Relevant bibliographies by topics / International monetary fund – Ghana

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'International monetary fund – Ghana'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "International monetary fund – Ghana"

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Dzidza, Peter Mawunyo, Ian Jackson, Ametefee K. Normanyo, and Michael Walsh. "The Effects of Poverty Reduction Strategies on Artisanal Fishing in Ghana: The Case of Keta Municipality." Journal of Sustainable Development 10, no. 3 (May 31, 2017): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v10n3p68.

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This paper assesses the level of poverty in Ghana after three decades of successive implementation of numerous poverty reduction strategies including Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) by various governments of Ghana. The Keta municipality in the Volta region, where artisanal fishing thrives, was chosen as a representative sample of the whole country. The authors identified eleven artisanal fishing communities in the selected area using systematic sampling. Data were collected on household consumption patterns. This process was used to determine the profile of poverty using the latest upper poverty line of Ghana and the Greer and Thorbecke (1984) poverty formula. Research findings show that the various poverty alleviation methods implemented over three decades by the Government of Ghana, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) significantly failed as they have not produced any meaningful effect on poverty reduction in the sample area. Finally, this paper offers further suggestions regarding how this poverty gap may be bridged using alternative methods.
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Agbloyor, Elikplimi Komla, Frank Kwakutse Ametefe, Emmanuel Sarpong-Kumankoma, and Vera Fiador. "Investment appraisal: Akwaaba university hostel projectInvestment appraisal: Akwaaba university hostel project." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 11, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-01-2020-0025.

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Learning outcomes After completing this case, students should be able to: identify and compute relevant cash flows in relation to a real estate project and compute the net present value (NPV). Determine the target return or cost of capital (by looking at historical economic indicators). Design or formulate a sensitivity analysis to determine the drivers of the project value. Evaluate real estate and other investments taking qualitative and quantitative factors into consideration. Demonstrate the computation of a break-even rate to determine the minimum or maximum revenue or cost required for a project to be viable. Case overview/synopsis This case study is about the Golden Beak Securities Pension Fund that wanted to invest in a Hostel Project in one of the universities in Ghana. Most universities in Ghana faced an acute shortage of on-campus accommodation. Also, the Government of Ghana, in 2017, implemented a programme to make Senior High School in Ghana free. This was expected to increase the number of students who will enter the existing universities. The project was therefore seen as strategic, as it would help ease the pressure of on-campus accommodation while providing diversification for the pension fund. As part of the investment committee’s (IC) quest to improve the skill set available to it, especially in relation to real estate investments, Esi Abebrese was appointed as one of the members of the IC of GSB. Her main task was to collect information on key macroeconomic variables, as well as granular information on project costs and revenues and conduct investment appraisal. Esi was scheduled to make a presentation to the IC on the 15th of October 2019 following which the Committee will debate and make a decision. The project had an estimated cost of GH¢52m with a total number of 3,424 student beds and ancillary facilities. Undertaking the project required moving funds from investments in money market securities with one of the banks in Ghana. The investments in the money market securities were currently yielding about 16% a year. The determination of the cost of capital was critical and Esi and Nana eventually settled on a long-term weighted average cost of capital of 14%. This was after considering the trend of inflation, monetary policy rates, treasury rates, stock market returns and a report on returns on commercial real estate properties in Ghana. An exit capitalisation rate of 20% was also estimated for the purposes of determining the value of the property at the end of the investment horizon. Esi also obtained estimates of cost and revenue for the project and proceeded to carry out a feasibility analysis on the project. This consisted of an NPV analysis and sensitivity analysis on various factors to determine the drivers of the project value. The IC had to take several factors (both quantitative and qualitative) into consideration before making a decision. Esi believed that these factors included the diversification of the fund’s assets, the return on investment, potential oversupply of hostel accommodation, the social responsibility of providing student accommodation and the impact of any prolonged shutdown of the university. Complexity academic level Masters/advanced undergraduate. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 1: Accounting and Finance.
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Yiranbon, Ethel, Lu Lin Zhou, Henry Asante Antwi, and Numir Nisar. "The Impact of Privatisation of Healthcare Equipment and Technology SOEs on Productivity in Africa." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 26 (October 2016): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.26.195.

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Upon the attainment of independence many African countries emerged with a new spirit of entrepreneurial governance and domestic industrialization. However with time, most of the state owned enterprises (SOEs) set up have been privatized largely because of mismanagement, huge deficits and operational inefficiencies created by many factors. In all material moments, the objective of divesture of SOEs was to stimulate efficiency, productivity and relieve the state of the huge financial burden they bring. Our study examines the methods of privatization of healthcare technology and equipment SOEs in Africa and their impact on post-divestiture productivity based on cases from Ghana, Nigeria, Tanzania and Kenya.We simultaneously collect and model privatization data from International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank relating to Ghana, Nigeria, Tanzania and Kenya. These were data submitted to the IMF and World Bank as part of the measures to implement the different forms of economic recovery and structural adjustment programs in the respective countries. Our empirical strategy follows the broader literature in estimating reduced form equations for firm performance as a function of ownership, while trying to account for potential problems of heterogeneity (observed and unobserved) and simultaneity bias. We note the insider/employee shareholding accounted for only 23.6 percent of privatization of healthcare equipments and technology manufacturing enterprises on average while mass privatization program accounts for 18.2 percent of the privatization mode. We note that each of these methods yield positive post divestiture labour productivity. However privatization of healthcare equipment and technology manufacturing enterprises by block sale to outside investors generated the highest form of labour productivity.
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Tsamenyi, Mathew, Trevor Hopper, and Shahzad Uddin. "Changing control and accounting in an African gold mine." Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change 13, no. 2 (June 5, 2017): 282–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaoc-03-2014-0017.

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Purpose The paper aims to examine accounting changes in the Ashanti Gold Corporation (AGC) in Ghana over 120 years from pre-colonialism to recent times and whether the framework of management accounting transformations in Hopper et al. (2009) is applicable. Design/methodology/approach Mixed data sources are used, namely, interviews, some observations of practices, historical documentation, company reports and research papers and theses. The results are categorised according to the periods and contextual factors in the Hopper et al. framework to test whether it matches the data collected. Findings Despotic controls with minimal management accounting but stewardship accounting to the head office in London prevailed under colonialism. Upon independence state, capitalist policies descended into politicised state capitalism. Under nationalisation, the performance of mines deteriorated, and accounting became decoupled from operations. In the early 1980s, fiscal crises forced Ghana’s government to turn to the World Bank and International Monetary Fund for loans. This period marked a gradual transformation of AGC into a foreign multinational, organised along divisional lines and currently exercises despotic control through supply chain management that renders labour precarious and is neglectful of corporate social accounting issues. Research limitations/implications The work challenges neo-classical economic prescriptions and analyses of accounting in developed countries by indicating its neglect of the interests of other stakeholders, especially labour and civil society. Accounting is important for development but the article infers other forms may better serve the public interest. Originality/value The paper tests the Hopper et al. framework with respect to a large private multinational in the commodity sector over an extended period, which differs from the case studies drawn on originally.
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Officer, Lawrence H. "The International Monetary Fund." Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 37, no. 4 (1990): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1173770.

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SCHUMACHER, E. F., and T. BALOCH. "AN INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND." Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics & Statistics 6, no. 6 (May 1, 2009): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1944.mp6006001.x.

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Lee, Simon. "The International Monetary Fund." New Political Economy 7, no. 2 (July 2002): 283–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13563460220138880.

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Buckley, Ross P. "Reforming the International Monetary Fund." Global Policy 3, no. 1 (December 14, 2011): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-5899.2011.00105.x.

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Peña Neira, Sergio. "25. International Monetary Fund (IMF)." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 637–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvs048.

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Argyropoulou, Venetia. "25. International Monetary Fund (IMF)." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 29 (January 1, 2018): 512–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvz043.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "International monetary fund – Ghana"

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Owusu, Victor Lord. "The Making of Development Policies and Plans : The Case of Ghana s relationship with the international monetary fund and the world bank." Thesis, Durham University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505887.

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Eduah, Gregory. "The Impact of the World Bank’s SAP and PRSP on Ghana: Neoliberal and Civil Society Participation Perspectives." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31487.

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Ghana’s government implemented the following World Bank programmes: SAP and PRSP. This thesis shows that SAP and PRSP have impacted Ghana in different ways. Sometimes SAP and PRSP worked. Other times both SAP and PRSP had problems and they did not work. SAP created more negative impacts or problems in Ghana than PRSP. The influence of neoliberalism on Ghana’s SAP cannot be ignored. This is because the tenets of neoliberalism include the withdrawal of government subsidies, high productivity, the cutting down of government expenditures or spending and privatization. The withdrawal of government subsidy was seen in the Education and Health sectors of Ghana. In the Education sector under SAP, the government cut down its subsidy to the Ghana Education Service. Then it introduced a programme called “Cost Sharing” in which students and their parents were asked to contribute to the payment of expenditures in providing education in Ghana. Many parents could not afford it, and this led to many school dropouts and a gap in the education of boys and girls. In the health sector, the Ghanaian government cut down its subsidy under SAP. It introduced the “Cash and Carry System,” in which Ghanaians were asked to contribute to the cost of health delivery services. This became a problem for many. Healthcare services became inaccessible for many Ghanaians as well. In the manufacturing sector, under SAP, the rate of productivity fell. Ghana’s products in the world market experienced volatility or fluctuations in prices. In the mining sector the influence of neoliberalism was on privatization. Based on this principle, the government privatized Ghana’s mining sector. It put in place policies that attracted investments into Ghana to do mining. These mining activities contributed significantly to Ghana’s economy. But these mining activities also caused the problem of dislocation of people, loss of farmlands, along with environmental and health problems. SAP had more negative impacts on Ghana. PRSP also impacted Ghana because it attempted to address the problems SAP created in many sectors, including Education, Health, mining, manufacturing sectors. I conclude by saying that although SAP made some contributions to Ghana’s economy especially in the mining sector, it created more problems in the Education, Health, Mining and Manufacturing sectors. PRSP attempted to address them. Thus it cannot be said that both SAP and PRSP impacted Ghana equally in a more positive way. But rather it can said that (1) SAP created more problems in Ghana and PRSP on the other hand attempted to address them.(2)The later developments taking place indicate that the civil society participation in PRSP is having an impact in Ghana.
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Saravia, Tamayo Diego. "International Monetary Fund programs and capital market access /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/1579.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.
Thesis research directed by: Economics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Kwakye, J. K. "IMF stabilisation programmes and developing countries : A case study of Ghana." Thesis, University of Reading, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376778.

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Al-Ajlani, Riad. "Some issues regarding IMF and Third World relations." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261828.

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Darrow, Mac. "Between light and shadow : the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and international human rights law /." Oxford [u.a.] : Hart, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/364972661.pdf.

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George, Dion. "Perpetual Dependency: An Analysis of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and the Relationship with the International Monetary Fund." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2019. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/cauetds/172.

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This study examined the relationship between CARICOM governments and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The study focused on three research questions: (1) What do the CARICOM leadership and other stakeholders believe are the major reasons why they continue to rely on the financial assistance and intervention of the IMF? (2) Under which paradigm of development do these leaders and stake holders perceive their relationships with the IMF? (3) How do younger and older CARICOM citizens perceive the future growth of their countries, under the leadership of the IMF? Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used in this study to analyze the research questions; therefore, this study used a mixed-methods design. Research question one was analyzed using a qualitative design, while the second and third research questions used a quantitative analysis in the form of descriptive statistics. The analysis, which was limited to six interviews, contained 13 questions. Thematic analysis explored themes such as unique crafting of policies to meet challenges; rationale to undergo IMF programs; ability to meet domestic and international payment obligations; and most applicable economic paradigm to CARICOM. This study also examined the economic paradigms undergirding CARICOM leaders’ decision to use the International Monetary Fund in addressing the socioeconomic and political development issue of the region. The sample consisted of 49 participants. The study concluded that the IMF policies are uniquely crafted to suit the specific CARICOM countries’ needs. These countries tend to invite the IMF interventions out of a sheer necessity and often are reluctant to do so. Yet, doing so provides access to additional funding and other resources that would likely have been otherwise unavailable. While the intent of the IMF programs is to eliminate the inefficient use of resources in these states, sometimes government spending can be impacted by its political nature and yield unintended consequences.
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Young, Eric Wight. "The International Monetary Fund and Social Safety Net Construction Failure in Indonesia 1997-1998." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32074.

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Throughout the International Monetary Fundâ s history it has been criticized for failing to address the negative impact its adjustment programs have on the poor in borrowing countries. This study examines the Fundâ s declared intention and actions regarding the construction of a social safety net in Indonesia from October 1997 until May 1998. A historical narrative using Constructivism as a theoretical framework is used to explain the relationship between the IMF, Suharto and the effect their interaction had on social safety net construction. This historical perspective reveals that rather than working towards building a social safety net, the Fundâ s main priority was the decentralization of Indonesian political and economic structures.
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Azrieli, Naomi. "Soviet economic diplomacy, 1941-1947." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324974.

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Hasdemir, Fatih. "The reform of the economies of developing countries under the influence of international financial institutions : the case of Turkey." Thesis, University of Hull, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318996.

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Books on the topic "International monetary fund – Ghana"

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Siebold, Thomas. Ghana 1957-1987: Entwicklung und Rückentwicklung, Verschuldung und IWF-Intervention. Hamburg: Institut für Afrika-Kunde, 1988.

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Brydon, Lynne. Adjusting society: The World Bank, the IMF, and Ghana. London: Tauris Academic Studies, 1996.

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Salda, Anne C. M. International Monetary Fund. Oxford: Clio Press, 1992.

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The International Monetary Fund. New Brunswick, N.J: Transaction Publishers, 1992.

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Peru and the International Monetary Fund. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1986.

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Driscoll, David D. What is the international monetary fund? Washington, D.C: External Relations Department, International Monetary Fund, 1995.

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Reform of the International Monetary Fund. Washington, DC: Group of Thirty, 2009.

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Driscoll, David D. What is the international monetary fund?. Washington D.C: International Monetary Fund, 1992.

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International Monetary Fund. International Monetary Fund Annual Report 2016. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781498349598.011.

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International Monetary Fund. International Monetary Fund Annual Report 1985. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781616351977.011.

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Book chapters on the topic "International monetary fund – Ghana"

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House, Brett, David Vines, and W. Max Corden. "International Monetary Fund." In Banking Crises, 158–91. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137553799_18.

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Guilmard, Patrice. "International Monetary Fund." In American Translators Association Scholarly Monograph Series, 73. Binghamton: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ata.ii.16gui.

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Corden, Warner Max. "International Monetary Fund." In Lucky Boy in the Lucky Country, 181–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65166-8_15.

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House, Brett, David Vines, and W. Max Corden. "International Monetary Fund." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–28. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1966-1.

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House, Brett, David Vines, and W. Max Corden. "International Monetary Fund." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 6767–94. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_1966.

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Van Meerhaeghe, M. A. G. "The International Monetary Fund." In International Economic Institutions, 21–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1930-8_2.

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Van Meerhaeghe, M. A. G. "The International Monetary Fund." In International Economic Institutions, 23–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1933-9_2.

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van Meerhaeghe, M. A. G. "The International Monetary Fund." In International Economic Institutions, 23–71. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3576-4_2.

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Goddard, C. Roe, and Melissa H. Birch. "The International Monetary Fund." In International Political Economy, 215–35. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24443-0_15.

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van Meerhaeghe, M. A. G. "The International Monetary Fund." In International Economic Institutions, 25–65. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5565-7_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "International monetary fund – Ghana"

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Harper, Richard, and Abigail Sellen. "Collaborative tools and the practicalities of professional work at the international monetary fund." In the SIGCHI conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/223904.223920.

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NEAMTU, Daniela Mihaela. "The Strategy of International Monetary Fund in the Recovery of the Post-Crisis Economy in Latin America." In The 14th Economic International Conference: Strategies and Development Policies of Territories: International, Country, Region, City, Location Challenges, May 10-11, 2018, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania. LUMEN Publishing House, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc.63.

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Ciolomic, Ioana Andreea, and Ioana Natalia Beleiu. "THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL AND PROFESSIONAL ORGANISATIONS’ IN DEFINING STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES." In Fourth International Scientific Conference ITEMA Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management and Agriculture. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/itema.2020.83.

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owned enterprises (SOEs) have an essential role in national economies worldwide, but regardless of their acknowledged contribution to the global markets, divergent opinions and approaches can be observed when defining and characterizing these entities. On the other hand, international organizations such as OECD, International Monetary Fund, European Commission, United Nations, World Trade Organizations, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, and professional organizations such as IPSASB and Chartered Institute of Management Accountants have an essential role in SOEs' activity. One of the biggest challenges that professional bodies have nowadays is to find a unique definition to match the need of practitioners and capture the complexity of SOEs. Even if there can be identified some common approaches between academicians, international, and professional organizations, there are some delicate areas that require substantial efforts for clarifications. The paper addresses this topic, aiming to clarify the main aspects concerning the definition of SOEs from international and professional organizations' points of view based on qualitative research methods.
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Barnett, Nicholas, Annamarie Murray, Nicholas Ouellette, and Michael Snyder. "Regional Strategy for the Implementation of Natural Gas as a Transportation Fuel." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87195.

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Natural gas as a transportation fuel is a practical and viable replacement for petroleum based fuels. To implement natural gas fuel technologies, strategic plans must be put in place by city, state, and national agencies to not only fund the technology with monetary investments but also fund the social change to encourage long term technology growth. With the discovery and exploration of the Marcellus Shale the potential for natural gas infiltration as a fuel into the transportation market has grown exponentially. The region of interest for this specific plan focuses on a 150 mile radius around the Pittsburgh metropolis as the initial test bed region of interest. This region lies upon the Marcellus Shale and therefore there is a positive push towards the use of natural gas fueled by local interest. This region has the intellectual knowhow from universities and government agencies alike to develop technologies from theoretical design to product deployment. To ensure an effective and successful strategy the methodology of this investigation was one which looked to the past, present and the future. Past strategies were studied to determine what key features lead to success, the present was explored to define what laws and regulations are in place which affects the new technologies, and the future benefits of a successful implementation were hypothesized based on economic theory. The proposed strategy is a closed loop operation; meaning one industrious customer is temporarily both the supply and the demand chain of the technology. Public and private investments are vital to a successful implementation in the region by steering social awareness and subsidizing the market.
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Balcılar, Mehmet. "COVID-19 Recession: The Global Economy in Crisis." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c12.02467.

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In January 2020, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) predicted that the world economy would grow by 3.3% in 2020. However, in its latest forecasts, in April, it predicts a contraction of 3.0%, without growth prospects and with numerous risks. The World bank even forecasts a 3.6% contraction in 2020. These forecasts are already seen as overestimates. Most baseline forecast envisions the deepest global recession since World War II. This study analyzes various economics impacts of the COVID-19 on a global scale. If the global recession expected due to the effects of the coronavirus (COVID-19) would lead to a decline in growth rate of global gross domestic product (GDP) between 2.0% and 10.% in all countries in 2020, the number of unemployed people in the net food importer countries would increase between 14.4 million and 80.3 million; the biggest part of the increase would occur in low-income countries. As the pandemic has shown its most severe impact on the largest world economies, the study considers the developments in United States, Euro Area, Japan and China. The recessions in these parts of the world spreads to the other countries and one should primarily consider these regions. Next we consider the trends in global trades, financial markets, and commodity markets. In association with the four regions of the global economy and trends in global trade, financial markets and commodity markets we consider recent developments in emerging markets.
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Azer, Özlem Arzu. "Political and Economic Integration of the Central Asian and South Caucasian Turkish Republics into the Global World." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00244.

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With the dissolution of Soviet Union, former Soviet Republics’ central planned economy transformed into free market economy and structural reforms were made as parallel of this development. These former socialist countries have some diffficulties to adopt capitalism due to absence of some fundamental feautures of capitalism and inheritance of Soviet Union. Ending big threat of communism, the jeo-strategical importance of the region increased for the West because these countries own the oil and gas resources besides they are starting point or transit country of the energy pipelines. However, these transition countries could not develop economically and poverty became the major problem for most of Central Asian and South Caucasian Turkic Republics. As economic problems lead weakness of governance, ethnical conflicts and border conflicts threat these new independent countries. The region seems in the center of war for power due to rich natural resources and pipelines as well as the connection point to Afghanistan and being the exit to the Black Sea. This paper seeks economic situations of Central Asian and South Caucasian Turkic Republics which jeo-strategical importance increased due to natural resources and geographic location during Post Cold-War era. This work is based on statistical data provided by United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database (COMTRADE), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and International Monetary Fund (IMF), covering the period of 1990-2008 and contains Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan.
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Karluk, S. Rıdvan. "Effects of Global Economic Crisis on Kyrgyzstan Economy and Developments in Economic Relations between Turkey and Kyrgyzstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00239.

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The global crisis which started in September 2008 adversely affected many global economies and also Kyrgyzstan economy. Kyrgyzstan economy which declined and experienced a severe recession in 2009 due to the crisis started recovering from the adverse effects of the crisis after 2010. What lie beneath this positive development is increased foreign exchange revenues abroad and vigor experienced in construction industry and industrial production. The recovery experienced in economies of Russia and neighbor Kazakhstan resulted in increased exports and thus increased revenues in foreign currencies obtained from foreign countries. The political disturbances experienced in Bishkek in April 2011 and ethnic conflicts experienced in southern Kyrgyzstan in June 2011, created an adverse effect on the economy. The crisis resulted in degradation of investment environment, adversely influenced the foreign investments and increased the current account deficit. These developments adversely influenced the banking sector too. The government attempted to diminish effects of the crisis through financial incentives. The budget deficit emerged as a result of crisis was attempted to be closed through support secured from International Monetary Fund (IMF). IMF, World Bank and Asian Development Bank lent great support to invigorating Kyrgyzstan economy after events of April and July. According to IMF, if political instability goes on in Kyrgyzstan in medium and long term, economic problems shall continue. Uncertainties in banking sector are amongst the main factors which increase the economic risks. Recovery of Kyrgyzstan economy is dependent on medium term financial policy measures to be applied to the economy and balancing the foreign trade.
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Reports on the topic "International monetary fund – Ghana"

1

Bordo, Michael, and Anna Schwartz. From the Exchange Stabilization Fund to the International Monetary Fund. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8100.

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Reinhart, Carmen, and Christoph Trebesch. The International Monetary Fund: 70 Years of Reinvention. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21805.

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3

Bordo, Michael, and Harold James. The International Monetary Fund: Its Present Role in Historical Perspective. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7724.

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4

Edwards, Sebastian. The International Monetary Fund and the Developing Countries: A Critical Evaluation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2909.

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Abdo, Nabil, Dana Abed, Bachir Ayoub, and Nizar Aouad. The IMF and Lebanon: The long road ahead – An assessment of how Lebanon’s economy may be stabilized while battling a triple crisis and recovering from a deadly blast. Oxfam, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6652.

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Lebanon is extremely unequal and has been rocked by massive protests in recent months. The country is facing a financial crisis and is in talks with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) about a potential bailout programme. Other IMF programmes in the region have focused on austerity and have driven increases in poverty and inequality. A business-as-usual approach by the IMF in Lebanon could have serious and far-reaching adverse impacts. Any potential policies pushed by the IMF in Lebanon must first be shown not to impact negatively on economic and gender inequalities, and must be drawn up transparently in consultation with local communities, civil society organizations and social movements.
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Tamale, Nona. Adding Fuel to Fire: How IMF demands for austerity will drive up inequality worldwide. Oxfam, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7864.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has dealt a huge blow to every country, and many governments have struggled to meet their populations’ urgent needs during the crisis. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has stepped in to offer extra support to a large number of countries during the pandemic. However, Oxfam’s analysis shows that as of 15 March 2021, 85% of the 107 COVID-19 loans negotiated between the IMF and 85 governments indicate plans to undertake austerity once the health crisis abates. The findings in this briefing paper show that the IMF is systematically encouraging countries to adopt austerity measures once the pandemic subsides, risking a severe spike in already increased inequality levels. A variety of studies have revealed the uneven distribution of the burden of austerity, which is more likely to be shouldered by women, low-income households and vulnerable groups, while the wealth of the richest people increases. Oxfam joins global institutions and civil society in urging governments worldwide and the IMF to focus their energies instead on a people-centred, just and equal recovery that will fight inequality and not fuel it. Austerity will not ‘build back better’.
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7

Research Department - Banking Section - Statistics - Correspondence - Information supplied to the International Monetary Fund - 1953 - 1956. Reserve Bank of Australia, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/14795.

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8

KAPSARC Oil Market Outlook. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2021-rt01.

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Total global oil demand is expected to increase year-on-year (YoY) by 4.2 million barrels per day (MMb/d) in 2021 and further grow by 3.5 MMb/d in 2022, returning to 2019 levels by the third quarter (Q3) 2022. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) predicts economic growth of around 5.4% in 2021, compared with a decline in real gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020 of -4.4%. However, KOMO estimates a forecast more in line with the OECD’s outlook for growth (4.2%), which presumes that GDP levels will only reach 2019 levels by the end of 2021.
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9

African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.

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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.
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