inconsistent evaluation indicators; the third is the evaluation system. There are some differences with the actual. Finally, this paper puts forward relevant suggestions for the performance evaluation of cross-border e-commerce international trade and points out the advantages and disadvantages of various neural networks, as well as their roles in cross-border e-commerce performance evaluation, and compares these neural networks through experiments. Experiments show that among these neural network models, the deep neural network model is the best and has the highest accuracy and stability in e-commerce trade performance evaluation. In the later stage, we will improve the global logistics system, strengthen the application of big data technology, and improve the overall performance of global operations. First, a set of indicators is designed to evaluate the performance of e-commerce systems, using the enterprise key factor model concept. In addition, this evaluation method is different from the commonly used expert evaluation method and physical evaluation method in evaluating the construction quality, cost, education and growth ability, and performance level of the international business system of cross-border e-commerce.
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DULHEROVA, Nadiia, and Vlasta SHVAHIREVA. "Legal basis for the use of e-commerce when entering international markets." Economics. Finances. Law, no. 5/3 (May 29, 2020): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2020.5(3).4.
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The paper is devoted to the study of e-commerce as an innovative way to implement a wide range of commercial relations remotely, and the readiness of the legal framework of the international community and Ukraine in particular to abandon traditional forms of doing business in favor of its digitalization. The paper examines US e-commerce law as a reference example of the progressive legal field of relationships emerging on the Internet. The paper reveals the key stages of development of e-commerce and the implementation of commercial relations in general. The paper also considers the regulations of governing the main aspects of e-commerce. The paper pays special attention to the analysis of the identification of obstacles and readiness of the international and Ukrainian legal framework for the formation of a safe environment for the free implementation of e-commerce. Аs the role of e-commerce in international trade is significant. In some countries, it reaches more than 50% of all purchases (for example, the United States and the United Kingdom). The future of international trade is closely linked to the development of e-commerce, as its advantages are obvious over traditional forms of trade. Evidence of this can be the forecasts of analysts. E-commerce in international trade today plays an important role, as the Internet has become an effective intermediary between merchants around the world. International transactions in goods and services have been transformed throughout the supply chain. E-commerce is a major driver of economic growth in both developed and developing countries. The low cost of concluding contracts on the Internet allows companies of all sizes to expand their sales abroad and look for suppliers through Internet commerce. But the integration of information and communication technologies (ICT) into international business operations provides new opportunities and new challenges for businesses, governments, consumers and international organizations.
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Philip, Agyei Peprah, and Hongxing Yao. "Foreign Direct Investment Directed Towards E-Commerce Platforms." International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Research 8, no. 3 (2019): 63–71. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3491484.
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Internationalisation is regarded as the increasing financial co-dependency among different countries looked after by global trade, capital flows, knowledge, and migration. Behaviours towards such procedure substantially differ. E-commerce is changing the international trade and commerce landscape and is significantly contributing to a higher level in stimulating development and employment creation while creating strategic opportunities for social and financial progress of nations. On the other hand, FDI (foreign direct investment) flows varied substantially during the recent years and only managed to improve to the extent equivalent to the levels accomplished by the end of the crisis during 2016. E-Commerce has become an increasingly significant part of the international economy. It is transforming the business practices, and it has substantial insinuations for FDI. This research paper is focused on FDI directed towards e-commerce platforms
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Lesko, Nataliia, та Solomiia Kira. "E-commerce market in Ukraine: the role of european and іnternational e-commerce organizations". Visnik Nacional’nogo universitetu «Lvivska politehnika». Seria: Uridicni nauki 11, № 41 (2024): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/law2024.41.153.
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The article examines the role of international and European e-commerce organizations in the context of increasing the competitiveness of e-business in Ukraine. The analysis of trends in the development of the Ukrainian and global e-commerce market was carried out, the importance of the development of international e-commerce and advocacy bodies in accordance with the specified sector was emphasized. The importance of sustainable digital transformation, which will contribute to growth and stimulate sustainable development, was highlighted separately. In this aspect, the need of implementation the legislation, standards and best practices of EU for the harmonization of the digital market of Ukraine as a whole was emphasized. Barriers to the development of e-commerce in Ukraine have been structured, which include: cognitive barriers; language barrier; cultural features; customer support; expansion of consumer rights protection policy in accordance with EU rules; internet connection speed; payment settings/payment services (currency conversion). In addition, the definition of «cross-border electronic commerce» was proposed.
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Lee, Yoon. "Influencing Factors of Cross Border E-commerce: Combining Gravity Model and Machine Learning." Korea Association for International Commerce and Information 27, no. 1 (2025): 3–19. https://doi.org/10.15798/kaici.2025.27.1.3.
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Rapidly growing international e-commerce exhibits significant differences in participants and transaction methods compared to traditional international trade, which has been primarily enterprise-centered. Understanding these differences is essential for effectively utilizing international e-commerce. This study analyzes the factors influencing international e-commerce through panel data analysis utilizing machine learning techniques. The panel data uses Korea's country-specific e-commerce export volume as the dependent variable and includes variables such as GDP, distance, the impact of the Korean Wave (Hallyu), e-commerce infrastructure, and logistics infrastructure in e-commerce exports. Initially, the importance of multiple variables is determined using machine learning, and then a panel data analysis is conducted using the highly significant variables to verify the results. The study found that the influence of the Korean Wave, e-commerce infrastructure, and logistics infrastructure significantly affects e-commerce exports. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the variables identified as important through machine learning also have a statistically significant impact, indicating that machine learning can effectively determine the factors influencing export volume. However, since it is impossible to interpret the direction of the impact, it is suggested to use statistical methods in conjunction to supplement this limitation.
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Dumanska, Ilona, Lesya Hrytsyna, Olena Kharun, and Olha Matviiets. "E-commerce and M-commerce as Global Trends of International Trade Caused by the Covid-19 Pandemic." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 17 (April 22, 2021): 386–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2021.17.38.
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The article examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international trade and identifies e-commerce and m-commerce as its global trends. A scientific and methodological approach to the study of the vector and specifics of the development of e-commerce and m-commerce is formed given the lack of necessary statistical information to assess the state of e-commerce in a country and linguistic features of definitions. The influence of e-commerce and m-commerce on the online shopping and sales industry has been established. The global distribution of Internet sources used by consumers, global sales in m-commerce as a percentage of e-commerce and the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on online traffic and changes in transactions by industry are analyzed. The transition of e-commerce to m-commerce was revealed as a result of the increase in the share of mobile transactions in view of the development of markets in countries focused primarily on mobile devices and their active use. As a result of the post-pandemic forecast in the trends of international trade and e-business priorities, a promising increase in world sales in e-commerce has been established. The main trends of further development of e-commerce and m-commerce in the field of international trade are identified, such as: big data, personalization, e-mail marketing, transition of e-commerce to e-commerce, ordering services online and transition of retail to online, electronic public procurement, omnichannel and multichannel, socially oriented commerce, improved work with the community and the need for efficient logistics
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Oh, Jin-Ho, and Jeong-Hwan Kim. "A Study on International Research Trend of E-Commerce Logistics Using Abstract Text Data." Korean Academy Of International Commerce 38, no. 2 (2023): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18104/kalc.2023.38.2.111.
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Purpose : This study analyzed the trends of international e-commerce logistics research and compared the results of Korean research. Research design, data and methodology : The analysis method used a research trend method that utilizes abstract text data based on SLNA. The analysis period was from 2000 to 2019, and a total of 20 years of international e-commerce logistics academic literature was collected. Results : The results of the analysis showed that international e-commerce logistics research has been actively conducted since 2016. The research trends were mainly focused on measuring the quality of logistics services and logistics operation strategies of e-commerce companies. In particular, the proportion of questionnaire analysis studies targeting customers who use e-commerce companies was high. The results of comparing the research trends of Korean and international e-commerce logistics showed that there was no significant difference in the time when the research was conducted and the research trends. Conclusions : E-commerce is a market with flexibility and innovation in the introduction of technology, and it will require challenging research and an inclusive attitude.
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Ling, Xiyue. "Analysis of the Impact on International Trade through the Operation Mode of E-Commerce and Countermeasures." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 7 (April 5, 2023): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v7i.7003.
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With the gradual popularization of the Internet in the mass family, the continuous deepening of the information technology revolution, and the gradual improvement of people's daily consumption level, a new type of business model - e-commerce has emerged. In view of the unique trade means of e-commerce, the development speed of e-commerce exceeds most people's imagination. Starting from the positive and negative impacts of e-commerce on international trade, taking the development of cross-border e-commerce for small and medium-sized enterprises in Yiwu as an example, this essay is researched and explained by SWOT and STP analysis methods. In addition, in-depth research has been carried out, extended to the research of small and medium-sized enterprises in China. The advantages, disadvantages, opportunities and threats they face when developing e-commerce are analyzed and discussed. In the end, some strategic and reasonable development opinions are given according to the impact of China's current e-commerce operation mode on international trade. The study found that e-commerce plays an unexpected role in the development of international trade. The emerging e-commerce model has two different impacts on international trade, positive and negative, but without exception, it promotes the development of international trade. The negative impact can be come up with reasonable countermeasures for improvement and self-improvement, and the positive impact can continue to be maintained and developed steadily.
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Nguyen, Thi Dung, Thi Phuong Pham, and Huyen Mai Thi. "Research on Vietnam’s E-commerce in the Process of International Economic Integration." European Journal of Development Studies 5, no. 1 (2025): 28–32. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejdevelop.2025.5.1.396.
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The research utilizes data from the Vietnam E-commerce Association and the E-commerce Department of the Ministry of Industry and Trade from 2021 to 2023 to analyze e-commerce from the perspectives of consumers and businesses. This provides a comprehensive picture of e-commerce in Vietnam, revealing that Vietnam is a potential market for e-commerce development, with most investment coming from domestic businesses while foreign investment remains limited. To keep up with the global economic integration trend, the Vietnamese government needs to implement regulations and policies to encourage foreign investment.
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Sun, Junyan. "An Analysis of the Development of Cross-border E-commerce in China Based on the Background of Economic Globalization -- A Case Study of Alibaba International Website." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 39 (November 7, 2024): 310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/q4n8c402.
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In the era of the digital economy, international trade develops rapidly, and cross-border e-commerce occupies an important position in global trade. To comply with the trend of economic globalization, China's cross-border e-commerce field needs to clarify its advantages and shortcomings, make timely adjustments and improvements, and achieve sustainable development. This paper analyzes the international economic background and the development status of cross-border e-commerce. Taking Alibaba International Site, a representative cross-border e-commerce platform, as a specific case, SWOT analysis is applied to analyze its development status, and it is found that the cultural differences, policy differences, and trade protection problems it faces reflect the existing deficiencies in China's cross-border e-commerce field. And put forward optimization suggestions for China's cross-border e-commerce enterprises. Still, the suggestions in this paper have certain limitations, for the specific situation of small and medium-sized cross-border e-commerce enterprises need to be considered in combination with the actual problem.
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Baydarova, Aiset U., Mukhamed K. Tlastankulov, and Murat V. Agayev. "E-COMMERCE INFORMATION SECURITY ISSUES." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 12/13, no. 153 (2024): 60–66. https://doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2024.12.13.008.
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E-business is commonly used in English to refer to e-commerce. This word shows the mode, direction and characteristics of e-commerce. The United Nations International Trade Organization defines e–commerce, namely: e-commerce is a business activity based on the Internet, such as the use of web technologies, e-mail, etc., allowing suppliers, customers, etc. Exchange unstructured or structured business information and then make transactions in busi-ness and consumer activities.
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Hang Suri Ho, Ho Thi, and Togo Adjouro. "The Effects of Cross-Border E-Commerce on International Trade and Economic Growth: A Case of China." International Journal of Economics and Finance 13, no. 12 (2021): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v13n12p82.
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With the financial crisis in 2008 and its negative consequence on traditional foreign trade and economic growth, China has adopted cross-border e-commerce as a new international business model. The purpose was to enhance international trade and sustain economic growth. However, despite the remarkable increase of cross-border e-commerce, China&rsquo;s traditional international trade and economic growth have continued to grow slowly. This paper used the ARDL bounds test over the period 2005-2020 to examine the effect of China&rsquo;s cross-border e-commerce on international trade and economic growth. The findings from our research indicate that in both the short-run and long-run, cross-border e-commerce has positively impacted international trade and economic growth in China. Therefore, in order to promote trade and economic growth, the government should continue to support the development of cross-border e-commerce.
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Poltarykhin, Andrey L., Sergei A. Filin, and Aleksandr B. Lanchakov. "E-BUSINESS AND E-COMMERCE ABROAD." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 5/2, no. 146 (2024): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2024.05.02.010.
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The purpose of the article is to develop recommendations for improving the efficiency of using e-commerce in an organization. The methodological basis is a systematic and comparative analysis using the method of comparative characteristics, economic-statistical, economic-mathematical and managerial methods. The main types of e-business, mobile commerce, the concept of e-commerce, business models in e-commerce, its modern development in the USA, Japan and China are analyzed. Recommendations are given. The conclusion is made: the spheres of e-commerce and online business in their global form help to develop small and medium-sized enterprises, which provides the country with opportunities for accelerated growth. For such enterprises, this is an opportunity to trade their goods internationally without much effort: international online trading platforms allow you to put a product or service up for sale and deliver it in the most convenient way. Digitalization expands the scope of online commerce or other commercial activities on the World Wide Web, accelerating the pace of globalization for business purposes.
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Kim, Oksana E. "E-COMMERCE AS A DEVELOPMENT FACTOR IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE." EUrASEANs: journal on global socio-economic dynamics, no. 1(32) (January 31, 2022): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35678/2539-5645.1(32).2022.20-28.
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The article discusses the theoretical aspects of electronic commerce as a factor in the development of international trade. To this end, the role of advanced information technologies overall and the Internet technologies in particular in trade has been considered. The analysis of the state of electronic commerce in the world has been carried out and the place of electronic commerce in international trade has been determined. The impact of the coronavirus pandemic on e-commerce has been determined. The volumes, dynamics and trends in further development of electronic commerce in international trade at the present stage have been studied.
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Babenko, Vitalina, Zdzisław Kulczyk, Irina Perevosova, Olga Syniavska, and Oksana Davydova. "Factors of the development of international e-commerce under the conditions of globalization." SHS Web of Conferences 65 (2019): 04016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196504016.
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The article discusses the theoretical foundations of the development of global e-commerce in the processes of globalization. The analysis of the definition of the concept of e-commerce, identified its varieties. The authors investigated the main trends that have developed in the e-commerce market, and provide statistical indicators. In addition, the factors that influence the process of development and distribution of e-commerce in the world are identified. Also highlighted the main problems that do not allow the process of distribution of e-commerce technology to develop the maximum rate.
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Prasad, Rashaun. "Cyber Borderlines: Exploring the Interplay Between E-Commerce and International Trade Law." Studies in Law and Justice 2, no. 4 (2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/slj.2023.12.01.
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This review delves into the intricate interplay between e-commerce and international trade law, shedding light on the dynamic challenges and opportunities presented by the digital age. As e-commerce transcends traditional geographical boundaries, it reshapes global trade dynamics, necessitating a reevaluation of existing regulatory frameworks. The paper navigates through the complexities of jurisdiction, data privacy, intellectual property rights, and trade facilitation in the digital era. It critically examines the role of e-commerce platforms and explores the potential for harmonizing international trade rules. By exploring these dimensions, this review contributes to the understanding of how e-commerce intersects with international trade law and the implications for shaping the future of global commerce.
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Barratt, Simone, and Steve Davis. "Connected Commerce: The intersection of e-commerce and e-communication." Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice 10, no. 3 (2009): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/dddmp.2008.42.
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Wu, Wei. "Analyzing the Construction of the International Logistics Supply Chain Management Model from the Perspective of Cross-Border E-commerce." Journal of Electronic Research and Application 6, no. 3 (2022): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jera.v6i3.4122.
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Cross-border e-commerce has progressively evolved with the deepening of economic globalization, and it now holds a significant place in the field of e-commerce. However, due to China’s late entry into the international logistics supply chain, there are issues such as complex environment, uneven information technology, and disagreements on standards, resulting in certain cross-border e-commerce disadvantages in China. Therefore, in this context, this study analyzes the construction of international logistics supply chain management model from the perspective of cross-border e-commerce, so as to provide some reference for the development of China’s international logistics supply chain.
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Sinaga, Henry Dianto Pardamean, F. X. Adji Samekto, and Joni Emirzon. "TAX LIABILITY ARRANGEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL E-COMMERCE IN INDONESIA." Masalah-Masalah Hukum 52, no. 2 (2023): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mmh.52.2.2023.197-207.
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International e-commerce has created challenges in terms of tax liability, referred to the study by Google-Temasek-Bain revealed that the combination of e-commerce had reached USD40 billion. Based on normative juridical method using new institutionalism theory, two conclusions are generated. First, the prevailing laws in Indonesia do not yet have a lex specialist that regulates tax liability regarding international e-commerce transactions. Second, it is important and urgent to reformulate secondary liability in tax laws that must cover the elements, exclusions, and standards. Reformulation of tax secondary liability of international e-commerce should be extended to overseas and domestic marketplaces, and social media, including general provisions and procedures, billing, mechanisms for warning and terminating access and normalization, as well as tax sanctions (administrative and criminal).
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Wang, Tao, and Shi-Xiao Wang. "International Manufacturer’s Online Marketplace Choice Considering Behavior-Based Pricing." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (2022): 14513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114513.
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Considering the fact that the phenomenon of consumer behavior-based pricing (BBP) is becoming more prominent in global online sales, an international online channel decision-making model composed of an e-commerce firm and a manufacturer is established. The e-commerce firm is the leader, while the manufacturer is the follower. This study analyzes the decision-making problems in two cases. The first case happens when an international manufacturer establishes its own online-selling website. The second case uses the e-commerce firm’s online-selling platform. We make a horizontal and vertical comparison of equilibrium decision-making for these two participants, respectively. We examine how the manufacturer makes choices and how the e-commerce firm makes decisions about the referral fee rate and franchise fee under the BBP in the international environment. Whether the two players make different decisions between new customers and regular customers is verified. By constructing mathematical models under different channel structures and solving them, and finally, by comparing the equilibrium decisions under different structures and numerical analysis with the help of mathematical software, we have obtained some interesting conclusions. It is found that if the manufacturer establishes its own online-selling website, the e-commerce firm will provide new customers with lower prices than the price for regular customers. At this point, as direct competition forms between the e-commerce platform and the manufacturer, this allows the platform to offer lower prices to new customers in order to attract more new customers to shop on the platform. The manufacturer would differentiate new customers and regular customers according to the unit selling cost of its own website and consumers’ shopping costs. If the manufacturer uses the online-selling platform of the e-commerce firm, the manufacturer will provide a lower price to new customers; however, the e-commerce firm’s attitude to new and regular customers is affected by the referral fee rate. In addition, when the referral fee rate is reduced and the franchise fee is moderated, or the referral fee rate is moderate, and the franchise fee is reduced, the e-commerce firm will decide to attract manufacturers to sell products on its online platform. The manufacturer will give up establishing its own online-selling website and prefer to sell on the e-commerce firm’s online platform.
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Liu, Junbing, Simei Ruan, and Yunji Huang. "Research on Management Conflict Matrix of Cross-border E-commerce Logistics Based on TRIZ Model." E3S Web of Conferences 292 (2021): 02048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129202048.
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Cross-border E-commerce and international logistics are national key projects. International logistics is more important as Cross-border E-commerce becomes the main form of international trade. Based on the features of Cross-border E-commerce logistics, this paper selects Guangdong, where developing factors of Cross-border E-commerce industry and international logistics industry are relatively complete, as the representative research site. Questionnaires are distributed to 503 researchers from Cross-border E-commerce companies and universities in Guangdong province. Researchers use SPSS to analyze the reliability and validity of the data, and adopt the TRIZ theory to construct a logistics conflict matrix. The positive factor is inversely proportional to the negative factor variable. On the one hand, the ideal state of logistics weakens as the negative factor of logistics increases; on the other hand, the ideal state of logistics strengthens as the positive factor of logistics increases.
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Berch, V. V. "Legal regulation of e-commerce: international and national standards." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, no. 85 (2024): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2024.85.2.1.
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The article examines the problems of legal regulation of electronic commerce as a key component of the modern digital economy. Since e-commerce is a global phenomenon that is rapidly developing, new challenges arise in the legal field, in particular, the need to harmonize national and international legal standards. It is stated that dynamic changes in the field of e-commerce require adaptation of national legal acts to respond to modern challenges, particularly in the field of international transactions. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that modern technologies create new forms of digital legal relations, which national legal systems do not always have time to adequately regulate. This calls for an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms of legal regulation of electronic commerce at the international and national levels. An important task is the harmonization of national legal norms with international standards, which will ensure the stability of the legal system and the protection of the rights of market participants. The article draws attention to the fact that, despite a significant amount of research in the field of electronic commerce, there is a significant gap in the legal regulation of this field in different countries, which complicates the work of international platforms and the protection of the rights of consumers and entrepreneurs. During the study, a comprehensive analysis of key legislative acts of Ukraine regulating electronic commerce was carried out, including the Law of Ukraine «On Electronic Commerce», the Law of Ukraine «On Electronic Identification and Electronic Trust Services» and others. The article emphasizes the importance of further harmonization of Ukrainian legislation with international standards, which is necessary to ensure legal certainty and stability in the conditions of global digitalization of the economy. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of international legal acts, such as the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce and the Guidelines for Electronic Commerce of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. These documents play a key role in harmonizing international legal norms and creating a single legal space for electronic commerce. Attention is focused on the fact that effective legal regulation of electronic commerce is important for the development of international trade, ensuring the security of electronic transactions and protecting the rights of all market participants. The need to adapt national legal systems to the requirements of international standards is substantiated, which will contribute to the growth of electronic commerce and increase the competitiveness of states in the global economy.
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Zhao, Qun, Chun-Der Chen, Zhongyun Zhou, and Ruihan Mao. "Factors Influencing Consumers' Intentions to Switch to Live Commerce From Push-Pull-Mooring Perspective." Journal of Global Information Management 31, no. 1 (2023): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jgim.319972.
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Conventional e-commerce retailers are less advantageous in attracting online consumers than streamers in live commerce. In China, live commerce has gradually become the mainstream sales channel. Based on the push-pull-mooring model of migration theory, this study aims to identify the reasons that urge online consumers to switch from shopping on conventional e-commerce to live commerce, as well as the potential obstacles of such a switch. About 306 Chinese consumers with conventional e-commerce and live-stream shopping experience participated in this study. The results indicate that live commerce's attractiveness has the greatest impact on consumers' willingness to switch to live commerce, followed by dissatisfaction with conventional e-commerce, while switching costs has no significant effect. Low interactivity most greatly impacts dissatisfaction with conventional e-commerce, while streamers' charisma greatly impacts on live commerce's attractiveness, and low familiarity impacts switching costs. The authors analyze the data by gender and occupation to yield additional findings.
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Truntsevskiy, Yuriy V., and Konstantin V. Ketsko. "CRIMINAL THREATS OF E-COMMERCE: INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL ASPECTS." Public international and private international law 6 (October 29, 2020): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3910-2020-6-18-22.
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Economic criminality, being driven by the digitalization of economic relations, switches to the area of electronic commerce and uses all the advantages emerging with the development of information and telecommunication technologies, which requires modern regulation of such relations by the state and international community. The authors consider electronic commerce as various economic relations that use electronic, telecommunication, information resources and technologies. Electronic commerce can potentially offer many advantages as compared with a more traditional trade, although its use also has some negative consequences and faces real threats of cybercrime mentioned in this article; electronic trade may be subject to money laundering. The authors identify the following: categories of cybercrime in the area of electronic commerce; types of cybercrimes using computers; types of cybercriminals; lines (levels) and key tasks of combating crimes in the area of electronic commerce.
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Yurchenko, M. M., and N. I. Kostova. "INTERNATIONAL-LEGAL SUPPORT OF E-COMMERCE IN UKRAINE." South Ukrainian Law Journal, no. 1-2 (2022): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32850/sulj.2022.1-2.37.
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Devita, Mela, Zuhrinal M Nawawi, and Nuri Aslami. "Shopee's E-Commerce Marketing Strategy in International Business." Journal Of Social Research 1, no. 1 (2021): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.55324/josr.v1i1.3.
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The lifestyle of modern society and economy has been shaped by the advancement and evolution of information technology. Shopee implements worldwide marketing strategies to achieve success in foreign businesses, due to the high number of internet users and the desire to shop online. This study uses a descriptive approach and uses a qualitative strategy. Secondary data were collected through literature review found in various materials, including scientific journals and novels. The purpose of this research is to find out how Shopee's marketing approach has developed and grown in foreign markets. According to the findings of this study, Shopee uses a combination of techniques, including a pull approach and a push strategy, to increase consumer loyalty. Shopee has launched Shopee Streamer Academy, a new curriculum. Shopee's new program is a one of a kind marketing public relations approach to influencing public perception, which benefits the company's sales.
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Medeiros, Norm. "Metadata for e‐commerce: the ONIX International standard." OCLC Systems & Services: International digital library perspectives 17, no. 3 (2001): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000005816.
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Oxley, Joanne E., and Bernard Yeung. "E-Commerce Readiness: Institutional Environment and International Competitiveness." Journal of International Business Studies 32, no. 4 (2001): 705–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490991.
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