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1
Takács, M., and Gy Füleky. "Characterization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) extracted from soils by hot water percolation (HWP)." Agrokémia és Talajtan 59, no. 1 (June 1, 2010): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/agrokem.59.2010.1.12.
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The Hot Water Percolation (HWP) technique for preparing soil extracts has several advantages: it is easily carried out, fast, and several parameters can be measured from the same solution. The object of this study was to examine the possible use of HWP extracts for the characterization of soil organic matter. The HPLC-SEC chromatograms, UV-VIS and fluorescence properties of the HWP extracts were studied and the results were compared with those of the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS) Soil Humic Acid (HA), IHSS Soil Fulvic Acid (FA) and IHSS Suwannee Natural Organic Matter (NOM) standards as well as their HA counterparts isolated by traditional extraction methods from the original soil samples. The DOM of the HWP solution is probably a mixture of organic materials, which have some characteristics similar to the Soil FA fractions and NOM. The HWP extracted organic material can be studied and characterized using simple techniques, like UV-VIS and fluorescence spectroscopy.
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Enev, V., L. Pospíšilová, M. Klučáková, T. Liptaj, and L. Doskočil. "Spectral characterization of selected humic substances." Soil and Water Research 9, No. 1 (January 23, 2014): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/39/2013-swr.
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Current concern for soil quality has stimulated research on soil organic matter (OM). Humic substances (HS) of different origin were compared applying ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), “steady-state” fluorescence spectroscopy, and <sup>13</sup>C nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>13</sup>C NMR). Sodium humates samples were isolated from soil (Gleyic Luvisol), compost, and South-Moravian lignite from the mine Mír in Mikulčice. Sodium humates (SH) were extracted by a conventional procedure recommended by the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS). Results showed that the presence of O-containing functional groups (carbonyl in aldehydes and ketones, carboxyl in carboxylic acids, ester and ether groups) are in the order of compost > soil > lignohumate > lignite. Further, results of FTIR, fluorescence spectroscopy, and <sup>13</sup>C NMR suggested that samples of sodium humates isolated from soil, compost, and lignite were a more polycondensed, oxidized, unsaturated, humified, and aromatic structure. On the other hand, commercial lignohumate (LH) had very simple structural components and wide molecular heterogeneity. Furthermore, a small molecular size and weight, low degree of aromatic polycondensation, low level of conjugated chromophores and fluorophores, and low humification degree were characteristic for commercial LH. It should be noted that the sample of commercial LH was characterized by <sup>13</sup>C NMR analysis with a slightly higher value of aromaticity α in comparison with the sample of compost. The application of non-destructive analytical methods such as UV-VIS, FTIR, <sup>13</sup>C NMR, and fluorescence spectroscopy help us to provide main characteristics of selected humic substances.
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Hewitt, Joseph D., and Linda B. McGown. "On-the-Fly Fluorescence Lifetime Detection of Humic Substances in Capillary Electrophoresis." Applied Spectroscopy 57, no. 3 (March 2003): 256–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370203321558155.
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On-the-fly fluorescence lifetime detection was investigated as a tool for studying humic substances in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). Humic substances are complex, heterogeneous mixtures of natural products that tend to migrate in a single, broad CZE peak. The intrinsic fluorescence lifetime of five humic substances from the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS) was monitored using excitation at 488 or 364 nm to produce intensity-lifetime electropherograms for each of the substances. Each frequency-domain lifetime measurement, collected at sub-second intervals during the CZE run, contains the equivalent of a complete decay profile. Lifetime analysis of each decay profile was used to construct a lifetime-resolved electropherogram for each lifetime component, from which the variation in relative intensity contributions of each lifetime across the broad CZE peak could be determined. Absorption spectra, fluorescence excitation–emission spectra, and lifetime profiles of batch solutions of the samples were determined as well. It was found that, whereas absorption and fluorescence spectral characteristics tended to discriminate between humic acids and fulvic acids, the batch solution lifetime profiles discriminated instead between samples from different sources, regardless of fraction. On-the-fly lifetime detection provided a more detailed view of the fluorescence decay of the samples, including greater resolution of lifetimes for two of the fulvic acids and greater discrimination among samples based on lifetime profiles across the CZE peaks.
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Vaz, Denise De Oliveira, Andreia Neves Fernandes, Bruno Szpoganicz, and Maria Marta De Souza Sierra. "POTENTIOMETRIC QUANTIFICATION AND SPECIATION OF OXYGENATED GROUPS IN HUMIC SUBSTANCES USING BEST7 SOFTWARE." Eclética Química Journal 35, no. 4 (January 22, 2018): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.26850/1678-4618eqj.v35.4.2010.p147-152.
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In this study the BEST7 software was employed to quantify different classes of functional groups and to model the proton titration behavior of humic substances. To illustrate the process, the Suwannee River fulvic acid of the IHSS (International Humic Substances Society) was used. Five categories – two classes of phenolic groups (phenol and cathecol), two classes of carboxylic groups (benzoic and phtalic) and the combination between them (salicylic) - of oxygenated groups were considered as being responsible for the potentiometric behavior of the sample and were quantitatively determined. The most and the least abundant groups were cathecol (3.300 0.010 mmol g-1) and phenol (1.225 0.070 mmol g-1), respectively. The estimated equilibrium constants were also determined and were in good agreement with the literature values for phenol and cathecol groups and for benzoic, phtalic and salicylic acids. Distribution diagrams of the species were generated with the software SPE and SPEPLOT.
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Guo, Qianjun, Zaili Zhang, Zhengbo Ma, Yongmei Liang, and Wei Liu. "Fluorescence characteristics of natural organic matter in water under sequential exposure to UV irradiation/chlor(am)ination." Water Supply 14, no. 1 (September 12, 2013): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.166.
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The organic matter in International Humic Substances Society Natural Organic Matter (IHSS NOM) water exposed to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and chlor(am)ine sequentially under practically relevant conditions was characterized based on fluorescence spectra. IHSS NOM water exposed to UV irradiation or chlor(am)ine alone was also evaluated. Both chlor(am)ine alone and UV/chlor(am)ine exposure showed similar chlor(am)ine demand and fluorescence spectra. UV irradiation and UV/chlorine exposure diminished the fluorescence intensity of IHSS NOM water, while UV/chloramine exposure resulted in increased fluorescence intensity. When compared with the results obtained following chlor(am)ination alone, IHSS NOM water showed decreased chlorine decay and increased chloramine decay after UV irradiation/chlor(am)ination. Additionally, IHSS NOM water exposed to UV/chloramine and chloramine showed less disinfection by-product (DBP) formation than water subjected to UV/chlorine and chlorine. Overall, these findings indicate that UV irradiation degrades NOM molecules to low-molecular-weight fractions, facilitating the subsequent reaction with chlor-(am)ine. However, chlorine and chloramine play different roles in the reaction. Chlorine degradation and substitution dominates the process of UV/chlorine exposure, while chloramine substitution is the major reaction during UV/chloramine exposure.
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Barančíková, Gabriela, and Tadeáš Litavec. "Comparison of Chemical Structure of Alginite Humic Acids Isolated with Two Different Procedures with Soil Humic Acids." Agriculture (Polnohospodárstvo) 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agri-2016-0014.
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Abstract The different origin of alginite and soil organic matter may be the reason of differences in their humic acids (HA) chemical structure. One of the aims of this article is to compare the chemical composition of alginite HA and HA isolated from different soil types. Another aim of this article is to compare the chemical structure of humic acids of alginite isolated with two different procedures: modified IHSS (International Humic Substances Society) method and simplified extraction method. The modified IHSS method was applied for the isolation of alginite and soil HA. To obtain sufficient amount of alginate HA for biological experiments, simplified extraction method suited for large volumes of HA was applied. The differences in elemental analysis and ash proportion in HA extracted by modified IHSS method (C = 35.4, H = 43 atomic%, ash content = 0.08%) and simplified extraction method (C = 31, H = 31 atomic%, ash content = 7.42%) can be caused by different concentration of extraction solution and also differences in purification of HA. The differences in chemical structure between alginate HA and HA isolated from different soil types according to the data of elemental analysis (C content of alginite HA = 35.4 atomic%, C content in soils HA = 38.2‒49.1 atomic%) and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra (degree of aromaticity of alginite HA = 24.4% and soil HA= 35.9‒53%) were found. Results of 13C NMR show that the content of aromatic carbon was decreasing in the following order: Haplic Chernozem HA > Andic Cambisol HA > Haplic Cambisol HA > alginite HA. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the differences in the chemical structure of alginite and soil HA can be explained by the difference in the origin of organic matter in alginite and soil samples. The source of organic matter in alginite is mainly type II kerogen from algae and that of soil is lignin and cellulose (type III kerogen) of higher plants.
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Abouleish, Mohamed Y. Z., and Martha J. M. Wells. "Trihalomethane formation potential of aquatic and terrestrial fulvic and humic acids: examining correlation between specific trihalomethane formation potential and specific ultraviolet absorbance." Environmental Chemistry 9, no. 5 (2012): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en12041.
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Environmental context When surface water is disinfected to produce potable drinking water, toxic by-products are generated by reaction with naturally occurring organic matter. The production of trihalomethane disinfection by-products was investigated for different types of well-characterised organic matter from various geographic locations. Increased understanding of the character of organic matter dissolved in water is needed for improving the ability to provide safe water and protect public health. Abstract Trihalomethanes (THMs) – a class of disinfection by-products (DBPs) including chloroform – are produced when natural water is chlorinated. Many THMs are believed to result from the reaction of chlorine with the aromatic structures in humic substances, which can be represented by ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UVA). However, in the literature, plots of the specific, or carbon-normalised, UVA (SUVA) compared with the specific, or carbon-normalised, trihalomethane formation potential, THMFP (STHMFP) are poorly correlated. Therefore, well characterised samples of organic matter were obtained from the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS) to study the effect of type (fulvic acid, FA; humic acid, HA), origin (aquatic, terrestrial), geographical source (Nordic, Suwannee River, peat, soil) and pH (6, 9) on the formation of trihalomethanes. In this research, parameters expressed on a weight-average moles-of-humic substance basis were compared with those on a mass-of-carbon basis. Using factorial analysis, SUVA was statistically described by the main effect type (P = 0.0044), whereas STHMFP was statistically described by the main effects type (P = 0.0078) and origin (P = 0.0210). Separate relationships between SUVA and STHMFP normalised to moles of humic substance were defined for aquatic substances (R2 = 0.9948) and for terrestrial substances (R2 = 0.9512). The occurrence of aquatically derived fulvic-like humic acid (Suwannee River humic acid) and aquatically derived terrestrial-like humic acid (Nordic humic acid) were observed. Some aquatic substances were capable of generating levels of THMs per mole of humic substance that were greater than or equal to the most reactive terrestrial humic acid.
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Campbell, Wesley L., and Mollie J. Malcolm. "Preparation, homogenization, and storage of earth standards used and distributed by the International Humic Substances Society." Organic Geochemistry 8, no. 1 (January 1985): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(85)90060-9.
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Sudiono, Sri, Mustika Yuniarti, Dwi Siswanta, Eko Sri Kunarti, Triyono Triyono, and Sri Juari Santosa. "The Role of Carboxyl and Hydroxyl Groups of Humic Acid in Removing AuCl4- from Aqueous Solution." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 17, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.23620.
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Humic acid (HA) extracted from peat soil according to the recommended procedure of the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS) has been tested to remove AuCl4- from aqueous solution. The removal was optimum at pH 2.0 and it was mainly dictated by attachment through hydrogen bonding to unionized carboxyl (–COOH) groups and reduction by the action of the hydroxyl (–OH) groups to gold (Au) metal. The removal of AuCl4- improved after HA was purified through repeated immersion and shaking in a mixed solution containing 0.1 M HCl and 0.3 M HF. When the purification led to the sharp decrease in ash content from 39.34 to 0.85% (w/w) and significant increase in both the –COOH and –OH contents from 3240 to 3487 mmol/kg and from 4260 to 4620 mmol/kg, respectively; the removal of AuCl4- improved from 0.105 to 0.133 mmol/g. This improvement of AuCl4- removal by the purified HA was accompanied by higher ability in reduction to Au metal. The attached AuCl4- on –COOH groups of both crude and purified HAs was qualitatively observed by the characterization result of FT-IR spectroscopy, while the presence of Au metal on the surface of those HAs was verified by the characterization result of XRD.
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Boyer, T. H., and P. C. Singer. "Removal of natural organic material by a magnetic ion exchange resin." Water Supply 8, no. 2 (July 1, 2008): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2008.052.
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The aim of this research was to elucidate the interactions among dissolved organic carbon (DOC), inorganic anions and a magnetic ion exchange (MIEX) resin. Model waters containing well characterised natural organic matter (NOM) extracts in addition to DOC-free model waters containing sulphate and bicarbonate were used in all experiments. The NOM extracts used in this work included two reference fulvic acids supplied by the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS): Suwannee River Fulvic Acid (SRFA) and Pony Lake Fulvic Acid (PLFA). These reference fulvic acids possess unique chemical characteristics that are representative of their distinct end-member environments. The charge density of the NOM extracts, obtained by potentiometric titration, was used to perform charge balance analyses for ion exchange reactions involving DOC, sulphate, bicarbonate and chloride. For SRFA, the results clearly show the stoichiometric exchange of DOC and bicarbonate for chloride. This work provides an improved understanding of the interactions between NOM, MIEX resin and the background solution matrix, and should result in more effective applications of ion exchange treatment for the removal of DOC during drinking water treatment.
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Vaz, Denise De Oliveira, Andreia Neves Fernandes, and Bruno Szpoganicz. "Complexations of Divalent Metallic Ions with Fulvic Acids." Eclética Química Journal 43, no. 1 (May 29, 2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26850/1678-4618eqj.v43.1.2018.p54-58.
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In this work, the interactions of the functional groups of fulvic acids with copper, cadmium and zinc bivalent ions was investigated by potentiometry. The BEST7 software was employed to investigate the interactions of the functional groups. The software SPE and SPEPLOT were used to generate and to plot the species diagrams. It was used the Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA) of the IHSS (International Humic Substances Society) to illustrate the process. The values of the proton dissociation and complexation constants with the divalent ions for each functional group were calculated and their values were very close tothose previously published. The functional group present in the highest quantity in the complexes was cathecol, and it complexed with all the divalent ions, although to a greater extent with Cu(II). According to the results obtained by potentiometry, the reactivity series for the divalent ions and the SRFA is: Cu(II) >> Cd(II) > Zn(II). Thus, the method employed could be useful to estimate the role of fulvic acids in the transport of metals in the aquatic environments.
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Santosa, Sri Juari, Eko Sri Kunarti, Nurul Hidayat Aprilita, Beti Wulandari, and Dhian Nuri Bawani. "Sorption Mechanism and Performance of Peat Soil Humin for Methylene Blue and p-Nitrophenol." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 19, no. 1 (January 29, 2019): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.33635.
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The responsible mechanism and performance of peat soil humin for the sorption of methylene blue (MB) and p-nitrophenol (p-NP) have been investigated. Humin was obtained from peat soil of Siantan, West Kalimantan, Indonesia, after removing the content of humic and fulvic acids into a NaOH solution using the recommended procedure of International Humic Substances Society (IHSS). The obtained humin was then purified by rigorous stirring in a mixed solution of HCl 0.1 M and HF 0.3 M. Ash content in humin after the purification abruptly decreased from 36.84 to 1.26 wt.% indicating that minerals and other inorganic impurities were mostly removed. Phenolic –OH and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups contributing to the acidity of humin were in the level of 3.44 and 2.10 mmol/g, respectively. At optimum medium pH of 6.20 for MB and 7.00 for p-NP, –COO– as the deprotonated product of –COOH was the most responsible active site in sorbing MB and p-NP through electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding, respectively. The homogeneity of –COO– as the active site for the sorption of MB and p-NP implied that the surface of humin sorbent was energetically uniform and thereby the sorption of both MB and p-NP followed better the Langmuir than the Freundlich isotherm model with sorption capacity of 0.19 and 0.26 mmol/g and sorption energy of 32.92 and 27.27 kJ/mol, respectively.
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Botero, Wander G., Michael Pineau, Noémie Janot, Rute F. Domingos, José Mariano, Luciana S. Rocha, Jan E. Groenenberg, Marc F. Benedetti, and José P. Pinheiro. "Isolation and purification treatments change the metal-binding properties of humic acids: effect of HF/HCl treatment." Environmental Chemistry 14, no. 7 (2017): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en17129.
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Environmental contextStudying the mechanism of binding between metals and natural organic matter is fundamental to understanding the transport and availability of these contaminants in the environment. The influence of sample treatment on the purification of organic matter showed significant differences in the interaction with metals. The results will contribute to improved modelling of metal binding to organic matter in soils, thereby providing a basis for a more realistic risk assessment. AbstractWe studied the changes in metal binding characteristics of extracted humic acids induced by HF/HCl treatment followed by dialysis, i.e. the last step of the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS) extraction protocol. We performed metal binding experiments with both the alkaline-extracted material (AE) and the fully purified (FP) humic acid using the electrochemical stripping technique (AGNES) and modelled the results using the NICA-Donnan model. The results showed an increase of free Zn, Cd and Pb concentrations of ~1 order of magnitude for the AE compared with the FP. These differences may be mostly explained by the different carbon content (51.3 % FP and 36.5 % AE) associated with an AE/FP carboxyl ratio of 0.5. Simulations using the NICA-Donnan model showed that halving the amount of carboxylic groups (Qmax,1) for the FP reduced this difference to 0.25 log units for Cd and Zn and to 0.15 log unit for Pb. There is a clear need for further research on the differences between purified v. less-disturbed natural organic material, which will contribute to improved modelling of metal binding to organic matter in soils, hence providing a basis for a more realistic risk assessment.
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Costa, José Arnaldo Santana, Jandyson Machado Santos, Luana Oliveira Dos Santos, and Iramaia Corrêa Bellin. "EXTRAÇÃO E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE SUBSTÂNCIAS HÚMICAS AQUÁTICAS (SHA) EXTRAÍDAS DE AMOSTRAS COLETADAS NO PARQUE NACIONAL SERRA DE ITABAIANA, SERGIPE, BRASIL." Revista de Ciências Ambientais 12, no. 3 (November 26, 2018): 07. http://dx.doi.org/10.18316/rca.v12i3.2527.
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Este trabalho descreve o estudo da capacidade de complexação (CC) das substâncias húmicas aquáticas (SHA) extraídas de amostras de água coletadas no Parque Nacional Serra de Itabaiana (Sergipe) pelos íons metálicos Mn, Ni, Zn, Cu e Pb, bem como a avaliação da concentração dos metais totais das amostras de água. Os parâmetros físicos e químicos das amostras de água foram determinados por pH, temperatura, condutividade elétrica e COD, assim como a determinação dos metais totais foram quantificados por ICP OES. As SHA foram extraídas com resina XAD 8, segundo o procedimento reconhecido pela International Humic Substances Society (IHSS), e foram caracterizadas por TGA, análise elementar e por FTIR. Posteriormente foi estudado a CC das SHA pelos íons metálicos Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn pelo método de ultrafiltração. O valor do pH da amostra estudada apresentou valor abaixo dos estabelecidos pela Resolução CONAMA N° 357. No entanto, o valor da condutividade elétrica está em conformidade com a Portaria N° 2914 do Ministério da Saúde. As concentrações dos metais totais estão em acordo com a Resolução CONAMA N° 357, exceto para o Pb. As SHA apresentaram três processos principais de perda de massa (de acordo com as curvas TGA/DTGA), e o espectro FTIR apresentou bandas características de SHA. A CC das SHA por íons metálicos estabeleceu a seguinte ordem decrescente: Mn(II) > Ni(II) > Zn(II) >> Cu(II) > Pb(II). Esses resultados reforçam que as SHA podem ser classificadas como agentes complexantes naturais que desempenham uma função importante no meio ambiente.
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Klučáková, Martina. "New possibility for characterization of dissociation behaviour of supramolecular electrolytes: results obtained for the International Humic Substances Society standard and reference samples by coulometry." Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture 8, no. 1 (June 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40538-021-00229-4.
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Abstract Background Humic substances can be considered as polyelectrolytes with supramolecular character and complicated behaviour in water environment. The fractions of humic substances dissolved in water are the most active ones and determinative for their functioning in nature, where the proton-binding and dissociation ability play a crucial role. The dissociation behaviour of humic and fulvic acids can be affected by different circumstances including their concentration which is directly connected with the molecular organization of humic particles in solution and the accessibility of their ionizable functional groups. This study is focused just on these active fractions and their dissociation behaviour in the dependence on their content in studied system. Results Standards and reference samples of International Humic Substances Society were used. Flow-through coulometry was used to determine the total content of acidic functional groups in fulvic solutions and humic leachates. The amount of dissociated acidic groups was determined on the basis of potentiometry. Several differences between the behaviour of humic and fulvic acids were found. While whole samples of fulvic acids including the weakest functional groups were analysed, only the active dissolved humic fractions containing stronger acidic functional groups were characterized. The fractions containing higher amounts of the weakest functional groups remained insoluble. The dissociation degree of fulvic acids decreased with their increasing content, but a maximum on its concentration dependence obtained for humic acids was observed. Conclusions Two different values of dissociation constants were determined for each sample. The first was determined on the basis of the extrapolation of infinite dilution, second was determined as their average value in the region of high concentrations in which it was constant. Obtained values characterize the functioning of dissolved humic substances from point of view of their dissociation ability. The results obtained by this approach can help to predict the acid–base behaviour of dissolved organic carbon in soil and generally in nature. The acid–base behaviour of dissolved organic carbon depends on its ratio to water. It behaves differently in soil which is dry and in soil which is wet or saturated by water.