Academic literature on the topic 'International lending institutions'

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Journal articles on the topic "International lending institutions"

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CERBAF. "International financial law: Lending, capital transfers and institutions." Journal of Banking & Finance 9, no. 2 (1985): 342–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4266(85)90035-4.

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Yeyati, Eduardo Levy. "Dollars, Debt, and International Financial Institutions: Dedollarizing Multilateral Lending." World Bank Economic Review 21, no. 1 (2007): 21–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhl011.

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Wright, Christopher. "Global Banks, the Environment, and Human Rights: The Impact of the Equator Principles on Lending Policies and Practices." Global Environmental Politics 12, no. 1 (2012): 56–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00097.

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The Equator Principles are a set of operational principles and standards adopted by more than 70 public and private financial institutions to manage environmental and social risks in project financing. This article assesses the impact of the voluntary framework on lending policies and practices, and the environmental and social accountability of financial institutions. It finds that the direct link between the Equator Principles and the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the World Bank Group's private sector financing division, enhances the legitimacy and potential impact of the framewor
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Dr. Ednah Koskei, Maureen Moragwa Ogwoka;. "Financial Lending Institutions in the Tourism Sector in Kenya." Editon Consortium Journal of Business and Management Studies 3, no. 1 (2021): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.51317/ecjbms.v3i1.250.

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This study sought to examine the financial lending institutions in the tourism sector. According to World Travel and Tourism Council, one out of every 13 workers are employed directly or indirectly in the tourism sector. Financial injections in the tourism industry have been on the rise in the twenty-first century since numerous financial lending institutions in the world. In conclusion, financial lending institutions are investing in the tourism industry more due to its great growth potential. Investors in the tourism and hospitality establishments access financial aid from international, reg
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Rogoff, Kenneth. "International Institutions for Reducing Global Financial Instability." Journal of Economic Perspectives 13, no. 4 (1999): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.13.4.21.

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This paper asks how recent developments in research on banking and sovereign lending can help inform the debate on choosing a new international financial architecture. A broad range of plans is considered, including a global lender of last resort facility, an international bankruptcy court, an international debt insurance corporation, and unilateral controls on capital flows. One common failing of the main plans that have been proposed is that they fail to confront the biases in the existing system towards debt finance and bank intermediation, at the expense of equity finance and direct invest
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Krueger, Anne O. "The Role of Multilateral Lending Institutions in the Development Process." Asian Development Review 07, no. 01 (1989): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0116110589000011.

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The 1980s are a turning point for the multilateral lending institutions. The progress and differentiation of developing countries, international debt difficulties, and the unwillingness or inability of the United States to provide its historic leadership for these institutions have raised a series of important questions about their future role in the international economy. Their future contribution to the growth of developing countries will depend, in large part, on achieving a consensus as to their role in an altered international economic environment and then gaining adequate political suppo
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Uvarova, Viktoriia. "PROBLEMS OF THE FUNCTIONING OF INTERNATIONAL BANKING CREDIT LINES." Economic Analysis, no. 28(2) (2018): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2018.02.085.

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The article deals with the theoretical and practical aspects of such type of lending as an international credit line. The rules for granting a credit line are indicated. The history of cooperation of the country with various international lending institutions is considered. The paper also presents the mechanism for the flow of money to the budget of the country outside.
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Bird, Graham, and Dane Rowlands. "The Catalytic Effect of Lending by the International Financial Institutions." World Economy 20, no. 7 (1997): 967–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00112.

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Charles, Goodluck, and Neema Mori. "Loan repayment performance of clients of informal lending institutions." International Journal of Development Issues 16, no. 3 (2017): 260–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-04-2017-0039.

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Purpose The purpose of this article is to examine the effects that dynamic incentives and the borrowing histories of clients of informal lending institutions have on loan repayment performance, in particular, the extent to which multiple borrowing and progressive lending affect the repayment of loans. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses a data set of 835 borrowers drawn from an informal lending institution in Tanzania. Descriptive analysis and econometric models are used to test the developed hypotheses. Findings Whereas clients with multiple loans are associated with poor loan repaymen
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Lassoued, Naima. "What drives credit risk of microfinance institutions? International evidence." International Journal of Managerial Finance 13, no. 5 (2017): 541–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmf-03-2017-0042.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the factors that affect microfinance institutions’ (MFI) credit risk. These factors include MFIs’ characteristics and country-level indicators. Design/methodology/approach This empirical study uses an unbalanced panel data of 638 MFIs from 87 countries observed over a period ranging from 2005 to 2015. Random-effects models are used to estimate the models. Findings The results reveal that group-lending methodology, percent of loan granted to women and diversification activities reduce credit risk; credit quality is enhanced by the relevance
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "International lending institutions"

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Рижкова, Г. В. "Роль міжнародних організацій у розвитку кредитування заходів щодо підвищення енергоефективності підприємств в Україні". Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/63271.

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У статті розглянуто основні напрями використання банківських кредитів з метою підвищення енергоефективності виробництва. Проаналізовано стан кредитування ЄБРР та іншими міжнародними організаціями енергоефективних прое-ктів. Визначено позитивний вплив банківського кредитування на підвищення енергоефективності в процесі функціонування підприємств.<br>The main use of bank loans to improve the efficiency of production was considered in the article. The state of lending to the EBRD and other international organizations in the energy-efficiency projects was analyzed. Positive influences on bank lend
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Федорова, В. А. "Деякі аспекти кредитування економіки України міжнародними валютно-фінансовими організаціями". Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2008. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/61990.

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За період з 1991 по 2007 р. у нашій країні були проведені реформи, які сприяли докорінним змінам соціально-економічних відносин, роз- будові України як демократичної держави з ринковою економікою. Сформовано такі визначальні атрибути її незалежності, як фінансова, грошова, бюджетна, банківська, митна та інші системи. Незважаючи на позитивні тенденції сталого економічного зрос- тання та підвищення реальних доходів громадян, на сьогодні існує ряд питань, вирішення яких потребує, зокрема, залучення міжнародної технічної допомоги, наприклад, як міжнародний кредит.
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Віннік, М. В. "Ефективність діяльності іноземних інституцій з кредитування бізнес-проектів в Україні". Master's thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/81310.

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У роботі визначено сутність та засади діяльності міжнародних фінансових інституцій, зокрема Європейського банку реконструкції та розвитку і Європейського інвестиційного банку. Проаналізовано актуальний стан співробітництва України та даних фінансових установ. Проведено порівняльний аналіз поточної співпраці України та ЄБРР і ЄІБ. Визначено перспективи поглиблення взаємовідносин та запропоновані алгоритми дій для розвитку подальшої діяльності іноземних інституцій з кредитування бізнеспроектів в Україні. Основною метою цього дослідження є проведення аналізу деталей співробітництва України з іноз
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Liu, Chen. "THREE ESSAYS IN CORPORATE FINANCE AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/12239.

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This thesis conducts empirical studies related to financial institutions and corporate finance. Specifically, I look at banks’ lending behavior, performance of leveraged buyouts (LBOs), and the cultural impact on cross-border LBOs. Following an introduction in Chapter 1, in Chapter 2, I study U.S. commercial banks’ herding behavior in their domestic loan decisions, where herding is defined as the extent to which banks deviate from the industry average lending decisions and collectively increase or decrease loans to certain categories. I find significant evidence that herding exists and that ba
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Odenius, Jürgen. "Information and incentives in private and institutional lending to sovereign states." 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/32256944.html.

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Books on the topic "International lending institutions"

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Vidyāsthān Paṇṭuḥ Paṇtāl niṅ Srāvjrāv Ṭoempī Qabhivaḍḍhan K̊ambujā., ed. Guide to international aid and lending institutions. 2nd ed. Cambodia Development Resource Institute, 1994.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs. Subcommittee on International Development Institutions and Finance. Multilateral development bank lending for Africa: Hearings before the Subcommittee on International Development Institutions and Finance of the Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session, June 25, August 6, October 7, 1986. U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rules. Providing for consideration of the bill (H.R. 2634) to provide for greater responsibility in lending and expanded cancellation of debts owed to the United States and the international financial institutions by low-income countries, and for other purposes: Report (to accompany H. Res. 1103). U.S. G.P.O., 2008.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. Subcommittee on International Economic Policy and Trade. International financial institution lending to Asia and the Pacific: Implications for U.S. interests : joint hearing before the Subcommittees on International Economic Policy and Trade and Asia and the Pacific of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, second session, September 12, 1996. U.S. G.P.O., 1997.

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Controlling The World Bank And Imf Shareholders Stakeholders And The Politics Of Concessional Lending. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.

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Nelson, Stephen C. International Financial Institutions and Market Liberalization in the Developing World. Edited by Carol Lancaster and Nicolas van de Walle. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199845156.013.20.

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This article examines the role played by the two most important international financial institutions (IFIs), the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), in the developing countries’ transition towards market liberalization and openness. More specifically, it considers whether IFIs are powerful “globalizers” of the developing world or ineffective organizations whose grand plans are forever thwarted by savvy governments promising sweeping reforms that never materialize. Drawing on the findings from thirty-one recent empirical studies, it concludes that there is no clear evidence th
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Quaglia, Lucia. The Perils of International Regime Complexity in Shadow Banking. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192866523.001.0001.

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Abstract Despite the role of shadow banking in the building up of the 2008 international financial crisis, the massive size of this sector, its cross-border nature, and the risks it entails for financial stability, the post-crisis regulation of shadow banking has remained rather feeble. Why? This book identifies a ‘game of shadows’, which unfolded recursively concerning the definition, monitoring, and regulation of shadow banking internationally. Thus, states, regulators, and private actors tended to cast light away from various parts of the shadow banking system—shadow banking was (re)fined o
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Henning, C. Randall. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801801.003.0001.

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European governments, against their initial instincts, invited the International Monetary Fund to design financial rescue programs during the euro crisis in cooperation with the European Commission and European Central Bank. These institutions, known as the “troika,” constitute a regime complex in the parlance of international political economy. This book poses four questions about the regime complex for crisis finance in the euro area: Why did European governments choose this particular mix of institutions? What was the strategy of key member states in directing several institutions to collab
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Modifications in International Lending: Economic and Institutional Implications of Proposals for Responding to the Debt Crisis (Policy Analyses in International Economics). The MIT Press, 1985.

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Following the money in Yemen and Lebanon: Maximizing the effectiveness of U.S. security assistance and international financial institution lending. U.S. G.P.O., 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "International lending institutions"

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Bird, Graham, and Dane Rowlands. "The Catalytic Effect of Lending by the International Financial Institutions." In International Finance and the Developing Economies. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230599840_12.

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Pistikou, Victoria. "Promoting National Interest: Foreign Policy and the International Lending Institutions." In Contributions to Economics. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93452-5_11.

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Eichengreen, Barry. "International lending in the long run: motives and management." In The New York University Salomon Center Series on Financial Markets and Institutions. Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6197-2_3.

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Suttle, Philip. "Comments on ‘International lending in the long-run: motives and management’ by Barry Eichengreen." In The New York University Salomon Center Series on Financial Markets and Institutions. Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6197-2_4.

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Dooley, Michael P. "Comments on ‘International lending in the long run: motives and management’ by Barry Eichengreen." In The New York University Salomon Center Series on Financial Markets and Institutions. Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6197-2_5.

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Shahid, Muhammad Hassam, Ravinder Rena, Sadaf Mubeen, and Iftikhar Yasin. "Identifying the Factors Affecting International Financial Institutions Lending to Pakistan in the Context of Political Economy." In Political Economy of Development in the Global South Post-COVID-19 Pandemic. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4074-5_8.

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Pate, Muhammad Ali, and Sulzhan Bali. "28 Financing Emergency Research Response During Infectious Disease Outbreaks: Lessons from the World Bank and Other International Financial Institutions." In Principles and Practice of Emergency Research Response. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48408-7_41.

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AbstractRecent infectious disease outbreaks have stimulated multiple institutional and operational efforts by governments, international organizations, and the private sector to ensure the world is better prepared to respond to epidemics. One of the critical advances has been the greater engagement of international financial institutions (IFIs) in supporting preparedness for and response to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) with epidemic potential. Despite progress on preparedness and response, including the launch of initiatives such as the Coalition for Epidemic Preparednes
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Dreassi, Alberto, Stefano Miani, and Andrea Paltrinieri. "Investment Strategies of Institutional Investors: An International Comparison of Sovereign Pension and Social Security Reserve Funds." In Lending, Investments and the Financial Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137531018_8.

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Oizumi, E., and S. Kim. "Government/Public Lending Institutions." In International Encyclopedia of Housing and Home. Elsevier, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-047163-1.00412-4.

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Kentikelenis, Alexander E., and Sarah L. Babb. "International Financial Institutions." In The Oxford Handbook of International Political Economy. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198793519.013.8.

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Abstract Having sizeable lending capacity and unparalleled epistemic power, international financial institutions (IFIs) are the world’s most powerful international organizations. One class of IFIs is primarily focused on lending for development projects, and commands portfolios of hundreds of millions of dollars that can transform infrastructure and social services in low- and middle-income countries. Another class is geared toward providing financial assistance to countries in economic crisis and has an active role in shaping their policy environments. Through these activities, IFIs alter the
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Conference papers on the topic "International lending institutions"

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"Analysis of Lending Policies and Procedures of Primary Mortgage Institutions in Nigeria." In 2005 European Real Estate Society conference in association with the International Real Estate Society: ERES Conference 2005. ERES, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2005_269.

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Mardari, Liliana, Ala Betivu, Nicoleta Mateoc-Sirb, and Nina Putuntean. "Involvement of commercial banks in credit and financing of the agricultural sector." In 4th Economic International Conference "Competitiveness and Sustainable Development". Technical University of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52326/csd2022.37.

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The access of enterprises from the agrarian sector in the Republic of Moldova to credit and financing depends on their financial potential, determined by the specificity of agricultural production, but also by the specificity and efficiency of the national financial institution. Despite the specificity of the activity in the agricultural sector, financing opportunities are constantly increasing. Commercial banks, as specialized financial-lending institutions, are involved in financial support by granting loans, offering financing projects/programs, as well as in subsidized lending to agricultu
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Sredojević, Sladjana. "Institutional Capacity in Sustainable Policy Implementation – Selected Practice from the Serbian Banking Sector." In 8th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2024 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2024. https://doi.org/10.31410/eman.2024.141.

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Sustainability as an official paradigm of both the business com­munity and public sector worldwide is embedded in the strategies of insti­tutions. In order to be ready and capable of acting in this manner, to meet the growing and sophisticated needs of clients, and green transformation of economies, i.e. to make a positive impact, the banking sector is being trans­formed at the same time experiencing significant changes requiring a prop­er set of skills. In combination with empirical and desk research, a compar­ative analysis of selected international practices and the banking sector of Serbia
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IOVU-CARAUȘ, Marina, and Victoria LISNIC. "Current trends of bank lending in the Republic of Moldova." In International congress "Research-Innovation-Inovative Entreneurship". Ion Creangă Pedagogical State University, 2024. https://doi.org/10.46727/c.13-14-10-2023.p398-401.

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Bank lending represents the basic form of lending activity in the Republic of Moldova, as well as the core of the national lending system. He has the important function of contributing to the normal functioning of the financial system and contributing to the economic development of the country. The basic purpose of the conducted research was to determine the basic trends of the evolution of bank lending in the Republic of Moldova, as well as to highlight its qualitative transformation. For this, the official financial reports in the addressed field were examined, as well as the related informa
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Borbor, J. D., Katinka C. Van Cranenburgh, and Christiaan W. F. Luca. "Social Risk Management as a Response to Increasing International Pressure for Social Performance." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206240-ms.

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Abstract In the past decades, financial institutions have led the way for companies to adhere to international standards for social performance. The journey began in the Industrial Revolution, when negative societal business impacts rapidly escalated, which led people to demand for their management. Initially focused on working conditions, impacts on the environment soon started to gain notice. Halfway through the 20th century, a combination of oil spills and mass media attention generated enough public pressure for the United States to sign the first piece of legislation requiring the environ
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Cebotari, Tatiana. "Development of the non-banking market in the Republic of Moldova." In International Scientific Conference “30 Years of Economic Reforms in the Republic of Moldova: Economic Progress via Innovation and Competitiveness”. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/9789975155663.49.

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The qualitative and continuous consolidation of the non-bank lending sector indicates a trend of transforming microfinance intermediaries into institutions that provide financial services professionally, these entities being an affordable alternative for lending to the population as well as small and medium enterprises. The significant dependence of the enterprises on the bank financing and the limited access to alternative financing sources determine that these enterprises are extremely vulnerable in the conditions of restricting the bank credit. The purpose of the research is to describe the
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Rey, William P., Carl Jose M. Guingab, Mark Joseph C. Sheng, and John Ray D. Tamayo. "Digital Evolution in Finance: A Smart Contract-integrated Web-Based Loan Management System for Lending Institutions." In ICCDE 2024: 2024 10th International Conference on Computing and Data Engineering. ACM, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3641181.3641196.

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Jones, E. Glynn, and Donald M. Wishart. "Pipelining in a Changing Competitive Environment." In 1996 1st International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1996-1807.

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The changing competitive environment for the pipeline industry presents a broad spectrum of new challenges and opportunities: international cooperation; globalization of opportunities, organizations and competition; an integrated systems approach to system configuration, financing, contracting strategy, materials sourcing, and operations; “cutting edge” and emerging technologies; adherence to high standards of environmental protection; an emphasis on safety; innovative approaches to project financing; and advances in technology and programs to maintain the long term, cost effective integrity o
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Avramchuk, Lidiia, and Tetiana Sliesar. "Mortgage lending on the financial market of Ukraine." In Economic growth in the conditions of globalization. International Scientific-Practical Conference, XVIth edition. National Institute for Economic Research, 2022. https://doi.org/10.36004/nier.cecg.iv.2022.16.12.

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Mortgage home lending plays an important role in the socioeconomic development of any state, first of all, because it is an effective tool for combining the financial market with the real estate market, which contributes to the capitalization of resources, and also contributes to the development of the real estate market, which contributes to the capitalization of resources, secondly, it contributes to the development of the real estate market, solving the housing problem, and maintaining social stability. Solving mortgage lending problems is the task that affects the macroeconomics of the cou
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Sytnik, Maxim M., and Olga S. Miroshnichenko. "Current state and possibilities of development of long-term bank lending to non-financial institutions in Russia." In International Conference on Trends of Technologies and Innovations in Economic and Social Studies 2017. Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ttiess-17.2017.108.

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Reports on the topic "International lending institutions"

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Cordella, Tito, and Andrew Powell. Preferred and Non-Preferred Creditors. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003109.

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International financial institutions (IFIs) generally enjoy preferred creditors treatment (PCT). Although PCT rarely appears in legal contracts, when sovereigns restructure bilateral or commercial debts, they normally pay IFIs in full. This paper presents a model where a creditor, such as an IFI, that can commit to lend limited amounts at the risk-free rate and can refrain from lending into arrears is always repaid and adds value. The analysis suggests that IFIs and market lenders can both enhance welfare, even if banning commercial borrowing can sometimes be optimal. To maintain their status,
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Monasterolo, Irene, and Ulrich Volz. Addressing climate-related financial risks and overcoming barriers to scaling-up sustainable investment. Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc007.

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Climate change represents a material risk for individual financial institutions and systemic financial stability. Moreover, there is increasing awareness that finance plays a crucial role in achieving the global climate targets. However, to date, climate risks are not sufficiently accounted for, hindering sustainable investments. To align finance with sustainability and safeguard macro-financial stability, it is crucial to adequately assess forward-looking climate risks for lending and investment decisions. The Group of Twenty should support efforts by central banks, financial supervisors, int
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MFIC Corporate Brochure. Inter-American Development Bank, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005926.

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Microfinance International Corporation was founded in 2003, with the intention to work to develop a could work to develop a solution to overcome the limitations of MFIs with the goal of providing sustainable financial assistance to families in developing regions and offering an attractive business opportunity for socially conscious investors. The Microfinance International system reproduces the internal treasury operations of an international bank for the benefit of the participating MFIs and hence bundling the strength of many small institutions. Microfinance International Corporation¿s prese
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Inter-American Development Bank Annual Report 2008: The Year in Review. Inter-American Development Bank, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005699.

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This Annual Report 2008: A Year in Review contains a review of the Bank's operations in 2008, loans, guarantees and grants, and in a separate volume, Management's Discussion and Analysis: Ordinary Capital; the financial statements of the Bank; and general appendices. The IDB's response to the effects of the global financial, economic, and social crisis on our region has been swift and sure, as they provided flexibility to those most in need (Haiti, for example), so that they could provide subsidies to producers and consumers whose credit had disappeared and whose families were at risk. The ope
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Progress Report (2013-2014) of the MDB Working Group on Sustainable Transport. Inter-American Development Bank, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006460.

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1. In June 2012, at the Rio+20 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, our eight Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) delivered a joint statement Commitment to Sustainable Transport (hereafter the Rio+20 Commitment). The aim was to draw attention to the critical role that transport plays in sustainable development, and to make clear our commitment to increase support for more sustainable transport in developing countries. 2. Building on our collective history of support for transport, the Rio+20 Commitment outlined our expectation to provide more than $175 billion of loans and g
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Financial Stability Report - First Half of 2022. Banco de la República, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem1.eng-2022.

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Banco de la República’s main objective is to preserve the purchasing power of the currency in coordination with the general economic policy that is intended to stabilize output and employment at long-term sustainable levels. Properly meeting the goal assigned to the Bank by the 1991 Constitution critically depends on preserving financial stability. This is understood to be a general condition in which the financial system evaluates and manages the financial risks in a way that facilitates the economy’s performance and efficient allocation of resources while, at the same time, it is able to, on
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Private sector and food security. Commercial Agriculture for Smallholders and Agribusiness (CASA), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240191178.

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The global community is facing escalating acute food insecurity crises, predominantly in Sub- Saharan Africa, due to climate change, the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and COVID-19 shocks. Related impacts on donor government budgets, domestic conflicts and limited fiscal capacity in countries already experiencing acute food insecurity, often on top of high chronic food insecurity levels, further exacerbate the issue. This policy brief examines the potential of private sector financing to alleviate acute food insecurity, through providing a targeted review of key mechanisms for mobilizing private sec
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Financing for Public Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: The Cases of the Republic of Korea and the United States. Asian Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/tcs230540-2.

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Highlighting the importance of Asia’s small and medium enterprises (SMEs), this report shows how economies can learn from policies employed by the Republic of Korea (ROK) and the United States (US) to offer SMEs the credit they need to thrive. With SMEs making up some 96% of all Asian businesses, the report explains the challenges they commonly face and analyzes the impact of specialized financing facilities in the ROK and the US. It offers a study of public institutional approaches towards improving credit access, assesses international lending regulations, and explores how developing public
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Progress Report (2014-2015) of the MDB Working Group on Sustainable Transport. Inter-American Development Bank, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006461.

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1. In the third year of the Multilateral Development Banks¿1 (MDBs) Joint Statement of 2012, our eight MDBs are on target to meet the goal of the Commitment to Sustainable Transport (hereafter the Rio+20 Commitment) to provide more than $175 billion of loans and grants for transport in developing countries over the coming decade (2012-2022). Collectively, in 2014, about $20 billion of new funding for transport projects was added to the $20 billion approved in the first year of our Commitment (2012) and $25 billion approved in 2013. 2. This $20 billion in funding comprised more than 193 approva
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