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1
Okhomina, Grace Esohe. "The quest for a multilateral agreement on investment (MAI)." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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The aim of this examination was to identify those evolving trends that are common to multilateral agreements some of which have been entered into by African developing countries, bearing in mind the debates and position of African developing countries. The study also aimed at examining the effects of these regulations on African countries especially with key provisions and the kinds of rights and obligations they confer on investors as well as the host country. As there is a need to create a balance between the interest of the host nation and the investor, the study also aimed at identifying if those evolving common trends can be used to establish a guideline for a standard bilateral investment treaty or on the other hand whether they can be used as a template for a multilateral agreement on investment.
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Marinov, Marin kandidat na i︠u︡ridicheskite nauki. "Foreign direct investment in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and Hungary : a comparative study of the current legislation." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26212.
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The author's goal is to illuminate the current business legislation in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) through a comparison of three countries from the region, namely, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary.<br>The present study is divided into four parts. The first part states the thesis itself, the goals, and the structure of the discussion.<br>The second part provides the basic premises of the analysis, with emphasis on the current data on foreign investment in the three countries.<br>The third part presents the core of the comparative study and deals with the following issues: basic foreign investment laws, including corporate laws, property rights of foreign persons, currency regimes. Among other important aspects, attention is paid to the following subjects: general treatment of FDI, foreign investment in corporate capital, branches of transnational corporations, forms of FDI, special procedures for banking and insurance, closed sectors for FDI, financing of investment, incentives of FDI, domestic and international guarantees for FDI etc. The set of criteria used to assess the compared legislation focuses primarily on the essential features of that legislation. This narrow approach is expedient in terms of the huge area that relates to foreign investment.<br>The final part uses the findings of the comparative study of the relevant legislation in order to determine the reasons for the lagging interest of foreign investors in Bulgaria. These reasons are found not to be due to any deep-seated differences in the pertinent legislation, but rather to some other factors, such as historical, socio-cultural, and geopolitical.<br>The law in the present work is stated as of 1 January 1994. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Shiravi-Khozani, Abdolhossein. "The legal aspect of international countertrade, with reference to the Australian Legal System." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs5577.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 462-479. "... to provide a basis for understanding countertrade practices. In particular, however, it aims to provide assistance to trading parties to identify the problems associated with various forms of countertrade and to give them guidance in drafting countertrade contracts in the light of Australian law.".
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Gaarder, Christopher. "California's Foreign Relations." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1147.
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Globalization has significantly increased the number of stakeholders in transnational issues in recent decades. The typical list of the new players in global affairs often includes non-state actors like non-governmental organizations, multinational corporations, and international organizations. Sub-national governments, however, have been given relatively little attention even though they, too, have a significant interest and ability to shape the increasing flow of capital, goods, services, people, and ideas that has so profoundly influenced the global political economy in recent decades. California, arguably the most significant among sub-national governments – its economy would be seventh or eighth in the world at $2.2 trillion annually, it engages in over $570 billion in merchandise trade, and has a population of nearly 40 million, out of which over 10 million are immigrants – is also one of the most active in transnational issues. The state government has opened and closed dozens trade offices abroad since the 1960s. It set up a multi-billion dollar carbon cap-and-trade system jointly with the Canadian provinces of Québec and Ontario under Assembly Bill 32, one of the most significant pieces of climate change legislation to date. California’s educational, technological, and media hubs – its public and private universities, Silicon Valley, and Hollywood – draw some of the best and brightest from around the world. California also has a long history of involvement in transnational issues. State efforts to undermine growing Chinese then Japanese “menace” immigrant populations from the mid-19th through the mid-20th centuries influenced United States foreign policy.
This thesis first takes a look at the federalism and international relations issues faced by California as it plays a greater role in transnational issues. Then, it examines the main actors and institutions, and the issues at play. The states have some leeway under the Constitution and contemporary political order to use their domestic powers to influence global issues, whether through climate legislation, public pension divestment, or non-binding “Memoranda of Understanding” with foreign governments. Such behavior, while less significant than national policy, can fill gaps in national policy, promote policy change, and deepen global ties, promoting a more complex interdependence among nations. California can also exert a moral, soft power influence in leading by example. The structures promoting California’s growing role in transnational issues are poorly organized. If the Golden State is to better leverage its political, economic, and moral authority internationally, it would do well to more explicitly develop a unified vision for its role in the world.
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RAVALLI, Rebecca. "Externalities of production in GVCs : an EU consumer perspective." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/73849.
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Defence date: 21 December 2021<br>Examining Board:
Professor Hans – W. Micklitz, European University Institute (Supervisor),
Professor Martijn W. Hesselink, European University Institute,
Professor Anna Beckers, Maastricht University,
Professor Fernanda Nicola, Washington College of Law.<br>This doctoral dissertation examines the EU consumer perspective on externalities of production in global value chains (GVCs). Whether as part of the discourse on development or global economic governance, externalities of production are a long-standing issue that has been problematised not only by lawyers but also by economists, anthropologists, sociologists and social scientists at large. In the legal field, the analysis has struggled to contextualise consumer law and policy together with the peculiarities of GVCs as a distinct model of business organisation characterised by contractualisation of processes of production. The thesis argues that contractualisation of production establishes a relationship between consumers and processes of production, also in relation to externalities. Such a relation is not mirrored either by the voluntary self-regulation through which enterprises regulate externalities nor by EU consumer law. The present dissertation addresses this matter and argues that EU consumer law limits the involvement of consumers in the process of self-regulation that leading enterprises of GVCs undertake to prevent and/or remedy externalities of production and that results into a unilateral exercise of epistemic authority. The exercise of epistemic authority is favoured by a ‘communication paradigm’ framing EU consumer law, according to which consumer claims’ on sustainability and externalities of production depend on the content of the communication consumers receive prior or via the contract. This paradigm prevents consumers involvement, in all phases of the contractual relationship, in the definition of a legal episteme of sustainability in line with the core constitutional principles and values as enshrined in the EU Treaties and constitutional charters of member states. The final part of the thesis suggests that the limits deriving by the communication paradigm can be overcome by the CJEU that, by relying on the principle of effectiveness can integrate the communication paradigm with a consumer perspective on externalities of production in the post-contractual phase.
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Bester, Juan. "The political economy of the intellectual property rights regime : Aids and the generic medicine debate in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53144.
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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is a descriptive and interpretive study into the political economy of intellectual
property rights, the conceptual and practical implications for the phenomenon of global
governance, and how developing countries experience problems with the implementation
of national policies that infringe on international intellectual property rights. The specific
area of interest is the generic medicine debate that ensued in South Africa after the
alleged violation of patent rights of anti-HIV/Aids drugs by the Department of Health.
The research question that is addressed is to what extent has the existing international
intellectual property rights regime been influenced and/or undermined by South Africa's
intended application of WTO regulations in terms of compulsory licensing and parallel
imports of "essential" medicines. In doing so, the paper examines the roles of the
important states, international organisations, institutions, and private sector firms within
the sphere ofthe political economy of intellectual property and how they impede upon or
improve the functioning of the intellectual property rights regime.
The methodology entails analytical inquiries into documentary evidence on the nature of
the international intellectual property rights regime. Areas that are examined are the
agendas of the important actors, namely states and their respective departments;
individuals and firms; and international organisations. The concept of intellectual
property is examined to determine its dynamic role within the generic medicine debate.
The thesis concludes that the agendas of pharmaceutical firms and states are exploiting
current political stalemates in the negotiations for a fair intellectual property rights
regime. National health agencies, and specifically the South African Department of
Health, are under enormous pressure to provide affordable health services. Specifically,
the US Government and US pharmaceutical firms are dominating discussions on the
architecture of the international intellectual property law regime. By using an analysis
incorporating systemic, domestic interest, institutional, and ideational perspectives, it is
argued that South Africa's drive for a more distributive intellectual property rights regime
has placed the issue of health, Aids and generic medicine firmly within the sphere of the
political economy of trade agreements.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is 'n deskriptiewe en 'n interpretiewe studie oor die politieke ekonomie van
intellektuele eiendomsregte, die konseptuele en praktiese implikasies vir die verskynsel
van globale regering, en hoe ontwikkelende lande probleme ervaar met die
implimentering van nasionale beleid wat internasionale intellektuele eiendomsregte
aantas. Die spesifieke area van belang is die generiese medisyne debat wat onstaan het na
die beweerde skending van patentregte van anti-HIVNigs medisyne deur die
Departement van Gesondheid.
Die navorsingsvraag wat beantwoord word behels die omvang van die impak van Suid-
Afrika se voorgenome toepassing van WTO bepalinge, met betrekking tot die verpligte
lisensiering en parallelle invoer van "essensiele" medisyne, op die bestaande
internasionale intellektuele eiedomsreg regime. Hierdie tesis ondersoek vervolgens die
rol van state, internasionale organisasies, instellings, en privaat sector firmas binne die
sfeer van die politieke ekonomie van intellektuele eiendom en hoe hulle afsonderlik die
funksionaliteit van die intellektuele eiendomsregte regime beïnvloed.
Die metodologie behels 'n analitiese ondersoek van die literatuur oor die aard van
internasionale intellektuele eiendomsreg regimes. Areas wat ondersoek word, is die
agendas van belangrike akteurs, naamlik die staat en sy onderskeie departemente;
individue en firmas; asook internasionale organisasies en instellings. Die konsep van
intellektuele eiendom word ondersoek om die dinamiese uitwerking daarvan op die
generiese medisyne debat te verstaan.
Hierdie tesis voer aan dat die agendas van firmas, spesifiek farmaseutiese firmas en state
die huidige politieke dooiepunt in die onderhandeling rondom 'n regverdige intellektuele
iendomsregte-regime, uitbuit. Nasionale instellings, soos die Suid-Afrikaanse
Departement van Gesondheid, is onder groot druk om bekostigbare gesondheidsdienste te
lewer. Die VSA en farmaseutiese firmas domineer onderhandelinge vir 'n nuwe struktuur
vir die internasionale eiendomsregte-regime. Deur gebruik te maak van 'n analitiese
raamwerk wat sistemiese, interne belange, institusionele, en ideologies perspektiewe
inkorporeer, word daar geargumenteer dat Suid-Afrika se pogings om 'n meer
distributiewe intellektuele eiendomsregte regime te verseker, die probleem van gesondheid, Vigs, en generiese medisyne binnne die sfeer van die politieke ekonomie van
handelsooreenkomste, plaas.
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Le, Guen Delphine. "Merger control in the European Economic Community." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56895.
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The present thesis analyzes merger control in the European Economic Community, a topical domain on the eve of the completion of the internal market. After a definition according to three approaches (traditional, geographical, quantitative), the provisions of the Rome Treaty on competition law (articles 85 and 86) are elaborated upon, to underline the reinforcement of the Commission's control powers since the entry into force of Council Regulation N$ sp circ$4064/89, in September 1990. The air transport industry has been chosen to illustrate the concept of a priori control of concentrations and its modalities of application in different economic policies.<br>Jurisprudence and various regulations have promoted the application of EEC competition law to the air transport industry, and have contributed recently to the emergence of a common policy in this field. The Aerospatiale/de Havilland decision constitutes the first dismissal of a concentration notification, since the entry into force of the new provisions. It confirms the wide scope of the Commission's powers in the control of competition.
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Bowman, Megan. "Our tangled web : international relations theory, international environmental law, and global biodiversity protection in a post-modern epoch of interdependence." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78204.
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The global crisis of biodiversity depletion sets the stage for a necessary re-definition of State self-interest in the international milieu. That re-definition is effected by a changing perception of 'self'; one that occurs through the mental lens of interdependence and long-term vision. This thesis attempts to challenge conventional precepts and present a submission for change by drawing upon constructivist thought, which asserts that current perceptions are socially constructed and rooted in "collective intentionality", such that what has been human-made can be altered by the same processes through which it came into existence. In so doing, the author employs the notions of international ethics as a shared belief and international law as an ideational instrument to facilitate that change in favor of international cooperation toward the necessary amelioration of global biodiversity diminution in order to assure our future.
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Shen, Hong 1967. "Economic integration in APEC and the role of China." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29941.
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The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a regional economic forum composed of 21 member economies of diverse cultural heritage and varying levels of economic development. By deliberately avoiding to become a formalized free trade arrangement like the EU or the NAFTA, APEC has committed to the principle of "open regionalism", meaning that liberalization achievements are not preferential to APEC members only. APEC has evolved rapidly since its formation in 1989. Begun as an informal dialogue group, APEC has expanded to become the primary vehicle for promoting open trade and economic cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region.<br>APEC is also one of the few multilateral economic organizations that actively embraces China as a committed partner in the global trade and investment dialogue. Economic reform and open door policies implemented over the last two decades have transformed China from a closed economy into a major trading power. China, which for more than a decade has unsuccessfully sought to join the GATT/WTO, finds APEC to be of immense symbolic and practical value. As a major member of APEC, China has made constructive role in the APEC process. With its dynamic economic growth and continuing economic reforms, China is poised to play an even greater role in APEC in the near future.
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D'Hollander, Juliette. "Economic sanctions as a means to enforce human rights." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23437.
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The United Nations Security Council has recently imposed economic sanctions against several states with the aim to protect human rights. Before the Second World War economic sanctions had been imposed under the Covenant of the League of Nations. It was, however, only with the creation of the United Nations and the evolution of international human rights law that economic sanctions have been imposed explicitly in the name of human rights. While the Security Council has ordered economic sanctions against Iraq, Haiti and the former Yugoslavia for their human rights violations, the thesis explores the reasons why the Council has not taken similar measures against other countries with comparable human rights records and concludes that, there exists a double standard. Another important issue examined concerns the collateral consequences of economic sanctions. More often than not, it is the civilian population that ends up enduring the harsh conditions that result from the sanctions. The thesis suggests that the economic sanctions imposed for human rights purposes may in fact result in the infringement of the basic human rights of the very population that they are intended to protect.
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Marong, Alhagi. "Economic integration and foreign direct investment in West Africa." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20540.
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Economic integration and foreign direct investment were adopted by developing countries particularly in Africa, as strategies for economic development. For these countries, economic integration became not only a tariff issue, but a strategy for development; hence the term "developmental regionalism". This thesis is a study of the concept of developmental regionalism in West Africa. It concentrates on the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), which was formed in 1975.<br>It is argued that as a strategy for development, the ECOWAS integration effort was inadequate because of undue reliance on tariff reductions--- so called "negative integration" measures. It is suggested that to facilitate a more cohesive integration program, countries in the region ought to adopt positive integration measures in the form of common policies on money and payments, industrialization and most significantly, a common policy on investments.<br>With respect to investment regulation, it is my argument that because liberalization of investment laws at the national level failed to attract the desired flow of foreign investment to the region, ECOWAS Member States ought to harmonize their regulatory framework with a view to ultimately adopting a single legal regime for international investment.<br>As a framework for analysis, I adopt the criteria of economic efficiency. This is a cost/benefit analysis of the transformations that occur as the result of contractual transactions. Where the costs to the parties exceed or are likely to exceed the benefits of the transaction, it is said to be inefficient. Using these criteria, I argue that in order to inject a level of fairness in investor/host state relations, and to avoid the costs of FDI to host societies exceeding the gains therefrom, international law ought to make binding prescriptions to govern corporate conduct. Based on this reasoning, I suggest a framework for improving the investment climate in West Africa.
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Jones, Sharon L. "The economic trend in immigration policy: a comparative analysis of the entrepreneur/investor program in Canada, United States and Australia." Related Electronic Resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Bourbonnière, Michel. "Commercialisation of remote sensing U.S. and International law : towards a liberalization of economic regulations." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27444.
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This thesis analyses the International and American laws and regulations structuring the commercialization of space based remote sensing images.<br>Chapter one outlines the historical evolution influencing the present regulatory structure. Chapter two describes the technology of space based remote sensing systems. Chapter three analyses the international treaties and institutions along with their application to commercial remote sensing by satellites. Chapter four analyses the American legislative evolution and regulatory structure pertaining to commercial remote sensing.<br>The argument of the thesis is that a contextual evolution of the global geopolitical climate is forcing a regulatory retooling for commercial space endeavors. The contextual evolution has created new paradigms based upon international economic market values. The initial international treaties and institutions must evolve to reflect these criteria.
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Cordonier, Segger Marie-Claire. "Sustainable development in international trade law : integrating economic and social development and environmental protection in emerging trade regimes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669870.
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Wessling, William T. "Institutional quality, economic development, and natural resource abundance| Towards and interactive model of development." Thesis, Webster University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1525314.
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<p> The study of institutions (i.e., "the rules of the game" in a society) has grown from a small fringe subject in the late 1980s to a massive pillar in the current study of International Political Economy. Two thing has become clear during the course of this growth and the involved research it entails: (1) institutional Quality (especially quality of governance and rule of law) has a determinant effect on the GDP development of a given countries economy and (2) institutional quality has a determinant effect on whether a country is either "cursed" or "blessed" with natural resource abundance (i.e., whether they are growth "winners" or "losers" in terms of GDP development. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the presence of abundant natural resources amplifies this determinant effect when controlled for nonresource abundant states, and if so to what extent. The study ultimately finds amplification of the effect of institutional quality on GDP per capita when controlling for natural resource abundance, ultimately suggesting that resource abundance can be either a "blessing" or a "curse" depending on preexisting institutional quality. Secondary findings indicate the existence of a "slippage" effect in institutional quality once natural resources are introduced to a given state's economy.</p>
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Mkiwa, Halfan. "The anticipated impact of GATS on the financial service industry in Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6956_1219304028.
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<p>This study was on the anticipated impact of GATS on the financial services industry in Africa. The paper examined the possible positive and negative impact of the GATS agreement on the financial services industry in the African countries. The research focused on the banking sector and the insurance sector as the main financial sectors under investigation.</p>
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Hulsewé, D. (Daphne). "Moving out to sea : international legal implications of building an offshore airport outside territorial waters." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30306.
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This thesis deals with the plan of the Dutch government to build an offshore airport outside its territorial waters. Because the airport will be outside territorial waters several problems may arise. Under the Law of the Sea the question is whether such an airport can lawfully be built and what the different conditions are under which it is possible. The Convention on International Civil Aviation is older then the new Law of the Sea Convention and therefore not up to date with the new zones in the sea that have emerged. Air law therefore needs to be interpreted in the light of those new developments.<br>The first chapter deals with the reasons behind the plan to build such an airport. Thereafter, subsequent chapters discuss the law of the sea, air law, European law and the law of other organizations, which will have an influence on an offshore airport outside the territorial sea. The final chapter deals with plans and examples of other uses of artificial islands, including offshore airports.
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Zhu, Lin. "Law, politics and finance." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2580077.
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Muriu, Daniel Wanjau. "Recognition, redistribution and resistance : the legislation of the right to health and its potential and limits in Africa /." Connect to thesis, 2009. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/7064.
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Kikugawa, Tomofumi. "A theoretical analysis of the Law of the Sea negotiation in the context of international relations and negotiation theory." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/1521.
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The Law of the Sea negotiation, which was instigated as a response to increased human activities at sea, was an international law making process. The negotiation has been described as the longest, most techncally complex, continuous negotiation attempted in modem times. It was attended by almost all states in the world and contained a series of complex and overlapping issues. It was a remarkably successful process in that it concluded with an agreement, which protagonists with different interests and objectives succeeded in producing after 27 years. This thesis analyses international relations and negotiation theories that relate to the Law of the Sea negotiation, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each body of theory. The work goes on to examine the most importnt aspets of the Law of the Sea negotiation, including why the negotiation started, the core issues and principal actors of the negotiation, the process up until 1980 when the draft Treaty was devised, the American rejection of the Treaty and the process which led to the final agreement of 1994. The work then looks at these individual aspects of the negotiation in the context of the examination of international relations theory and negotiation theory that relates to the Law of the Sea. The thesis concludes by proposing a model that explains the Law of the Sea negotiation. The model questions existing theory on the meaning of the state and states' status in international society.
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Roberts, Anthea Elizabeth. "Is International Law International?" Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/124611.
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International lawyers are familiar with the question:
“Is international law law?” But this thesis instead asks the
question: “Is international law international?” Using a
variety of methods, this work sheds light on some of the ways in
which international law as a transnational legal field is
constructed by international law academics, and is conceptualized
in international law textbooks, in the five permanent members of
the Security Council: the People’s Republic of China, the
French Republic, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of
America. It explores how different national communities of
international lawyers construct and pass on their understandings
of “international law” in ways that belie the field’s claim
to universality, perpetuating certain forms of difference and
dominance. By adopting a comparative approach, it aims to make
international lawyers more aware of the frames that shape their
own understandings of and approaches to the field, as well as how
these might be similar to or different from the frames adopted by
those coming from other states, regions or geopolitical
groupings. It also examines how some of these patterns might be
disrupted as a result of shifts in geopolitical power, such as
the movement from unipolar power toward greater multipolarity and
the growing confrontations between Western liberal democratic
states (like the United States, the United Kingdom, and France)
and non-Western authoritarian states (like China and Russia).
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Dach, Toni M. "The World Trade Organization's Dispute Settlement Body and international economic relations in the 21st century." Ohio : Ohio University, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1187704455.
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Jang, Yong Joon. "Three essays on the effects of trade liberalization on economic performance." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3378356.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Economics, 2009.<br>Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Jul 6, 2010). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-10, Section: A, page: 3955. Adviser: Michael Alexeev.
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Chirwa, Danwood Mzikenge. "Towards binding economic, social and cultural rights obligations of non-state actors in international and domestic law: a critical survey of emerging norms." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This study argued that the issue of non-state actors requires a comprehensive response that includes the recognition of both non-binding and binding human rights obligations of these actors. It examined critically the emerging norms on voluntary obligations, state responsibility, and direct responsibility of these actors with regard to human rights at both international and domestic levels.
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Bailin, Alison 1963. "The global company town: An alternative perspective of hegemony, the liberal economic order, and the core-periphery gap." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289156.
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This study introduces a new theory, called group hegemony, that explains how a group of wealthy countries maintains the liberal economic order, and how this order helps sustain the economic disparity between the core and the periphery in the post-WWII era. The theory of group hegemony advances three propositions. First, the Group of Seven (G-7) has replaced the US as the hegemon. The evidence indicates that a hegemon exists. The concentration of power within the core has remained relatively constant since the early 1960s. The US is not responsible for this concentration of power since its economic superiority has declined, whereas the power of the G-7 has remained constant. The G-7 accounts for about three-fourths of the core's power throughout the post-war era even though it constitutes less than one-third of the core's membership. In the early post-war period, the majority of the G-7's power was attributed to the US, but by the mid-1970s, power was more evenly distributed among the G-7 countries. The evidence indicates that the G-7 is the group hegemon. The second proposition contends that the group hegemon maintains the stability of the liberal economic order. The G-7 is the only group with enough power to provide liquidity, manage exchange rates, maintain large open markets, and supply foreign investment. The G-7 countries coordinate their policies when necessary to stabilize the liberal economic order. They collectively intervened in the 1970s and 1980s to stabilize exchange-markets. They coordinated their policies to offset the stock market crash in 1987. They also helped ease the debt crisis, finance the Gulf War, and aid Russia and other economies in transition. The third proposition holds that the rules governing the liberal order help sustain the gap between the core and the periphery. The rules are biased in favor of the core. These rules include preferential treatment for core members, tariff peaks on goods of particular export interest to developing countries, and tariff escalation. The liberal economic order benefits all, but some more than others.
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Smith, James Patrick. "Non-Economic Motivations for Joining Regional Trade Agreements." Thesis, Boston College, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/488.
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Thesis advisor: David Deese<br>The proliferation of regional trade agreements is a well-documented phenomena. This thesis focuses on the relatively unexplored area of non-economic motivations states may have for joining regional trade agreements. It uses the formation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the negotiation of the European Community's Single European Act as case studies<br>Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2004<br>Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Political Science<br>Discipline: College Honors Program
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Bellak, Christian, and Markus Leibrecht. "The effect of economic crises on the emergence of investor-state arbitration cases." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2019. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6922/1/wp284_corr.pdf.
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The number of investor-state arbitration disputes has been on the rise since the mid 1990s. Their determinants are still not fully understood. This study empirically examines the effects of economic crises on investor-state arbitration claims, based on international investment agreements (IIAs). We use a unique dataset containing 961 investor-state arbitration claims covering 132 host (defendant) and 75 home (claimant) countries over the 1986-2017 period. We find that episodes of economic crises are positively and significantly associated with the number of investor-state arbitration cases and we uncover evidence that the type of economic crisis matters. In addition, the positive impact of economic crises on arbitration cases is inversely related to the rule of law in a host country. These results are consistent with the view that governments are prioritizing policy actions aiming at mitigating the negative impact of economic crises over compliance with their obligations in IIAs. From a policy perspective, our results suggest that besides strengthening the rule of law domestically, the IIA system should be reformed with a focus on avoiding a vicious circle, thus shortening the recovery period after economic crises.<br>Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Mohlin, Anna. "Relations of Power and Democratic Accountability in Investor-State Arbitration." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-180894.
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International investment agreements largely cover today’s transnational investments. These agreements confer certain substantive rights to foreign investors while simultaneously obliging host-states to act in a given manner so as to not interfere with the investments. Most international investment agreements further contain an arbitration clause which provides the investor with the means to enforce the substantive rights of the agreement by directly bringing a claim against the host-state before an arbitral tribunal. Consequently, privately contracted arbitrators have the authority to scrutinize and overrule essentially any sovereign act of the host-state that may affect the investment – judicial and legislative acts included. This practice affects not only the parties of the dispute; when the arbitral award claims superiority to the state’s electoral choices, it further constrains the exercise of sovereignty by the population of the host-state. As a result, the arbitrators who manage the disputes and the investors who initiate them have become central power-holders in the context of both international and domestic law. Meanwhile, the arbitrators and investors alike seem to be unaccountable to the states and individuals who are adversely affected by their power assertions. A commonly accepted feature of democracy is that those who govern and wield power should be accountable to those who are governed and subjected to this power. This thesis relates this notion to a Foucauldian understanding of power, domination and resistance. The primary aim of the thesis is to examine the interplay between the prominent subjects involved in investor-state arbitration and to what degree these subjects hold power in the form of transformative capacity. After this investigation into the relations of power, the thesis scrutinizes the subjugated subjects’ ability to exercise effective resistance through institutionalized accountability mechanisms. The thesis detects an accountability deficit in the regime and concludes that foreign investors and arbitrators hold a dominant position within the context of investor-state arbitration, while states and individuals find themselves in a state of domination. The international investment regime, as it currently stands, is thus found to suffer from a democracy deficit, while it concurrently seems to undermine domestic democratic institutions.
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Doucet, Marc G. "Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and the parallel 'people's summits': Theorizing the political and democracy in international theory." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ57036.pdf.
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Shanker, Daya. "Fault lines in the World Trade Organization an analysis of the TRIPS Agreement and developing countries /." Access electronically, 2004. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20060724.115002/index.html.
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Deleau, Delphine. "The European court of justice 'open skies' judgments of 5 November 2002 : a Euopean contribution to the multilateral framework for International Aviation relations." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80914.
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The 'Open Skies' policy launched by the United States in 1992 gave birth to new bilateral agreements between them and most Member States of the European Union, as the latter were adopting a single aviation market. Nevertheless, the nationality clause the agreements included conflicted with the Community principle of freedom of establishment.<br>On November 5, 2002, the European Court of Justice therefore ruled there was indeed violation. However, the true question raised by the agreements focused less on such violation, which was anterior to those agreements, than on their fragmentation and the inequality they created in the Europe/United States aviation relations.<br>Indeed, the issue to be stressed in the judgments is linked to the building of the external competence of the Union with regards to aviation. While the Court refused to grant total competence to the Community, it made that of the Member States impracticable, leading to a global mandate for the Commission.<br>Although the orientations of the agreements to be concluded are foreseeable, the role the European Union will play in a potential multilateral negotiation remains to be defined.
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Alsudairy, Waleed Bin Nayef. "Regime types and development performance: An empirical study of the effect of military controlled regimes on economic development." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284297.
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The basic idea of this study is to examine the effect of the degree of military control on economic development. It adopts a broad definition of military control (that considers direct and total military rule, as well as indirect and partial levels of military control), and focuses on the influence over the long run. The study articulates eleven interrelated hypotheses in the subject, and tests them utilizing two complementary methodological strategies: A cross-national analysis that applies OLS multiple regression technique on a sample of 138 countries for the period from 1961 to 1990; and a comparative case study of the four North African countries (of Algeria, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia). The findings clearly support the main argument of the study that military control inherent certain characteristics that impedes economic growth (i.e., GDP per capita) over the long run . The negative influence of military control on domestic investment, protection of property rights, and (to a lesser extent) domestic conflict constitute major observable mechanisms for its adverse effect on economic growth. Also, the cross-national findings suggest that military control has no significant influence on social development. However, in some individual cases, like in Algeria and Libya, military control promoted initial social development but failed in building viable political institutions. The evidence of the study suggests that future political inquiry in the subject should do the following: Reconsider the effect of the degree of military control on economic growth, improve the military control measure, and focus on its influence on the financial and economic aspects.
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Narayan, Basak Sachindra. "The International Court of Justice and the new-born states." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212987.
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Moulin, Thibault. "Le cyber-espionnage en Droit international." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. https://thares.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/2018GREAD010.pdf.
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Les Etats s’espionnent depuis des siècles, soulevant des tensions. Toutefois, une régulation expresse ne peut être trouvée que dans le droit des conflits armés. Alors que les espions peuvent être capturés et punis, il est paradoxalement admis que leur envoi en temps de guerre n’est pas contraire au droit international. En revanche, aucune règle expresse ne vient réglementer l’espionnage en temps de paix. Une appréhension indirecte n’existe que par le biais de la souveraineté territoriale. En effet, en l’absence de son consentement, l’envoi d’un agent sur le sol d’un territoire étranger est illégal. Cela fait écho à la position ambivalente des Etats sur la scène internationale, qui ont toujours envoyé des espions en territoire étranger. Quand ces agents sont capturés, l’Etat peut les punir conformément à sa législation pénale, protester ou les échanger. Toutefois, l’applicabilité de ce cadre juridique est remise en question par l’émergence du cyber-espionnage, dans la mesure où la présence physique d’un agent n’est plus requise. Le fil d’Ariane de cette thèse est donc de savoir si la dématérialisation et la déterritorialisation de l’espionnage prévient l’application des règles de droit international au cyber-espionnage.La doctrine a tenté de faire face à ce manque de régulation expresse et ces changements. Les auteurs ont habituellement proposé d’appliquer les traités existants, d’examiner la légalité du cyber-espionnage à la lumière des règles de souveraineté et de non-intervention, ou essaient d’identifier de nouvelles règles coutumières. Toutefois, cette thèse perçoit de nombreux problèmes dans cette démarche. En effet, seules de rares références sont faites aux règles d’interprétation contenues dans la Convention de Vienne sur le Droit des Traités, les conclusions de la Commission de Droit International (CDI) sur l’identification du droit international coutumier, ainsi qu’à la pratique étatique. De plus, de nombreuses analogies reposent sur la supposition erronée que le territoire et le cyberespace sont similaires.Huit instruments sont analysés dans cette thèse. Afin de déterminer ce qu’ils ont à dire au sujet du cyber-espionnage, cette recherche propose de recourir aux règles officielles d’interprétation contenue dans la Convention de Vienne, les conclusions de la CDI, et d’incorporer le montant maximum de pratique étatique. Cette thèse conclut finalement que le cyber-espionnage ne viole pas les règles de souveraineté, de non-intervention, la Charte des Nations Unies, l’Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce et la Constitution de l’Union Internationale des Télécommunications. Elle révèle également que la plupart des règles applicables en temps de guerre sont inapplicables, et que ni l’espionnage ni le cyber-espionnage ne sont interdits par le droit international coutumier. Seule la surveillance des archives et documents digitaux, ainsi que la correspondance électronique et vocale violent la Convention de Vienne sur les Relations Diplomatiques<br>States have spied on each other for centuries, raising tensions. Yet, express regulation may only be found in the law of war. While spies may be caught and punished, it is paradoxically admitted that sending them does not breach international law. As to peacetime espionage, no similar convention exists, and it has never been expressly prohibited or authorized. An indirect regulation may nevertheless be found in the rule of territorial sovereignty, as–lacking its consent–sending an agent on the soil of another state would be illegal. This echoes states’ ambivalent position on the international stage. They have indeed always sent spies to foreign territories. When those agents were caught, the targeted states punished them in accordance with their domestic law, protested or exchanged them. However, the applicability of this framework is challenged by the emergence of cyber-espionage, as a physical intrusion by an agent is not required anymore. Thus, this thesis’ leading question is whether the dematerialization and de-territorialisation of spying prevents the application of international rules to cyber-espionage.Facing this lack of express regulation and changes, doctrine has tried to fill this loophole. Authors usually propose to apply existing treaties, examine the legality of cyber-spying in the light of sovereignty and non-intervention, or try to identify new customary rules. However, this thesis finds numerous problems in these approaches, as only sparse reference to the rules of treaty interpretation contained in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), the draft conclusions of the International Law Commission (ILC) on the ‘Identification of customary international law’, and even state practice may be found. Then, many analogies rely on the false assumption that cyberspace and land are similar.Eight instruments are under review in this thesis. To determine what they have to say about cyber-spying, this research proposes to resort to the VCLT rules of interpretation, the ILC draft conclusions, and to systematically incorporate the maximal amount of state practice. This thesis finally concludes that cyber-espionage does not breach the rules of sovereignty, non-intervention, the Charter of the United Nations, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights and the Constitution of the International Telecommunication Union. It also finds that most of wartime rules are inapplicable, while cyber-spying is neither authorized, nor forbidden by customary international law. The sole surveillance of electronic archives, documents and correspondence goes against the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
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Parsons, L. S. "An evaluation of the Canadian 200-mile fisheries zone : benefits,problems and constraints." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=70265.
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This thesis evaluates the impact of the Canadian 200-mile fisheries zone from biological, economic and social perspectives. The factors and events leading to the 200-mile zone are examined. The Canadian management regime post-extension is described. Canada derived significant benefits from the 200-mile zone including increased management authority over a vast area with major fish resources, the displacement of foreign fisheries, the development of Canadian fisheries in areas and for species not previously utilized by Canada, and the opportunity to rebuild overfished fish stocks. However, various problems and constraints have led to continued fisheries instability. These include: (1) Natural resource variability, (2) The common property nature of the resource and resultant overcapacity, (3) Fluctuations in market conditions, (4) Heavy dependence on the fisheries in isolated coastal communities, and (5) Recurrent conflict among competing users and conflicting objectives for fisheries management.<br>Despite Canada's abundant marine fishery resources, various combinations of these factors have contributed to a recurrent boom-and-bust pattern in many marine fisheries. Extended jurisdiction did not provide a panacea for the problems of the fisheries sector. Continued periodic fluctuations in Canada's marine fisheries and demands for government assistance can be expected unless viable alternative economic opportunities can be developed in the coastal regions.
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Holmes, Nigel. "The Impact of Economic Sanctions on the Right to Health: A comparative study between South African and Iraq." Thesis, Online Access, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/usrfiles/modules/etd/docs/etd_gen8Srv25Nme4_3448_1269390425.pdf.
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Beckfield, Jason. "The consequences of regional political and economic integration for inequality and the welfare state in Western Europe." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3183488.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Sociology, 2005.<br>Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-08, Section: A, page: 3111. Adviser: Arthur S. Alderson. Title from dissertation home page (viewed Oct. 5, 2006).
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Delechat, Aude Simonne Emilie. "Une concurrence fiscale loyale (un compte de fée?) /." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83950.
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Tax competition between tax sovereignties is a fact. We focus here on the international tax competition. Taxation is one of the tools of governance that States use to direct their policies. Tax authorities try to diminish the burden of their taxpayers to improve the national economic and social welfare. To aim this objective, Governments intensify the competitiveness of the domestic trade and/or attract foreign investments. Because every States share the same goal, Governments compete with each other on the tax field. This tax competition is qualified as beneficial on the one hand, and one the other hand---ever more often---the adjective used to qualify this competition would be "harmful". At first, this thesis exposes the situation of tax competition, presenting the opposing views and the concurring ones. Then, we look at the position of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development and the position of the European Union on this issue of tax competition. Historic summaries explain the point of view of these two organizations that are the leaders in the fight against the "harmful" tax competition. Finally, we give subjective ideas to re-think tax competition in a fair way.
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Maass, Sue-Mari. "Tenure security in urban rental housing." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5405.
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Thesis (LLD (Public Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.<br>Bibliography<br>ABSTRACT ENGLISH: The dissertation considers the tenure rights of urban residential tenants in the post-1994 constitutional dispensation. The 1996 Constitution mandates tenure reform in two instances. Firstly, section 25(6) (read with section 25(9)) mandates the legislature to enact legislation that would provide legally secure tenure rights for a person or community whose tenure of land is insecure as a result of past racially discriminatory laws or practices. This form of tenure reform is race-based. Secondly, section 26(3) mandates the courts to consider all relevant circumstances during eviction proceedings. In terms of this provision the court can refuse to grant the eviction order on the basis of the occupier's socio-economic weakness, which is a more general form of class-related tenure reform.
The Constitution also ensures the right to have access to adequate housing, while the legislature must introduce measures that would give effect to this right (sections 26(1) and 26(2)).
To determine whether the current landlord-tenant regime in South Africa is able to provide tenants with secure occupation rights and access to rental housing, it is compared to landlord-tenant regimes in pre-1994 South Africa, the United Kingdom, New York State and Germany. The landlord-tenant regimes are considered in light of changing socio-economic circumstances where the state had to assist households during housing shortages. The dissertation assesses the efficiency of landlord-tenant law, combined with regulatory measures that ensure substantive tenure rights and rent restrictions, as a form of tenure that could help alleviate housing shortages and initiate a new landlord-tenant regime for South Africa that would give effect to the Constitution.
The dissertation concludes that the current substantive tenure rights of urban residential tenants are largely based on the common law, which is associated with weak tenure security. The landlord-tenant laws, namely the Rental Housing Act 50 of 1999 and the Social Housing Act 16 of 2008, fail to provide urban residential tenants with substantive tenure rights. The legislature has failed to enact a law that gives effect to section 25(6) in the landlord-tenant framework. The legislature did enact the Prevention of Illegal Eviction from and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act 19 of 1998 (PIE) in order to give effect to section 26(3). Recently the courts interpreted PIE to provide marginalized tenants with substantive tenure protection during eviction proceedings. However, to give effect to section 25(6) legislation should grant residential tenants substantive tenure rights that are legally secure prior to eviction.
The legislature enacted the Rental Housing Act and the Social Housing Act to give effect to the right to housing (section 26 of the Constitution) in the landlord-tenant framework. These laws fail to promote access to rental housing as a form of tenure that could help alleviate housing shortages.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die proefskrif oorweeg die okkupasieregte van stedelike residensiële huurders in die post-1994 konstitusionele bedeling. Die 1996 Grondwet bepaal dat okkupasieregte in twee gevalle hervorm moet word. Eerstens gee artikel 25(6) (gelees met artikel 25(9)) opdrag aan die wetgewer om wetgewing te verorden wat okkupasieregte met verblyfsekerheid aan 'n person of gemeenskap sal verleen indien so 'n person of gemeenskap tans grond okkupeer met okkupasieregte wat onseker is as gevolg van vorige rasgebaseerde wetgewing. Hierdie tipe hervorming is rasgebaseer. Tweedens gee artikel 26(3) opdrag aan die howe om alle relevante faktore te oorweeg as deel van enige uitsettingsprosedure. In terme van hierdie bepaling is die howe gemagtig om 'n uitsettingsbevel te weier op die basis van die okkupeerder se sosio-ekonomiese kwesbaarheid. Hierdie tipe hervorming is 'n meer algemene klasgebaseerde hervorming.
Artikel 26(1) (gelees met artikel 26(2)) van die Grondwet bepaal dat elkeen die reg op toegang tot geskikte behuising het, terwyl die staat redelike wetgewende en ander maatreëls moet tref om hierdie reg te verwesenlik.
Ten einde te bepaal of die huidige huurbehuisingstelsel in Suid-Afrika voldoende is, met inagneming van die stelsel se vermoë om huurders te voorsien van okkupasieregte met verblyfsekerheid en van toegang tot huurbehuising, word dit vergelyk met die huurbehuisingstelsels in Suid Afrika voor 1994, die Verenigde Koninkryk, New York Staat en Duitsland. Hierdie huurbehuisingstelsels word bespreek met inagneming van veranderinge in die sosio-ekonomiese omstandighede waartydens die staat gedurende behuisingstekorte huishoudings moes ondersteun. Die doeltreffendheid van huurbehuising word beoordeel met verwysing na regulasies wat substantiewe okkupasieregte verseker en beperkings plaas op huurpryse om 'n vorm van verblyfreg daar te stel wat die behuisingstekort kan verminder ten einde 'n nuwe huurbehuisingstelsel vir Suid-Afrika te inisieër wat gevolg aan die Grondwet sal gee.
Die proefskrif lei tot die gevolgtrekking dat die huidige substantiewe okkupasieregte van stedelike residensiële huurders grotendeels op die gemenereg gebaseer is. Die gemenereg maak nie voorsiening vir sterk substantiewe okkupasieregte nie. Die huidige huurbehuisingswetgewing, naamlik die Wet op Huurbehuising 50 van 1999 en die Wet op Maatskaplike Behuising 16 van 2008, slaag nie daarin om substantiewe okkupasieregte vir stedelike residensiële huurders te voorsien nie. Die wetgewer het nie daarin geslaag om 'n wet te promulgeer wat in die huurbehuisingsraamwerk aan artikel 25(6) effek gee nie. Die wetgewer het wel die Wet op die Voorkoming van Onwettige Uitsetting en Onregmatige Besetting van Grond 19 van 1998 verorden om effek te gee aan artikel 26(3) van die Grondwet. Hierdie Wet is onlangs so deur die howe geïnterpreteer dat dit kwesbare huurders tydens uitsettingsprosedures met substantiewe okkupasieregte beskerm. Om aan artikel 25(6) te voldoen moet wetgewing egter substantiewe okkupasieregte met verblyfsekerheid aan residensiële huurders verskaf voordat hulle uitgesit word.
Die wetgewer het die Wet op Huurbehuising en die Wet op Maatskaplike Behuising verorden ten einde effek aan die reg op behuising (artikel 26 van die Grondwet) in die gebied van huurbehuising te gee. Geeneen van hierdie wette slaag daarin om toegang tot behuising, en veral huurbehuising as 'n vorm van okkupasie, te bevorder ten einde die behuisingtekort te verminder nie.
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Mutai, Henry Kibet. "The regulation of regional trade agreements : harnessing the energy of regionalism to power a new era in multilateral trade /." Connect to thesis, 2005. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/529.
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This thesis examines the regulation of regionalism by the WTO and the formation and operation of regional trade agreements by developing countries. In particular, this work focuses on regional integration in Eastern and Southern Africa. The aim of the thesis is to assess the effectiveness of the relevant legal regimes and determine ways in which they can be made more effective, both in terms of their impact on state conduct and in terms of their impact on the economic welfare of the states concerned. The thesis argues that, with regard to the WTO legal regime, the exemption from the application of Article XXIV, GATT 1994 given to developing countries by the Enabling Clause has contributed to the lack of effectiveness of the WTO regime. For developing countries, on the other hand, the Enabling Clause has deprived them of the legal discipline required to establish effective free trade areas and customs unions. This latter argument is examined through a case study of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). The thesis contends that for COMESA countries to engage in meaningful trade liberalisation, and to participate fully in the WTO, acceptance of greater legal discipline is critical. Such legal discipline can be obtained through compliance with Article XXIV.
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Melloni, Mattia. "The principle of non-discrimination and the GATT/WTO jurisprudence of "Like Products"." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211054.
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The analysis of non-discrimination under Article III of GATT has shown weakness or flaws throughout more than fifty years. The language used by GATT/WTO panels and the Appellate Body in interpreting the two prongs of non-discrimination in the national treatment clause, namely, likeness and protection, lagged behind economic reality. The critical legal analysis carried out in here reveals, to some extent, this while offering a clearer and sounder analysis to non-discrimination based more on market analysis and its economic indicators.<br>Doctorat en droit<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Castellarin, Emanuel. "La participation de l'Union européenne aux institutions économiques internationales." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010292.
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L’Union européenne est associée à l’activité de toutes les institutions qui encadrent l’économie internationale, qu’il s’agisse d’organisations internationales ou d’autres organismes multilatéraux. L’inclusion de l’Union dans ces communautés juridiques présente des avantages mutuels. L’Union, désireuse d’émerger comme acteur sur la scène internationale, peut promouvoir ses valeurs et ses intérêts. En même temps, intégrée aux espaces normatifs des institutions économiques internationales, elle contribue à la mise en œuvre de l’activité de celles-ci. Toutefois, cette intégration soulève aussi des difficultés. L’Union est soucieuse de préserver la maîtrise de sa propre organisation et une marge d’appréciation dans la régulation des phénomènes économiques. Les institutions économiques internationales, quant à elles, sont a priori peu habituées au fonctionnement de l’Union, notamment en ce qui concerne l’articulation de ses compétences avec celles de ses Etats membres. La participation de l’Union européenne aux institutions économiques internationales est un processus d’interaction institutionnelle permanente qui vise le dépassement de ces difficultés et l’adaptation réciproque. Projetant vers l’extérieur ses politiques publiques, qui constituent à leur tour la mise en œuvre de politiques des institutions économiques internationales, l’Union favorise la continuité des niveaux de la gouvernance économique mondiale. Ainsi, l’Union influence et est influencée par la libéralisation et la régulation multilatérales de tous les phénomènes économiques internationaux : le commerce, l’investissement, la finance et la coopération au développement<br>The European Union is involved in the activity of all institutions that shape and supervise the world economy, be they international organizations or other multilateral fora. The Union’s inclusion in these legal communities is mutually beneficial. On the one hand, the Union is eager to assert itself as an actor on the international scene and can promote its values and interests. On the other hand, the Union helps to implement norms produced by host institutions and to achieve their goals, as it is integrated in their legal order or network. However, this integration also gives rise to some problems. The Union tries to protect its own organization and margin of appreciation in regulating economic phenomena. Moreover, in principle host institutions are not accustomed to its functioning, especially as far as relations with member states are concerned. The European Union’s participation in international economic institutions is a process of continuous institutional interaction which aims at overcoming these problems through reciprocal adaptation. As the Union promotes its public policies within international economic institutions, which shape in turn the Union’s policies, this process boosts the coherence between levels of economic governance. Thus, the Union influences and is influenced by multilateral liberalization and regulation of all economic phenomena: trade, investment, finance, and development cooperation
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Thang, Nguyen Toan. "L'extension artificielle des côtes vers le large et ses conséquences en droit international." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210990.
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La thèse aborde une question originale et d'actualité: l'extension artificielle des côtes. Afin de mieux comprendre ce phénomène dans son actualité, la thèse attache une importance à la description de la pratique des États en fournissant les informations aussi précises, aussi actuelles et aussi concrètes que possible. C'est à partir de cette pratique que la thèse répond à la question de savoir comment les règles de droit répondent aux exigences de la pratique.<p><p>En ce qui concerne la pratique des États, la thèse explique, dans une première partie, que l'extension artificielle des côtes est destinée, tantôt, à protéger les côtes contre l'élévation du niveau de la mer, tantôt à gagner des terres pour diverses fins: habitat humain, agricoles, développement des ports et de leurs infrastructures pour les besoins des navires modernes et du commerce international. Mais parallèlement, cette extension entraîne des effets négatifs pour l'écosystème côtier (chapitre I). Des travaux de ce genre ont été menés, ou vont l'être, en Europe (Pays-Bas, Allemagne, Belgique, France, R.-U. etc), aux États-Unis, en Asie (Bahreïn, Malaisie, Hong Kong, Singapour, Japon), en Australie, et sur certains archipels du Pacifique (chapitre II).<p><p>La seconde partie de la thèse examine le droit applicable au phénomène d'extension artificielle des côtes. Sont ainsi passées en revue: les règles relatives à la navigation (chapitre III), les règles relatives aux lignes de base (chapitre IV), les règles relatives aux hauts-fonds découvrants (chapitre V), les règles relatives aux îles et aux rochers (chapitre VI) et enfin les règles relatives à la protection de l'environnement marin (chapitre VII).<p><br>Doctorat en droit<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Nelsen, Robert. "Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Immigration Policy: How 9/11 Transformed the Debate Over Illegal Immigration." Chapman University Digital Commons, 2019. https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/war_and_society_theses/4.
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Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Americans have been at war against some form of terrorism both at home and abroad. This includes abuses of federal immigration laws and policies that relate to legal and illegal immigration with Mexico. It is easily substantiated that thousands of Americans have died at the hands of illegal immigrants from Mexico through criminal activity in the United States or through illegal drug trafficking. This thesis considers whether the immigration policies of Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush were at fault for not properly securing the border prior to these attacks. Specifically, did the Bush administration effectively secure the border following 9/11? Furthermore, how does the substantial growth of illegal immigrants from 1995 to 2005 correlate to the failed policies passed during this era? This analysis shows that it should not have taken a catastrophic event like the terrorist attacks on 9/11 to realize the urgent need for stronger national security in the homeland. This work concludes with the argument that both administrations should have placed a greater priority on promoting stronger federal immigration laws and policies that would have resulted in better solutions to permanently secure America's southern border with Mexico.
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Klausner, Eduardo Antônio. "Para uma teoria do direito internacional do consumidor: a proteção do consumidor no livre comércio internacional." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2010. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2401.
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O consumidor é o agente vulnerável na relação de consumo internacional. O processo de globalização se apresenta, para o consumidor, como uma globalização do consumo. A globalização do consumo se caracteriza pelo comércio e fornecimento internacional de produtos e serviços por empresários/fornecedores transnacionais/globais, utilizando marcas de renome mundial, acessíveis a todos os consumidores do planeta, e agrava a vulnerabilidade do consumidor no mercado. A proteção jurídica do consumidor internacional é uma necessidade que os sistemas jurídicos nacionais não se mostram aptos a prover adequadamente, assim como o Direito Internacional também não. A presente tese demonstra a deficiência da Ciência do Direito na proteção do consumidor no contexto da globalização; demonstra como o próprio comércio internacional é prejudicado ao não priorizar de maneira absoluta e efetiva a proteção do consumidor na OMC, bem como ao mostrar-se apático diante dos diferentes níveis de proteção proporcionada aos consumidores em cada diferente sistema jurídico nacional; demonstra, também, como a proteção do consumidor de maneira uniforme e global por um direito comum aos Estados é possível e será capaz de tornar mais eficiente economicamente o processo de globalização do consumo, ao encorajar a participação mais intensa do consumidor no mercado internacional; e propõe a construção de um novo ramo do Direito dedicado ao problema, o Direito Internacional do Consumidor (DIC), por meio da elaboração de uma Teoria do Direito Internacional do Consumidor. O Direito Internacional do Consumidor pretende ser um direito comum e universal de proteção ao consumidor, fundado em métodos, conceitos, institutos, normas e princípios jurídicos universais. O DIC dialogará com outros ramos do Direito Público e Privado, especialmente o Direito Internacional Econômico, o Direito Internacional do Comércio, o Direito Internacional Privado, o Direito Processual Civil Internacional, e o Direito do Consumidor. Pretende-se com isto atender ao ideal de promover o livre comércio internacional com respeito aos Direitos Humanos.<br>The consumer is the weak party in the cross-border consumer relation. The globalization process presents itself for the consumer as a globalization of consumers relations. The globalization of consumers relations is defined by international commerce and supply of products and services by transnational/global entrepreneurs/ suppliers, using global renowned brands names, available for all consumers of the planet, aggravating the consumers vulnerability in the market. The juridical international consumers protection is a necessity that has not been properly dealt with neither by the national legal systems nor by International Law. The present thesis shows the deficiency of Juridical Science to consumers protection in a globalization context; it shows how international commerce suffers harms when it does not prioritize the consumers protection in WTO, and when it has no reaction against different consumers protections levels by the distinct national legislation; it also shows, how consumers protection by a global and uniform law for all States is possible and can be more economically efficient for the process of globalization of consumers relations, because it encourages a intensive consumer participation in the international market; and proposes to build a new branch of law dedicated to the problem, the International Consumer Law (ICL), by a Theory of International Consumer Law. The International Consumer Law intends to be a general and universal law about consumers protection, based on universal methods, concepts, institutes, rules and principles. The ICL is going to dialogue with others branches of law, specially with International Economic Law, Global Trade Law, Private International Law (Conflict of Laws), Transnational Litigation Law, Consumer Protection Law and Products Liability Law. The intention of this thesis is to deal with the ideal of promoting free international trade taking into account respect for humans rights.
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Chatzilaou, Konstantina. "L’action collective des travailleurs et les libertés économiques : essai sur une rencontre dans les ordres juridiques nationaux et supranationaux." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100155.
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L’action collective des travailleurs - qu’on désigne ordinairement en France par le terme de grève - fait l’objet d’un traitement juridique diversifié, aussi bien au niveau national que supranational. A la suite des arrêts Viking et Laval, rendus en 2007 par la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne, les régimes nationaux et supranationaux de l’action collective sont amenés à évoluer du fait de leur rencontre avec les libertés économiques, au premier rang desquelles figurent la liberté d’établissement et la libre prestation de services. L’étude de ces évolutions requiert la combinaison de deux perspectives. Dans une perspective historique et descriptive, il s’agit d’examiner ces régimes pour en saisir la construction. A cette fin, l’outil choisi est celui de la comparaison juridique, comparaison qui s’effectue à un double niveau : national (droit français et droit anglais) et supranational (droit de l’OIT et droit du Conseil de l’Europe). C’est dans une perspective plus dynamique que l’étude porte ensuite sur les interactions de ces régimes avec les libertés économiques<br>Collective action of workers - ordinarily designated by the term of “strike” or “grève” in France - is subject to a diverse legal understanding at national and supranational level. Following the Viking and Laval judgments, made in 2007 by the Court of Justice of the European Union, national and supranational regimes of collective action are likely to evolve as a result of their encounter with the economic freedoms, the first among which are freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services. The study of these changes requires a combination of two perspectives. In a historical and descriptive perspective, the aim is first to understand the structure of these regimes. To this end, the chosen tool is that of legal comparison, made at a double level, national (French law and English law) and supranational (ILO Law and Law of the Council of Europe). It is in a more dynamic perspective that the study then focuses on the interactions of these regimes with economic freedoms
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Badia-Bellinger, Jordan Jose. "Hosting the Olympics: A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Economic and Social Effects of the Olympic Games." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/509.
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This paper attempts to provide a cost-benefit analysis of the economic and social effects of hosting the Olympic Games. I provide an overview of the economic and social impacts of the Games and analyze their effects. I focus the economic effects of the Games on tourism, trade, corporate sponsorship and the sale of television rights. I also look at the social effects of the Games on infrastructure and employment. Finally I assess why the Olympics remain an appealing venture for cities, despite evidence that demonstrates how they produce more actual harm than good for the host city. In addition, I provide predictions for two alternative directions that the Olympics could take in the future: to either continue in the current trend of immense growth and commercialization, or alternatively, implement a new Olympic bidding process that establishes stricter criteria for candidate cities.
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Tabassum, Ummey Hanney. "Abandoned by Home and Burden of Host: Evaluating States' Economic Ability and Refugee Acceptance through Panel Data Analysis." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1547548163628041.
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Pradel, Nicolas. "La politique énergétique extérieure de l'Union Européenne et le droit." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1074.
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Depuis 2006, la politique énergétique extérieure de l’Union européenne a été significativement renforcée. Cette politique très ambitieuse vise à assurer la sécurité des approvisionnements énergétiques dans l’Union et à contribuer à une utilisation plus durable de l’énergie à l’échelle universelle. Si le dialogue politique et les aides économiques sont essentiels à ces égards, l’Union fait principalement appel au droit pour libéraliser les marchés énergétiques des États tiers se trouvant à sa périphérie et pour diffuser sa vision de l’utilisation durable de l’énergie sur la scène internationale. Pour quelles raisons l’Union a-t-elle essentiellement recours au droit dans le cadre de cette politique ? S’agit-il d’un instrument efficace ? C’est à ces deux grandes questions que cette étude est consacrée<br>Since 2006, the European Union’s external energy policy has been strengthening significantly. This ambitious EU policy is aimed at ensuring the security of energy supply in the EU and to contribute to more sustainable use of energy around the world. If political dialogue and economic aid are essential, the EU resorts principally to the law in order to liberalise energy markets of the third States in its periphery and to spread its vision of sustainable energy on the international stage. For which reasons does the EU use primarily the law in this policy? Is this instrument efficient? It is these two majors questions that this study addresses
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Dusepulchre, Gaëlle. "Politique européenne de coopération au développement et relations extérieures: des droits de l'homme à la bonne gouvernance, impact de l'interdépendance du droit et du politique sur le choix des instruments de régulation." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210587.
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L'étude a porté sur deux outils élaborés par l’Union européenne à l'appui de ses politiques d'allocation d'aide extérieure au bénéfice principalement d'Etats en développement et participant à sa stratégie de promotion du respect de droits de l’homme dans les Etats tiers. Il s'agit du mécanisme de conditionnalité démocratique d’une part, et de la doctrine fondée sur le concept de gouvernance d’autre part. L'une des principales critiques que la doctrine adresse à l’Union au sujet de sa politique de conditionalité est son incapacité à répondre à l’une des attentes fondamentales qui la sous-tend, à savoir :la naissance d’une politique d’aide extérieure détachée des considérations géopolitiques et visant à protéger et promouvoir efficacement les droits de l’homme. Dans la mesure où la doctrine en attribue en général la responsabilité à l’absence de clarté et de prévisibilité du mécanisme de la conditionnalité démocratique, cette critique eut dû conduire à l’élaboration d’un régime davantage juridicisé. Or, l'émergence de la doctrine fondée sur le concept de gouvernance révèle que l’Union n’a pas opté pour une telle solution. C’est alors que, divisant mon étude en deux parties, la première affectée à l’étude du mécanisme conditionnel et la seconde affectée à l’étude de la doctrine de gouvernance, je me suis interrogée sur les raisons pour lesquelles l’Union avait pu choisir de recourir d’abord à un appel au droit, et ensuite à une repolitisation partielle de son mécanisme. Prenant appui sur une étude des documents officiels des institutions européennes, de la pratique de l'Union et des théories des relations internationales, l'étude tend à révéler les atouts et les limites théoriques de chacune de ces stratégies déstinées à suciter des réformes particulières dans les Etats partenaires de l’Union.Il apparaîtra que l’appel au droit opéré dans le cadre du mécanisme de conditionnalité répondait à des besoins et à une logique spécifiques lors de son institution, mais que la forme juridicisée du mécanisme conditionnel tel qu’institué se heurtait à diverses limites. La doctrine fondée sur le concept de gouvernance, dans le même temps qu’elle acte ces limites et tend à les dépasser, amène à de nouveaux questionnements.<p><p>The study related to both EU tools, affecting its external aid policies and contributing to its human rights strategy :conditionality and governance. One of the main critic that the doctrine addresses to EU conditionality, is its incapacity to lead to an external aid free of geopolitical considerations and acting to protect and promote effectively the human rights. The doctrine explains this weakness by pointing out the mechanism of conditionality’s lack of clearness and previsibility. Despite this critic is pleading for a more legalized mechanism, the governance strategy reveals that the Union did not choose such a solution.Then, dividing the study into two parts, the first assigned to conditional mechanism and the second assigned to governance, I’m asking the reason why a less legalized mecanism succeeded to conditionality. Based on cooperation agreements, strategic orientations, EU practice and the international relations theories, the study tends to reveal the assets and limits of the two strategies. It appears that the legalization process of conditionality can be explained by specific needs but it encountered various limits. At the same times, while strategy based on Governance adresses some of them, this new tool reveals new questions.<p><p><br>Doctorat en droit<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished