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Wild, Nigel Robert. "Ethical procurement strategies for international aid non-government organisations." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2012. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/11988/.
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International aid non-governmental organisations (IANGOs) are expected by the public and government institutions funding them to focus upon maximising effectiveness for the delivery of aid and in the process adopt ethical procurement (EP) practices. Concerns have been voiced by governments and media regarding the perceived lack of coordination between IANGOs. The motivation for this thesis stems from a societal and personal evaluation of the need for ethical behaviour in the procurement of goods and services for international aid and is supported by a willingness by IANGOs to explore the potential for conducting procurement practices in their supply networks in an ethical manner. To address these issues this research aims to explore ethical procurement strategies for IANGOs in humanitarian supply chains. To achieve these aims our methodological approach is qualitative, which means that it studies the subjects in their natural environments, and seeks to understand phenomena by understanding the meanings given to them by actors. We undertook a multiple case study approach and conducted in-depth interviews with senior logistics and purchasing managers in IANGO organisations, together with a survey of IANGO suppliers. Our contribution to EP strategies for IANGOs at the strategic level is to develop a conceptual framework for collaborative ethical procurement due diligence (CEPDD) between IANGOs in HSCs. At the tactical level we identify inhibitors and enables to CEPDD between IANGOs, their suppliers’ networks and donors. At the operational level we develop a risk-rating framework which provides IANGOs with a tool to establish a collaborative procurement code of conduct (COC) ethics system which can be used to assess ethical risks in HSCs. Our findings demonstrate SC co-opetition strategies are being enacted by IANGOs to explore the formulation of CEPDD. We establish there are concerns surrounding ethical risk in HSCs that differ from CSCs in relation to IANGO relationships with donors, and supplier networks. We apply our risk rating framework to highlight inhibitors to CEPDD throughout IANGO supplier networks and donor relations, and in doing so we determine that apart from the actions of a lead IANGO, ethical procurement due diligence is not instigated in a formalised manner. Tactically our risk-rating framework is of practical importance as it allows IANGOs to access the relevant information concerning inhibitors and enablers in order to evaluate CEPDD ideas and schemes, and to make informed decisions towards participation. These factors facilitate initiatives by directing efforts towards issues of concern and shifting focus towards the critical problem areas which need to be addressed. Operationally it provides a guide in horizontal cooperation considerations in CEPDD by acting as a basis of decision choices for the construction of a framework of COCs between IANGOs.
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Cheng, Jian Xiao. "International regulation of government procurement and the evolution in China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2147559.
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Malumfashi, Garba Ibrahim. "'Green' public procurement policies, climate change mitigation and international trade regulation : an assessment of the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2010. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/24c7aef7-074c-48db-877a-f9d22b51d7f5.
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This research examines the legal issues arising in the inter-relationship between climate change law and policy on the one hand, and international trade regulation on the other. The focus is government procurement. It looks at “green” government procurement (GPP) policies and practices used by the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol as a tool for climate change mitigation, and as it relates to these countries’ obligations under the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA). GPP is government purchase practice that favours goods, services and service suppliers that are more climate-friendly and energy efficient over similar others that are less so. For example, under the EU GPP policy, for climate reasons, procurement authorities have a preference for green electricity (generated from renewable sources) as against the conventional fossil-based electricity. The two types of “electricities” are ordinarily same products as far as their performance is concerned, that is, at the consumption level. Discriminating between the two has the potential to raise serious issues of law at WTO level.Under the WTO non-discrimination disciplines (GATT Arts. I and III, and GPA Art.III) product or service standards based on non-product related processes and production methods (PPMs) such as climate friendliness should not serve to permit differentiation in treatment between “like” products. The general exceptions provisions (GATT Art. XX(b) and (g) and GPA Art. XXIII) however, may permit such climate-related differential measures if they are: (1) necessary to achieve the legitimate policy objective intended, (2) not applied in a discriminatory manner and (3) not a disguised restriction on international trade. There are two issues of major concern to this study: First, there are textual discrepancies as between the GATT and GPA provisions related both to the nondiscrimination norms and the exceptions, which may pose interpretation difficulties in the event of a dispute. Secondly, the provisions of GATT Art. XX (b) and (g) are interpreted to refer to environment in general terms. However, the current trend is to single out and address climate change separately from among other environmental problems of transboundary nature. This is in view of the urgency associated with the challenge it poses. Generally, also, in accordance with established WTO jurisprudence, the party who invokes the GATT Art. XX exceptions bears the burden to prove the measure in question as being covered under the exceptions. Some scholars suggest that this situation places at a disadvantage the subjects covered by the exception provisions (in this case climate-related procurement). Examined, therefore, is not only the extent to which GPP practices can be accommodated under these exceptions, which are also in line with the WTO’s recognition of the principles of sustainable development, but also whether climate-friendly procurement is best protected if expressly provided for as “positive norm” in the text of the GPA. The Revised GPA 2007 (not yet in force) contains a new paragraph (Art. X:6) which explicitly permits the Parties to include environmental considerations in their procurement policies. This study argues that the revision would not fundamentally address the issues observed earlier. In order to avoid the interpretation difficulties envisaged, and to promote mutual supportiveness and coherence between the climate and trade regimes further amendment would be necessary to the text of Art. XXIII of the GPA to the general exceptions, or in the alternative, to Art. X:6 of the Revised GPA. The amendment should, subject to appropriate conditions, explicitly permit discriminatory GP measures meant to address climate change subject. This amendment would effectively shift the burden of proof from the Party maintaining the measure to the one complaining against it. In the final analysis, this research will contribute to the current discourse on what role the WTO may play in the efforts to fashion out new international climate policy to succeed the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC by 2012.
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Altayyar, Ahmed. "Investigating e-procurement barriers within six Saudi Arabian SMEs." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/622479.
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This study aims to investigate factors affecting the adoption of e-procurement in Saudi Arabian SMEs. The study adopted the Gunasekaran and Ngai (2009) model as a theoretical framework and foundation for the research to investigate current status and readiness, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived critical success factors and perceived future organisational performance. Through an extensive literature review and detailed data analysis, the study extended the model to incorporate perceived cultural and external factors that were found to be necessary for the adoption of e-procurement in Saudi Arabian SMEs. Through case studies and AHP analysis, the proposed model elements were validated and prioritised in the Saudi Arabian context. Three different methods were adopted for data collection. First, an exploratory study was conducted to understand the current status of e-procurement and provide an overview of the factors that affect the adoption of e-procurement using the Gunasekaran and Ngai (2009) model. Second, a detailed survey was conducted to find the relative importance of various factors related to each of the five elements of the Gunasekaran and Ngai (2009) model. Third, detailed interviews were conducted across four selected SMEs to gain an insight into the factors that affect the adoption of e-procurement. The results of the exploratory study were helpful in identifying perceived factors that affect the adoption of e-procurement. Detailed survey analysis using AHP validated the theoretical framework and the relevance of the factors of the Gunasekaran and Ngai (2009) model. However, some of the factors were found to be more important than in the Gunasekaran and Ngai (2009) model, while others were less important. Results of the qualitative study (interviews) found additional factors that were relevant to each of the five elements of the GN model. They further suggested that “Current e-procurement activities” was an additional factor in the “current status and readiness” element and “Increased transparency” was an additional factor in the “perceived benefits” element. Similarly, the analysis of the qualitative results found two additional factors in the “perceived barriers” element (i.e. absence of e-procurement specific laws and regulations and lack of trust in the electronic transfer of funds), three additional critical success factors (i.e. cost-benefit analysis of the solution, technical maturity of the marketplace and user-friendliness of the solution) and two additional factors in perceived future organisational performance (i.e. strategic alliance and networking and knowledge management and data warehousing). Further, analysis of the qualitative findings revealed two additional elements (i.e. perceived external and perceived cultural factors). The study thus suggests that organisational culture, cultural inertia and business culture of the country are three important cultural factors that are perceived to affect the adoption of e-procurement, while government support, having one’s own postal addresses and delivery services, providing secure and trustworthy online payment options, low cost and high speed internet connection, suppliers’ willingness and readiness, pressure from competitors, policy and regulations are the seven important perceived external factors that affect the adoption of e-procurement in Saudi Arabian SMEs. The results of the qualitative data analysis led to the development of an extended Gunasekaran and Ngai (2009) model to incorporate perceived culture and perceived external factors. The study has significant implications in terms of further e-procurement research for SMEs in Saudi Arabia and also its adoption in the developing world in general.
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Heuninckx, Baudouin. "The law of collaborative defence procurement through international organisations in the European Union." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12136/.
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This thesis critically analyses the procurement rules of international organisations or agencies performing collaborative defence procurement in the European Union (EU). In collaborative defence procurement, States agree to procure equipment or services for their armed forces in common, thereby sharing development costs and looking for economies of scale. The management of collaborative defence procurement programmes is often entrusted to an international organisation or agency acting on behalf of the participating States. After setting out the political, economic and legal context of collaborative defence procurement in the EU, we analyse the applicability of domestic and EU law to international organisations, in particular public procurement law in the field of defence. The conclusion of this first part is that, whilst domestic and EU law apply in general terms to international organisations or agencies, this is subject to the substantive provisions of the relevant laws and to international law, such as the privileges and immunities of the organisations. Specifically, international organisations or agencies in the EU most likely would not have to comply with domestic procurement law or with the EU public procurement directives, but they would still have to comply with the procurement principles flowing from the EU Treaties, except if non-EU Member States control their decision-making. We then move on to an analysis of the procurement rules of three international organisations or agencies performing collaborative defence procurement in the EU: the Joint Organisation for Armaments Cooperation (OCCAR), the NATO Maintenance and Supply Organisation (NAMSO) and the European Defence Agency (EDA). For these organisations we analyse to what extent their procurement rules should comply with EU law, to what extent they are an efficient set of rules, and what measures could be taken to remedy any detrimental issue or incoherence identified. We conclude with recommendations aiming to improve the applicable law.
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Sharif, Asif. "A functional analysis of building procurement systems and strategies in an international context." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337534.
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Moreno, Molina José Antonio. "General Principles of Public Procurement in Recent International, European and Latin American Law." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118488.
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The paper reflects on the importance of the general principles of public procurement in the application and interpretation of the law in this area. To this objective both the international law of administrative contracts, which has its main landmarks in the government procurement agreement of the World Trade Organization and the United Nations Model Law, as the regulation and case law of the European Union are analyzed, which has laid a very advanced teaching in this regard. Finally it is subject to review recent legislation compared to Latin America on public procurement, which attaches great importance to general principles.En el trabajo se reflexiona acerca de la importancia de los principios generales de la contratación pública en la aplicación e interpretación del Derecho en la materia. A tal efecto se analizan tanto el Derecho Internacional de las contrataciones administrativas, que tiene sus principales hitos en el Acuerdo de compras públicas de la Organización Mundial del Comercio y en la Ley Modelo de Naciones Unidas, como la regulación y jurisprudencia de la Unión Europea, que ha sentado una doctrina muy avanzada al respecto. Finalmente es objeto de comentario la reciente legislación comparada de países de América latina sobre contratos públicos, que concede una gran importancia a los principios generales.
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Polymenidis, Ilias. "The designing and development of a "Balanced Scorecard" for the International Procurement Department of the Procurement Directorate in the Hellenic Navy Supply Center." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Jun%5FPolymenidis.pdf.
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Heldreth, Steven E. "Effect of the International Agreement on Government Procurement and the Government Procurement Chapter of the North American Free Trade Agreement on public contracting opportunities." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA283991.
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Kvamme, Oscar, and Chilò Maximilian Stegö. "Regulating European defence procurements: implications and challenges : A case study of the Swedish A&D industry on the international fighter market and the role of offset agreements." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-131346.
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Background: When governments procure fighter jets from international suppliers, offsets frequently occur. In 2009, the European Commission issued Defence and Security Directive 2009/81/EC – a first step to incorporate the defence sector into the European single-market model. The regulation has changed the circumstances on the fighter market by limiting the use of offsets. Whether the fighter market, or the defence sector, is able to adjust to these changes remain unanswered.Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyse the role of offsets in procurements of fighter jets, to get a better understanding of the present situation at the fighter market where the EU attempts to ban offset agreements.Research method: This study uses a qualitative method. Seven interviews with employees at Saab Aeronautics were carried through. In addition to the interviews, a literature study was conducted on defence markets, offsets and the European context. The gathered material was thereafter analysed with selected theories of institutional and transaction cost economics, as well as previous research in order to fulfil the purpose of the study.Conclusion: The study concludes that offsets can be seen as a by-product of the existing market imperfections and political transactions, and therefore a natural component in procurements of fighter jets. Certain forms of offset can be used by purchasing governments to neutralize existing market imperfections and lower the transaction costs. However, this is only one dimension to offsets since they may appear in several forms with different purposes and risks attached to them. The institutional change on the European fighter market will produce both winners and losers in the years to come. Whether eliminating offsets will lead to a more open and transparent fighter market remains ambiguous
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Ruhland, Bettina. "Die Dienstleistungskonzession : Begriff, Standort und Rechtsrahmen der Vergabe ; ausgezeichnet mit dem International Public Procurement Award 2006 /." Baden-Baden : Nomos, 2006. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2833715&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Brown, Susan Carol. "The institutional evolution of the WTO Government Procurement Agreement : towards an understanding of the peripheries of domestic economic policies." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1998. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3163/.
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The rules of the international economic order have traditionally sought to reduce trade barriers between national markets; domestic policy autonomy has been viewed as an inviolable sovereign freedom. The 1994 WTO Government Procurement Agreement requires Member States to introduce a series of administrative procedures for their tendering processes, as well as institutional avenues through which individual suppliers can invoke indirect "rights" they gain from these "common rules"; its positive disciplines represent a departure from the traditional, negative GAIT regulatory "methodology". This thesis involves a study of what these institutional changes have to say about economic policy-making and enforcement processes in an interdependent world. Part I presents an institutional history of the GPA and an analysis of how it works. Part II examines the kind of domestic intervention associated with the Agreement, concluding that the most significant interference with sovereigns' autonomy is neither strictly legislative nor administrative. The GPA's enforcement mechanism - in conjunction with the individual "rights" arising from its procedural obligations - "constitutionalises" the rights to national treatment it engenders. This implies a US style relationship between property and the state. Executive and legislative powers are separated and both are limited by law. Judicial-like entities, in turn, fulfill an arbitrator's role, charged with determining whether a government entity has acted in a manner consistent with its legally-delimited powers. The final section presents reasons why GPA Member States may have been willing to accept the "intervention" that is implicit in the Agreement, developing an argument that the GPA is a "means" to Members' "shared end" of facilitating the integration of markets and, most importantly, ensuring their subsequent integrity. States, in implementing the "common rules", act as agents on behalf of the economic order because, in a globalising world, cooperation is consistent with citizens' welfare. The way in which this cooperation is structured allows for heterogeneous political interests to be accommodated. To the extent that the GPA protects individual rights for "collective ends", it is not inconsistent with unitary state notions of sovereignty.
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Davies, Bram. "A review of South African and international practices for the procurement and remuneration of consulting engineering services." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/70388.
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Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences. Graduate School of BusinessThesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2006.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This mini-study project is a review of South African and International practices for the procurement and remuneration of consulting engineering services. The manner in which engineering services have been procured from professionals in the built environment over the last decade in South Africa has varied considerably within the public sector. Historically government and professional associations published time based and percentage fee based scales. In 1997 the government published a Green Paper on Procurement Reform. This paper called for the uniformity of procurement policies throughout all industries. In 2000, a statutory body, the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) was established. The CIDB has developed procurement regulations based on the government guidelines for the construction industry. Compliance with these regulations became mandatory as of 14 November 2005 for organs of state who solicit tender offers such as national, provincial and local government institutes. Within the private sector, services have been procured on an ever increasing basis based on a negotiated fee with an agreed scope of works and involvement. The importance of this study is that no single procurement system has been proven worldwide to be optimal. The CIDB have set the rules and now it is up to the construction industry to develop a framework of practice that is sustainable and competitive. The study is a systematic investigation to establish the facts about the new government procurement policies and regulations for the South African construction industry. The guidelines and proposals of associations such as the South African Association of Consulting Engineers SAACE), the International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) and The World Bank are reviewed. Personal interviews are conducted with South African consulting engineers to investigate opinions on the latest reforms and practices. Procurement and remuneration practices in various other developed and developing countries are also reviewed. From the review it was found that the pertinent measures for the procurement and remuneration of consultants were project categorisation, consultant selection criteria., procurement processes, procurement procedures, cost based procurement approaches, the use of professional fee scales and the cost weighting of consultant remuneration. Trends that emerged from the study were the move in international practices away from the use of professional fee scales. Although the Quality Cost Based Selection (QCBS) approach is still used widely internationally, there is an increase in emphasis and move towards a Quality Based Selection (QBS) approach. Internationally there has been a trend to simplify the process and criteria for the selection of consultants. An important debate identified was whether the use of professional fee scales in South Africa should be eliminated and the determination of professional fees be left to market forces. The review found that although the CIDB had done immense work in the formulation of the new regulations to meet government reform policies, there were certain short comings that needed to be addressed. These included implementation, education of public officials in consultant evaluation, dealing with the tremendous shortage of public officials to do consultant evaluation and the simplification of processes. The study produces a comprehensive comparative table of institutional and practitioners inputs with respect to the identified consultant procurement and remuneration measures. The significance of this table is that it can be used to formulate or adjust existing frameworks. It is proposed that such revised frameworks be monitored and studied to optimise the objective of sustainability and competitiveness in the procurement and remuneration of consulting services in South Africa.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie mini navorsingsprojek bied 'n oorsig van die Suid-Afrikaanse en lntemasionale praktyke vir die werwing en vergoeding van raadgewende ingenieurs. Die manier waarop ingenieursdienste gewerf word van professionele persone in die konstruksiebedryf oor die laaste dekade in Suid-Afrika het aansienlik verskil binne die openbare sektor. In die verlede het die staatsdiens en professionele instansies tydgebasseerde en persentasievergoedingskale gepubliseer. In 1997 het die Regering 'n "Groenpapier" oor werwing en hervorming gepubliseer. In hierdie dokument word 'n oproep tot uniformiteit van werwingsbeleid deur alle deelnemers gedoen. In 2000 is 'n statutere liggaam, die "Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB)", gestig. Die CIDB het werwingsregulasies ontwikkel wat gebasseer is op die regering se riglyne vir die konstruksiebedryf. Hierdie regulasies het sedert 14 November 2005 vir tenders aan staatsliggame soos nasionale, provinsiale en plaaslike regerings verpligtend geword. Binne die privaatsektor word dienste op 'n toenemende basis op 'n onderhandelde basis vergoed. Daar is gevind dat daar geen enkel werwingsisteem wereldwyd is wat as optimaal bewys is nie. Die CIDB het die reels neergele en dit is nou die verantwoordelikheid van die konstruksiebedryf am 'n praktykgerigte raamwerk te ontwikkel wat beide volhoubaar en kompeterend is. Die navorsing is 'n stelselmatige ondersoek om vas te stel wat die regering se werwingsbeleid en regulasies vir die Suid-Afrikaanse konstruksiebedryf is. Die riglyne en voorstellings van instansies soos die van die Suid-Afrikaanse Assosiasie vir Raadgewende Ingenieurs (SAACE), die "International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC)" en Die Wereldbank is ondersoek en vergelyk. Persoonlike onderhoude is gevoer met Suid-Afrikaanse raadgewende ingenieurs om 'n ondersoek na opinies te doen oor die onlangse hervorming van praktyke. Werwings- en vergoedingspraktyke in verskeie ander lande is ook ondersoek. Hierdie ondersoek het uitgewys dat die pertinente metings vir die werwing en vergoeding van raadgewende ingenieurs projek kategorie, wenvingsprosesse, werwingsprosedures, koste gebaseerde benaderings, die gebruik van professionele vergoedingskale en die koste van vergoeding, is. Tendense wat na vore kom vanuit die navorsing, is die intemasionale praktyk om weg te beweeg van professionele vergoedingskale. Alhoewel die Kwaliteit Koste Gebasseerde Seleksie benadering nog steeds wyd gebruik word intemasionaal, is daar 'n toename in die beklemtoning en beweging na die Kwaliteit Gebasseerde Seleksie benadering. Daar is die neiging intemasionaal om die proses en kriteria vir die seleksie van konsultante te vereenvoudig. 'n Belangrike debat wat geidentifiseer is, is of die gebruik van professionele vergoedingskale in Suid-Afrika geelimineer moet word en of die vasstelling van professionele vergoeding deur markkragte bepaal moet word. Die navorsing het bevind dat alhoewel die CIDB heelwat werk gedoen het in die formulering van nuwe regulasies om te voldoen aan regerings hervormingsbeleid, dat daar sekere tekortkominge is wat aangespreek moet word. Hierdie sluit in: implementering, die opleiding van openbare amptenare in konsultant evaluering. die hantering van die geweldige tekort aan openbare amptenare om die konsultant evaluerings te doen en die vereenvoudiging van prosesse. Die navorsing produseer 'n omvattende vergelykende tabel van institutionele en die praktykvoerder se insette ten opsigte van die geidentifiseerde konsultant werwings - en vergoedingsmeetmiddels. Die belangrikheid van hierdie tabel is dat dit gebruik kan word om te formuleer of om aanpassings te maak aan bestaande raamwerke. Dit word voorgestel dat sulke hersiende raamwerke gemonitor en bestudeer word om sodoende die doelwit van onderhoudbaarheid en kompeterendheid in die werwing en vergoeding van konsulterende dienste in Suid-Afrika te optimaliseer.
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Yu, Xiaomin. "Putting corporate codes of conduct regarding labor standards in a global-national-local context : a case study of Reebok's athletic footwear supplier factory in China /." View abstract or full-text, 2006. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202006%20YU.
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Kayonde, Susan. "Towards an International Standard on government procurement in the WTO: Assessing the role of RTAs in entrenching the principles of the WTOs agreement on government procurement in developing countries." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5482_1256911225.
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Government procurement is a very important aspect of international tradeas it can either promote or inhibit trade depending on laws and policies of a country. The study is confined to issues pertaining to the role of RTAs in establishing government procurement standards that resemble or conform to those of the GPA in developing countries. The study used Africa as a case study by evaluating selected RTAs that have been signed focussing on RTAs such as the procurementinitiativeof the Common Market for East and Southern Africa (COMESA) and US-Morocco Free Trade Agreement. The major objectives of the study were to examine the role of the existing international regulatory instruments towards the harmonisation of global standards on government procurement. The reserach aimed at analysing the role of the WTOs GPA as a possible global standard for government procurement and to investigate reasons of limited membership by developing countries.
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Neumann, Peter. "United Nations procurement regime : description and evaluation of the legal framework in the light of international standards and of findings of an inquiry into procurement for the Iraq oil for food programme /." Frankfurt, M. ; Berlin Bern Bruxelles New York, NY Oxford Wien : Lang, 2008. http://d-nb.info/990602338/04.
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Perichon, Lukas. "Les entreprises françaises et la commande publique en Afrique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS364.
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Les relations contractuelles entre les États africains francophones et les entreprises françaises dans la commande publique se nouent dans un cadre juridique et institutionnel constitué d'un enchevêtrement complexe de normes nationales, régionales et internationales en rupture progressive avec le modèle historique français. Ces relations se formalisent dans des contrats hybrides, aux caractères mal définis, entre contrats publics et contrats internationaux. Ils s'insèrent dans des montages juridiques et financiers où sont mis en balance la profitabilité, l'intérêt général, et les enjeux environnementaux et sociaux du développementContractual relationships between french-speaking african countries and french companies in the public procurement sector are formed under a complex network of national, regional and international rules breaking away from the historical french legal and administrative model. These relationships are maintained through ill-defined hybrid contracts that draw from public and international contractual laws and practices. They are integrated into legal and financial frameworks balancing profitability, public interests, environmental and social matters
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Ahlqvist, Malin, and Lisa Jansson. "Business Intelligence Implementation from a User Perspective : A case study of an international company implementing BI in the procurement function." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-448626.
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This case study investigates what factors are important during the business intelligence implementation, and also how those factors affect the perception of the BI project according to the end-users. The study was conducted as a qualitative single case study where the data was mainly collected using semi-structured interviews in two rounds. The studied case was a proof of concept project in an international company, where they implemented business intelligence within the procurement function in three of their subsidiaries to determine if they would implement BI in the whole group. During the first round of interviews, three factors were identified as important namely, ownership, involvement and evaluation. During the second round, the end-users expressed some deficiencies that could be improved in regard to the three factors. The study concludes that the factors ownership, involvement and evaluation were important even though evaluation was the only factor that affected the end-users’ perception of the implementation. However, their acceptance of the project was not affected due to the fact that they had expressed such a strong need for BI a long time before the project.
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Schmidt, Anne [Verfasser]. "Public Procurement Law and Reform in Developing Countries: International Best Practices and Lessons Learned : Namibia as a Case Study / Anne Schmidt." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1160480249/34.
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Ishikawa, Claudia. "The International Human Resource Development Nexus in Japan’s Immigration Paradigm : Policy Considerations and Findings of Survey Interviews in Germany and Australia." 名古屋大学国際教育交流センター, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20795.
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Pargac, Petr. "What issues does the Czech Republic face concerning offsets in the context of military purchases." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2611.
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The word "offset" in the broad sense represents reciprocal trade advantages that result from economic agreements. However, as a result of increasing competition among suppliers due to the reduced global defense market, declining military budgets, and other aspects, buyers are able to influence the conditions under which major defense programs are obtained. Not only unions, defense industries, trade associations, and public, but also EU is involved. The Czech Republic as a member of these organizations has to follow their rules as well, and their views and policies regarding offsets might be different. The objective of this project is to examine what issues, if any, the Czech Republic faces concerning offsets implementation in international trade. This study will discuss briefly the history of the Czech Republic's participation in offsets, and its current policy, if any, towards using offset practices. The Czech Republic's goals in offset practices, and government support for them, would be another area of research. The Czech Republic is an EU member and therefore is obliged to follow policies implemented by these institutions. Whether there is any connection between the Czech government policy and EU policies will also be examined. Specifically, the project will focus on what should be done in future offsets implementation, and what to be aware of.
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Andino, Alarcon Israel, and Elias Abdelmasih Saroukhan. "Internationella inköp av prefabricerade stomelement : En studie om möjligheterna och svårigheterna vid import." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-148802.
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Byggmaterialmarknaden i Sverige uppfattas idag som oligopolisk där ett fåtal företag dominerar en stor del av marknaden. Nya inköpsvägar för material kan öka konkurrensen och förändra villkor för aktörer i branschen. Flera utredningar menar på att import är en sådan inköpsväg som kan förändra den nuvarande prisstrukturen. Men för företag som ser import som en möjlighet kommer även ny problematik som måste hanteras. Företaget Midroc har ett stort intresse i att utreda möjligheten för att köpa in färdiga betongstommar från andra sidan Östersjön. Rapporten syftar främst till att undersöka och utvärdera olika leverantörer av betongelement i utlandet och på så sätt samtidigt undersöka möjligheterna för import. Genom intervjuer, litteraturstudier och enkäter till inköpare samt lokala leverantörer har kritiska faktorer tagits fram. Dessa innefattar bland annat teknisk standard, garantier, transport och risker. Det kom fram tidigt i studien att det finns en diskrepans mellan de tekniska standarder som tillämpas i Sverige jämfört med andra länder. Detta måste naturligtvis tas i särskild hänsyn så att produkterna som köps in är godkända att användas i Sverige. Ett sätt att säkerställa detta är att köpa betongprodukter som är certifierade med BBC-märket. Ett formulär med frågor upprättades, frågorna var menade att ge en inblick i vad företagen erbjuder och hur de arbetar. Prisfrågor har inte tagits med då det var omständigheterna kring ett internationellt inköp som var av störst intresse. Det har dock kommit fram att priset för betongstommar i Baltikum kan vara 20-30 % lägre än de nationella priserna. Företag i Polen och Baltikum kontaktades via telefon och på mejl, dessa fick möjlighet att svara på frågeformuläret. Företagen som svarade hade aktuella projekt i Sverige och hade fortsatt intresse av att utveckla sin marknad. Utifrån svaren som gavs har en leverantörsvärdering tagits fram för att värdera de leverantörer som passar företaget. Syftet var att försöka avgöra om det var lämpligt att gå vidare med leverantören. Det faktum att alla företagen redovisade ett pågående samarbete med flera byggföretag i Sverige, att flera av företagen är både vana och villiga att arbeta enligt allmänna bestämmelser, att de erbjuder helhetslösningar osv. visar på att möjligheterna för lyckad import är goda.The construction material market in Sweden is considered today to be oligopolistic where few companies dominate the market. New ways of procuring materials could increase the competition and change the terms for all the actors. Studies have shown that import is one of those new ways of procuring materials, thus altering the current price structure. But companies that consider importing materials will face problems that need solving. The company Midroc has shown great interest in investigating the possibility for purchasing precast concrete structural elements from overseas. The main purpose of this report is to investigate the possibilities of importing and evaluating potential suppliers. Through interviews, literature and inquiries to sales managers and local suppliers, important factors have been identified, such as standards, warranties, transportation and financial risk. A significant finding was that there are technical standards that differ between countries which can impede import. One way to surpass this is to look for concrete products which are certified with the BBC mark. A questionnaire was made which was meant to give useful information about what the company offers and how they work. Price was not included due to the fact that the main interest was the circumstances around an international purchase. However, it has emerged that concrete structural elements in the Baltic States could be 20-30 % cheaper than Swedish products. Suppliers in Poland and the Baltic states were phoned and e-mailed. The suppliers that answered were all currently working in Sweden and interested in increasing their export. A supplier assessment was made which is based on the answers. The fact that all companies were currently cooperating with construction companies in Sweden, show that they are familiar with Swedish regulations and often are able to offer an overall solution. This indicates that the possibilities of importing precast concrete elements to Sweden are good.
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Buga, Cristina. "Les politiques d'offset (compensation) : enjeux généraux et étude du cas de l'Afrique du Sud." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAE003/document.
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L’offset, appelé également opération de compensation, est un outil de politique discriminatoire destiné à favoriser la production locale. Il désigne un transfert ou une création d’activités en échange de l’octroi d’un contrat commercial d’achat-vente dans le cadre d’un marché public international. Les gouvernements utilisent ces mécanismes comme un levier stratégique de développement et d’amélioration de la balance des paiements. Malgré la portée de ces pratiques, elles restent un mécanisme d’échange relativement méconnu et peu décrit dans la littérature académique. L’objet de cette thèse est de définir, expliciter et évaluer l’importance de ces pratiques dans le commerce international et de proposer des pistes de réflexion pour le succès (l’efficience et l’efficacité) d’une politique de ce type imposée par le gouvernement hôte aux firmes internationales. Afin de prendre en compte les variables critiques du succès d’une politique d’offset, la relation entre l’État hôte et l’entreprise obligataire et le résultat de cette interaction sont examinés par l’intermédiaire de la théorie des jeux. L’application de ce cadre d’analyse à l’étude de la politique d’offset de l’Afrique du Sud et plus particulièrement à l’analyse des 121 projets d’offset civils fournis entre 1996 et 2012, dans le cadre du programme d’achats stratégiques de Défense met en évidence les résultats suivants : lors de la signature des contrats, les projets d’offset laissent espérer d’importantes retombées économiques et sociales pour le pays. Toutefois, au cours du processus de mise en œuvre, les nombreuses dérogations aux règles et aux procédures réglementaires fixées réduisent largement les effets positifs des projets et nuisent à leur efficacité. L’opacité des modalités de négociation, de sélection et d’exécution des projets d’offset permettent d’affirmer que ces pratiques n’ont pas toujours garanti la meilleure valeur possible des achats publics. Pour des problèmes d’information et d’analyse, il est difficile de statuer sur l’efficience globale de la politique d’offset sud-africaine mais le bilan estimatif reste positifOffsets arrangements in government procurement are discriminatory policy tools aimed at increasing local production. They reflect a transfer or a creation of new activities as a pre-condition to the validity of the purchasing contract. The governments use these mechanisms to encourage local development or to improve the balance-of-payments. In spite of the broad utilization of offset practices, they are relatively unknown and little described in academic literature. The goal of this thesis is to define, to explain and to assess the importance of these practices in the international trade and to provide a theoretical framework within which it will be possible to critically appraise the success of an offset policy (its effectiveness and efficiency) for host countries. In order to take into account the success factors for an offset policy, the relationship between the host country and the obligor as well as the result of this relationship is examined through the game theory approach. By applying this general framework to the study of South African Offset policy and more particularly to the evaluation of 121 civil offset projects provided between 1996 and 2012, under the Strategic Defense Package purchase we find the following results: at the conclusion of public procurement contracts, South-African offset projects hold out promises of important economic benefits for the country. Nevertheless, during the implementation process, many violations of rules and procedures decrease the positive impact of these projects and hinder their effectiveness. The lack of transparency in the negotiation process, the selection and the execution phase of offset projects show that South Africa did not obtain best value for public money. It is difficult to appraise global program efficiency because of lack of data and analysis problems. However the estimated impact remains positive
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Collantes, González Jorge Luis. "De l'harmonisation du droit des contrats publics vers la construction d'un droit international des contrats publics." Thesis, Perpignan, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PERP0020.
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L’harmonisation du droit des contrats publics constitue un phénomène juridique. Ce phénomène est caractérisé par l’introduction de règles en matière d’appels d’offres publiques pour l’ouverture du marché. Ce phénomène est perceptible à partir des années soixante-dix et il se déroule sur diverses scénarios : au sein des organisations internationales régionales et subrégionales, dans le cadre de l’Organisation Mondiale de Commerce (OMC) et dans le cadre des accords de libre-échange, ce qui conduit à une multiplicité d’harmonisations et une multiplicité de règles qui demandent une harmonie juridique pour éviter contradictions et incertitudes. Les harmonisations ne présentent pas un rythme très homogène, mais elles ont différents points en commun : chaque harmonisation se fonde sur le principe de non-discrimination à l’intérieur d’un ordre juridique (communautaire ou non communautaire). Dans ce contexte, chaque harmonisation implique l’introduction de règles spécifiques en matière de transparence et de recours pour la sauvegarde de la libre concurrence.En outre, la libre concurrence demande la sauvegarde pénale du marché. La sauvegarde pénale du marché des contrats publics implique l’harmonisation du droit pénal des États pour sanctionner la corruption nationale et transnationale aux appels d’offres publiques, un scénario où la Convention de Nations unies contre la corruption et d’autres traités sont très importants. Cependant, dans le domaine pénal, la simultanéité de la territorialité et l’extraterritorialité pénale posse une question : combien de fois une personne peut-elle être sanctionnée pour le même fait dans le cadre d’un appel d’offres publiques international ?D’ailleurs, il y a divers domaines du droit international (DI) qui concernent les contrats publics comme, par exemple, le DI du travail, les trois générations des droits de l’homme, le DI des peuples autochtones, etc. Dans le cadre du DI économique, il y a deux matières qui sont importantes pour le développement de l’harmonisation : la relation entre le droit de l’OMC sur les contrats publics et quelques normes de DI externes au droit de l’OMC ; et, d’un autre côté, l’assimilation et la non-assimilation de la clause de la nation la plus favorisée dans le cadre de chaque harmonisation (cette clause extrapole les bénéfices d’un traité international en faveur d’un tiers). Cette thèse, d’un côté, essaie de déterminer l’impact de l’harmonisation sur le droit international ; et, d’un autre côté, on va démontrer que divers éléments pour la construction d’un DI des contrats publics existent dans le cadre du DI conventionnel, sans perdre de vu le droit coutumier ni le « soft Law », ni les contrats publics dans le cadre du DI des investissements. Toutefois, on pourrait difficilement parler de l’existence d’un DI des contrats publics comme d’un sous-système de droit international couvrant de manière uniforme la diversité des contrats existants et les phases ou étapes du contrat (les appels d’offres publics, la passation, l’exécution des contrats et le règlement des différends) ; mais un ensemble de tendances dans le cadre du droit des contrats publics est parfaitement perceptible à notre époqueThe harmonization of public procurement law is a legal phenomenon. This phenomenon is characterized by the introduction of rules governing public tenders in order to broaden access to the public procurement market.This phenomenon can be seen from the 1970s onwards and is taking place in different legal contexts: within regional and sub-regional international organizations, within the framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and within the framework of Free Trade Agreements (FTA), which leads to differing harmonization and a multiplicity of rules. These rules require harmonization to avoid contradictions and uncertainties. While the harmonization of these rules is not uniform, they share various commonalities: each harmonization is based on the principle of non-discrimination within a Community legal order (as the Union Europe) or non-Community legal order (as the FTA or the WTO Law).In this context, each harmonization introduces transparency rules and redress for the protection of free competition.In addition, free competition involves market protection through the penal law. In that connection, the UN Convention against Corruption and other international treaties are very important; however, the rules of territoriality and extraterritoriality that underpin these treaties raise a question: how many times may a person be punished for the same acts in the context of an international public tender?Moreover, there are various branches of international Law (IL) which intersect and influence public procurement law such as, for example, the IL of labour, the three generations of human rights, the IL of indigenous peoples, the arbitration, etc. Within the framework of economic IL, there are two areas that influence public procurement law: on the one hand, the relationship between WTO Law on public procurement and some IL rules different from WTO Law; and, on the other hand, the assimilation and non-assimilation of the most-favored-nation clause in the context of each harmonization (this clause extrapolates the benefits of an international treaty in favor of a third party).This thesis tries to determine the impact of harmonization on IL. It will be shown that there are various elements for the construction of a public procurement IL under the conventional IL, without losing sight of the customary Law or the “soft Law” or the contracts under the IL of investments. However, it is difficult to speak of the existence of an public procurement IL as a subsystem of international Law that covers uniformly the diversity of existing contracts and the phases or stages of the contract (public tenders, award of the contract, execution of contracts and dispute settlement); but a set of trends in public procurement Law is perfectly perceptible in our time
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Niebuhr, Almut [Verfasser], Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Kleinn, Max [Gutachter] Krott, and Georg [Gutachter] Winkel. "Fragmentation of information procurement from large-area forest inventory and the link to the international forest regime-complex : Forest information in politics / Almut Niebuhr ; Gutachter: Max Krott, Georg Winkel ; Betreuer: Christoph Kleinn." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1173974911/34.
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Niebuhr, Almut [Verfasser], Christoph Akademischer Betreuer] Kleinn, Max [Gutachter] [Krott, and Georg [Gutachter] Winkel. "Fragmentation of information procurement from large-area forest inventory and the link to the international forest regime-complex : Forest information in politics / Almut Niebuhr ; Gutachter: Max Krott, Georg Winkel ; Betreuer: Christoph Kleinn." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:7-11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E544-1-0.
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Xu, Wei. "Optimising supply chain performance via information sharing and coordinated management." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2839.
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Supply chain management has attracted much attention in the last decade. There has been a noticeable shift from a traditional individual organisation-based management to an integrated management across the supply chain network since the end of the last century. The shift contributes to better decision making in the supply chain context, as it is necessary for a company to cooperate with other supply chain members by utilising relevant information such as inventory, demand and resource capacity. In other words, information sharing and coordinated management are essential mechanisms to improve supply chain performance. Supply chains may differ significantly in terms of industry sectors, geographic locations, and firm sizes. This study was based on case studies from small and medium sized manufacturing supply chains in People Republic of China. The study was motivated by the following facts. Firstly, small and medium enterprises have made a big contribution to China’s economic growth. Several studies revealed that most of the Chinese manufacturing enterprises became aware of the importance of supply chain management, but compared to western firms, the supply chain management level of Chinese firms had been lagging behind. Research on supply chain management and performance optimisation in Chinese small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) was very scarce. Secondly, there had been plenty of studies in the literature that focused on two or three level supply chains whilst considering a number of uncertain factors (e.g. customer demand) or a single supply chain performance indicator (e.g. cost). However, the research on multiple stage supply chain systems with multiple uncertainties and multiple objectives based on real industrial cases had been spared and deserved more attention. One reason was due to the lack of reliable industrial data that required an enormous effort to collect the primary data and there was a serious concern about data confidentiality from the industry aspect. This study employed two SME manufacturing companies as case studies. The first one was in the Aluminium industry and another was in the Chemical industry. The aim was to better understand the characteristics of the supply chains in Chinese SMEs through performing in-depth case studies, and built models and tools to evaluate different strategies for improving their supply chain performance. The main contributions of this study included the following aspects. Firstly, this study generalised a supply chain model including a domestic supply chain part and an international supply chain part based on deep case studies with the emphasis on identifying key characteristics in the case supply chains, such as uncertainties, constraints and cost elements in association with flows and activities in the domestic supply chain and the international supply chain. Secondly, two important SCM issues, i.e. the integrated raw material procurement and finished goods production planning, and the international sales planning, were identified. Thirdly, mathematical models were formulated to represent the supply chain model taking into account multiple uncertainties. Fourthly, several operational strategies utilising the concepts of just-in-time, safety-stock/capacity, Kanban, and vendor managed inventory, were evaluated and compared with the case company's original strategy in various scenarios through simulation methods, which enabled quantification of the impact of information sharing on supply chain performance. Fifthly, a single objective genetic algorithm was developed to optimise the integrated raw material ordering and finished goods production decisions under (s, S) policy (a dynamic inventory control policy), which enabled the impact of coordinated management on supply chain performance to be quantified. Finally, a multiple objectives genetic algorithm considering both total supply chain cost and customer service level was developed to optimise the integrated raw material ordering and finished goods production with the international sales plan decisions under (s, S) policy in various scenarios. This also enabled the quantification of the impact of coordinated management on supply chain performances.
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Larsson, Andréas. "Arbetsmiljö och säkerhet : Utstationerade arbetstagare på byggarbetsplatsen." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-10833.
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Byggarbetsplatser med flera språk och kulturer representerade innebär utmaningar för kommunikationen kring arbetsmiljö och säkerhet. Under 2015 sände utländska arbetsgivare drygt 18 000 arbetstagare till Sverige för att utföra byggnadsarbeten. Med bakgrund i de närmaste årens mål för bostadsbyggande och den planerade utbyggnaden av infrastrukturen, spås ytterligare 60 000 byggnadsarbetare krävas varje år. För att möta de utmaningar som ökningen kan komma att innebära krävs studier om svenska byggarbetsplatser med utländsk arbetskraft. Denna studie är ur den svenska produktionsledningens perspektiv och syftar till att öka förutsättningarna att skapa en god arbetsmiljö för utstationerade arbetstagare på byggarbetsplatsen. Studien genomfördes i fyra delar med olika angreppssätt för att identifiera vilka utmaningar som uppstår med utländska underentreprenörer, och hur de kan hanteras. En omfattande litteraturstudie genomfördes och samtal med branschmänniskor fördes för att skapa en teoretisk grund. Fallföretagets ledningssystem utforskades som en sorts nulägesanalys för att skapa en utgångspunkt för diskussionen. Slutligen genomfördes intervjuer med åtta produktionsledande tjänstemän från fallföretaget. Förhoppningsvis kan rapporten bidra med mer kunskap kring tvärkulturell kommunikation på byggarbetsplatser och samordning av säkerhetsarbetet med utländska underentreprenörer. Diskussionen kretsar främst kring internationella inköp, språk och kommunikation, arbetsplatsintroduktioner samt daglig styrning. Tydligt avgränsade entreprenader och uppföljning av ställda krav verkar vara förutsättningar för ett fungerande arbete med utländska underentreprenörer. Utstationerade arbetstagare bör genomgå en gedigen arbetsplatsintroduktion och involveras fullt ut i daglig styrning för att skapa delaktighet och ansvarskänsla samt undanröja säkerhetsrisker. På sikt bör engelska nyttjas som arbetsspråk även i normalstora byggprojekt.Building sites with multiple languages and cultures represented create challenges for the communication about work environment and safety. In 2015 foreign employers sent more than 18 000 workers to Sweden to carry out construction work. According to the next years' objectives for housing construction and the planned expansion of the infrastructure, it is predicted that an additional 60 000 construction workers are needed each year. To meet the challenges that the increase may imply, studies on Swedish building sites with foreign labor are needed. This study is from the Swedish production management’s perspective, and aims to increase the conditions to create a good work environment for posted workers on the building site. The study was carried out in four parts with different approaches to identify the challenges which arise with foreign subcontractors, and how they can be managed. A comprehensive literature study was conducted and discussions with industry people were carried out to create a theoretical basis. The studied company’s management system was explored as a sort of situation analysis to create a basis for discussion. Finally, interviews were conducted with eight production leading officials from the studied company. Hopefully, the report can contribute with more knowledge about cross-cultural communication at building sites and coordination of the safety work with foreign subcontractors. The discussion mainly revolves around the international procurement, language and communication, workplace introduction and daily management. Clearly defined contracts and monitoring requirements seem to be prerequisites for functioning work procedures with foreign subcontractors. Posted workers should pass through a thorough workplace introduction and be fully involved in the daily management to create participation and a sense of responsibility, and eliminating safety risks. Over time, English should be used as a working language even in normal-sized building projects.
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Guzmán, Napurí Christian. "Selection Process by Request." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117699.
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The present article talks us about the procedures for selection by request, explaining how it works as an alternative for the common selection procedure on public procurement.Thus, the author explains the process of selection by request with a public entity, privateentity and an international body.El presente artículo trata sobre los procesos de selección por encargo, explicando así comoopera esta alternativa al proceso de selección clásico en la contratación pública. Así, el autor nos señala el procedimiento en el encargo a una entidad pública, entidad privada y a un organismo internacional.
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Hornby, Karen. "Measuring organ donation performance internationally : modeling the effects of available denominators for organ donation rates." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112636.
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Objective. To evaluate organ donation (OD) policy, appropriate comparisons between different OD programs are required. The objective of this research was to investigate alternative methods of measuring national rates of OD using publicly available data and examine the implications of using each method as a measure of performance.Method. We used 7 measures to calculate deceased OD rates, based on 7 different denominators. Data were collected from OD organizations and the World Health Organization. OD rates for each measure were calculated for 10 countries for the years 2001--2004. Relative rates were calculated using Spain as the standard.
Results. We found variations in relative rates across the proposed measures. Regardless of the measure used Spain excelled.
Conclusion. If the purpose of the OD rate is to identify the top performer internationally, it may not matter which measure is used providing this is done with an understanding of its limitations.
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Sahin, Turan. "GESTALTUNG DER WELTWEITEN BESCHAFFUNG UNTER BERÜCKSICHTIGUNG INTERNATIONALER PRODUKTIONSNETZWERKE: THEORIE, DETERMINANTEN UND ERFOLGSFAKTOREN." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-118064.
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Increased trends towards globalisation, optimization of the value chain, outsourcing of activities and focus on core competentencies result in increased importance of procurement's role, in that it causes high attention from top management.The focus from top management is based on the change of the cost structure, i.e. lowering internal value chain and an increase of material and purchasing costs above 50 %. The core objectives of the worldwide procurement are internationalization, strategic focus and costs reduction. There are high expectations towards procurement. First, to generate procurement savings on a global scale, to identify the best procurement markets, finding the best supplier and to determine the world class price level. The study has been targeted to analyze the configuration of worldwide procurement organizations and the impact of international production network on procurement. Furthermore, to benchmark international sourcing activities on a global scale, resulting in identification of critical success factors for improving the procurement quality and effectiveness.
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Lahouazi, Mehdi. "Le développement des modes alternatifs de réglement des différends dans les contrats administratifs." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3056.
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Le développement des modes alternatifs de règlement des différends dans les contrats administratifs est une nécessité. En effet, l’encombrement des juridictions administratives, conjugué au besoin d’un règlement des différends plus consensuel et apaisé, plaide en faveur de l’émergence d’une justice alternative. Néanmoins, l’ordre public encadrant l’activité des personnes publiques, et protégé par des normes impératives, impose que le développement des modes alternatifs soit régulé. À ce titre, l’étude du droit positif démontre que ce phénomène n’est pas inconnu dans le règlement des différends intéressant les contrats administratifs. Par exemple, les parties à un différend peuvent déjà librement recourir aux modes amiables (médiation, conciliation ou transaction), et quelques dérogations au principe d’interdiction faite aux personnes publiques de recourir à l’arbitrage sont prévues. Cela étant, les lacunes et les défaillances du régime actuel des modes alternatifs dans les contrats administratifs (absence de véritable statut du médiateur, défaut d’encadrement de la conciliation inter partes, complexité de la notion de concessions réciproques ou, encore, difficulté pour le juge administratif d’asseoir sa compétence en matière d’arbitrage international...) complexifient leur compréhension et leur mise en œuvre et risquent, par suite, d’accroître les violations de l’ordre public. Il est donc nécessaire de proposer un régime pérenne des modes alternatifs permettant d’assurer, d’une part, la protection des normes impératives du droit public et, d’autre part, la liberté des parties dans le choix et la conduite d’une justice alternative. Pour cela, leur futur régime devra autoriser l’arbitrage dans les contrats administratifs et le doter de garanties procédurales prenant en compte sa nature spécifique mais, aussi, certaines caractéristiques inhérentes aux personnes publiques et au droit administratif. De même, les procédures de médiation et de conciliation devront être améliorées afin d’assurer aux parties, un encadrement souple et favorable à la conclusion de transactions équilibrées et sécurisées. Enfin, ce régime devra définitivement consacrer le rôle du juge administratif. À cet effet, ce dernier pourra être amené à assister les parties dans la mise en œuvre des modes alternatifs (création d’un juge administratif d’appui dans l’arbitrage, combinaison des procédures de référé avec les modes amiables...). Le juge administratif devra être aussi chargé du contrôle de conformité de la solution alternative à l’ordre public. Cette attribution de compétence, qui résonne de plus fort en matière d’arbitrage international, est indispensable à la protection de l’intérêt public. Ce n’est qu’à ces conditions, que le développement des modes alternatifs de règlement des différends pourra prendre toute sa place dans les contrats administratifsThe development of alternative dispute resolution in administrative contracts is a necessity. Indeed, the congestion of the administrative courts, combined with the need for a more consensual and calm settlement of disputes, pleads in favour of the emergence of an alternative justice. Nevertheless, the public order governing the activities of public bodies, and protected by imperative norms, requires that the development of alternative methods be regulated. As such, the study of positive law shows that this phenomenon is not unknown in the settlement of disputes concerning administrative contracts. For instance, the parties to a dispute can already freely resort to amicable methods (mediation, conciliation or settlement agreement), and some exceptions to the principle prohibiting public bodies from resorting to arbitration are provided for. However, the voids and shortcomings of the current system of alternative dispute resolution in administrative contracts (lack of proper status of the mediator, paucity of framework for inter partes conciliation, complexity of the concept of reciprocal concessions or, difficulty for the administrative judge to assert its competence in international arbitration...) make its understanding and implementation more complex and more prone to increasing public order violations. It is therefore necessary to propose a sustainable regime of alternative methods to ensure, on the one hand, the protection of peremptory norms of public law and, on the other hand, the freedom of the parties in the choice and conduct of an alternative justice. For that purpose, the future regime will have to authorize arbitration in administrative contracts and endow it with procedural guarantees taking into account its specific nature but also certain characteristics inherent in public entities and administrative law. Furthermore, the mediation and conciliation procedures will have to be improved in order to provide the parties with a flexible framework conducive to the conclusion of balanced and secure settlement agreements. Finally, this regime must definitively establish the role of the administrative judge. To this end, that judge may be called upon to assist the parties in the implementation of alternative methods (creation of an administrative support judge in arbitration, combination of interim reliefs with amicable procedures...). The administrative judge must also be responsible for checking the compliance of the alternative solution to the public order. This attribution of jurisdiction, which is resonates all the more in international arbitration, is fundamental for the protection of the public interest. It is only under these conditions that the development of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms can take its place in administrative contracts
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Usai, Andrea. "Les services offerts sur le domaine public et le droit de l'Union européenne." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAA009/document.
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Tout d'abord, en ce qui concerne le premier chapitre, cette thèse vise à vérifier l'impact des normes des Traités, comme, par exemple, la liberté d'établissement et la libre prestation de services, par rapport aux activités économiques qui sont offerts sur les espaces domaniales. Ensuite, après avoir examiné la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice en matière de services, en ce qui concerne le deuxième chapitre, nous avons examiné aussi l'impact des principes généraux du droit européen et de l'art. 16 de la Charte des Droits Fondamentaux sur les services offerts sur le domaine public. En ce qui concerne le troisième chapitre, nous avons adressé un examen approfondi de la Directive « Services » : après avoir analysé sa genèse, plutôt problématique et difficile, nous en avons décrit les objectifs et la ratio. Le résultat qui a émergé est une fragmentation du marché commun de services, en particulier pour ce qui concerne les services qu’on prend en examen dans cette recherche. L'une des phases les plus critiques par rapport à la Directive « Services », c'est sa transposition. Ce qui semble clair, c'est une fragmentation générale qui entrave l’achèvement et le bon fonctionnement du marché commun. Une fois qu'on a examiné le rôle de la directive « Bolkestein », on a montré la nécessité d'évaluer l'impact de cette norme sur les services offerts sur le domaine public. Dans le quatrième chapitre, on a décidé d'examiner le rôle des directives sur les contrats publics. D'un point de vue juridique, les contrats publics et les concessions sont deux choses distinctes, même si la logique sous-jacente à l’article 12 de la Directive « Services » et le principe de concurrence établissent que les espaces (et, indirectement, par conséquence, les services qui sont intéressés) concernés doivent être attribués dans le cadre d'une procédure de sélection publique. Il convient de rappeler que, avant la présentation d'une proposition de directive de la Commission Européenne pour réglementer les concessions, les principes applicables à ces dernières ont été (et sont encore aujourd’hui) empruntés à la discipline des contrats publics. Nous avons décidé de mettre en évidence comment l'état actuel des contrats publics et les concessions sont interconnectés. On montre aussi que les directives sur les marchés publics jouent un rôle important dans la régulation des types de concessions examinées dans le présent document. On a décidé d'examiner l'impact potentiel de la Directive « concessions ». Dans le cinquième et le sixième chapitre, nous avons examiné et comparé les différents systèmes des États membres de l’Union Européenne. En particulier, nous avons vu comment les concessions des plages sont réglementées en Italie, où, par exemple, il y a un problème juridique qui est loin d’être adressé, en France, en Croatie, en Portugal, et, finalement, en Espagne. Dans le septième et le huitième chapitre, nous avons choisi de parler du risque éventuel de violation des normes en matière d'aides d’ÉtatWith regard to the first chapter, this thesis aims at analysing the impact of the Freedom of Establishment and of the Free Movement of Services on those economic activities which are offered in areas belonging to the public domain. Thus, after examining the relevant case-law of the ECJ in the field of services, in the second chapter what has been analysed is the impact of the general principles and of Art. 16 of the Charter on the services provided in areas belonging to the public domain. In the third chapter, a deep analysis of the Services Directive has been conducted: after addressing its genesis, which was quite problematic, both its objectives and its rationale have been analysed. What has emerged is a fragmentation of the internal market of services, especially with regard to the activities that are examined in this research. One of the most problematic issues related to that Directive is its implementation. Again, what has emerged is a fragmentation of the market of services. Thus, what has been addressed is the impact of the Directive on the services provided in areas belonging to the public domain. In the fourth chapter, the impact of the Public Contracts Directives has been examined. Legally speaking, public procurement contracts and concessions are different, even if the rationale beyond Art. 12 of the Services Directive together with the general principle of competition require the services at issue to be awarded through a selection procedure. Indeed, even before the adoption of what is now the Concessions Directive, the principles applicable to concessions have always been the same as those applicable to public procurement contracts. What emerges is that the public procurement contracts and concessions are strongly interconnected. The potential impact of the Concessions Directive has been addressed as well. In the fifth and in the sixth chapter a comparison between the Italian status quo with regard to those services provided in areas belonging to the public domain and the situation in Portugal, Croatia, France and Spain has been drawn. In the seventh and in the eighth chapter all the implications regarding potential violations of the State Aid rules have been addressed
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Chen, Hsin-Tzu, and 陳新姿. "Analyzing the Procurement Model of International Group in Taiwanese Fastener Industry." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3gsc3n.
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碩士國立中山大學
管理學院國際經營管理碩士學程
106
According to the trade statistics of the Ministry of Finance of Taiwan by December 2017, the total export value of Taiwan had increased 14.8% and total value was USD29.5 billion. On the other hand, in the first quarter of 2018, the manufacturing out-put also increases more than 3.3 percent compares to the same period of last year. Take Taiwan''s Fastener industry as an example, the Taiwan Industrial Fasteners Institute (TIFI) analyzed that the output has grown 6% in December and the total value of ex-ports accounted over 4.2 billion US dollars. Based on figures and analysis, Fasteners industry is an extremely potential business with export advantages. Obviously, the manufacture contributes huge to Taiwanese economy. As far as I ob-served that the common problem the traditional industry often faces is the difficulty to connect and deal with the world market, meanwhile, foreign purchasers are lack of comprehensive understanding of supplier chain and Taiwan Fastener industry. Judging from above, professional and analytical team who is trained to understand the cultural differences between countries, coordinate and organize a Taiwan "Procurement Hub" set up by international vendor to media suppliers and demanders, could assists Taiwanese manufacture to concentrate on R&D and production and go forward to the international stage. International Fasteners group could purchase parts from suitable suppliers via Taiwan “Hub” to obtain the most competitive price with strict quality control for end customers. This is win-win situation both for International buyers and Taiwanese manufactures.
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Fang, Hsiu-Chung, and 方修忠. "Study on Dispute Settlement Procedures in Government Procurement under International Economic Law." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42652285255155045977.
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Hsu, Kai-Li, and 徐愷麗. "The Research of Enterprise’s International Procurement Conduct - An Empirical Study on Fastener." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62737816643840405898.
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碩士文藻外語學院
國際事業暨文化交流研究所
99
Taiwan is known for the fame of "Screw Kingdom", mainly supply to the United States and Europe. If fastener suppliers know their customer’s requirement and the procurement model, it will increase the rate to close business deal. Under the circumstances when buyers belong to different sectors with different scale and purchasing mission, buyers may adop different international sourcing strategy and using different weighing measurer in selecting their suppliers. The main purpose of this thesis is to conduct an empircal study of the impact of factors, including: external environment, organizational and culture factors, personal factors on buyer’s behavior and lead to four theoretical international procurement strategies. Meantime, how the aforementioned factors and four control variables of procurement enterprise’s nationality, procurement purpose, procurement feature and supplying source, affect each other and lead to different weighing measurer in selecting their suppliers. The research party has been targeted toward the procurement companies of European and U.S. nationalities, by way of distributing questionnaires and to verify the hypothesis of factors influenced purchasing behavior. The questionnaire samples are to be collected through vistors at International Hardware/Fastener Show, friends in the fastener business and current buyers of the company the writer is working for. The survey has been lasted for six months, and has collected a total of 79 valid questionnaires. In addition, this research has been supplemented by three IDI (individual depth interview) to echo with the hypothesis of quantitative research and articulate the possible procurement modle practiced in the business. This empirical study has found that: 1. External environment do have great impact on corporate sourcing strategies, the hypothesis does not hold. 2. Organizational and cultural factors do have great impact on corporate sourcing strategies, the hypothesis stand. 3. Personal factors have great impact on corporate procurement strategies, the assumption stand partially. 4. Different international sourcing strategies have different weight in selection suppliers, the hypothesis partially stand. Consequently, this thesis made some recommendations in the purpose to help the fastener supplier to optimize their corporate resources and develop most valuable activities to help them reach marketing target.
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ALISON, LIU, and 劉倢甄. "Procurement Behavior of International Airlines: The Case of China Routes for FIT." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/b8mgg3.
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碩士逢甲大學
經營管理碩士在職專班
102
This study aims to explore the travel agencies’ procurement behavior for International Airlines. After China and Taiwan agreed to allow direct flights between the mainland and the island, most of foreign individual travelers﹙FIT﹚make the ticket reservation through the travel agencies. So the competition between airlines has become more intense.In order to realize the travel agencies’ preference of the China route, the study collected the survey from travel agencies and used partial least squares to investigate research hypotheses.The survey shows that marketing strategy, service quality, and the corporate image have the positive effect on travel agencies’ procurement intention. And we hope the results can offer a reference in enhancing customer loyalty, satisfaction and marketing strategy for the travel agencies who are conducting FIT travelers between Taiwan and China.
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Hong, Wei-Ru, and 洪瑋孺. "Exploring Key Factors in International Procurement: A case study of Ultimate Cover." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ase7xs.
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碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
行銷與流通管理研究所
103
Taiwan is an island, where is lack of natural resources. Gradually, the trade became the lifeline of the economy. And because of Taiwanese export-orientated island economy, it makes Taiwanese economy very vulnerable to international economics fluctuations. In the context of Taiwanese economic development, the majority industrial structure is constructed by small and medium enterprises (SME). According to Ministry of Economic Affairs at the white paper published in 2014 SME data showed, in 2013, the total number of SME has accounted for 97.64% of all enterprises. Among the export value of SME, industrial export has accounted for SME exports worth nearly 70 percent. This research used a case study and data encoding to explore the key factors of the foreign company in the procurement decision making, as well as domestic firm in assisting foreign company during the procuring the requested products. This research took Taiwanese A company and the British company, Classic Additions Ltd, as the major research objects, while it took Ultimate cover as its subject throughout this research. In addition to obtaining the information through secondary literature, primary data is collecting from the person in charge of the two said companies with in-depth and open-ended interviews. Graduate student also participate in the roll of the observers to add observed cases and data during collecting process. In teams of resources and support, small enterprise can’t compete with medium neither large enterprise. However, if the small enterprise can seize the product marketability and be easy to cooperate, according to the result of this research, it has significant, decisive and absolute help for making the business work.
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LI-I, Ke, and 柯麗怡. "A Study on the Professional Competence of Procurement Supervisor in International Hotels." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11878565260113306345.
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碩士輔仁大學
餐旅管理學系碩士班
98
Service industries have become increasingly important in the global economy. Restaurant and hotel industries have to face industrial competitions because of globalization, technology and market changes. In order to maintain the competitive advantage of an enterprise, the value of an enterprise's human resources must be created and explored. Procurement, which directly affects profits, not can be ignored. The professional competence of procurement staff members is the key to creating the performance of an enterprise. Therefore, inrecent years, upgrading procurement competence. To examine the practicality of this study, this study sets up the professional competence of a procurement supervisor in international tourist hotels, and analyzes the ratio of the professional competence of the procurement supervisor in international tourist hotels, but also realizes the level of professional competence for a procurement supervisor. This study limit uses interviews to construct our draft professional competence draft, and then uses the Fuzzy Delphi Method to process an expert survey, and in addition by using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) determined the ratio analysis of professional competence. According to the analysis of the ratio, technical expertise is more important than general expertise. The competence of problem solution and procurement management is taken seriously by the procurement supervisor in international tourist hotels. The results of this study can provide a source for enterprises, governments and education sectors to consult and use as they plan to process, cultivate and use human resources for a procurement supervisor in international tourist hotels.
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Guo, Vincent, and 郭鋒舟. "The Study of Service Quality for Non-Profit Organization International Procurement Processes." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78254400140233430581.
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碩士大葉大學
國際企業管理學系碩士在職專班
96
The study questionnaire aims to explore the international procurement operations at the nonprofit organizations, and by examining and citing reference literature, a major contribution of the study lies in con-ducting on the service quality of international procurement operations among nonprofit organizations. By modifying the Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry model and pertinent questionnaire entries before distributing the study questionnaire for measuring the five major defi-ciencies, and the results are used to explain the reason that lead to the level of service quality, which are further put through validation study. The study of inference. The disparity on the anticipation and awareness of the service quality of international procurement operations does exist between a project and the procurement personnel, which needs to be examined. The efforts made on dependability, responsiveness and credibility among the five con-structs of the service quality in international procurement operations have reached a level recognized by the project personnel. The study has discovered evaluated using Marr’s (1986) service quality measurement method and found that it is prudent for the project personnel to improve upon the con-struction of dependability; and that the procurement personnel need to improve upon the construction of tangibility. Lastly, relevant recommendations are presented as derived from the study findings and conclusion, which would serve as a reference point to nonprofit organizations and sub-sequent researchers.
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Pao-Ching, Lu, and 呂寶慶. "The Research of International Procurement Strategy Based on Electronic Industry in Tainan." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85621311816135035217.
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Huang, Kuo-Ming, and 黃國銘. "Strategic Application Model of International Corp. E-Procurement Management: ACase Study on W company." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84983131710596902306.
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碩士東吳大學
國際經營與貿易學系
98
The object of this study emphasizes on W company, with in-depth discussion on how the company of case study applies E-Procurement Management System to strengthen the internal management efficiency of the W company. The study further probes into the establishment and operation of W company in global E-Procurement Management System based on the three perspectives including information technology, competitive strategies and partnership. In addition, the development and evolution between W company and other supplier partnership are induced to global procurement management system with emphasis on international corporate development. The study results show that: (1) International orientation, intensive price competition, and an increasing uncertainty in marketing demand will contribute to corporations introducing E-Procurement management system. (2) Closer partnership, higher dependency between partners and higher degree of information sharing will contribute to corporations introducing E-Procurement management system. (3) More centralized organization, higher complexity in business and work, and higher support for decision-maker, will contribute to corporations introducing E-Procurement management system. (4) Organization perceiving higher relative benefits to innovative technology, higher compatibility with existing information system and lower technical complexity will contribute to corporations introducing E-Procurement management system. (5) The management and operating procedures of corporations successfully introducing E-Procurement management system, including: investigation on current status, integration and planning, transformation of business model, integration of information planning, and performance evaluation. (6) The evolution process of applications in E-Procurement management system has been adjusted from independently procurement process and architecture to integration based strategic procurement management architecture. (7) The competitive strategies formulated by corporations may penetrate and transform corporate value system to achieve their competitive advantages through applications in E-Procurement management system. (8) Transaction patterns, dependency, trust, and relationship commitment will affect the partnership in E-Procurement management system. (9) The partnership between transaction patterns in levels of organization and E-Procurement management system is closer. (10) High dependency, higher trust, higher relationship commitment, and higher degree of information sharing between partners will contribute to closer partnership in E-Procurement management system. (11) Higher efficiency obtained for corporations in applications related to E-Procurement management system will contribute to high satisfaction in partnership.(12) The application in information technology, partnership and performance in supply chain management for corporations adopting E-Procurement management system will interact and show a positive correlation.
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Susanti, Dwi Siska, and 希卡蒂. "The legislation regarding anti-bribery in public procurement: An international comparison from Indonesian perspective." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9bsu7a.
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博士國立政治大學
法律學系
107
Indonesia is one of the emerging countries in the South East Asia region that received flourish inflows of foreign investment, yet the corruption perception remains high. The prevalence mostly occurred in public procurement that risks government spending than initially expected for the development. The international community agreed upon corruption as transnational crime and ought to be eradicated by international and domestic measures. The measures range from international and multilateral binding instruments to national laws and guidelines. Furthermore, the attention needs to be put on the enforcement of the laws, especially when the actual cases occurred. Notably, limited research has been published on the regulating public procurement and anti-bribery laws to curb corruption in particular when the foreign supplier is involved. This dissertation examines the main question of: ‘How public procurement regulation could curb bribery in Indonesia?’. It aims to study what is Indonesia regulation regarding anti-bribery in public procurement; to examine how is Indonesia commitment to international agreement regarding anti-bribery in public procurement; and to analyse the effectiveness of public procurement regulation to curb bribery in Indonesia. The research methodology is deductive approach, which allows researcher moves first towards the development of logical explanation or theory and next gather evidence to test the theory which is based on the use of primary and secondary literature and data. The primary sources are the all relevant international and domestic regulations concerning public procurement, corruption, bribery, international corporation and other related regulations, reports, and number cases of law. The secondary sources are books, journal, articles, newspaper reports, and electronic texts. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to selected Indonesian State Officials and selected officers of foreign firms and Indonesian firms to explore their experiences and perceptions of Indonesia anti-bribery in public procurement. This research concluded that Indonesia’s current anti-bribery and public procurement regulation are not fully effective to curb corruption in Indonesia although the improvement of public procurement system in such e-procurement. This conclusion derived into three main findings. First, Indonesia has shown a better improvement of public procurement regulation and system. Second, the current anti-bribery and public procurement regulation are not fully complying with the international standard, although Indonesia is a state party member of several international commitments. Third, Indonesia corruption perception index is remained low and the corruption cases in public procurement are still occurred. It is recommended for Government of Indonesia to improve anti-corruption and public procurement regulation and guidelines that perform more clearly and transparent for all relevant stakeholder including foreign stakeholder; to strengthen integrity measures for procurement institutions and personnel including supplier; to provide effective monitoring and supervision system that accessible for public participation including complaints system; to build anti-corruption cultures for all stakeholder; to strengthen political will to reform public procurement and anti-corruption; and other anti-corruption measures that needed to ensure the implementation of procurement system in accordance with regulations and international commitments.
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Chun-Ching, Hung, and 洪俊卿. "An Empirical Study of the Influence of Supplier's Information Capability, Transaction Cost, Partnership Relationships on E-Procurement-The Procurement-The Case of International Enterprises." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76037070268746914257.
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碩士大葉大學
管理學院碩士在職專班
97
Under the globalization tendency, the enterprises have to integrate the activites of ndustrial supply chain to respond rapidly to meet customers requirement will effectively promote the enterprise competitive advantage. Especially the e-procurement plays the pivotal role. this study tries to investigate the determinants of the enterprises adoption of e-procurement from Supplier's information capability and transaction cost and partnerships perspectives to empirically study the effects of factors of the enterprises adoption e-procurement. A survey was conducted to International Enterprises in Taiwan. To perfect the stability and applicability of theory, the Structural Equation Modeling was used for analysis. This study finds that factors of Supplier's information capability is positively related to adoption of e-procurement. transaction cost involving transaction frequency are positively related to the enterprises adoption of e-procurement. This partnerships factors concerning trust and commitment have significant impacts on the adoption of e-procurement. This study isinstructive to future academic research and the relationships imply that managers should consider Supplier’s information capability and transaction cost and partnerships factors when making e-procurement decision
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Chen, Hsin-Tzu, and 陳新姿. "Exploring the Procurement Strategy of an International Fastener Group: A Case Study of B Group." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/f83x9d.
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YU, LI-CHUN, and 尤利春. "Procurement Management of an International Dealer in the Fiber Industy: The Case of Liang Weoi Group." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64aawv.
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碩士世新大學
企業管理研究所(含碩專班)
107
Facing fierce competition in the global marketplace, a close relationship between supplier and dealer is imperative; actually, capitalizing on the supply chain supported by intimate relationships is the key for success. The distribution right of the dealer would be granted after careful evaluation and comparison performed by the manufacturer. The dealer could then, through effective managerial conducts, ensure future transactions with its customers. The dealer has to make several decisions, including the initial procurement, the reduction of cost, and the management of inventory; moreover, the dealer has to cultivate the capability of coordinating various distribution channels, choosing correct suppliers, managing effective operations, and formulating procurement strategies to ensure operational excellence. After reviewing literature about agent theory, supplier selection, procurement strategy, and inventory management, the current study would utilize modified Delphi method to design questionnaire for investigating criteria for selecting dealers. Using Liang Woei Group as an example, the purposes of the current study are listed as follows: 1.to summarize necessary conditions of suppliers to meet the needs of dealers. 2.to explore criteria for dealers to evaluate and select suppliers. 3.to discuss the procurement strategies of dealers. 4.to investigate and compare the advantages and disadvantages of different suppliers. 5.and to probe procurement strategy and provide suggestions for dealers. The conclusions of the current study are listed below: 1.The criteria for dealers to select suppliers include: integrity, price, quality, supplier image, goodwill, financial status, equipment, and managerial system. 2.In addition to procurement quality control, the dealer focuses on product differentiation to develop innovative products to ensure the uniqueness in the marketplace. 3.In order to satisfy various needs of different customers, the dealers would procure from multiple supply chains. 4.Results of the current study reveal that suppliers have distinctive advantages such as product characteristic, price premium, quality level, promptness of resolving abnormality, post-purchase service, and the speed of new product development; dealers would choose suppliers base on the distinctive advantages, credit limits, and payment terms. Results of the current study could serve as a reference for dealers to formulate managerial strategies for improving operating profit and ensuring sustainable development.
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Chen, Si-Da, and 陳熙達. "The Study on the Business Opportunity and Legal Structure in the International Public Procurement Market After Taiwan's Joining the Government Procurement Agreement──Also covered the Study on the Liberalization of Procurement Market in Taiwan and China." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20684068953337225270.
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碩士中原大學
財經法律研究所
98
Taiwan has officially become one of the 41 parties of Government Procurement Agreement (GPA) on July 15 2009. It represents that Taiwan has an obligation to make it’s public procurement market open. Taiwan domestic producers gain a business opportunity from the international public procurement market. Since the business opportunity of the GPA procurement market is huge, to our domestic producer, they may face the competition form the foreign producer. It’s probable that our producers will loss the original business opportunity in our domestic market. Also our producer lack the experience of tendering in the international public procurement market, so they don’t know how to get access to the market. In the other hand, although China is still not party of GPA, but there’re a great potential business opportunity that most of nations seek out. Since Taiwan frequently interacts with China in trade and politic, We can use our advantage and prepare to gain this business opportunity as well as we can. There is no obvious influence that Taiwan become the party of GPA, but we can anticipate that it will bring the severe competition to our producers. It is not only domestic producers should prove themself in the domestic market, but also our government should set some policy into action and revise the regulations about the public procurement to help domestic producers. On the other side, domestic producers should pursuit the joining opportunity as best as they can, but our government also should build a Information Integration Platform or provide the opportunities of subcontract with foreign producers. It should help domestic producers which are full of potential to compete with foreign producer, then make them gain the business opportunity. This thesis reviews the relevant literature and survey the legal system of GPA, the legal system of Taiwan public procurement law (PPL) , the legal system of GPA parties ‘s PPL, and legal system of China’s PPL by the law method. It provides a suggestion that our legal system need to amend. It also reminds domestic producers what they should be concern by interpreting the legal system of parties of GPA, and legal system of China. On the other side, it analyzes the business opportunity and risk in the international public procurement market by Economic Analysis and Business Risk Analysis, then provide the prospecting of the macro business opportunity in the future.
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Hung, Chi-En, and 洪啟恩. "A study on International Procurement Strategy aboutMedical Devices in the Institutional Health Care Market in Taiwan Hospital." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93067846806590120759.
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碩士國立成功大學
企業管理學系碩博士班
92
The Hospitals in Taiwan that are utilizing internationalization strategies are slowly moving to globalization strategies. Benefits from globalization strategy include cost reductions, improvement of production quality, customer preference enhancement, and competitive leverage enrichment. Opinions from academia and industry professional referenced that procurement obstacles must taken into consideration when pursuing globalization strategies. However, regarding procurement obstacles and hospitals utilizing global procurement strategy research is few in this field. As our thesis examine the issue of whether or not different point of view about procurement strategy will influence organization’s procurement strategic performance. This research will base on different kinds of hospitals in Taiwan whether procurement strategy of internationalize organizations be influenced by different procurement obstacles, unique market dynamics, purchasing evaluation factors and procurement strategies . Through results to the different evaluation procedures and protocols by hospitals’ procurement department, global p rocurement management will have part positive effects to different type of organizations’ structure. The results show that firms developing domestic or international procurement strategies do emphasize global integration. The results also indicate merchandiser with different procurement strategy will be affected by their decision environment, hospitals’background, taste and preference, while executing purchasing strategies . Through the study detail, we will then be able to evaluate statistical data to further provide resources for related The Hospital in Taiwan ; thus, the ability of the valuable insight for greater customer satisfaction and marketing-oriented strategies.
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Niebuhr, Almut. "Fragmentation of information procurement from large-area forest inventory and the link to the international forest regime-complex." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E544-1.
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Chen, Yu-Ju, and 陳玉如. "Cross-cultural Difference, International Procurement Strategy and Industrial Buying Behavior Factors—The Empirical Study of Taiwan’s Switching Power Supply Enterprises." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10064029839670531272.
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碩士中原大學
企業管理研究所
95
Taiwan is the # 1 swithing power supplies all over the world. The demands of the different power adapters are high and various but there is still a big competition among numerous of suppliers that are existed. Under such circumstance, the power suppliers necessary deeper understand customer’s requirement together with “time to market” concept and than become worldwide switching power supplier. Other than that, time and costs will be the best advantages among the competition. Due to this, our purpose for this research is concerning to the organization purchasing / procurement and special focus on international purchasing strategy, assessment criteria for international purchasing, factors influencing the company’s purchasing strategy and practice, and use A company as research partner and running a survey an analysis the result. The research is written according to the first chapter base on the background from the international and local market survey and other relevant literature. The research result is gather base on A company sent out 200 surveys to it clients and there are 104 survey are filled and returned back for complete the research. After descriptive statistics, factor analysis, t-test, Wilks’ Lambda analysis of variance, there are 4 main factors as hereunder: 1) There is a significant relationship between “proactive global purchasing strategy type” and “assessment criteria for international purchasing”； a significant relationship between “global purchasing strategy type “ and “organizational factor”。 However, there is no significant relationship between “global purchasing strategy type” and “market factor” and “environmental factor”。 Proactive and reactive strategy types have significant different in between labor force, organization factors (such as materials cost, quality and transportation), clients structure of attitude and requirement, market base requirement and technology development; and the environment factor of change regulation of import and export. 2) There is no any purchasing analysis standard in between “proactive global purchasing strategy type” and “reactive global purchasing strategy type”. Proactive and reactive strategy types have same significant different for low cost products, low technical skill products, eliminated the new product design and produce period, more accurate lead time, currency exchange rate and the relationship between supplier and client. 3) There is significant differentiation “proactive global purchasing strategy type” and “manufacture purchasing attitude”; however, there is no different between “reactive global purchasing strategy type” and “manufacture purchasing attitude.” 4) There is huge significant differentiation between European and American countries and Asia on “proactive global purchasing strategy type” and “reactive global purchasing strategy type” in between “purchasing strategy factor”, “purchasing analysis standard” and “manufacture purchasing attitude.”