Journal articles on the topic 'International Exhibition of Manufactures'

A brief information review of the 16th International Exhibition of Testing and Measuring Equipment «Testing & Control» and the 19th International Exhibition of Non-Destructive Testing Equipment «NDT Russia» which took place from October 22 – 24, 2019 at the Crocus Expo IEC in Moscow is presented. Russian and foreign manufacturers and suppliers demonstrated a wide range of equipment in the following areas: testing equipment, measuring and metrological equipment, equipment for production control, machine vision, equipment for non-destructive testing and technical diagnostics, equipment for laboratory control, diagnostic and monitoring systems. The All-Russian Scientific Conference “Measurements. Tests Control” was held simultaneously with the exhibitions. It was devoted to methods, tools, metrological support of research, testing and operation of products in various industries.

The world largest specialized international agricultural exhibition AGRITECHNICA-2019 took place in Germany on 10-16th of November, 2019 at the Deutsche Messe exhibition hall in Hannover. The exhibition hall covered an area of over 320,000 m² and included 28 sites. All the world-leading companies in the industry were represented at the exhibition. Around 600 new companies used this international market platform to introduce their products. The slogan of the exhibition AGRITECHNICA-2019 is: Global Farming – Local Responsibility. About 300 new products were registered during the exhibition. The electromechanical gearbox EAutoPower was awarded by gold medal. Other 39 winners were awarded by silver medals. The exposition mostly included models of self-propelled traction and harvesting machinery, as well as machinery for tillage and crop care. Special attention was paid to improvement of the undercarriage systems and particularly to remova-ble tracked running systems for tractors and other self-propelled vehicles with its tracked and wheeled-tracked embodiment versions. Almost every company showed different kinds of automa-tion and robotization solutions for partial operations in agriculture, both for basic tillage and weed control. The big attention is drawn to the significant contribution of the results of cooperation of individual manufacturers to the formation of the overall image of the exhibition. Labor decentraliza-tion tendencies to achieve the best results by both complete machines production and separate com-ponents release were noted. The domestic manufacturer Rostselmash received particular acknowl-edgment by winning a silver medal for the development of night vision system RSM Night Vision. Everything mentioned above allows us to conclude that, undoubtedly, the level of technical and technological preparation of agricultural machinery and equipment is increasing, which entails an expansion of the technological component of agricultural work.

Abstract Nineteenth-century international exhibitions were monumental attempts to represent modernity, ‘progress’ and ‘invention’ through displays of material objects. In materially illustrating a narrative of cultural ‘progress’, these exhibitions sometimes engaged vividly with the past, incorporating displays of historical objects shown in striking contrast to the new manufactures that were their core focus. This article examines musical displays at exhibitions held in London in 1885 and Edinburgh in 1890, where large exhibits of ‘ancient’ musical instruments, scores and related objects were presented. I argue that the display of ‘ancient’ instruments and objects, in blatant contrast to the exhibitions’ theme of modern invention, demonstrates a conceptual breach between past and present, examination of which can reveal larger trends in the late 19th-century’s ambivalent relationship with the past.

This is description of the events and equipment presented at the 15-th Moscow international innovation forum “PRECISE MEASUREMENTS – the BASIS of QUALITY and SAFETY”, held may 15 – 17 at VDNH in Moscow. Within the framework of the forum, specialized exhibitions of measuring instruments, testing equipment and metrological support, non-destructive testing and diagnostics, energy resources and laboratory equipment were held. Regional Centers of Standardization and Metrology of the country participated in the forum. More than 200 companies from 12 countries of the world presented their stands at the exhibition. The main purpose of the forum is to discuss ways of solving the main tasks of ensuring accuracy, quality and safety through the use of modern devices, technologies and standards with the participation of state regulatory bodies and state-owned companies by manufacturers and consumers of measuring instruments.

It is shown that in the complex problem of permanent increase in the competitiveness of aircraft, a special role is played by the increasing use of polymer composite materials in aircraft structures of the transport category every year. An important role is played not only by the rational choice of structural and technological solutions of their units and assemblies, but also by the use of new composite materials to reduce the cost and production time of aircraft structures, which greatly contributes to the implementation of high flight technological and economic characteristics of competitive aircraft in the global market for sales and services. A review and analysis of the development of new composite materials and technologies for their processing into products, discussed at the annual international exhibition Sampe 2019. From an analysis of the results of the materials of the exhibition and conferences held within its framework, it follows that the global aviation industry is paying more and more attention to the study of structural thermoplastics and the development of new technological processes associated with these materials, in particular, welding. In the field of aircraft manufacturing, various companies and institutes are working to optimize and reduce the cost of production processes for parts from polymer composite materials, especially in the direction of autoclave-free production technologies. New developments of leading aircraft manufacturers, in particular AIRBUS, for the creation of large-sized responsible high-load structural elements of aircraft from polymer composite materials with a thermoplastic matrix are presented. Of particular note is 3D printing technology, which aircraft manufacturers have successfully begun to use for the manufacture of aircraft parts. It is noted that this technology allows not only to reduce the production cycle of manufacturing parts, but also significantly reduce the energy intensity of processes, which positively affects the cost of products. During a visit to the AIRBUS factory in Nantes, a high level of automation of production processes for manufacturing parts from polymer composite materials with a large number of laying, winding machines, CNC machines, robots was noted, which is due to a significant production program for the A350XWB and A400M aircraft with a high degree of automation of production processes, and also a very high level of safety and labor protection.

The information on the last regular Working week, International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) 2017 hold in May-June 2017 in Helsinki (Finland) was given. The article reflects a brief summary of the scientific program of the Working week, which was implemented in the framework of 3 Plenary sessions and 10 technical committees of the International Federation of surveyors (FIG). Also, within sectional meetings organized by the FIG together with its partners, for example, the World Bank and FIG, and the Inspirational Short Sessions (ISS). Information on the technical exhibition, attended by 24 manufacturers of survey equipment, software and accessories is provided. The main areas of developing geodetic science, production and education, and suggested ways of integration by scientists and specialists of the FSBE “Centre of geodesy, cartography and SDI” in the activities of the International Federation of surveyors (FIG) were summarized. The information on the working meeting between the delegation of the FSBE "Centre of geodesy, cartography and SDI" and Finnish Geospatial Research Institute of data on scientific and technical cooperation between the two organizations in the field of geodesy, gravimetry, geodynamics, metrology and standardization was given.

Agriculture needed a simple engine running on cheap fuel to switch to mechanical traction. Due to its simplicity and ability to work on oil, colorization engines have become widespread, including in agriculture. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in identifying the key issues that influenced the creation of diesel engines with divided combustion chamber: indirect, pre-chamber, as well as studying the story of the creation of the indirect diesel, the first diesel tractors. (Materials and methods) The article notes the importance of the International Congress of figures involved in the construction and use of internal combustion engines, and the exhibition organized at the same time. The exhibition presents 95 engines, 23 of them were created at Russian factories. The holding of the international event and the wide participation of domestic engine manufacturers in it testified to the development of engine design in Russia. (Results and discussion) The article notes that despite the success of the world engine building, the problem of creating a lightweight diesel of high specific power, suitable for installation on automotive equipment, has not been solved yet. The article consideres the history of creation of a high-speed turbocharged diesel engine with a "soft" flow of the working stroke. (Conclusions) A two-cylinder pre-chamber diesel engine with a capacity of 18 kilowatts (25 horsepower) at 800 rpm by P. L'Orange was produced by Benz & Cie in 1922 and intended for agricultural machinery. The Benz-Sendling S6 motor plow with the Benz & Cie diesel was launched in March 1923. In addition to three-wheeled tractors and motor plows, since 1923, Benz and Sendling have offered a four-wheeled model of the BK diesel tractor. The first serial diesel tractor in Europe is considered to be the Deutz tractor. Produced in 1927, the MTH 222 tractor was equipped with a 14-horsepower single-cylinder engine with an additional chamber.

The Indonesian New Exporters (INE) program is a model for export development through training from upstream to downstream. Indonesia's handicraft export activities during the Covid-19 pandemic experienced a significant decline. A good strategy is needed in its development so that the handicraft sector MSMEs can enter the export market. This study aims to create a new exporter solution in the handicraft business sector. The method used in this paper is descriptive qualitative through learning by providing knowledge training and practice. The training includes the manufacture of new products, branding, displays, pricing, negotiations, delivery methods, completeness of export documents, and promoting handicraft products at the International Craft Exhibition. Material by preparing superior craft products according to global market demand. This research involved 20 MSMEs participants in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region. MSMEs participants gain experience in preparing new handicraft products to export sales methods. The creation of handicraft products is adjusted to the growing trend in the world of export destinations. The results show that the training provided can increase the number of new entrepreneurs in the handicraft sector. New entrepreneurs who understand the mechanism of handicraft export can be formed correctly. INE offers clear directions for coaching and business development in the export-oriented handicraft sector. INE provides support and support in improving the community's welfare and economy and increasing the State's foreign exchange.

Trace elements are a vital ingredient in our food, which directly relates to our health and well-being. The study of health effects related to the abundance or deficiency of trace elements that we are exposed to in our daily life is of prime importance in order to understand mechanisms and interactions of those elements within the human body. Trace elements taken up with food may exert toxic actions (e.g., in the case of arsenic or mercury), others are essential and a deficiency in these trace elements (e.g., iron, selenium, zinc, or iodine) can have drastic health effects and cause diseases.Therefore, toxic as well as essential aspects of trace elements must be studied and understood, so that regulating or governing bodies may advise on permissible levels for toxic elements, or recommend daily doses for the uptake of essential elements.The 4th International Conference on Trace Elements in Food (TEF-4) addressed a range of issues related to the health effects of trace elements and provided a podium for researchers from different scientific backgrounds: analytical chemists, toxicologists, nutritionists, environmental scientists, and members of health authorities came together to present and discuss recent advances and findings.The conference was held from 19 to 22 June 2011 in the King’s Conference Centre at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland (UK), with Prof. John Beattie (Rowett Institute for Nutrition and Health/University of Aberdeen) and Prof. Jörg Feldmann (University of Aberdeen) acting as Conference Chairs. TEF-4 attracted 150 delegates from 39 countries; 38 oral lectures were presented, 13 of which were given by internationally renowned invited speakers. The scientific program also included a poster exhibition with 108 papers and was completed by 9 exhibiting sponsors, including major analytical instrument manufacturers and representatives of reference material laboratories and government institutes.The scientific program comprised four larger themes, each of which was represented by invited speakers and further oral presentations on the following topics:- source and transfer of trace elements into food and feed- trace elements in nutrition and health- toxicology and risk assessment of trace elements in food- analytical advances in trace elements in foodSpecial attention was paid to selenium as an essential element, and a variety of talks explored the toxic actions of arsenic in different foodstuffs and in epidemiology, completed with topics on mercury, zinc, manganese, iodine, cerium, and other trace metals.The collection of papers in this issue of Pure and Applied Chemistry is a representation of the main topics covered in the lectures held during TEF-4, providing an overview of recent advances in research techniques and findings. We hope that it proves a useful source of new and exciting results, leading the way into the future of food analysis, and that fruitful interdisciplinary collaboration will enhance the impact of fundamental and applied research.Eva M. KruppConference Editor

The Society was said ‘to poke its nose into everything’ and this can be seen from the awards it made across a wide spectrum of activities, including the discovery of cobalt in the United Kingdom, mapping of English counties, improved methods of extracting the ore, assaying, reclaiming land, mining equipment, improving crucibles and portable furnaces. The Society also laid the groundwork for the Great Exhibition of 1851 and organized the second exhibition at South Kensington in 1862. From the mid-nineteenth century the Society's lecture program represented the wide range of its activities, including mineralogy and geology. This paper provides a brief overview on the work of the Society, its influence worldwide, and also highlights some individuals with a particular interest in mineralogy and geology, connected with the Society, including one of the founding members of the Geological Society of London, Arthur Aikin.

In this paper, systems for remote monitoring of equipment from various manufacturers are analyzed. Such systems are currently offered by a number of manufacturers of tractors and other mobile agricultural equipment. They are designed to management the operation of a diesel engine; hydraulic transmission management; management of working bodies (maybe several); active security; comfort and climate control; navigation, communications and other multimedia systems. However, in the literature there is no system analysis of them. Therefore, the aim of the study is to analyze and generalize advanced solutions in the development of remote monitoring systems of the largest domestic and foreign manufacturers of agricultural machinery and equipment. The development of remote monitoring systems of domestic and foreign manufacturers, including those awarded at the International agro-industrial exhibitions, were analyzed and summarized. The authors summarized the characteristics of monitoring systems and showed their application areas. The article discusses innovative telemetry and monitoring systems for agricultural machinery, which allow optimizing the process, making adjustments to the settings, planning maintenance, saving fuel, and increasing productivity.

Despite the fact that it was never realized at full scale, Vladimir Tatlin's long-lost model for his Monument to the Third International (1920) remains to this day the most widely known work of the Soviet avant-garde. A visionary proposal for a four-hundred-meter tower in iron and glass conceived at the height of the Russian Civil War, the monument was to house the headquarters of the Third International, or Comintern, the international organization of Communist, socialist, and other left-wing parties and workers' organizations founded in Moscow in the wake of the October Revolution with the objective of fomenting revolutionary agitation abroad. Constructed in his spacious Petrograd studio, which was once the mosaics workshop of the imperial Academy of Art, Tatlin's approximately 1:80 scale model comprises a skeletal wooden armature of two upward-moving spirals and a massive diagonal girder, within which are stacked four revolving geometrical volumes made out of paper, these last set in motion by means of a rotary crank located underneath the display platform. In the proposed monument-building, these volumes were to contain the Comintern's legislature, executive branch, press bureau, and radio station. According to the later recollection of Tevel' Schapiro, who assisted Tatlin in his construction of the model, two large arch spans at ground level were designed so that the tower could straddle the banks of the river Neva in Petrograd, the birthplace of the 1917 revolutions.

ABSTRACT:In the Wilhelmine era (1871–1918) the Krupp steel company developed into Germany's largest industrial establishment and most famous armaments manufacturer. While the firm further cultivated its reputation as ‘Cannon Kings’, it claimed to be a leader in an entirely different area: the provision of housing. Extensively marketed through company publications, displays at international exhibitions and its Besucherpolitik (visitor policy), Krupp's housing developments in Essen generated considerable domestic and international interest. During a period when the housing question increasingly entered the political realm, high-profile individuals such as Kurt Eisner, Hannes Meyer and Alfred von Tirpitz all passionately expressed their views on Krupp's housing developments. This article assesses their historically neglected first-hand observations against the quantitative and qualitative housing achievements of the steel giant.

NOTE: THIS ARTICLE WAS PUBLISHED WITH THE INFORMING SCIENCE INSTITUTE. Aim/Purpose...................................................................................................................................................................................................... This study aims to identify the level of perception level of consumer and the relationship between knowledge, attitude and practice toward consumer perception on the halal cosmetic product. Background........................................................................................................................................................................................................ Halal labelled cosmetic sector is expected to thrive in Malaysia. The consumption and expenditure among Malaysian consumers on cosmetic products in personal body care, beauty and wellness products are increasing rapidly over time. At the same time, government bodies have to make sure that manufacturers comply with Malaysia Halal and Sharia standards. Methodology....................................................................................................................................................................................................... Data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire where 100 respondents were randomly selected in the Malaysia International Halal Showcase (MIHAS) exhibition. The data were then analyzed by using descriptive analysis and Pearson correlation analysis. Contribution........................................................................................................................................................................................................ This paper studies the effect of knowledge, attitude and practice on the perception of consumer toward halal labelled cosmetic products in Selangor. This study is useful to fill the gaps in the Malaysian literature regarding the importance of knowledge and its relationship with the attitude and practice. Findings.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. From the results, the consumers are having a high level of perception of halal cosmetic products. Besides that, consumers have sufficient knowledge with the attitude towards the halal cosmetic products, which includes the ingredients that are lawful in Syariah law and can avoid sensitive skin and allergic problem. However, the consumers showed a moderate practice level on the halal cosmetic products as there are more prone to used products from overseas. The analysis of Pearson correlation on three variables has indicated that knowledge, attitude and practice of consumers are identical to the methods of halal cosmetic products. Recommendations for Practitioners................................................................................................................................................................. The government should promote the benefits of halal cosmetic products to consumers more often to change their perceptions about the halal cosmetic product in Malaysia. Recommendation for Researchers................................................................................................................................................................... More studies can be done regarding the behavior and intention of consumers concerning halal cosmetic products in other states in Malaysia. Impact on Society.............................................................................................................................................................................................. The findings can help consumers in understanding the benefits and advantage of halal cosmetic product toward health. Hence, all parties, including the government, policymakers and manufacturers, should encourage and grow consumer interest in halal cosmetic product by making it more accessible and available. Future Research................................................................................................................................................................................................ This study focuses on Selangor only and does not represent other states. Further research is required to generalize the findings of this study aimed at determining the effect of demographic factors on the behavior of consumers concerning halal cosmetic products.

A commentary on Alan V. Deardorff and Robert M. Stern, University of Michigan, "Issues of Manufactures Liberalization and Administered Protection." Rengang Huang is the Minister/Counsellor of the Permanent Mission of the People's Republic of China to the World Trade Organization based in Geneva, Switzerland. Since the launching of Doha Development Agenda negotiations in 2001, he has served on many occasions as the head of the Chinese delegations in the WTO. Huang began his career in public service in 1986 with the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (MOFTEC) of China. He worked for six years in the Foreign Investment Administration of MOFTEC, and in 1992, he was appointed Deputy Director of the Interpreting and Translating Service (ITS) in MOFTEC and became ITS Director in 1997. He has participated in numerous bilateral and multilateral negotiations between China and its trading partners, including China’s accession to the WTO. In 2000, he became Deputy Director General of the Protocol Department and was responsible for the foreign affairs agenda of MOFTEC. Huang received an M.A. degree in International Studies from the University of International Business and Economics in Beijing, China; an MBA degree from Cardiff Business School, University of Wales, UK; and a B.A. degree in English Literature from Nankai University, Tianjin, China.

We study how international trade affects manufacturing employment and the relative wage of unskilled workers when goods and services are traded with different intensities. Manufacturing trade reduces manufacturing prices worldwide, which reduces manufacturing employment if manufactures and services are complements. International trade also raises real income, which reduces manufacturing employment if services are more income elastic than manufactures. Manufacturing production is unskilled-labor-intensive, so that these changes increase the skill premium. We incorporate these mechanisms in a quantitative trade model and show that reductions in trade costs had a negative impact on manufacturing employment and the relative wage of unskilled workers. (JEL F16, J24, J31, L60)

On 5 May 1897, just over a century ago, the Queensland International Exhibition opened in Brisbane. This, the seventh international exhibition to be held in Australia, was Queensland's contribution to the great series of world expos that followed London's famous Crystal Palace Exhibition of 1851. The exhibition also marked Queensland's recovery from a disastrous depression of the early 1890s, proclaiming to the world that Queensland was now on a steady path of progress. Contemporaries viewed the exhibition with mixed feelings: to some it was a ‘dazzling display’; to others ‘a frost’ (a nineteenth-century term for ‘a fizzer’). ‘Frost’ or not, the event was soon forgotten after it closed three months later, and hardly rated a mention at the time of its recent successor, World Expo '88.

Exhibition has been widely recognized as a strong booster of market economy in the world. Exhibition logistics is the basic guarantee for the development of exhibition industry. In this study, some improvement and innovation ideas of Chinese traditional exhibition logistics were proposed through the characteristic analysis of international exhibition logistics. A new supply chain structure model of international exhibition logistics is needed to accelerate the specialization, speed, standardization and informatization of exhibition logistics.

The travel industry has experienced operating difficulties because of the intense competition within the industry, difficulties in developing new products as well as the overly transparent and continuously increasing operating cost that reduces the profit margin. As a result, it is urgent that the business operating bottleneck be overcome and some strategies be implemented. These include dumping the conventional operating model, reducing basic operating costs, increasing the profit margin, and seeking alliances with companies from the same sector, relevant sectors, or even different sectors. In fact, exhibition and travel markets have originally been separate but with the booming of travel activities, more convenient transportation, greater accommodation and food options and the flourishing of local cultural attractions, the distinction between exhibition and travel has become less apparent. For the travel industry to compete for the market, providing simple travel-related services is no longer enough. Nowadays, travel agencies have to provide custom-tailored travel packages for companies or even pluralistic travel service consultations to attract clients. The study randomly sampled 500 subjects from the Taipei Travel Exhibition and asked them to complete a questionnaire. Of these, 342 valid responses were returned (68% response rate). The study found that the most emphasized aspects are the exhibition environment, followed by professional capacity, market demand, and the exhibition industry. The results of the survey clearly show that the environment is the most important aspect for holding an International Travel Fair. Of the 13 evaluation indicators, the top five most valued, in descending order, are software and hardware facilities, public relations and marketing, government’s planning policy, visibility, and knowledge and skills.

Following the I st congress in Besancon in 1992, the 2nd Japan-France Congress on Mechatronics was held at Takamatsu City in Japan from November 1 to 3, 1994. The congress was co-sponsored by Kagawa University, the Japan Society for Precision Engineering, and l'Institut des Microtechniques de Franche-Comte. A total of 282 persons participated in the congress, 49 from France, 209 from Japan, and 24 from other countries including China, U.S., Turkey, Korea, and Switzerland. Researchers and engineers from a total of 15 countries participated in the congress. The congress continues to become more international and exciting. There are six sessions at the congress. The session names and the number of the papers belonging to each are as follows: (1) Mechatronics, 33 papers; (2) Robotics, 53 papers; (3) Sensors, 26 papers; (4) Vision, 33 papers; (5) Microelectro Mechanical Systems, 20 papers; and (6) CIM & Systems, 21 papers. The total number of papers 186. Additionally, three keynote speakers discussed the current status and future of the mechatronics technologies. The papers were presented at the oral sessions and the poster sessions. In this special issue, 11 papers from these fields are presented to describe the current technological status in Japan. Takamatsu is charming old city near Osaka. The congress was held at the exhibition center in Intelligent Park in Takamatsu, which was newly developed as the technological center of the area. The congress was held at such a location so that participants from abroad could gain a feel for ordinary life in Japan. In addition to the congress, there were two technical tours before and after the congress. The technical tour to the industries in Takamatsu showed the vivid medium size manufacturers in Japan. It is the another viewpoint contrary to the huge companies of Japan. During the congress, there were warm and friendly technological interactions between Japan and Europe. This should be further encouraged, and more countries should be included in the congress. The 3rd French-Japanese Congress on Mechatronics will be held at Besancon, France in 1996. It will also be the first European-Asia Congress. I hope that many researchers and engineers from all over the world, will participate in the congress and that the warm and friendly atmosphere of the past congress is provided at the next congress.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of economic nationalism and consumer ethnocentrism in the form of country of origin (COO) cues specifically “Made in […]” and “Owned by […]” on the product judgement of bi-national wine brands (brands with multiple country affiliations). Further, the role of consumer product knowledge is examined as a moderator of these xenophobia attitudes. Design/methodology/approach – A self-administered questionnaire was designed using established scales. A convenience sample was drawn from participants attending a major wine trade exhibition in Western Australia and university students. A variety of statistical techniques were used to analyse the data. Findings – High levels of economic nationalism and anti-foreign sentiment was so strong that respondents did not want products that had any association with a foreign country, regardless of whether the products are directly or indirectly related to a foreign origin. This suggests that Australian consumers are not any more receptive to bi-national brands; as such domestic affiliations have not diluted the economic nationalistic sentiment. Further, results confirm that Australian consumers use COO cues as part of wine evaluations. Consumers with low product knowledge are likely to rely on extrinsic country cues to reinforce their brand evaluation, whereas consumers who are more knowledgeable are found to base evaluations on intrinsic attributes rather than extrinsic cues. Research limitations/implications – Only respondents from Perth, Western Australia were chosen, thus limiting the representativeness of the sample. Other cultural contexts and product categories based on a larger sample size should be investigated in the future. Practical implications – This research provides useful consumer insights and new market entry implications in terms of advertising and branding strategies for international wine manufacturers and distributors who wish to expand globally. In addition, there are managerial implications for domestic market where local retailers, merchandisers, importers can avoid importing products originating from offending countries and take on opportunity to exploit and promote “buy domestic campaigns”. Originality/value – Conceptually, this study extends the existing COO literature by introducing bi-national brands into the model; expanding on country of ownership appeals in evaluating bi-national brands; and identifying the correlation between the economic nationalism and consumer ethnocentrism constructs. Further, this research can significantly help wine marketers to develop more effective positioning strategies. It will also help in the development of pricing and promotional decisions.

This document contains all abstracts of the 17th European Conference on Eye Movements, August 11-16 2013 in Lund, Sweden ECEM 2013 has been the 17th European Conference on Eye Movements, with the original aims ‘to exchange information on current research, equipment and software’ remaining at the forefront. ECEM is transdisciplinary, promoting new approaches, co-operation between research fields and communication between researchers. It has grown from it’s origins as a small, specialist conference to a large international event, covering all aspects of basic and applied research using eye movements ( see information from previous conferences in the archive). Today, ECEM is the largest conference on eye movements in the world, based on number of submissions. In keeping with the tradition of supporting young researchers and promoting new research. In the days prior to the conference, ECEM 2013 has included methods courses for all interested delegates on several aspects of eye movements research and applications, led by top international experts (see method workshops). Panel discussions during the conference have provided a forum for communication between researchers, manufacturers and interface designers on new and emerging themes in eye movements research and technology.(see program). The exhibition included top eye tracker manufacturers (see exhibition). ECEM 2013 bought together neurophysiologists, psychologists, neuropsychologists, clinicians, linguists, computational and applied scientists, engineers and manufacturers interested in the movements of the eyes, with an emphasis on learning from each other and promoting development of the field. This ECEM was hosted by the Eye Tracking Group at Lund University, Sweden, and organised by the Eye Movement Researcher's Association (EMRA) and the COGAIN (communication through gaze interaction) association, to promote interdisciplinary, basic and applied research excellence.

IntroductionSydney’s Garden Palace was a magnificent building with a grandeur that dominated the skyline, stretching from the site of the current State Library of New South Wales to the building that now houses the Sydney Conservatorium of Music. The Palace captivated society from its opening in 1879. This article outlines the building of one of Sydney’s early structural icons and how, despite being destroyed by fire after three short years in 1882, it had an enormous impact on the burgeoning colonial community of New South Wales, thus building a physical structure, pride and a suite of memories.Design and ConstructionIn February 1878, the Colonial Secretary’s Office announced that “it is intended to hold under the supervision of the Agricultural Society of New South Wales an international Exhibition in Sydney in August 1879” (Official Record ix). By December the same year it had become clear that the Agricultural Society lacked the resources to complete the project and control passed to the state government. Colonial Architect James Barnet was directed to prepare “plans for a building suitable for an international exhibition, proposed to be built in the Inner Domain” (Official Record xx). Within three days he had submitted a set of drawings for approval. From this point on there was a great sense of urgency to complete the building in less than 10 months for the exhibition opening the following September.The successful contractor was John Young, a highly experienced building contractor who had worked on the Crystal Palace for the 1851 London International Exhibition and locally on the General Post Office and Exhibition Building at Prince Alfred Park (Kent 6). Young was confident, procuring electric lights from London so that work could be carried out 24 hours a day, to ensure that the building was delivered on time. The structure was built, as detailed in the Colonial Record (1881), using over 1 million metres of timber, 2.5 million bricks and 220 tonnes of galvanised corrugated iron. Remarkably the building was designed as a temporary structure to house the Exhibition. At the end of the Exhibition the building was not dismantled as originally planned and was instead repurposed for government office space and served to house, among other things, records and objects of historical significance. Ultimately the provisional building materials used for the Garden Palace were more suited to a temporary structure, in contrast with those used for the more permanent structures built at the same time which are still standing today.The building was an architectural and engineering wonder set in a cathedral-like cruciform design, showcasing a stained-glass skylight in the largest dome in the southern hemisphere (64 metres high and 30 metres in diameter). The total floor space of the exhibition building was three and half hectares, and the area occupied by the Garden Palace and related buildings—including the Fine Arts Gallery, Agricultural Hall, Machinery Hall and 10 restaurants and places of refreshment—was an astounding 14 hectares (Official Record xxxvi). To put the scale of the Garden Palace into contemporary perspective it was approximately twice the size of the Queen Victoria Building that stands on Sydney’s George Street today.Several innovative features set the building apart from other Sydney structures of the day. The rainwater downpipes were enclosed in hollow columns of pine along the aisles, ventilation was provided through the floors and louvered windows (Official Record xxi) while a Whittier’s Steam Elevator enabled visitors to ascend the north tower and take in the harbour views (“Among the Machinery” 70-71). The building dominated the Sydney skyline, serving as a visual anchor point that welcomed visitors arriving in the city by boat:one of the first objects that met our view as, after 12 o’clock, we proceeded up Port Jackson, was the shell of the Exhibition Building which is so rapidly rising on the Domain, and which next September, is to dazzle the eyes of the world with its splendours. (“A ‘Bohemian’s’ Holiday Notes” 2)The DomeThe dome of the Garden Palace was directly above the intersection of the nave and transept and rested on a drum, approximately 30 metres in diameter. The drum featured 36 oval windows which flooded the space below with light. The dome was made of wood covered with corrugated galvanised iron featuring 12 large lattice ribs and 24 smaller ribs bound together with purlins of wood strengthened with iron. At the top of the dome was a lantern and stained glass skylight designed by Messrs. Lyon and Cottier. It was light blue, powdered with golden stars with wooden ribs in red, buff and gold (Notes 6). The painting and decorating of the dome commenced just one month before the exhibition was due to open. The dome was the sixth largest dome in the world at the time. During construction, contractor Mr Young allowed visitors be lifted in a cage to view the building’s progress.During the construction of the Lantern which surmounts the Dome of the Exhibition, visitors have been permitted, through the courtesy of Mr. Young, to ascend in the cage conveying materials for work. This cage is lifted by a single cable, which was constructed specially of picked Manilla hemp, for hoisting into position the heavy timbers used in the construction. The sensation whilst ascending is a most novel one, and must resemble that experienced in ballooning. To see the building sinking slowly beneath you as you successively reach the levels of the galleries, and the roofs of the transept and aisles is an experience never to be forgotten, and it seems a pity that no provision can be made for visitors, on paying a small fee, going up to the dome. (“View from the Lantern of the Dome Exhibition” 8)The ExhibitionInternational Exhibitions presented the opportunity for countries to express their national identities and demonstrate their economic and technological achievements. They allowed countries to showcase the very best examples of contemporary art, handicrafts and the latest technologies particularly in manufacturing (Pont and Proudfoot 231).The Sydney International Exhibition was the ninth International Exhibition and the colony’s first, and was responsible for bringing the world to Sydney at a time when the colony was prosperous and full of potential. The Exhibition—opening on 17 September 1879 and closing on 20 April 1880—had an enormous impact on the community, it boosted the economy and was the catalyst for improving the city’s infrastructure. It was a great source of civic pride.Image 1: The International Exhibition Sydney, 1879-1880, supplement to the Illustrated Sydney News Jan. 1880. Image credit: Mitchell Library, State Library of NSW (call no.: DL X8/3)This bird’s eye view of the Garden Palace shows how impressive the main structure was and how much of the Gardens and Domain were occupied by ancillary buildings for the Exhibition. Based on an original drawing by John Thomas Richardson, chief engraver at the Illustrated Sydney News, this lithograph features a key identifying buildings including the Art Gallery, Machinery Hall, and Agricultural Hall. Pens and sheds for livestock can also be seen. The parade ground was used throughout the Exhibition for displays of animals. The first notable display was the International Show of Sheep featuring Australian, French and English sheep; not surprisingly the shearing demonstrations proved to be particularly popular with the community.Approximately 34 countries and their colonies participated in the Exhibition, displaying the very best examples of technology, industry and art laid out in densely packed courts (Barnet n.p.). There were approximately 14,000 exhibits (Official Record c) which included displays of Bohemian glass, tapestries, fine porcelain, fabrics, pyramids of gold, metals, minerals, wood carvings, watches, ethnographic specimens, and heavy machinery. Image 2: “Meet Me under the Dome.” Illustrated Sydney News 1 Nov. 1879: 4. Official records cite that between 19,853 and 24,000 visitors attended the Exhibition on the opening day of 17 September 1879, and over 1.1 million people visited during its seven months of operation. Sizeable numbers considering the population of the colony, at the time, was just over 700,000 (New South Wales Census).The Exhibition helped to create a sense of place and community and was a popular destination for visitors. On crowded days the base of the dome became a favourite meeting place for visitors, so much so that “meet me under the dome” became a common expression in Sydney during the Exhibition (Official Record lxxxiii).Attendance was steady and continuous throughout the course of the Exhibition and, despite exceeding the predicted cost by almost four times, the Exhibition was deemed a resounding success. The Executive Commissioner Mr P.A. Jennings remarked at the closing ceremony:this great undertaking […] marks perhaps the most important epoch that has occurred in our history. In holding this exhibition we have entered into a new arena and a race of progress among the nations of the earth, and have placed ourselves in kindly competition with the most ancient States of the old and new world. (Official Record ciii)Initially the cost of admission was set at 5 shillings and later dropped to 1 shilling. Season tickets for the Exhibition were also available for £3 3s which entitled the holder to unlimited entry during all hours of general admission. Throughout the Exhibition, season ticket holders accounted for 76,278 admissions. The Exhibition boosted the economy and encouraged authorities to improve the city’s services and facilities which helped to build a sense of community as well as pride in the achievement of such a fantastic structure. A steam-powered tramway was installed to transport exhibition-goers around the city, after the Exhibition, the tramway network was expanded and by 1905–1906 the trams were converted to electric traction (Freestone 32).After the exhibition closed, the imposing Garden Palace building was used as office space and storage for various government departments.An Icon DestroyedIn the early hours of 22 September 1882 tragedy struck when the Palace was engulfed by fire (“Destruction of the Garden Palace” 7). The building – and all its contents – destroyed.Image 3: Burning of the Garden Palace from Eaglesfield, Darlinghurst, sketched at 5.55am, Sep 22/82. Image credit: Mitchell Library, State Library of NSW (call no.: SSV/137) Many accounts and illustrations of the Garden Palace fire can be found in contemporary newspapers and artworks. A rudimentary drawing by an unknown artist held by the State Library of New South Wales appears to have been created as the Palace was burning. The precise time and location is recorded on the painting, suggesting it was painted from Eaglesfield, a school on Darlinghurst Road. It purveys a sense of immediacy giving some insight into the chaos and heat of the tragedy. A French artist living in Sydney, Lucien Henry, was among those who attempted to capture the fire. His assistant, G.H. Aurousseau, described the event in the Technical Gazette in 1912:Mister Henry went out onto the balcony and watched until the Great Dome toppled in; it was then early morning; he went back to his studio procured a canvas, sat down and painted the whole scene in a most realistic manner, showing the fig trees in the Domain, the flames rising through the towers, the dome falling in and the reflected light of the flames all around. (Technical Gazette 33-35)The painting Henry produced is not the watercolour held by the State Library of New South Wales, however it is interesting to see how people were moved to document the destruction of such an iconic building in the city’s history.What Was Destroyed?The NSW Legislative Assembly debate of 26 September 1882, together with newspapers of the day, documented what was lost in the fire. The Garden Palace housed the foundation collection of the Technological and Sanitary Museum (the precursor to the Powerhouse Museum, now the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences), due to open on 1 December 1882. This collection included significant ethnological specimens such as Australian Indigenous artefacts, many of which were acquired from the Sydney International Exhibition. The Art Society of New South Wales had hung 300 paintings in preparation for their annual art exhibition due to open on 2 October of that year, all of these paintings consumed by fire.The Records of the Crown Lands Occupation Office were lost along with the 1881 Census (though the summary survived). Numerous railway surveys were lost, as were: £7,000 worth of statues, between 20,000 and 30,000 plants and the holdings of the Linnean Society offices and museum housed on the ground floor. The Eastern Suburbs Brass Band performed the day before at the opening of the Eastern Suburbs Horticultural Society Flower show; all the instruments were stored in the Garden Palace and were destroyed. Several Government Departments also lost significant records, including the: Fisheries Office; Mining Department; Harbour and Rivers Department; and, as mentioned, the Census Department.The fire was so ferocious that the windows in the terraces along Macquarie Street cracked with the heat and sheets of corrugated iron were blown as far away as Elizabeth Bay. How Did The Fire Start?No one knows how the fire started on that fateful September morning, and despite an official enquiry no explanation was ever delivered. One theory blamed the wealthy residents of Macquarie Street, disgruntled at losing their harbour views. Another was that it was burnt to destroy records stored in the basement of the building that contained embarrassing details about the convict heritage of many distinguished families. Margaret Lyon, daughter of the Garden Palace decorator John Lyon, wrote in her diary:a gentleman who says a boy told him when he was putting out the domain lights, that he saw a man jump out of the window and immediately after observed smoke, they are advertising for the boy […]. Everyone seems to agree on his point that it has been done on purpose – Today a safe has been found with diamonds, sapphires and emeralds, there were also some papers in it but they were considerably charred. The statue of her majesty or at least what remains of it, for it is completely ruined – the census papers were also ruined, they were ready almost to be sent to the printers, the work of 30 men for 14 months. Valuable government documents, railway and other plans all gone. (MLMSS 1381/Box 1/Item 2) There are many eyewitness accounts of the fire that day. From nightwatchman Mr Frederick Kirchen and his replacement Mr John McKnight, to an emotional description by 14-year-old student Ethel Pockley. Although there were conflicting accounts as to where the fire may have started, it seems likely that the fire started in the basement with flames rising around the statue of Queen Victoria, situated directly under the dome. The coroner did not make a conclusive finding on the cause of the fire but was scathing of the lack of diligence by the authorities in housing such important items in a building that was not well-secured a was a potential fire hazard.Building a ReputationA number of safes were known to have been in the building storing valuables and records. One such safe, a fireproof safe manufactured by Milner and Son of Liverpool, was in the southern corner of the building near the southern tower. The contents of this safe were unscathed in contrast with the contents of other safes, the contents of which were destroyed. The Milner safe was a little discoloured and blistered on the outside but otherwise intact. “The contents included three ledgers, or journals, a few memoranda and a plan of the exhibition”—the glue was slightly melted—the plan was a little discoloured and a few loose papers were a little charred but overall the contents were “sound and unhurt”—what better advertising could one ask for! (“The Garden Palace Fire” 5).barrangal dyara (skin and bones): Rebuilding CommunityThe positive developments for Sydney and the colony that stemmed from the building and its exhibition, such as public transport and community spirit, grew and took new forms. Yet, in the years since 1882 the memory of the Garden Palace and its disaster faded from the consciousness of the Sydney community. The great loss felt by Indigenous communities went unresolved.Image 4: barrangal dyara (skin and bones). Image credit: Sarah Morley.In September 2016 artist Jonathan Jones presented barrangal dyara (skin and bones), a large scale sculptural installation on the site of the Garden Palace Building in Sydney’s Royal Botanic Garden. The installation was Jones’s response to the immense loss felt throughout Australia with the destruction of countless Aboriginal objects in the fire. The installation featured thousands of bleached white shields made of gypsum that were laid out to show the footprint of the Garden Palace and represent the rubble left after the fire.Based on four typical designs from Aboriginal nations of the south-east, these shields not only raise the chalky bones of the building, but speak to the thousands of shields that would have had cultural presence in this landscape over generations. (Pike 33)ConclusionSydney’s Garden Palace was a stunning addition to the skyline of colonial Sydney. A massive undertaking, the Palace opened, to great acclaim, in 1879 and its effect on the community of Sydney and indeed the colony of New South Wales was sizeable. There were brief discussions, just after the fire, about rebuilding this great structure in a more permanent fashion for the centenary Exhibition in 1888 (“[From Our Own Correspondents] New South Wales” 5). Ultimately, it was decided that this achievement of the colony of New South Wales would be recorded in history, gifting a legacy of national pride and positivity on the one hand, but on the other an example of the destructive colonial impact on Indigenous communities. For many Sydney-siders today this history is as obscured as the original foundations of the physical building. What we build—iconic structures, civic pride, a sense of community—require maintenance and remembering. References“Among the Machinery.” The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser 10 Jan. 1880: 70-71.Aurousseau, G.H. “Lucien Henry: First Lecturer in Art at the Sydney Technical College.” Technical Gazette 2.III (1912): 33-35.Barnet, James. International Exhibition, Sydney, 1880: References to the Plans Showing the Space and Position Occupied by the Various Exhibits in the Garden Palace. Sydney: Colonial Architect’s Office, 1880.“A ‘Bohemian’s’ Holiday Notes.” The Singleton Argus and Upper Hunter General Advocate 23 Apr. 1879: 2.Census Department. New South Wales Census. 1881. 3 Mar. 2017 <http://hccda.ada.edu.au/pages/NSW-1881-census-02_vi>. “Destruction of the Garden Palace.” Sydney Morning Herald 23 Sep. 1882: 7.Freestone, Robert. “Space Society and Urban Reform.” Colonial City, Global City, Sydney’s International Exhibition 1879. Eds. Peter Proudfoot, Roslyn Maguire, and Robert Freestone. Darlinghurst, NSW: Crossing P, 2000. 15-33.“[From Our Own Correspondents] New South Wales.” The Age (Melbourne, Vic.) 30 Sep. 1882: 5.“The Garden Palace Fire.” Sydney Morning Herald 25 Sep. 1882: 5.Illustrated Sydney News and New South Wales Agriculturalist and Grazier 1 Nov. 1879: 4.“International Exhibition.” Australian Town and Country Journal 15 Feb. 1879: 11.Kent, H.C. “Reminiscences of Building Methods in the Seventies under John Young. Lecture.” Architecture: An Australian Magazine of Architecture and the Arts Nov. (1924): 5-13.Lyon, Margaret. Unpublished Manuscript Diary. MLMSS 1381/Box 1/Item 2.New South Wales, Legislative Assembly. Debates 22 Sep. 1882: 542-56.Notes on the Sydney International Exhibition of 1879. Melbourne: Government Printer, 1881.Official Record of the Sydney International Exhibition 1879. Sydney: Government Printer, 1881.Pike, Emma. “barrangal dyara (skin and bones).” Jonathan Jones: barrangal dyara (skin and bones). Eds. Ross Gibson, Jonathan Jones, and Genevieve O’Callaghan. Balmain: Kaldor Public Arts Project, 2016.Pont, Graham, and Peter Proudfoot. “The Technological Movement and the Garden Palace.” Colonial City, Global City, Sydney’s International Exhibition 1879. Eds. Peter Proudfoot, Roslyn Maguire, and Robert Freestone. Darlinghurst, NSW: Crossing Press, 2000. 239-249.“View from the Lantern of the Dome of the Exhibition.” Illustrated Sydney News and New South Wales Agriculturalist and Grazier 9 Aug. 1879: 8.