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Mamkeli, Xolani. "Regional intergration: the impact of a one stop border post between South Africa and Mozabique in enhancing trade facilitation." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1016263.
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The Ressano Garcia Border Post on the Mozambique side and the Lebombo Border post on the South African side represent the link between two of the three Maputo Corridor countries that receives the largest amount of freight traffic along the Corridor. The link has been identified as a major obstacle to the free movement of goods. As a result the process of the establishment of a One Stop Border Post was mooted by the former president Thabo Mbeki and his counter-part in Mozambique Mr. Joaquim Chissano in a bilateral agreement between these two countries. The reasons for these developments are prompted by the protracted problems that have beset intra-regional trade. For example, transport infrastructure in the region imposes significant costs on intra-regional and regional trade transactions. Long delays at border posts add to the intra-regional trade costs. The requirements by the 1996 SADC trade protocol, the basis of the FTA — that member states eliminate non-tariff barriers — poses special problems as it represents different things to different SADC member states. Addressing the SADC summit on 16 August 2006, the then South African President Thabo Mbeki said “the launch of the FTA was much more than a simple acknowledgement that the majority of traded goods in the region are duty-free. Rather we should view the achievement of this milestone as a major step towards addressing the fundamental challenges of poverty and underdevelopment through deeper integration and economic development” (Mbeki, 2006:16). Now that there will be one centre that clears all the documents for the transporters this will effectively culminate in the speedy processing of the documents. There will be no need for the transporters to stop at the other country’s customs offices to do the same job. Once the documents are complete the process is complete, because the barriers are removed between the two countries.
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Meyer, Christoph. "Essays on international economic integration." Berlin dissertation.de, 2008. http://d-nb.info/989679853/04.
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Letsatsi, Paseka C. "The impact of regional integration in Africa: the case of South Africa and Botswana." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1010176.
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Regional integration can refer to the trade unification between different states by partial or full abolition of customs tariffs on trade taking place within the borders of each state. This is meant in turn to lead to lower prices for distributors and consumers (as no customs duties are paid within the integrated area) and the goal is to increase trade. (Economic integration,1950, p66) According to Mattli (1999, p.42), the analysis of the first problem takes the decision to adopt an integration treaty as a given, and is primarily concerned with identifying the condition under which the process of integration is likely to succeed or to fail. Implementation of an agreement by heads of states to tie the economies of their countries closer together entails a lengthy process of establishing common roles, regulations, and policies that are either based on specific treaty provisions or derived from general principles and objectives written into the integration agreement. Regional integration can be applied for varying forms of economic co-ordination or co-operation amongst different neighbouring states, there will however always be different political agendas in the process. If there is a treaty amongst member states, this treaty has to be enforced or it may result in the development of differences. “In order to address national priorities through regional action most member states had been allocated the responsibility of co-ordinating one or more sectors. This involved proposing sector policies, strategies and priorities, and processing projects for inclusion in the sectoral programme, monitoring progress and reporting to the council of Ministers”. (Department of International Relations & Co-operation, Republic of South Africa). Richard Baldwin, Daniel Cohen, Andre Sapir and Anthony Venables argue that, using the same basic model as Bond and Sypropoulos (1996a), they consider trigger strategies such that initially there is inter-bloc free trade supported by the threat of perpetual trade war if any party breaks the agreement. Regional integration can be understood as the process of providing common rules, regulation, and policies for a region. Regional integration is defined as a process that allows member states to have access to each other’s markets on a voluntary basis and at various degrees. Economic, political, social and cultural benefits are realised from this interaction. (Lee MC, 1999, p30) Regional integration can be seen as co-operation in a broader context but can also be an important framework, through programmes within each regional bloc. According to (Keet ,2005,p22) since the birth of democratic South Africa, regional co-operation is also seen – in addition to the broader African aims-to be an important framework, through programmes within the Southern African Development Community (SADC), within which to address the gross imbalances created both within and between the economies of the region. Regional integration has become a way of assisting the emerging economies to be able to use their proximity to align their economies with the core for economic development. According to (Hamdok, 1998, p34) the effective implementation of regional integration is founded on an enabling environment that promotes accountability, transparency and respect for the rule of law. Also a strong institutional framework at the regional and national levels is fundamental to streamline regional agreements into national policies. In addition, the establishment of effective transnational implementation tools provide opportunities to push reforms conducive to good governance at the regional level. A clear demonstration of this can be observed in effective? legal systems and the need for a regional framework and related judicial institutions to provide an improved regional environment for private development. Integration always provides space for member states to assist in the development of other member states and which have a common economic approach to development. This is done in order to ensure that there are incentives for all member states as compared to those who are outside the bloc. As evidenced in the case of Europe, economic integration helps create a homogenous space and, to some extent, equalises living conditions and if all other regional blocs follow this process the benefit becomes greater. These appear to be prerequisites for a dialogue on the harmonisation of political stands. Indeed, an economic space that is physically integrated; where goods and services move speedily and smoothly; where, besides, the mobility of factors (manpower, capital, energy and inputs) are not subjected to hindrances; where, finally, microeconomic policies are harmonised, is likely to offer equal opportunities to all. Such a high degree of economic integration is not sustainable without a policy dialogue on issues that, at first, may not fall squarely under the rubrics of economic field; peace and security, defense, diplomacy etc. (Blayo N, 1998, P.5) The process of regional co-operation within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) started in in 1980 through the formation of the Co-ordinating Conference which was later changed to SADC IN 1992. Even though it is clear that the South African government played a dominant role because of its apartheid policies, the basic condition was to start the process of integration and open the process of economic co-operation within the region. The Governments of the Republic of South Africa, the Republic of Botswana, the Kingdom of Lesotho and the Kingdom of Swaziland- being desirous of maintaining the free interchange of goods between their countries and of applying the same tariffs and trade regulations to goods imported from outside the common customs area as hereinafter defined; “Recognising that the Customs Agreement on 29 June 1910 as amended from time to time , requires modification to provide for the continuance of the customs union arrangements in the changed circumstances on a basis designed to ensure the continued economic development of the customs union area as a whole, and to ensure in particular that these arrangements encourage the development of the less advanced members of the customs union and the diversification of their economies, and afford to all parties equitable benefits arising from trade among themselves and other countries”.(Government Notice, R 3914,p1). Even though there’s an acknowledgement that under the difficult conditions during apartheid, there was a need for the region to develop a common approach towards development and sustainable growth in the Southern African region. All countries in the region had to co-operate for long term sustainable economic growth, peace and security. “In 1980, the Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference (SADCC) was established with the major objectives of decreasing economic dependence on the apartheid regime and fostering regional development. The strategy adopted for meeting these objectives was regional development and co-operation. In 1992 SADCC was reborn, as the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The member states decided the time had come to move the region towards the creation of one regional market”. (Lee MC, 1999, p1) “Through the establishment of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) the Southern African region has managed under difficult conditions of economic inequalities to standardise the trade links amongst member states, although there is still more to be done in the region to achieve shared goals of development. The Southern African Customs Union (SACU) links the trade, regimes of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland.
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Cheng, I.-Hui. "Three essays on political economy, trade and international economic integration." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314295.
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Orr, Clinton Dale. "Entrepôts, regional and global economic integration in East Asia." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284982.
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Awinador-Kanyirige, Darkowa. "Effects of the Economic Partnership Agreements on Regional Integration in Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28099.
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After gaining independence, African states embraced the idea of regional integration as an approach to boost economic development on the continent. This was evident in the new regional organizations that were predominantly generated among developing states in the southern hemisphere. Majority of these organizations, e.g. Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and Southern African Development Community (SADC), have continuously been striving to deepen social, political and most importantly economic integration and cooperation in Africa. In an attempt to further the regional integration agenda, there have been quite a number of colonial cross-border arrangements with EU. Assessed based on conventional integration theories by scholars like Ernst B. Haas, the prerequisites for effective regional economic integration in Africa, appear to be less successful, juxtaposed with the more developed and economically independent European Union. Although regional organizations like ECOWAS and SADC have managed to establish free trade areas (FTAs), they have failed to attain their agenda of establishing customs unions. Agendas of this kind among other things, are pertinent to consolidating the regional integration process. Even though several issues may be identified as causes of the inefficiency of the integration scheme on the continent, this paper explores the effect of north south trade agreements, in this case the economic partnership agreements (EPAs), on regional integration processes in Africa.
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Pascali, Luigi. "Essays in Growth, Development and International Trade." Thesis, Boston College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/2001.
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Thesis advisor: Fabio SchiantarelliThesis advisor: James Anderson
The thesis is composed of the following three distinct papers. 1.Banks and Development: Jewish Communities in the Italian Renaissance and Current Economic Performance Do banks affect long-term economic performance? I answer this question by relying on an historical development that occurred in Italian cities during the 15th century. A sudden change in the Catholic doctrine had driven the Jews toward money lending. Cities that were hosting Jewish communities developed complex banking institutions for two reasons: first, the Jews were the only people in Italy allowed to lend for a profit; second the Franciscan reaction to Jewish usury led to the creation of charity lending institutions that evolved into many of the current Italian banks. Using Jewish demography in 1450 as an instrument, I estimate large effects of current banking development on the income-per-capita of Italian cities. Additional firm-level analyses suggest that well-functioning local banks exert large effects on aggregate productivity by reallocating resources toward more efficient firms. Controlling for province effects, using additional historical data on Jewish demography and exploiting the expulsion of the Jews from the Spanish territories in Italy in 1541, I argue that my results are not driven by omitted institutional, cultural and geographical characteristics. In particular, I show that the difference in current income between cities that hosted Jewish communities and cities that did not exists only in those regions that were not Spanish territories in the 16th century. These difference-in-difference estimates suggest that the Jewish Diaspora can explain at least 10% of the current income gap between Northern and Southern Italy. 2. Contract Incompleteness, Globalization and Vertical Structure: an Empirical Analysis This paper studies the effects of international openness and contracting institutions on vertical integration. It first derives a number of predictions regarding the interactions between trade barriers, contracting costs, technology intensity, and the extent of vertical integration from a simple model with incomplete contracts. Then it investigates these predictions using a new dataset of over 14000 firms from 45 developing countries. Consistent with theory, the effect of technology intensity of domestic producers on their likelihood to vertically integrate is decreasing in the quality of domestic contracting institutions and in international openness. Contract enforcing costs are particularly high in developing countries and their effects on the vertical structure of technological intensive firms may have significant welfare costs. If improving domestic contracting institutions is not feasible an equivalent solution is to increase openness to international trade. This would discipline domestic suppliers reducing the need for vertical integration. 3. Productivity, Welfare and Reallocation: Theory and Firm-Level Evidence (joint with Susanto Basu, Fabio Schiantarelli and Luis Serven) We prove that in a closed economy without distortionary taxation, the welfare of a representative consumer is summarized to a first order by the current and expected future values of the Solow productivity residual in level and by the initial endowment of capital. The equivalence holds if the representative household maximizes utility while taking prices parametrically. This result justifies TFP as the right summary measure of welfare (even in situations where it does not properly measure technology) and makes it possible to calculate the contributions of disaggregated units (industries or firms) to aggregate welfare using readily available TFP data. We show how these results must be modified if the economy is open or if taxes are distortionary. We then compute firm and industry contributions to welfare for a set of European OECD countries (Belgium, France, Great Britain, Italy, Spain), using industry-level (EU-KLEMS) and firm-level (Amadeus) data. After adding further assumptions about technology and market structure (firms minimize costs and face common factor prices), we show that welfare change can be decomposed into three components that reflect respectively technical change, aggregate distortions and allocative efficiency. Then, using the appropriate firm-level data, we assess the importance of each of these components as sources of welfare improvement in the same set of European countries
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics
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Li, Xinyi. "Essays on international trade and regional economic integration in East Asia." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446602.
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Abebe, Opeyemi Temitope. "Regional trade agreements and its impact on the multilateral trading system: eroding the preferences of developing countries?" Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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The purpose of this paper was to examine the impact that the proliferation of regional trade agreements have had on the Multilateral Trading System and whether by allowing regional trade agreements under the World Trade Organization rules, the members of the World Trade Organization have not unwittingly weakened the multilateral trading system. It also examined the effect the proliferation of regional trade agreements have had on the special and deferential treatment for developing countries within the system.
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Appau, Adriana Boakyewaa, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Analysing Sub-Saharan Africa trade patterns in the presence of regional trade agreements : a comparative analysis." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Economics, c2013, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3424.
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This thesis employs a dynamic form of the gravity model and data from 1988-2005 to estimate the effects of RTAs in SSA on intra-African trade. The thesis proposes a better approach to examining member-nonmember trade relations of RTAs. This thesis is unique because it uses System GMM estimator to overcome econometric issues associated with estimating dynamic models. The results suggest that COMESA and SADC has led to a significant increase in intra and extra-RTA trade. ECOWAS has increased intra-ECOWAS trade but decreased extra-ECOWAS trade. ECCAS has had a negative impact on both intra-ECCAS and extra-ECCAS trade flows. The proposed approach of examining member-nonmember relationships provides better estimates. A comparative analysis is made to shed light on how high or low the trade creation effect of RTAs in SSA are. The results of this thesis support the view that the impact of RTAs in SSA is higher than perceived.x, 61 leaves ; 29 cm
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Nicholls, Shelton Michael Anthony. "Economic integration in the Caribbean community (Caricom) : from federation to the single market." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338496.
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Kanwal, Uzma, and Muhammad Asim Sardar. "Impact of International Trade on Sub Saharan Africa's Economic Growth." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-3522.
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Abstract
The main objective of our paper is to investigate whether expansion in exports can lead to improve economic growth of Sub-Saharan African countries for the period 1970-2006. Four macro economic indicators (real GDP, Trade balance, Government expenditure and
Investment) are used in our model to carry out our analysis concerning Sub Saharan African countries.
Time series techniques such as unit root test (Augmented Dickey Fuller test) and co integration test (Johansen’s procedure) are used to find out whether there is a long run relationship between economic growth and trade balance.
The results of the unit root test indicate that all series are stationary after first difference, with I (1). Johansen’s co integration test showed that co integration (long run relationship) exists between GDP and Trade balance, as we got significant eigenvalues and found co integration between all of the four variables which shows that they are co integrated with each other and indicates a long run relationship.
Our results indicate that for the time period of 1970 to 2006, Sub Saharan African countries experienced a simultaneous increase in economic growth and trade balance as well as in investment and Govt expenditure.
Key words: exports, economic growth, unit root, co integration, Sub-Saharan Africa
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Ordu, Aloysius Uche. "A study of economic integration in West Africa and estimates of some trade effects." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335225.
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Chipendo, Kudakwashe. "Critiquing the viability of a trade biased approach to regional integration in Southern Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/163.
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Africa’s international marginalization is preponderantly conceptualized through world systems approaches, particularly structural dependency. Consequently, the region’s socioeconomic quagmire, characterized by economic stagnation, abysmal poverty, inequality and foreign dependency, is often attributed to its colonial heritage. Particular reference is made to the small size of the African state and its structural specialization in primary production. Collective self reliance based on mutual interdependence (regional integration) thus suggests itself as a logical way to overcome the structural constraints imposed by the small size of the state, while at the same time representing a viable alternative to asymmetric trade with developed countries. It is within the context of this theoretical framework that this study critiques the predisposition of the regional body in Southern Africa, the Southern African Development Community (SADC), towards a trade biased approach to regional integration (market integration). This critique is based on theoretical and empirical findings showing that trade led strategies are primarily suited for developed countries with robust manufacturing industries and complimentary production structures. Countries in Southern Africa are however characterized by a near absence of manufacturing industries, are at different levels of development and show low levels of trade complementarities. This study therefore concludes that market integration is an inappropriate strategy for regional integration in Southern Africa and in the process suggests development integration – a political economy approach, as an alternative.
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Mutai, Henry Kibet. "The regulation of regional trade agreements : harnessing the energy of regionalism to power a new era in multilateral trade /." Connect to thesis, 2005. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/529.
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This thesis examines the regulation of regionalism by the WTO and the formation and operation of regional trade agreements by developing countries. In particular, this work focuses on regional integration in Eastern and Southern Africa. The aim of the thesis is to assess the effectiveness of the relevant legal regimes and determine ways in which they can be made more effective, both in terms of their impact on state conduct and in terms of their impact on the economic welfare of the states concerned. The thesis argues that, with regard to the WTO legal regime, the exemption from the application of Article XXIV, GATT 1994 given to developing countries by the Enabling Clause has contributed to the lack of effectiveness of the WTO regime. For developing countries, on the other hand, the Enabling Clause has deprived them of the legal discipline required to establish effective free trade areas and customs unions. This latter argument is examined through a case study of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). The thesis contends that for COMESA countries to engage in meaningful trade liberalisation, and to participate fully in the WTO, acceptance of greater legal discipline is critical. Such legal discipline can be obtained through compliance with Article XXIV.
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Badinger, Harald, and Fritz Breuss. "Do small countries of a trade bloc gain more of its enlargement? An empirical test of the Casella effect for the case of the European Community." Forschungsinstitut für Europafragen, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2002. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1732/1/document.pdf.
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Casella (1996) derives theoretically the result that the gains from enlarging a trade bloc fall disproportionately on its small member states. Testing this hypothesis for the Member States of the European Community and its enlargements since 1973, we find mixed results, indicating that such a small country bonus may well exists, but that it is partly neutralized or dominated by economic forces that tend to favour large countries.Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut
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Nyirongo, Raisa. "The role of law in deepening regional integration in Southern Africa - a comparative analysis of SADC and COMESA." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25481.
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Regional integration is not a new phenomenon in Africa. It can be traced back to the creation of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) in 1917, which was the world's first customs union. Upon gaining independence, states formed the Organization of African Unity (OAU). At that time, Heads of States viewed regional integration as a protectionist measure against colonialism and as a way of forming a self-sustaining continent. However, the additional challenges facing Africa over time prompted various initiatives by Heads of States which were aimed at deepening integration on the continent. Notable actions include the signing of the Abuja Treaty, which established the African Economic Community (AEC), and the replacement of the OAU by the African Union (AU). Further, the continent experienced an increase in the number of Regional Economic Communities (RECs) and there are now fourteen RECs. Despite the steps taken to further integration, the success of such regional integration on the continent has been minimal and Africa has become even more marginalized on the global market. This lack in progression can be attributed to challenges such as inadequate resources, overlapping memberships in multiple RECs and duplicated programmes and efforts. Another challenge that is not readily recognized is the lack of attention to the role of law in economic integration. RECs have largely focused on the economic and political aspects of regional integration but have given minimal attention to the necessity of a strong legal foundation. RECs develop community law and these laws should be enforceable within Member States. However, due to the weak legal systems of RECs in Africa that do not make community law supreme, enforceability of this law has proven challenging. Comparatively, other RECs such as the European Union, have achieved deeper levels of integration and this can partly be attributed to the strong legal systems that have been developed. It is on the basis of this challenge that this study is conducted. The study aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the weaknesses of existing legal systems of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). The study further analyses the manner in which other RECs, such as the European Union and the Economic Community of West African States, have successfully integrated through law, with the aim of identifying solutions for the existing weaknesses in Southern Africa.
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Torok, Joseph J. "Social Implications of Fair Trade Coffee in Chiapas, Mexico: Toward Alternative Economic Integration." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002888.
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Gastle, Charles M. "The importance of economic integration and market access in the convergence of international trade and competition law." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0026/NQ33532.pdf.
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Sedano, Fernando Daniel. "Trade adjustments to exchange rates in regional economic integration Argentina and Brazil /." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Fall/Dissertation/SEDANO_FERNANDO_37.pdf.
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Abdullah, Adel. "Political and economic integration in the Gulf Cooperation Council 1981 including a survey of the problem of non tariff barriers applying to the important plastic and chemical industries." Thesis, Brunel University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309092.
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Casanova-Jimenez, Richard P. "Trade and investment disputes : whose business is it anyway ?" Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78207.
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This thesis is a discussion on whether every sector of human activity really is or needs to be 'global'. It discusses the impact that economic globalization has on the role of the nation-state and on the concept of democracy, at both local and international levels. Particular emphasis is put on some of the democratic challenges associated with dispute settlement at the WTO and also under foreign investment international instruments. It is argued that increased participation by non-state actors, particularly NGOs, in state-to-state and in investor-state arbitration threatens to weaken the arbitration process and does little to remedy alleged democratic deficiencies. The author concludes that many democratic concerns regarding these types of dispute settlement processes may be better addressed by strengthening national democracies. Increased public information, consultation, and participation in the shaping of foreign policy could reduce much of the criticism concerning both, international dispute settlement and decision-making.
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Gómez, Tello Alicia. "The european integration process: trade, mobility, and policy." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/384937.
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La Unión Europea (UE) constituye uno de los procesos de integración más completos del mundo. Sin embargo, todavía se detectan importantes diferencias sociales y económicas entre sus países miembros, y dichas diferencias podrían limitar los efectos positivos asociados con cualquier proceso de integración.
El objetivo de esta disertación es examinar fortalezas y debilidades relacionadas con el proceso de integración europeo.
La tesis se centra en tres aspectos específicos: la integración comercial, la movilidad de capital y personas y la efectividad de la Política Agraria Común (PAC).
En el Capítulo 2, “What Are the Most Important Partners of the Most Recently Admitted EU Countries” , se investiga si la quinta ampliación de la UE (2004) supuso una integración comercial para los nuevos países miembros (UE-10). Para ello se construye una base de datos que recoge información sobre los flujos comerciales de los países de la UE-10 con 180 socios comerciales durante el periodo 1999–2011. Aunque los resultados reflejan que hubo una integración comercial entre los nuevos y viejos socios a partir de 2004, dicha integración fue más pronunciada entre los países de la UE-10. Por tanto, los resultados confirman que las raíces históricas de los nuevos socios han condicionado su integración con los países de la UE-15.
En el Capítulo 3, “Foreign Direct Investment and Immigration Inflows in Spain”, se investigan los determinantes de la entrada de inversión extranjera directa (IED) en España. Este país perdió parte de sus factores atractivos como destinatario de IED después de las ampliaciones de la UE hacia el este. Para llevar a cabo este análisis, se construye una base de datos tras combinar dos fuentes de datos específicos: uno relacionado con las empresas y el otro con los trabajadores. Los resultados muestran que los inversores extranjeros se localizan en lugares donde hay una mano de obra con una cualificación media en lugar de una cualificación alta, tal y como concluye la mayor parte de la literatura empírica relacionada con los determinantes de IDE. Este resultado revela la existencia de problemas estructurales en el entorno empresarial español, ya que los inversores extranjeros están principalmente atraídos por incentivos transitorios. Dicha situación imposibilita que España pueda gozar de un adecuado ambiente empresarial apto para atraer IED en el largo plazo.
Finalmente, en el Capítulo 4, “Land Specialization in Spain: The Effects of the Common Agricultural Policy”, se investiga en qué medida la PAC ha afectado la eficiencia de la producción agraria en España. A partir del trabajo de Costinot y Donaldson (2012), se desarrolla una estrategia empírica que consiste en comparar la producción real con la potencial, esta última calculada a partir de un ejercicio de optimización que recoge implícitamente el concepto de coste de oportunidad. Los resultados identifican una mejora en la eficiencia de la producción agraria en España tras su adhesión a la UE (1986) y, sobre todo, tras la reforma Fischler (2003). Esta reforma rompió el link entre subsidios y nivel de producción y, consecuentemente, produjo un cambio significativo en los incentivos de producción, ahora basados en las características del mercado y no en lo requerimientos necesarios para obtener los subsidios.
Por tanto, a pesar de que se han detectado efectos positivos asociados con el proceso de integración europeo, también se han encontrado circunstancias en las que dichos efectos han sido menores de lo esperado. Con el fin de permitir que el proyecto europeo progrese adecuadamente, dichas debilidades —la mayoría relacionadas con las diferenciase económicas entre los estados miembros— deberían ser solventadas.The European Union is experiencing one of the most complete integration process in the world. Nevertheless, there still exist important social and economic differences among its member states, and these differences could limit the positive effects associated with the integration process. The objective of this dissertation is to examine the benefits and drawbacks of a number of selected features entailed by the European integration process. We focus on three specific aspects: trade integration among EU member states, the free mobility of capital and workers, and the true effectiveness of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). In Chapter 2, “What Are the Most Important Partners of the Most Recently Admitted EU Countries,” we investigate whether the fifth EU enlargement (2004) truly generated a trade integration effect for new member states (EU-10). To tackle this question, we build a database by compiling the information referring to trade flows among EU-10 countries and 180 commercial partners during 1999–2011. Though our results show that trade flow intensity between EU-15 and EU-10 countries increased after 2004, the trade integration effect was much stronger within the EU-10 group. This finding confirms that the historical background of EU-10 countries conditioned their trade integration with EU-15 countries, especially in sectors with more technological content. The Chapter 3, “Foreign Direct Investment and Immigration Inflows in Spain,” investigates the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Spain. This country lost part of its principal attractiveness as an FDI recipient after the EU enlargements to the east. We provide a quantitative assessment of the importance of agglomeration economies, network effects, and labor market composition in attracting FDI. To conduct our analysis, we create a novel database after adapting and merging information from two micro-data sources: one for companies and the other for workers. Our results highlight that incoming foreign investors privilege the hiring of medium-skilled workers rather than high-skilled ones, as is often found in the empirical research of FDI determinants. This result reveals the existence of structural problems in the Spanish business environment—namely, foreign investors are principally attracted by monetary or transitory incentives that make the interest to locate in Spain a temporally limited strategy. Unfortunately, this situation prevents Spain from building and enjoying a qualified business environment that could be able to attract more long-term FDI. Finally, in Chapter 4, “Land Specialization in Spain: The Effects of the Common Agricultural Policy,” we investigate the extent to which the CAP affected the level of agricultural production in Spain. Following Costinot and Donaldson (2012), the pivotal technique of our strategy involves comparing actual output with potential output, the latter of which derives from an optimization problem relying on the Ricardian idea of opportunity cost. Ultimately, our results identify an improvement of the agricultural production efficiency after Spain entered the European Economic Community (1986) and, above all, after the Fischler reform (2003). The 2003 CAP reform broke the linkage between subsidies and production. This provided the right incentives to impulse real production in Spain since made production strategies more connected with the market devices than subsidy requirements. Overall, although our research quantifies the existence of positive effects associated with the European integration process, we also detect specific circumstances in which the effects of integration have been different from the expected ones. However, these weaknesses—most of them associated with the lack of strong economic ties among all member estates—need to be overcome in order to allow the European project progress.
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Lopes, Cristovao Antonio Francisco. "The SADC free trade protocol as a vehicle for the Angolan post-war economic recovery." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53170.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Free trade is said to maximize welfare in a world organized by nation-states. To participate in the global economy more effectively most nation-states have implemented economic policies with the objective of freeing international trade. This movement has been facilitated by the process of globalization which has had unparalleled effects on the economic policies of countries worldwide. However, countries-have found it increasingly difficult to manage their economies at the multilateral level since the benefits of global free trade are not equally shared. This has led to an increase in Regional Integration Agreements (RIAs), which are seen as a tool for strategic growth and development while promoting free trade on a more restricted basis. In the last decades of the 20th century, the world has seen an increase in the number of RIAs particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, However, empirical evidence has shown, contrary to what happened in Europe, that in Africa most attempts at economic integration have failed to promote meaningful economic growth and development. Notwithstanding that, the Southern African Development Community (SADC) has embraced economic integration as a strategy for growth in the region. Focusing on SADC and the Angolan economy as the main units of analysis, this study looks at the theory of economic integration to evaluate its validity for the African context and to find out how useful integration is in promoting economic growth and development in less developed countries. The study concludes that economic integration theory, which was developed within the context of European economies, is not relevant for African economies, which are different in character. Evidence indicates for instance, that in Africa the most important gains from economic integration are dynamic and not static, as the theory seems to suggest. Additionally, contrary to what happened in former attempts at forming RlAs in Africa, SADC has implemented a development integration approach aiming at industrialization. This is important, because according to the "Krugman-Venables model of regional relocation" the least developed countries can benefit from trade and investment from the most developed ones. The SADe Free Trade Protocol may be harmful for the Angolan economy in the short to medium term because of structural problems. However, it was found that if properly implemented it could playa major role in promoting growth and development in the longer term.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vrye handel, so word beweer, vermeerder welvaart in 'n wêreld wat deur nasie-state georganiseer word. Die ekonomiese beleid van nasie-state is daarop gemik om internasionale handel te dereguleer, ten einde hulle in staat te stelom meer effektief binne die globale ekonomie deel te neem. Hierdie proses is gefasiliteer deur die verskynsel van globalisering wat ongeëwenaarde gevolge vir alle state in die wêreld meegebring het. Nietemin, vind state dit in toenemende mate moeilik om hierdie proses op multilaterale vlak te bestuur, aangesien die voordele van internasionale handel nie in gelyke mate gedeel word nie. Dit het gely tot 'n toename in Streeksintegrasie-Ooreenkornste (SIO's ). Hierdie ooreenkomste word beskou as 'n ekonomiese groei en ontwikkeling-strategie, terwyl internasionale handelop 'n meer beperkte grondslag bevorder word. Tydens die laatse dekades van die twintigste eeu, het die aantal SIO's (veral in Sub-Sahara Afrika) toegeneem. In teenstelling met die ervaring van die Europese Unie, dui die feite aan dat pogings tot ekonomiese integrasie in Afrika nie daarin geslaag het om betekenisvolle ontwikkeling en ekonomiese groei te bevorder nie. Nietemin, het die Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap (SAOG) handels-integrasie aanvaar as 'n strategie vir ekonomiese groei in die streek (met as instrument die SAOG Vryehandel-protokol). Met fokus op die SAOG en Angola as eenhede van analise, evalueer die studie die liberale teorie van ekonomiese integrasie, ten einde uitspraak te lewer oor die geldigheid daarvan binne die konteks van Afrika, Tweedens, word daar ook aandag geskenk aan die vraag of ekonomiese integrasie 'n optimale strategie is vir die bevordering van ekonomiese groei en ontwikkeling in minder-ontwikkelde lande. Die gevolgtrekking wat gemaak word is dat ekonomiese integrasie (soos ontwikkel binne die Wes-Europese konteks) nie relevant is vir die eiesoortige omstandighede van Afrikastate nie. Daar is, onder andere, bevind dat die belangrikste voordele van integrasie in Afrika dinamies is, en nie staties nie (soos die teorie van ekonomiese integrasie dit in die vooruitsig stel). Daarby, en teenstrydig met vorige pogings tot die vorming van SIO's in Afrika, het die SAOG 'n ontwikkelings integrasie benadering aanvaar. Hierdie benadering is gemik op eweredige industrialisering in die streek. Dit is 'n belangrike punt, want volgens die "Krugman-Venables model van streekshervestiging" kan die minder ontwikkelde state voordeel trek van handel met, en beleggings uit die meer ontwikkelde state in die streek. Laatstens, is daar bevind dat die SAOG Vryehandel-protokol in die kort tot medium termyn nadelige gevolge vir Angola sal meebring. Dit is as gevolg van strukturele probleme in die Angolese ekonomie. Nietemin, indien behoorlik geïmplementeer, kan dit 'n betekenisvolle rol speel in die bevordering van ekonomiese groei en ontwikkeling oor die lang termyn.
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Paraschiv, Mihai. "THREE ESSAYS ON EXPORT CONCENTRATION, INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS, AND THE CARBON CONTENT OF TRADE." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/economics_etds/25.
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A common finding in the international trade literature is that economic integration leads to export diversification. By documenting a positive link between joining the European Economic and Monetary Union and bilateral export concentration, the leading essay shows that this is not always the case. Using a panel data approach, I find that exports between the Eurozone members are on average more concentrated than those among countries which do not share the euro. Central to this outcome is that some economic integration agreements, such as the European Economic and Monetary Union, may lead to a drop in not only trade but horizontal FDI costs as well. Theoretically, the results can be explained by the substitutability between exporting and horizontal FDI within a two-sector, two-firm type model which allows for sectoral trade cost heterogeneity.
Since the early 1970s, a series of international environmental agreements (IEAs) were signed, ratified, and enforced throughout the developed and developing nations. Regarding IEAs as potential barriers to trade, the second essay seeks to quantify their impact on industry-level exports by using a gravity regression approach. I proceed by classifying industries into dirty and clean based on their average emission intensities and find that the ratification of IEAs is associated with a significant reduction in export flows. The decrease is more pronounced for industries which are classified as dirty or for those which are characterized by high emission intensities per unit of output. Additionally, climate change IEAs bring about a compositional shift towards cleaner exports. Lastly, climate change and acid rain IEAs are found to engender leakage effects. No such evidence is recovered for ozone depletion accords.
The third essay adds to the literature on the Kyoto protocol and the carbon content of bilateral trade. It does so by analyzing the effect of ratifying the Kyoto protocol on exports, the carbon dioxide (CO2) intensity of exports, and the CO2 emissions embodied in exports within a novel dataset of 149 countries. For parties that took on binding emission caps, the ratification of Kyoto protocol leads to (i) lower CO2 emissions embodied in exports, (ii) lower CO2 emission intensities, but (iii) higher overall exports. For the same group of countries, a year-by-year analysis underlines a permanent decline in both the CO2 emission intensity and the CO2 content of their exports. Furthermore, the analysis also points out to a short-run decline in exports. In the long run, however, exports are estimated to recover. Also, the commitment type or whether a party was designated as a transition economy at the time of ratification are found to shape the above three outcomes.
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Längle, Katharina Birgitta. "Three essays on international trade and globalization." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E055.
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Cette thèse de doctorat s’inscrit dans les analyses du commerce international dans le contexte de la mondialisation. Le chapitre 1 analyse comment les délocalisations affectent les travailleurs peu qualifiés dans les pays à hauts salaires. En prenant en compte l’utilisation de facteurs de production étrangers dans la production nationale, la thèse montre que les travailleurs peu qualifiés sont directement et négativement affectés par la délocalisation de tâches nécessitant peu de compétences. Il est important de noter que la thèse identifie également un lien indirect : les investissements à forte intensité de compétences répondant à un renforcement de la concurrence étrangère en aval de la chaîne de valeur pourraient avoir un impact négatif sur les travailleurs peu qualifiés. Le chapitre 2 se concentre sur la question de l’impact de l’intégration dans les chaînes de valeur de biens complexes produits par des économies à revenu élevé sur les pays à revenu intermédiaire, à travers les accords commerciaux auxquels participent. Dans ce contexte, il apparaît que des clauses des accords régionaux relatives à la concurrence, aux services, aux investissements et aux marchés publics ont des effets ambigus sur les marges extensive et intensive d’exportation de produits complexes. Les clauses contractuelles sur les marchés publics influent positivement sur la marge extensive, tout en nuisant à la marge intensive de produits complexes, et inversement pour celles relatives à la concurrence, aux services et aux investissements. Le chapitre 3 est un travail conjoint avec Falilou Fall et Andre Steenkamp. À l’aide de données sur les entreprises sud-africaines, nous montrons que les exportateurs sud-africains rapprochent la gamme de produits qu’ils exportent du portefeuille de produits pour lesquels ils sont les plus compétitifs en cas de choc de demande positif sur leur marché d’exportation. Sur la base de ce constat, nous montrons que les chocs de politique commerciale à destination amplifient ces ajustements au sein de l’entreprise et que ces ajustements de la gamme de produits exportés se traduisent finalement par une augmentation de la productivité au niveau agrégé de l’entrepriseThis doctoral thesis revolves around the analysis of international trade in the context of ongoing globalization. Chapter 1 sheds light on the question how offshoring affects low skilled workers in high income countries. By considering the use of foreign production factors in domestic production, the paper shows that low skilled workers are directly and negatively affected by offshoring of low skill intensive tasks. Importantly, the thesis determines a further indirect channel suggesting that low skilled workers might be negatively affected by skill intensive investments in response to tougher foreign competition in value chains of domestic downstream clients. Chapter 2 focuses on the question how trade agreements help middle income countries to integrate in value chains of complex goods produced by high income economies. In this context, it turns out that additional contract clauses related to competition, services, investments and public procurement have ambiguous effects on the extensive and intensive trade margin of complex products. While contract clauses on competition, services and investments positively influence the intensive margin, they are limiting the extensive margin. Inversely, contract clauses on public procurement are found to positively influence the extensive margin, while harming the intensive margin of complex products. Chapter 3 is a joint work with Falilou Fall and Andre Steenkamp. Using data on South African firms, the third chapter shows that South African exporters shift their product mix towards their core product portfolio when there is a positive demand shock at their export destination. Based on this finding, we show that trade policy interventions at destination countries magnify these within-firm adjustments and that these adjustments ultimately lead to a slight productivity increase at the aggregated firm level
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Pohl, Nicole. "Mobility in space and time : challenges to the theory of international economics /." Heidelberg : Physica-Verlag, 2001. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00028306.pdf.
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Oliveira, Samuel José de Magalhães. "A expansão da União Européia em 2004 e seus impactos no agronegócio brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-14072006-155817/.
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O comércio internacional tem adquirido crescente importância para a economia brasileira, em particular para o agronegócio. Deste modo, o entendimento de políticas públicas de outros países que afetem o comércio internacional e o impacto das mesmas em nosso país é de grande importância. A União Européia é um dos principais parceiros comerciais do Brasil e é conhecida pela profunda interferência que impõe ao seu setor agropecuário. Tal fato tem impacto em outros países, inclusive o Brasil, que tem despontado como competidor no mercado internacional de produtos que a UE subsidia. A expansão da União Européia em 2004 e a reforma de sua Política Agrícola Comum têm sido estudadas em diferentes regiões do mundo. Utilizando a modelagem de equilíbrio geral, este trabalho pretende analisar o impacto da expansão da União Européia no agronegócio brasileiro. Os resultados mostram que as diferentes políticas da UE impactam a produção e a exportação do agronegócio brasileiro.International trade has acquired increasing importance for the Brazilian economy, especially for agribusiness. In this way, understanding other countries policies that affects international trade and its impacts in our country is equally important. The European Union is one of the most important Brazilian trade partners and it is known by its strong interference on its agricultural sector. This fact has an important impact on other countries, including Brazil. The recent European enlargement and its Common Agricultural Policy Reform has been studied at different regions of the World. This research project aims to assess the impacts of European Union Enlargement on Brazilian agribusiness using a General Equilibrium Model. It was found that the different EU agricultural policies affect the Brazilian agribusiness performance.
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Bianculli, Andrea Carla. "Trade governance in latin America. Interest articulation and institutions across negotiations in Argentina and Chile." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7255.
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The trade agenda has undergone significant transformations during the last 25 years. Negotiations have moved from the reciprocal reduction of tariff barriers to include the construction and harmonization of regulatory frameworks in different policy areas, while trade liberalization has simultaneously advanced at the regional and multilateral levels.This research explores under what conditions the launch of trade negotiations - symmetric (South- outh), asymmetric (North-South), and multilateral - have a differential impact on domestic governance. Based on a systematic and contextualized comparative analysis of the complex constellation of domestic actors and interests, and the relationships and interactions established among them in a particular institutional setting, our study argues that these different trade agendas generate diverse policy dynamics. Findings show that the variation in the scope of the agenda, the uncertainty of political outcomes, and the technical requirements attached to these negotiations have important consequences for the ways in which domestic state and non-state actors define their interests and collective action strategies.La agenda comercial ha sufrido importantes modificaciones durante los últimos 25 años. Las negociaciones han pasado de la reducción recíproca de tarifas a la construcción y armonización regulatoria en distintas áreas de política, mientras que la liberalización comercial ha avanzado simultáneamente a nivel regional y multilateral.Esta investigación explora bajo qué condiciones el lanzamiento de negociaciones comerciales - imétricas (Sur-Sur), asimétricas (Norte-Sur) y multilaterales - tiene un impacto diferente sobre la gobernanza doméstica. A través de la comparación sistemática y contextualizada de la compleja constelación de actores e intereses domésticos, y de las relaciones e interacciones establecidas entre ellos en un determinado escenario institucional, nuestro estudio plantea que estas distintas agendas generan diferentes dinámicas políticas. Los resultados muestran que la variación en el alcance de la agenda, la incertidumbre de los resultados políticos, y los requisitos técnicos de estas negociaciones tienen importantes consecuencias sobre la manera en que los actores estatales y no estatales definen sus intereses y estrategias de acción colectiva.
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Bianculli, Andrea C. "Trade governance in latin America. Interest articulation and institutions across negotiations in Argentina and Chile." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7255.
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The trade agenda has undergone significant transformations during the last 25 years. Negotiations have moved from the reciprocal reduction of tariff barriers to include the construction and harmonization of regulatory frameworks in different policy areas, while trade liberalization has simultaneously advanced at the regional and multilateral levels.This research explores under what conditions the launch of trade negotiations - symmetric (South- outh), asymmetric (North-South), and multilateral - have a differential impact on domestic governance. Based on a systematic and contextualized comparative analysis of the complex constellation of domestic actors and interests, and the relationships and interactions established among them in a particular institutional setting, our study argues that these different trade agendas generate diverse policy dynamics.
Findings show that the variation in the scope of the agenda, the uncertainty of political outcomes, and the technical requirements attached to these negotiations have important consequences for the ways in which domestic state and non-state actors define their interests and collective action strategies.
La agenda comercial ha sufrido importantes modificaciones durante los últimos 25 años. Las negociaciones han pasado de la reducción recíproca de tarifas a la construcción y armonización regulatoria en distintas áreas de política, mientras que la liberalización comercial ha avanzado simultáneamente a nivel regional y multilateral.
Esta investigación explora bajo qué condiciones el lanzamiento de negociaciones comerciales - imétricas (Sur-Sur), asimétricas (Norte-Sur) y multilaterales - tiene un impacto diferente sobre la gobernanza doméstica. A través de la comparación sistemática y contextualizada de la compleja constelación de actores e intereses domésticos, y de las relaciones e interacciones establecidas entre ellos en un determinado escenario institucional, nuestro estudio plantea que estas distintas agendas generan diferentes dinámicas políticas.
Los resultados muestran que la variación en el alcance de la agenda, la incertidumbre de los resultados políticos, y los requisitos técnicos de estas negociaciones tienen importantes consecuencias sobre la manera en que los actores estatales y no estatales definen sus intereses y estrategias de acción colectiva.
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TENTORI, DAVIDE. ""Volver": il tango dell'Argentina tra integrazione ed isolamento economico." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/2451.
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Questa tesi offre un’analisi complessiva della posizione e del ruolo giocato dall’Argentina nell’economia globale durante l’ultimo decennio, attraverso l’uso di diverse metodologie tipiche dell’analisi economica. La ricerca parte dall’analisi della dimensione economica interna del Paese, fornendo uno studio della struttura produttiva dell’Argentina e del suo sviluppo economico. In seguito l’analisi si focalizza sullo studio delle variabili determinanti dei flussi commerciali dell’Argentina con i suoi partners regionali tramite un’applicazione econometrica del modello gravitazionale. Infine, si concentra sull’analisi del ruolo dell’Argentina nella gestione dell’economia globale studiandone il ruolo nel Fondo Monetario Internazionale, nel G20 e nel MERCOSUR attraverso un approccio di International Political Economy. Il risultato principale è la scoperta dell’esistenza di un collegamento tra la dimensione interna e quella esterna. Infatti la persistente instabilità macroeconomica e inappropriate politiche economiche adottate a livello nazionale provocano una perdita di competitività globale che potrebbe danneggiare nel lungo periodo la performance economica dell’Argentina, ostacolandone il raggiungimento dello status di Paese completamente sviluppato. Inoltre, populismo e nazionalismo economico stanno isolando l’Argentina dal resto della regione sudamericana e dal mondo, portando il Paese verso la condizione di ‘pariah’ nelle relazioni internazionali.This thesis offers a comprehensive analysis of Argentina’s position and role within the global economy during the last decade, adopting different methodologies of the economic analysis. The focus of the research starts from the analysis of the domestic economic dimension of the country, providing a study of Argentina’s economic structure and development pattern. It then examines the study of the determinants of Argentina’s trading flows with its regional partners with an econometric application of the gravity model of international trade. It finally focuses on the analysis of Argentina’s global inclusion in the management of the global economy through the description of Argentina’s behavior in the IMF, the G20 and MERCOSUR with an approach taken from International Political Economy. The main finding is that there is a link from the internal to the external dimension, since persistent macroeconomic instability and inappropriate economic policies result into a lack of global competitiveness which might affect in the long run the economic performance of Argentina, preventing it from achieving the status of a completely developed country. Moreover, populism and economic nationalism are isolating Argentina from the rest of South America and the world, driving the country to the status of a ‘pariah’ in international relations.
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Basso, Larissa de Santis. "A eficácia do regionalismo no desenvolvimento: reflexões para a América Latina." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-29102009-160804/.
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As teorias de desenvolvimento passaram por evolução histórico-conceitual ao longo do século XX, e o conceito considerado mais adequado para medir o desenvolvimento dos países é o do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) da ONU. O IDH é elaborado com base na obra do economista indiano Amartya Sen, e considera diversas variáveis na classificação dos países, todas juntas formando uma estrutura base para que o indivíduo tenha liberdade de escolher os rumos de sua vida dentro da sociedade. O comércio é um fator importante para o desenvolvimento, pois permite a especialização da produção em razão de aptidões de cada um e o aumento da produtividade, pois as trocas garantem a cada indivíduo a possibilidade de obter todos os bens de que necessitam para a vida sem a precisar fabricar cada um deles. O comércio internacional é, portanto, um catalisador do desenvolvimento. Sua evolução histórica em busca do livre comércio levou à formação do sistema multilateral baseado na não-discriminação e eliminação gradual de barreiras comerciais, que teve impulso com as Rodadas GATT e ganhou corpo com a instituição da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). Por sua vez, o regionalismo é um movimento antigo e complexo, composto por variáveis geográficas, políticas, econômicas, culturais e jurídicas, entre outras. Suas primeiras manifestações estão ainda na Idade Antiga, mas o fenômeno ganhou força nos últimos tempos em razão da disseminação dos acordos preferenciais de comércio, aceitos dentro do sistema multilateral como exceção ao princípio da nação mais favorecida (artigo XXIV do GATT) por ser entendido como mecanismo de facilitação das concertações multilaterais e alavanca do desenvolvimento dos países. O grande envolvimento dos países em desenvolvimento e de menor desenvolvimento relativo em processos de integração regional e a manutenção de sua condição de subdesenvolvimento em relação às economias mais avançadas fazem questionar a assertiva de que o regionalismo promove o desenvolvimento dos países. Utilizando o exemplo da América Latina, pretende-se analisar a questão e seus desdobramentos, concluindo sobre a efetividade do regionalismo em promover o desenvolvimento dos países.The theories of development have had an historic and conceptual evolution through the XX Century. The Human Development Index, from United Nations, is the parameter considered the most adequate to measure the development of the countries. It is inspired on the research of the Indian economist Amartya Sen, and considers several elements at the countries HDI classification, all elements being what is believed to be the basic structure for every individual to be free to make its own decisions regarding its living. Trade an important issue to the development, as it allows the production specialization, considering the singular characteristics of each country and the increase in productivity, (because the commercial exchange guarantees the possibility of acquiring all the products necessary for living without having to make each one of them). For this reason, the international exchanges are an important tool for development, and its evolution has always target the freedom of trade, based at principles such as non-discrimination and elimination of trade barriers, which had a great impulse with the GATT Rounds and the formation of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The regionalism is an antique and complex movement, composed by geographic, political, economic, cultural and juridical variables, among others. Although its first manifestations can be found at the Ancient Age, the recent phenomenon is based on the proliferation of preferential commercial arrangements, accepted by the multilateral system as exceptions of the principle of the most favored nation (article XXIV of GATT), because it is believed that regional agreements facilitate the implementation of the multilateral system and generates the development of the countries. The great participation of developing countries and least developed countries in regional trade arrangements and its persistent subdeveloped condition when compared to the developed economies makes us question the statement that regionalism promotes development. Using the example of the Latin America, this thesis intends to analyze the issue and conclude on the efficacy of the regionalism in promoting the development of the involved countries.
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Santino, Jorge Faustino. "Integração económica de Angola na Africa Austral: oportunidades e desafios para as relações económicas com os parceiros da "SADC"." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/16224.
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O presente trabalho analisa o processo de Integração Económica de Angola na África Austral, mais concretamente no agrupamento regional SADC. Procuraremos destacar as relações atualmente existentes entre Angola e o conjunto de países membros daquele agrupamento, bem como a dinâmica das futuras relações num contexto de reforço do processo de integração económica regional e as possibilidades de desenvolvimento económico na região.
Considerando como marco inicial a década de 1990 pode-se afirmar que a integração na África Austral foi pensada naquele momento como um instrumento auxiliar à política de substituição de importações adotadas pelos países da região. Com o esgotamento dos efeitos desta política e com a estabilização política e militar em alguns dos países mais relevantes na região, casos da África do Sul e de Angola, o processo de integração económica na região da África Austral evoluiu para outros objetivos.
O Estudo que desenvolvemos sobre o impacto de integração económica de Angola na SADC incidiu sobre alguns aspetos mais relevantes e estratégicos da economia angolana no contexto regional, em especial no plano da intensificação dos fluxos comerciais e de investimento e, ainda, da transferência de tecnologia. Naturalmente tivemos especial atenção à importância que o setor petrolífero angolano, enquanto principal fonte de receita desta economia desempenhou nas relações económicas com os restantes países do agrupamento da SADC, dado que este setor pode desempenhar um papel fulcral no processo de industrialização destes países, podendo contribuir para tornar a região numa potência emergente à escala regional; ANGOLA ECONOMIC INTEGRATION IN SOUTHERN AFRICA: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR ECONOMIC RELATIONS
WITH PARTNERS "SADC”
ABSTRACT:
The present work analyzes the process of economic integration of Angola in southern Africa, specifically in the SADC regional grouping. Seek to emphasize the relations existing between Angola and sets of members of that group, and the dynamics of future relations in the context of strengthening regional economic integration and the opportunities for economic development in the region coutries.
Considering as starting point the 1990 can be stated that the integration in Southern Africa was "thought" at that time as an auxiliary to the import substitution adopted by member countries of the region policy instrument. With the depletion of the effects of this policy and the political and military stabilization in some of the most important countries in the region (the case of South Africa and Angola) the process of economic integration in the Southern African region evolved for other purposes.
The study that we propose to develop on the impact of economic integration of Angola in SADC will be developed on some most important and strategic aspects of the Angolan economy in the regional context, in particular in terms of intensification of trade and investment, and the transfer of technology. Of course we will have special attention to the importance that the Angolan oil setor, the main source of revenue in this economy plays in economic relations with other countries in the SADC grouping, as this sector can play a pivotal role in the industrialization process of these countries, contributing to make the region an emerging power on a regional scale.
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Leusin, Junior Sergio. "O efeito fronteira das regiões brasileiras: uma aplicação do modelo gravitacional." Universidade do Vale do Rio do Sinos, 2008. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/2762.
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Esta dissertação analisa o efeito fronteira do Brasil e de suas regiões para o ano de 1999. O efeito fronteira indica o viés do comércio doméstico em comparação com o comércio internacional. Esse efeito foi estimado empiricamente, utilizando-se dados de corte seccional, em um modelo gravitacional com os 26 estados brasileiros, mais o Distrito Federal e 40 países. Apesar de o Brasil ter se engajado em um processo de abertura comercial, como o ocorrido durante a década de 90, e ter participado de Acordos Preferenciais de Comércio importantes como o Mercosul, constatou-se que o país e algumas de suas regiões apresentam elevados custos de fronteira. Os resultados encontrados indicam que o comércio entre estados brasileiros é 33 vezes superior ao comércio internacional desses estados. Para as regiões brasileiras, o efeito fronteira das regiões Norte e Nordeste, é significativamente maior daquele observado nas regiões Sul e Sudeste
This paper analyzes the border effect for Brazilian goods market and its regions in 1999. The border effect indicates the bias for domestic trade compared with international trade. This effect was quantified empirically by using cross-sectional data in a gravitational model for twenty-six Brazilian states plus the Federal District and forty other countries. Despite Brazil's involvement in commercial opening in the 90's, as well as important regional trade agreements such as Mercosul, we noticed that Brazil and some of its regions have high crossborder costs. The finding results of this equation suggest a trade 33 times higher between Brazilian states than the international trade of these states. Regarding each Brazilian region, the border effect found for intra-national trade among Northeast and North regions is significantly higher than the border effect for Southeast and Southern regions.
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Silva, Paulo Roberto. "Comércio de gás entre Brasil e Bolívia interesses e atores da nacionalização de 2006." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/84/84131/tde-17032012-224928/.
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A crise entre Brasil e Bolívia desencadeada pela nacionalização do gás é representativa do papel da política doméstica nos temas das relações internacionais. Neste estudo, adotamos uma análise de escolha racional a partir do modelo da Economia Política Aberta, que parte do ambiente econômico para identificar interesses econômicos e sociais, como eles se materializam nas preferências políticas de atores sociais e econômicos, que influenciam a política doméstica e a atuação internacional do estado nacional. No caso em estudo, analisamos a interação e a barganha entre Brasil e Bolívia a partir da influência de atores como o movimento indígena-camponês boliviano, que acumulou forças ao longo dos anos e pôde impor sua agenda de nacionalização dos recursos naturais, a indústria de petróleo e gás, liderada pela Petrobras, e o empresariado industrial brasileiro, consumidor de 50% da oferta de gás natural brasileira. Estes atores influenciaram seus governos, que atuaram racionalmente para defender os interesses de seus países, considerados neste estudo como os interesses dos atores sociais e econômicos com maior força política.The crisis between Brazil and Bolivia, triggered for the nationalization of natural gas, is representative of the role of domestic policy issues in international relations. In this study, we adopted an analysis of rational choice model, from Open Economy Politics, which starts from the economic environment to identify economic and social interests, and how they matter in political preferences of social and economic players, which influence the domestic politics and international acting of national state. In this case, we analyzed the interaction and bargaining between Brazil and Bolivia under the influence of players like Bolivian peasant-indigenous movement, which gains strength over the years and impose their agenda of nationalization of natural resources, oil and gas industry, led by Petrobras, and, last but not least, Brazil\'s industrial and business, consumer 50% of local supply of natural gas. These actor influenced their governments, who acted rationally to defend our national interests, considered in this paper as the interests of social and economic actors with strong political power.
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Coppelli, Ortiz Gerardo. "La interacción entre globalización, integración económica, comercio y relaciones económicas internacionales: efectos, dimensiones y perspectivas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667385.
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L'objecte del present treball és analitzar la interacció entre la globalització, el comerç internacional, els processos d'integració econòmica i les relacions econòmiques, juntament amb els seus efectes, dimensions i perspectives futures.
Per a això, la present Tesi doctoral, elaborada sota el format d'articles, analitza a cadascun d'ells, els diferents aspectes vinculats a la temàtica i problemàtica plantejades a l'actual context internacional.
D’aquesta manera s'aborda l'actual situació del procés-fenomen de globalització econòmica així com l'estat actual de les relacions econòmiques internacionals, el procés de mundialització de l'economia i la seva vinculació i diferències amb la globalització econòmica. Juntament amb l'anterior, es fa una revisió de les projeccions d'interrelació econòmica a l'horitzó de l'any 2030 en matèria de mundialització, revisant els resultats dels Objectius de Desenvolupament del Mil•lenni 2015 i les perspectives dels Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible de les Nacions Unides, en ambdós casos, en el que a objectius econòmics fa referència.'
Així mateix s'analitza la situació actual i les principals vies d'acció, tant dels processos d'integració econòmica com de les Organitzacions que els regulen, reconeixent les seves característiques, principis, efectes i objectius esperats per part de la comunitat internacional.
De manera particular s'estudia l'estat actual del lliure comerç, la imposició de barreres, tant aranzelàries com no aranzelàries, i la seva incidència per a l'equitat del comerç internacional.
Finalment s'aborda la situació a Amèrica Llatina i el Carib, la Unió Europea i el cas xilè, en la seva condició d'actors rellevants a l'escenari internacional actual. En raó d'això, es fa un anàlisi de la realitat integracionista llatinoamericana i les seves relacions amb la Unió Europea, amb especial menció a l'associació entre Xile i la Unió Europea.El objeto del presente trabajo es analizar la interacción entre la globalización, el comercio internacional, los procesos de integración económica y las relaciones económicas internacionales, junto con sus efectos, dimensiones y perspectivas futuras. Para ello, la presente Tesis doctoral, elaborada bajo el formato de artículos, analiza en cada uno de ellos, los distintos aspectos vinculados a la temática y problemática planteadas en el actual contexto internacional. De este modo se aborda la actual situación del proceso-fenómeno de globalización económica así como el estado actual de las relaciones económicas internacionales, el proceso de mundialización de la economía y su vinculación y diferencias con la globalización económica. Junto a lo anterior, se hace una revisión de las proyecciones de interrelación económica en el horizonte del año 2030 en materia de mundialización, revisando los resultados de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio 2015 y las perspectivas de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de Naciones Unidas, en ambos casos, en lo que a objetivos económicos se refiere. Asimismo se analiza la situación actual y las principales vías de acción, tanto de los procesos de integración económica como de las Organizaciones que los regulan, reconociendo sus características, principios, efectos y objetivos esperados por parte de la comunidad internacional. De forma particular se estudia el estado actual del libre comercio, la imposición de barreras, tanto arancelarias como no arancelarias, y su incidencia para la equidad del comercio internacional. Finalmente se aborda la situación en América Latina y el Caribe, la Unión Europea y el caso chileno, en su condición de actores relevantes en el escenario internacional actual, En razón de ello, se hace un análisis de la realidad integracionista latinoamericana y sus relaciones con la Unión Europea, con especial mención a la asociación entre Chile y la Unión Europea.
The objective of this Thesis is to analyze the interaction between globalization, international trade, economic integration processes and international economic relations, together with their effects, dimensions and future perspectives. This doctoral thesis is prepared using the format of articles, analyzes each of them, the different aspects raised related to the thematic and problematic in the current international context. In this manner the current situation of the process-phenomenon of economic globalization as well as the current state of international economic relations, the process of globalization of the economy and its relationship and differences with economic globalization are addressed. Together with the above, a review is made of the projections of economic interrelation in the horizon of the year 2030 in the matter of globalization, reviewing the results of the Millennium Development Goals 2015 and the perspectives of the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations, in both cases, as far as economic objectives are concerned. It also analyzes the current situation and the main courses of action, both of the economic integration processes and of the Organizations that regulate them, recognizing their characteristics, principles, effects and objectives expected by the international community. In particular, the current state of free trade, the imposition of barriers, both tariff and non-tariff, and its impact on the equity of international trade are studied. Finally, the situation in Latin America and the Caribbean, the European Union and the Chilean case, in their capacity as relevant actors in the current international scenario, is addressed. Therefore, an analysis is made of the Latin American integrationist reality and its relations with European Union, with special mention to the partnership between Chile and the European Union.
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Viégas, Isabel Fernandes Pinto. "Impactos das barreiras comerciais dos Estados Unidos e União Européia sobre a pauta de exportações agrícolas brasileiras." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-17122003-102113/.
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O Brasil possui um grande potencial agrícola e deve ampliar suas exportações para reduzir o déficit em transações correntes. No entanto, as exportações agrícolas brasileiras estão sujeitas a restrições tarifárias e não-tarifárias nos Estados Unidos e na União Européia, mercados importantes para o Brasil. Este trabalho visou a avaliar a incidência de picos tarifários, quotas tarifárias, barreiras técnicas e barreiras sanitárias e fitossanitárias sobre o valor das exportações agrícolas brasileiras nos Estados Unidos e na União Européia, definir as medidas de proteção mais usadas por cada um desses parceiros comerciais e verificar os principais produtos e complexos agrícolas sujeitos a essas medidas no ano 2000, através da utilização dos índices de cobertura e freqüência.Brazil has a large agricultural potential and must increase its exports to reduce the deficit in current transactions. However, Brazilian agricultural exports are subject to tariff and non-tariff trade restrictions in the United States and European Union, which are important markets for Brazil. The purpose of this theses was to evaluate the importance of tariff peaks, tariff rate quotas, technical barriers, sanitary and phytosanitary measures over Brazilian agricultural export value in the United States and European Union, to define the protection measures applied by each of these trade partners and verify which are the main agricultural products subjects to these measures in the year 2000, by the use of frequency and coverage indexes.
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Castello, Illione Alejandro. "Modification of the Mercosur Social-Labor Declaration (2015): an advance in the construction of the social dimension of the integration process." IUS ET VERITAS, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123442.
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This contribution analyzes the role fulfilled by International Labor Standards and, specifically, by social clauses in Free Trade Conventions and Agreements, as a way of preventing social dumping and building a social dimension in the globalization and regionalization of economy. The author offers the case of the MERCOSUR Labor and Social Declaration, issued in 2015, which amends that of the year 1998, studying its contents, legal efficacy and supervision mechanisms. He emphasizes the fact that social charters generally limit themselves to recognizing fundamental or basic labor rights already found in the legislation of the member countries, but which are nonetheless useful for hindering attempts to deregulate or relax social and labor provisions.En la presente contribución, se analiza el rol que cumplen las Normas Internacionales del Trabajo y en particular las cláusulas sociales en los Tratados y Acuerdos de Libre Comercio, como forma de evitar el dumping social y c onstruir u na d imensión s ocial e n l a g lobalización, mundialización y regionalización de la economía. El autor expone el caso de la Declaración Social Laboral del MERCOSUR, aprobada en el 2015, que revisa la sancionada en el año 1998, estudiando su contenido, su eficacia jurídica y los mecanismos de contralor. Destaca que las Cartas sociales generalmente se limitan a reconocer derechos laborales fundamentales o básicos que ya se encuentran contemplados en los ordenamientos de los países que se integran, pero que igualmente sirven para poner un freno alos intentos de desregular o flexibilizar la normativa socio-laboral.
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Burnier, da Silveira Paulo. "L'internationalisation du contrôle des concentrations." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020101.
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Les dernières décennies ont témoigné d’un important accroissement des concentrations transnationales dans le monde et d’une multiplication des systèmes de contrôle des concentrations. Alors que les enjeux économiques revêtent désormais une dimension internationale, les mécanismes juridiques de régulation demeurent cantonnés à une échelle nationale ou régionale. En effet, la soumission d’une même opération de concentration à différents régimes de contrôle engendre plusieurs problématiques juridiques, dont le risque d’être confronté à des décisions contradictoires ou incohérentes rendues par différentes autorités de la concurrence. Ceci dit, il nous semble que des mécanismes juridiques pour réguler les concentrations transnationales s’imposent. S’agissant d’une réalité au niveau européen, la « régionalisation » du droit de la concurrence apporte une aide précieuse à ces problématiques. Au niveau mondial, différentes approches de solution sont envisageables. Cette thèse soutient, à court terme, la convergence des règles et des pratiques, afin de réduire les inconvénients associés au contrôle des concentrations transnationales, accompagnée, à long terme, par l’adoption de certaines règles contraignantes au sein de l’OMCIn the past decades, the number of transnational mergers worldwide has significantly increased. Merger control systems follow the same trend and have proliferated during this period. While economic issues are globalized, legal mechanisms remain national or regional. The notification of one single merger to different merger control systems raises several legal issues, in particular with respect to the risk of achievingcontradictory or incoherent decisions from different competition agencies. Thus, revised legal mechanisms are required in order to adequately regulate transnational mergers. A“regionalization” of merger control, as set by the European experience, offers useful insights towards proposals to deal with these issues. In a global perspective, several alternative approaches are possible. This thesis supports, on the short-term, a permanent convergence of rules and practices to reduce problems related to transnational merger control, followed, on the long-term, by the adoption of certain binding rules within the WTO
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Kotcho, Bongkwaha Jacob. "La négociation des accords commerciaux régionaux et l'intégration régionale en Afrique Centrale : une analyse des déterminants des rapports de force." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCF045.
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Le contexte des relations commerciales internationales est marqué, depuis 1995, par une multiplication des processus de négociation et de renégociation des Accords Commerciaux aussi bien au niveau multilatéral, plurilatéral (y compris les arrangements régionaux) que bilatéral. La plupart des Accords Commerciaux Régionaux (ACR) en vigueur dans le monde sont les produits de processus de négociation qui mettent ensemble les pays de niveaux de développement différents.La présente étude identifie et analyse les facteurs qui influencent aussi bien le déroulement que l’issue des négociations des ACR dans un contexte asymétrique, entre les partenaires engagés dans des processus d’intégration régionale. Elle se concentre sur les conditions et les modalités dans lesquelles les acteurs du système interagissent pour produire des règles et des normes qui vont régir leurs relations commerciales. L’analyse place en son centre la question du pouvoir des acteurs et son utilisation dans un système politique. Plus précisément, elle vise à mettre en exergue les facteurs qui déterminent les rapports de pouvoir dans le système politique qu’est le processus de négociation et à analyser les mécanismes d’influence de ces facteurs sur le déroulement et l’issue du processus. L’étude conclu que les rapports de force dans la négociation d’un ACR au sein d’une configuration asymétrique, se déterminent et s’expliquent par un ensemble de facteurs d’ordre socio-anthropologiques, économiques, politique, géographiques et historiques. Ces facteurs peuvent être résumés par cinq concepts qui sont : la force, la dépendance, la cohérence, la stratégie et la tactique. Ils se déploient dans une dynamique et un environnement cryptés, impulsés par les puissances qui gouvernent les relations économiques et commerciales internationales, et ils sont promus par les institutions mises en place à cet effet. Enfin, les résultats de leur utilisation sur le pouvoir des acteurs sont imprévisibles à prioriThe context of international trade relations is marked since 1995 by a multiplication of the negotiation and renegotiation processes of trade agreements both at the multilateral, plurilateral (including regional arrangements) and bilateral levels. Most of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) in force in the world are the products of negotiations that bring together countries of different levels of development.This study identifies and analyzes the factors that influence both the progress and the outcome of RTAs negotiations in an asymmetric context between partners involved in regional integration process. It focuses on the conditions and modalities in which the actors of the system interact to produce rules and standards that will govern their trade relations. The analysis places at its center the question of power and its use by the actors in a political system. Specifically, it aims to highlight the factors that determine the balance of power in the negotiation process seen as a political system, and to analyze the mechanisms of influence of these factors on the course and outcome of the process.The study conclude that the balance of power in the negotiation of an RTA in an asymmetrical configuration, is determined and can be explained by a set of factors from socio-anthropological, economic, political, geographical and historical order. These factors can be summarized by five concepts which are: strength, dependence, consistency, strategy and tactics. They unfold in a dynamic and encrypted environment-driven powers that govern international economic and trade relations, and they are promoted by the institutions established for this purpose. Finally, the results of their use on the power of actors are unpredictable a priori
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Cabral, Dilva Helena Vaz. "Cabo Verde e União Europeia: os potenciais efeitos na economia Cabo-Verdiana de uma integração económica com a União Europeia." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/2935.
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Mestrado em Economia Internaciopnal e Estudos EuropeusOs factores de ordem económica têm vindo a assumir, cada vez mais, um papel relevante na explicação da necessidade de integração económica internacional, principalmente no que se refere aos Países em Vias de Desenvolvimento. Este trabalho procura analisar os possíveis custos e benefícios, inerente ao processo da integração económica, para a economia de Cabo Verde com uma eventual adesão à União Europeia através da constituição de uma das formas de integração económica, nomeadamente zona de comércio livre ou união aduaneira. Para isso, numa primeira análise, propomos uma breve apresentação do processo da integração económica internacional. Procedemos com uma análise da economia cabo-verdiana e o seu modelo de integração económica internacional, assim como uma breve caracterização da União Europeia, com principal enfoque no seu processo de integração económica, tendo em conta a possibilidade de estes virem a representar mercados potenciais ou concorrentes. Finalmente, prosseguimos com a análise da viabilidade da integração económica de Cabo Verde na União Europeia, isto é, analisamos os potenciais efeitos, custos e benefícios do ponto de vista económico, para a economia cabo-verdiana com uma eventual integração no espaço europeu. Os resultados mostram que Cabo Verde não tem muito a perder com essa eventual integração, na qual os efeitos dinâmicos assumem uma importância relevante, mediante a adopção de uma estratégia de integração de zona de comércio livre com os países da UE. Esta revela-se eficaz, assim como a adopção de importantes políticas económicas e a criação de condições para um ambiente mais competitivo.
The economic factors have been taking an important role in explaining the need for international economic integration, particularly in relation to developing countries. This paper analyzes the possible costs and benefits, inherent in the process of economic integration, of the economy of Cape Verde with a possible integration in the European Union, whether through a free trade area or a customs union. In an initial analysis we present a brief presentation of the process of international economic integration. We proceed with an economic and social analysis of Cape Verde, as well as a brief characterization of the European Union with its main focus in the economic integration process, considering the possibility of the upcoming potential or competitive markets. Finally, we conduct an analysis on the potential effects, costs and benefits for the economy of Cape Verde with an potential integration into the European Union. The results demonstrate that Cape Verde has not much to lose with this potential integration, in which dynamic effects are of great importance, by creating a free trade area with EU countries. This appears to be most effective, as well as the adoption of important economic policies and the creation of conditions for a more competitive environment.
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Du, Preez Mari-Lise. "Is three a crowd or a coalition ? : India, Brazil and South Africa in the WTO /." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/421.
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Buppawan, Papot. "Les aspects internationaux de la TVA en Thaïlande." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0476.
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Introduite à partir de 1992 en remplacement de l’ancienne taxe sur les affaires, la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée (TVA) représente actuellement la part essentielle des prélèvements fiscaux de l’État thaïlandais. Outre l’importance de l’impôt en termes de recettes, le choix de la TVA s’imposait compte tenu des réformes entreprises en vue d’assurer une plus grande neutralité de l’impôt dans les opérations internationales. Or, dans le contexte de la mondialisation des échanges et l’émergence de l’économie de l’immatériel, la question du traitement fiscal des opérations internationales en matière de TVA, est aujourd’hui à l’origine de nombreuses difficultés qui restent à résoudre. Dans la perspective de l’adaptation des règles régissant l’application du système thaïlandais de TVA à ces nouvelles réalités économiques, l’étude portant sur les « aspects internationaux de la TVA en Thaïlande » a pour ambition de présenter, à travers une analyse approfondie des aspects substantiels et procéduraux des réglementations fiscales thaïlandaises en la matière, leurs principaux éléments caractéristiques, en vue d’une mise en comparaison avec les principes généraux ou les bonnes pratiques recommandées par les organisations internationales. La démarche adoptée devait ainsi permettre d’identifier les faiblesses ou les insuffisances du système actuel et de formuler, à l’issue de ce diagnostic, des propositions pour l’amélioration de la TVA en ThaïlandeIntroduced in 1992 as a replacement for the old business tax, value added tax (VAT) currently accounts for the essential part of the tax revenues in Thailand. In addition to the importance of such form of taxation in terms of revenue, the choice of tax reform in favour of VAT was seen as a necessary way to achieve greater tax neutrality with respect to treatment of cross-border transactions. However, in the context of the globalization of trade and the emergence of the intangible economy, the application of VAT to international trade of goods and services has caused a lot of important tax issues which are yet to be resolved. With a view to ensure successful adaptation of international taxation rules under the Thai VAT system to an ever-changing economic environment, the study on the "international aspects of VAT in Thailand" seeks to explore, through an in-depth analysis of the substantive and procedural aspects of the relevant tax rules, the main features of the international application of the Thai VAT system. The analysis of these features which shall then be examined, in light of general principles of taxation or best practices recommended by international organisations, should allow to identify the weaknesses or shortcomings of the current system and to offer suggestions for improvements of VAT in Thailand
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Meunier, Bogdan. "Complexity, diplomatic relationships and business creation : a cross-regional analysis of the development of productive knowledge, trade facilitation and firm entry in regional markets." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E001/document.
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Cette thèse adopte une approche analytique interrégionale de trois régions économiques pour évaluer les connaissances productives et la diplomatie dans le contexte d’intégration régionale, et en parallèle, les déterminants de la création d'entreprises. Du point de vue de l'intégration européenne, nous introduisons une nouvelle méthodologie de contrôle synthétique pour évaluer l'impact de l'adhésion à l'UE sur l'indice de complexité économique des nouveaux États membres d'Europe centrale et orientale. Nos résultats indiquent que l'adhésion à l'UE a joué un rôle catalyseur pour la connaissance productive des pays portant de faibles niveaux de complexité avant l'adhésion, permettant un taux de développement plus élevé dans la sophistication de l'espace d'exportation de leurs produits. En élargissant notre analyse à tous les pays européens et aux États d’Afrique du Nord, nous procédons dans un deuxième temps à l’analyse des déterminants du commerce des infrastructures institutionnelles et logistiques en élargissant le modèle de Gravité pour y incorporer des éléments de diplomatie (notamment la présence d’ambassades et d’ambassadeurs). Nos résultats démontrent les avantages des infrastructures immatérielles et matérielles ainsi que de l'activité diplomatique sur le commerce bilatéral des PECO et de l'Afrique du Nord, confirmant l'importance de ces variables en tant que moteurs de l'intégration régionale. Dans une dernière partie, nous concentrons notre analyse sur Fédération de Russie en tant que région géographique en introduisant une régression panel des déterminants de l’entrée et de la sortie d’entreprises. Cette évaluation empirique conclut que les défaillances institutionnelles et l’environnement politico-économique ont des effets significatifs sur la création et la destruction d’entreprises russes, avec une estimation robuste du prix mondial du pétrole (quelle que soit la différence entre les régions cibles) suggérant une forte exposition de chaque région russe à une crise mondialeThis thesis takes a cross-regional analytical approach of three distinct economic areas to evaluate productive knowledge and diplomacy in the context of regional integration alongside determinants of business creation. From the angle of European integration, we introduce a new synthetic control methodology to evaluate the impact of EU accession on the economic complexity index of new CEE member states its results indicating that accession to the EU acted as a catalyst for the productive knowledge of countries with low levels of complexity before accession, allowing a higher rate of development in the sophistication of their product export space. Expanding our analysis to include all European countries and North African states, we proceed in a second stage to analyse institutional and logistical infrastructure determinants of trade by extending the traditional Gravity model to incorporate elements of diplomacy (including the presence of embassies and ambassadors). Our results demonstrate the benefits of soft and hard infrastructure as well as diplomatic activity on the bilateral trade fixed effect CEE and North African countries, validating their importance of these variables as powerful drivers of regional integration. In a final part, we turn our analysis to the Russian Federation as a regional geography with a panel regression analysis of the determinants of firm entry and exit. The empirical evaluation concludes that institutional failures and the politico-economic environment exhibit statistically significant and economically meaningful effects both on the creation and destruction of Russian firms, with a robust estimate of the world oil price (irrespective of the difference in target regions) suggesting a possible high exposure of each Russian region to a global crisis
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Le, Minh-Phieu. "Le Vietnam et le principe de non-discrimination dans le commerce international des services." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40024/document.
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Le Vietnam du Doi Moi poursuit sa libéralisation économique tout en consolidant le système politique hérité du marxisme-léninisme. Ce paradoxe influence considérablement son processus d'intégration économique internationale et se manifeste particulièrement dans le commerce des services. La manière dans laquelle le Vietnam reconnaît le principe de non-discrimination via les traités bilatéraux, plurilatéraux et multilatéraux, tant sous l'angle du commerce des services que sous l'angle de l'investissement, le prouve. Par ailleurs, dans le souci d'accélérer le développement économique, d'importantes réformes relatives au droit des affaires ont supprimé des discriminations substantielles entre les opérateurs économiques. Cependant, en raison de l'insuffisance de l'adapatation structurelle, la mise en oeuvre du principe de non-discrimination pose toujours de nombreuses difficultésVietnam of Doi Moi pursues economic liberalization while strengthening the political system initiated from Marxism-Leninism. This paradox significantly influences its international economic integration process and manifests itself especially in the domain of trade in services. This is demonstrated by the manner in which Vietnam recognizes the principle of non-discrimination, through bilateral, plurilateral and multilateral agreements, in trade in services as well as in investements. Besides, in order to accelerate economic development, important reforms on business law have removed substancial discriminations between economic operators. However, the insufficient ajustement on structural matters still poses many problems for the implementation of the principle of non-discrimonation
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Fratzscher, G. Oliver. "The political economy of trade integration welfare implications in a trading block model, political sustainability in a pressure group model, and effects of FDI in a gravity model /." 1994. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/33817049.html.
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OANH, NGUYEN THI HOANG, and 阮詩環. "Economic Integration Agreements and International Trade." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/jadgu7.
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博士國立中正大學
經濟系國際經濟學研究所
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Keyword: Agreements Over thirty years, the world has witnessed a big transformation of trade relationships, the preferential trade relationships truly began. The change in perception of the U.S. towards the preferential relationships, which was remarked by the U.S. signing a free trade agreement with Israel in 1985, is one of the four forces dragging the booming in preferential relationships some years later, from only 15 RTAs in 1980 to 461 in 2018 (WTO). However, in the debate of the first contest of the campaign in 2016, Donald Trump – the President of the United States of America criticized the development strategies that the U.S has followed during the past 30 years and longed to revise them. After Donald Trump became the president, the world witnessed an extreme change in the USA’s strategies which withdrew from the Trans-Pacific Partnerships (TPP). In the meantime, as the U.S. presidential election (2016), the UK also conducted the staying or leaving the EU referendum, and it was determined to leave. How will the preferential relationships change along with this move of the U.S. and the UK? How is the liberalization of trade affected? And how are the trade flows affected? It is still early to assert the answers. This withdrawal or termination of preferential relationships is, however, not the first time in the history and development of preferential trade agreements. We use those terminating relationships to provide a partial evaluation of those events on trade flows. The result shows that after the termination of a pair’s economic integration agreement, their trade flows only increase in some years later and are driven by an extensive margin in the short run. Building trade relationships during EIA incorporation period does not help the pair maintain their long-term relationship. One of outstanding stylized facts in the EIAs is the difference in willingness to join the EIAs among countries, some of whom have signed many EIAs, but some others have not signed any. Participating a lot of EIAs plays a role of a cushion for a country to sign an EIA with other countries more easily, especially in the case of small countries and large countries. However, this fact possibly generates trade diversion in trade growth and in the probability of products survival. This dissertation provides an evidence of the latter diversion effects of owning so many EIAs from the perspective of both exporters and importers. Obviously, preferential trade agreements have accelerated the trade liberalization process although only in regional scale, trade flows in over the world increase, and the opportunities of economic integration for all countries are offered. Vietnam is a small country, and over two decades ago (1995) Vietnamese GDP per capita was only 581 (2010 US$), but she was “willing to join” in the preferential agreements by signing the first free trade agreement with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries. This is the milestone in Vietnamese integration process. After 20 years (2015), Vietnamese GDP per capita was 1651 (2010 US$), and the opening index was 170%. Especially, she has had the eight free trade agreements in force (by 2015), including six free trade agreements along with ASEAN and two bilateral trade agreements. “Jumping on the battle” Vietnam hopes to accelerate her trade and economic growth. This dissertation also provides some evaluations on the trade effects of free trade agreements which Vietnam signed along with ASEAN and also by herself. Before detailing three matters above, the dissertation provides some contents relating to preferential trade agreements that are analyzed in the literature review.
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Da, Silva Patricia Monteiro Higino. "On international trade, economic integration and economic growth." Diss., 2000. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/45502352.html.
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Robertson, Raymond Eugene. "Labor market consequences of international economic integration." 1997. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/40388331.html.
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Maturure, Primus. "Trade liberalisation and economic growth in Zimbabwe." Diss., 2019. http://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/25667.
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Liberalisation of trade is deepening, and so have the incentive schemes put in place by a number of countries to promote it. International trade promotion agencies in developing countries are actively promoting their countries as the best, with which to trade. With international trade emerging as a favourite source of revenue and technology transfer for most countries, profound questions about the impact of trade liberalisation to economic growth are addressed in this study. The main purpose of this study is to empirically assess the relationship between trade liberalisation and economic growth in Zimbabwe using annual time series data from 1980 to 2017. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration and Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) are applied in order to investigate the long run and short run impact of trade liberalisation on economic growth. The results proved the existence of a positive long-run relationship between trade liberalisation and economic growth. The study therefore concludes that policy makers and government negotiators in Zimbabwe should introduce policies that promote openness through the removal of barriers to trade and export promotion in order to promote overall growth of the economy.Economics
M. Com (Economics)