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Journal articles on the topic 'International reserves adequacy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Rajan, Ramkishen S., and Sasidaran Gopalan. "India's International Reserves: How Large and How Diversified?" Global Economy Journal 10, no. 3 (2010): 1850202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1623.

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Asymmetric foreign exchange intervention by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has resulted in a sustained accretion of India’s foreign exchange reserves. The reserve buildup in India has certainly been impressive, rising from around US$5-6 million in 1991, to nearly US$300 billion in mid 2008. In addition to addressing the issues of reserve adequacy, this paper examines the forms the reserves have taken (asset and currency composition), and the extent to which India’s reserve holdings are diversified. The issue of reserve adequacy was made apparent during the 1990s and early 2000 when rapid rese

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2

Pszczółka, Ireneusz. "Adequacy of foreign reserves of National Bank of Poland." Central European Review of Economics & Finance 46, no. 1 (2024): 25–36. https://doi.org/10.24136/ceref.2024.002.

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The paper discusses the policy of managing foreign exchange reserves in Poland. The aim is to assess changes in the size and adequacy of official reserve assets in Poland from 2004 to 2023. The main stress is put on the assessment of adequacy of official reserve assets with the most common indicators. The paper is based on the international literature and statistical data. Main sources of necessary data were taken from publications delivered by the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Statistic Poland and the National Bank of Poland.

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Efremidze, Levan, Ozan Sula, and Thomas Willett. "Capital Flow Reversals, Sudden Stops, and International Reserve Adequacy: Further Evidence From the Global Financial Crisis." International Journal of Financial Research 10, no. 1 (2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v10n1p52.

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Using a dataset of 39 emerging markets, we examined the role of international reserves during currency and capital flow crises. Our analysis revealed that higher levels of reserves are associated with lower intensity crises where intensity is measured by the magnitude of the change in exchange market pressure (EMP) or size of capital flow reversals. We also find evidence for the cushioning effects of reserves during the crises. When used against capital flow reversals, reserves can help mitigate the negative output effects of the crisis. Finally, our findings show that reserve adequacy should

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Derkach, Julia, and Maryna Pohorielova. "Adequacy assessment of Ukrainian and Israeli international reserves." Scientific Bulletin of the Odessa National Economic University 3-4, no. 316-317 (2024): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32680/2409-9260-2024-3-4-316-317-48-54.

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5

Makarenko, Mykhaylo, and Daria Gordieieva. "Development of composite indicator of Ukraine’s international reserves adequacy." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 5, no. 4 (2015): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv5i4c1art6.

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This paper develops an indicator for estimating international reserves adequacy in Ukraine taking into account its unique characteristics. The proposed indicator was constructed based on the modification of IMF adequacy metric by changing weighting coefficients of potential balance of payments vulnerabilities based on historical data for Ukraine and by the inclusion of import as an additional component. In comparison to the IMF metric our indicator implies greater international reserves. This is due to the fact that balance of payments of Ukraine is very sensitive to current account shocks suc

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Jamalzade, Gunduz, Arif Saldanli, and Elgiz Jamalzade. "FACTORS AFFECTING THE TOTAL FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVE ADEQUACY OF THE CENTRAL BANK: TURKEY AND AZERBAIJAN." AGORA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECONOMICAL SCIENCES 18, no. 1 (2024): 82–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/aijes.v18i1.6713.

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International foreign exchange reserves are widely acknowledged as a global medium of exchange that possesses a readily available characteristic. Official public assets, which are foreign assets kept and organized by the monetary authorities of countries, serve as a complement to foreign exchange reserves. Adequate levels of foreign exchange reserves are necessary for nations to meet their payment commitments and sustain the stability of their currency. The primary rationale for the Central Bank's decision to maintain liquid foreign exchange reserves is to establish a safeguard against any spe

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Samaratunga, Dimuthu, and Anil Perera. "Demand for and Adequacy of International Reserves in Sri Lanka." Staff Studies 42, no. 1 (2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/ss.v42i1.4686.

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Cyrille, Samba Michel. "International Reserves Holdings in the CEMAC Area: Adequacy and Motives." African Development Review 27, no. 4 (2015): 415–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12157.

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9

Molapo, Senei Solomon. "Optimal International Reserves in Lesotho." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 13 (2016): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n13p282.

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Literature has addressed the issue of choosing reserves levels in the context of models based on traditional adequacy ratio. Above that, this study employs the model of Jeanne and Rancière (2006), which captured the unique characteristics of a country, and effects of a small and large external shocks portrayed that international reserves in Lesotho are kept at level higher than the optimum level. The results outlined that optimum level of reserves for Lesotho is on average 44 per cent of GDP for a small crisis and 47 per cent of GDP for a larger crisis. Subsequently, this leads to the conclusi

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10

Hrnčír, Miroslav. "On Problems of International Liquidity in Capitalist World Economy." Czech Journal of International Relations 1, no. 3 (2024): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32422/cjir.1059.

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In capitalist countries, there has been a very lively debate in recent years about the legitimacy or illegitimacy, adequacy or inadequacy of the current form of the international monetary system. One of the main indirect motives for this general attention now being given to international monetary problems is the unfavorable development and weakened position of the reserve currencies, i.e. the US dollar and the pound sterling. The dollar and the pound form, to a greater or lesser extent, part of the monetary reserves of all capitalist countries, and concern over their prospects necessarily lead

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Yaremko, Ihor, and Nataliya Dumych. "Essence and modern trends in the formation and management of international reserves." Economics Entrepreneurship Management 11, no. 1 (2024): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.56318/eem2024.01.037.

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World financial markets development indicates an increase in the role of intentional reserves for international capital markets. The study aims to address, evaluate and analyse the international reserves, as well as their impact on the national economy. During the research data of graphical and statistical analysis, as well as the selection of information for analysis, generalization and methods of regulation of international reserves were used. The study analysed and systematised the goals and objectives, principles, risks, structure, functions of international reserves, factors that affect t

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12

Mishenko, S. V. "THE JUSTIFICATION OF THE ADEQUACY OF INTERNATIONAL RESERVES OF UKRAINE IN MODERN CONDITIONS." Financial and credit activity: problems of theory and practice 2, no. 19 (2015): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v2i19.56861.

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Naslednikova, Margarita, and Alexandr Zamalov. "On the issue of assessing the adequacy of the reserves of insurance companies with various methods for determining the loss of business." Buhuchet v zdravoohranenii (Accounting in Healthcare), no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-17-2007-05.

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The article discusses methods for calculating the loss ratio of insurance companies, including compulsory medical insurance, which is the basis for building a health system; suciency of formed reserves, which are created in connection with the possibility of losses. Variants of interpretation of calculated indicators into a qualitative characteristic of the insurance company. A comparative analysis of the calculation of indicators of loss-making of insurance companies and the adequacy of the formation of reserves of insurance companies according to Russian accounting standards and in accordan

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Rachman, Muhammad Ibrahim, and Anasya Daffa Pertiwi. "Comparison of Zillmer and Premium Sufficiency Reserve Method using the Vasicek Stochastic Interest Rate Model." Jurnal Matematika Integratif 18, no. 2 (2022): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jmi.v18.n2.41918.189-202.

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An accurate calculation of premium reserves will ensure that the insurance company can pay claims. Premium reserves are funds collected by insurance companies which are the difference between the sum insured and the value of payments during the insurance period prepared for claim payments. There are several methods for calculating premium reserves, but the methods that are the focus of this study are the Zillmer method and the Premium Sufficiency method, extensions of the prospective method. This study aims to compare the two methods using the Vasicek model to determine the stochastic interest

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15

Bird, Graham, and Ramkishen Rajan. "Too Much of a Good Thing? The Adequacy of International Reserves in the Aftermath of Crises." World Economy 26, no. 6 (2003): 873–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00552.

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16

Maughfiroh, Suci. "Rasio Kecukupan Pemenuhan Modal Minimum (KPPM) terhadap Eksposur Aktiva Tertimbang Menurut Resiko (ATMR) Bank Syariah." IQTISHADIA Jurnal Ekonomi & Perbankan Syariah 7, no. 2 (2020): 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.19105/iqtishadia.v7i2.3567.

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The banking world is inseparable from the aspect of capital. In running a business, capital is needed. Capital is a driving factor of various sectors of activity. In order for banks to develop healthily and be able to compete in international banking, bank capital must always follow the applicable international standards, which are determined by Banking For Internasional Sattlement (BIS) i.e. (CAR) by 8%. The purpose of this study is to review or analyze the Minimum Capital Adequacy Ratio (KPPM) to the Risk Weighted Assets (ATMR) of BNI Syari'ah 2018. To find out the bank can meet its capital

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Mrabure, Kingsley O., and Ufuoma V. Awhefeada. "Appraising Grazing Laws in Nigeria. Pastoralists versus Farmers." African Journal of Legal Studies 12, no. 3-4 (2020): 298–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17087384-12340053.

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Abstract The paper highlights the historical development of grazing reserves in Nigeria, the recent violent clashes between pastoralists and farmers taking into consideration the effects of grazing on land, causes and consequences of farmer-pastoralist conflicts and the adequacy of grazing laws. The paper contends that the Grazing Reserve Law 1965 applicable only to States in Northern part of Nigeria have not adequately curb the incessant clashes between pastoralists and farmers and that some provisions of the National Grazing Reserve (Establishment) Bill 2016 conflict with farmers’ inalienabl

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18

Al-Yasiri, Ahmed Jassim, and Emad Ali Abdel-Hassan. "Reality and Future of Unconventional and Renewable Energy Sources in International Energy Markets." Al-Ghary Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences 16, no. 2 (2022): 18–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36325/ghjec.v16i2.3250.

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The conventional energy sources represents a great deal of safety in meeting international energy needs, but with natural depletion of reserves and increasing consumption on an ongoing basis as world population grows and many variables change, doubts are being raised about the adequacy of these sources to meet the world's energy needs at the time In addition, the world has begun to pay attention to the phenomenon of climate change, which is caused by the polluting emissions of the environment resulting from the end use of conventional energy sources, as well as the concern for the pollution of

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19

Kovalenko, V., S. Sheludko, N. Radova, F. Murshudli, and K. Gonchar. "INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR BANK CAPITAL REGULATION." Financial and credit activity: problems of theory and practice 1, no. 36 (2021): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v1i36.227609.

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The paper analyzes the evolution of the introduction of international standards for bank capital regulation. The aim of the research is to study international standards for bank capital regulation and their impact on financial stability and sustainability of domestic banking systems. The 2007—2009 Global Financial Crisis was perhaps the greatest banking and financial crisis since bank failures and the financial panic of the Great Depression in early 1930s. According to academics and professionals, there has been much debate over the last decade as to whether the 2007—2009 banking c

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Tkachenko, Kateryna. "INSURANCE MANAGEMENT TOOLS AND AREAS OF IMPROVEMENT." Economic Analysis, no. 31(3) (2021): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2021.03.097.

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Introduction. The insurance market of Ukraine in recent years has been operating in the face of many challenges that require insurance companies to effectively use insurance management tools and their continuous improvement. The insurance market of Ukraine is directly affected by the macroeconomic situation and the slowdown in economic activity in 2020-2021, which led to a reduction in the assets of insurers, reducing their number and frequent violations by insurers of capital adequacy and solvency. Further development of the insurance market of Ukraine is possible only if the development of i

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21

Bakalo, Ivan. "STRESS TESTING OF THE BANKING SYSTEM OF UKRAINE: TOOLS, SCENARIOS AND RESULTS IN WARTIME CONDITIONS." Scientific Notes of Ostroh Academy National University, "Economics" Series 1, no. 37(65) (2025): 37–42. https://doi.org/10.25264/2311-5149-2025-37(65)-37-42.

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This article explores the evolution of stress-testing practices within the Ukrainian banking system during wartime, particularly in the period from 2022 to 2024. The full-scale military invasion of Ukraine by Russia has introduced unprecedented risks that necessitate a reassessment of traditional methods for financial risk analysis and stress testing. The study highlights how the National Bank of Ukraine (NBU) has adjusted its approach to scenario modeling in response to infrastructure damage, forced migration, increased credit risk, and a greater reliance on state and international financial

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22

Arafeen, Qamar Ul. "Multi-Dimensional Effect of Oil Pricing On Pakistan Economy: A Case of Study." IBT Journal of Business Studies 14, no. 2 (2018): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.46745/ilma.jbs.2018.14.02.17.

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Pakistan economy is growing steadily. This growth demands higher energy consumption and consequently putting high pressure on countries economy. Pakistan mainly depends upon oil and gas resources to fulfill energy requirements. Indigenous resources of Oil are not enough to quench energy thirst of the growing economy. As a result Pakistan has to import large quantity of oil and oil based products from Middle East countries. Gas reserves in the country are enough for current gas requirements. So natural gas is playing a key role in power sector. Currently in oil upstream and downstream sector th

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23

Tereanu, Eugen. "International Reserve Adequacy in The Gambia." IMF Working Papers 10, no. 215 (2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781455208807.001.

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International Monetary Fund. "International Reserve Adequacy in Central America." IMF Working Papers 11, no. 144 (2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781455268443.001.

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25

Al-Hares, Osama M., Naser M. AbuGhazaleh, and Ahmed Mohamed El-Galfy. "Financial Performance And Compliance With Basel III Capital Standards: Conventional vs. Islamic Banks." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 29, no. 4 (2013): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v29i4.7914.

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This study is a commentary on the financialperformance and quality capital of Islamic versus conventional banks currentlyoperating in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region. In addition toassessing the financial performance of the full set of banks across various GCCcountries, the study is the first toconsider the extent to which Islamic vs.conventional GCC banks comply with the new Basel III requirements of raising betterquality capital. The study uses bank-level data for 75 (55 conventionaland 20 Islamic) banks in Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,Oman, Qatar, and Bahr

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26

Kuznyetsova, Anzhela, and Nataliya Pogorelenko. "Assessment of the banking system financial stability based on the differential approach." Banks and Bank Systems 13, no. 3 (2018): 120–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.13(3).2018.12.

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In this paper, the banking system financial stability is assessed based on the differential approach. The differential approach provides for taking into account the specificity of the banking system structural organization (from the standpoint of the central bank and the second-level banks) and the sets of financial stability indicators, different in terms of their structure, and their volatility measures, according to this approach.The banking system financial stability is assessed based on the two groups of indicators: the first one characterizes the central bank financial stability (indicat

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Pilko, Andriy, Roman Shchur, Bohdan Chepyha, Oleksandra Sakun, and Volodymyr Matskiv. "ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF MONETARY INSTRUMENTS ON THE SIZE OF THE DOMESTIC PUBLIC DEBT." Financial and credit activity problems of theory and practice 5, no. 58 (2024): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.55643/fcaptp.5.58.2024.4499.

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The article is devoted to highlighting the results of research aimed at improving existing approaches to conducting a comprehensive analysis of the nature of the relationships between the parameters of the state's monetary and debt policy. Among other things, such indicators as the size of the domestic public debt, the size of international reserves, the level of inflation, the exchange rate and the discount rate are taken into account.The proposed approach to the analysis of the influence of managed monetary indicators on the size of the internal state debt proved that the use of the ARDL mod

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Mishra, Ritesh Kumar, and Chandan Sharma. "India's demand for international reserve and monetary disequilibrium: Reserve adequacy under floating regime." Journal of Policy Modeling 33, no. 6 (2011): 901–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2011.03.005.

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Alabi, Mumeen, Sheriffdeen Tella, and Olasunkanmi Oseni. "Causal Evaluation of Public Debt Sustainability and Intergenerational Equity in West Africa." Journal of Economics and Policy Analysis 7, no. 2 (2022): 50–66. https://doi.org/10.52968/25746521.

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This study investigated the existence of causal relationship between public debt sustainability variables and intergenerational equity West African from 1990 to 2020. The study employed ex-post facto research design using secondary annual panel data obtained from various publications of International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Development Indicators (WDI) for the periods 1990-2020. The data were analyzed using Panel Granger Causality techniques. Results from the study revealed a unidirectional causal relationship running from total reserves to tax revenue as well as trade openness to to

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LYUBICH, Oleksandr, and Gennadiy BORTNIKOV. "Monetary gold as a component of international reserves of central banks." Fìnansi Ukraïni 2023, no. 10 (2023): 94–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/finukr2023.10.094.

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Introduction. International reserves of central banks (CBs) are used to support the exchange rate of national currencies and have an impact on the monetary policy. In the unified standards of the IMF, international reserves include only gold, and not all precious metals. The state can call on its reserves in case of emergencies, so they are often compared with the volume of imports. It was natural to expect changes in the structure of international reserves due to the coronavirus pandemic. Problem Statement. Monetary gold does not lose its weight as a stable component of reserves, despite the

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Tokunbo Bada, Oladejo, Kehinde Adekunle Adetiloy, and Felicia Omowunmi Olokoyo. "EDUCATIONAL FACTORS AS DETERMINANT OF INTERNATIONAL RESERVES ACCUMULATION IN ORGANISATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 8, no. 2 (2022): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2022-8-2-11-21.

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Despite huge petroleum revenues with high development needs, the growth of international reserves in OPEC countries has been negligible. This study examined the impact of educational factors using different levels of literacy in stimulating the macroeconomic determinants of international reserves in OPEC member countries using data from 2008 to 2018 from World Bank Development Indicators for 15 member countries. The study used a dynamic panel model, and the data were analyzed using System of Generalized Method of Moments (SGMM). The results show that educational levels such as adult literacy,

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Lemishovska, Olesia, and Iryna Yaremko. "CAPITAL RESERVE MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC COMPANIES: ACCOUNTING TOOLS AS INFORMATION FUNCTION OF TARGET MECHANISM." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 7, no. 3 (2021): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2021-7-3-150-158.

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The purpose of the article is to present the financial and economic content and purpose of capital reserves, insurance funds to ensure future costs and payments as the main components of the reserve system of public companies. The methods of theoretical and comparative analysis allowed to expand the view of the objects of reservation in the global space by comparing the norms of international standardization of financial reporting and the mandatory requirements of individual states in the field of reservation. The research methodology covers the analysis of reserved sources for Ukrainian and g

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Badr, M. Alshammari. "ASSESSMENT OF RESERVE ADEQUACY AND RELIABILITY OF POWER SYSTEMS." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 5, no. 3 (2016): 337–45. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.47047.

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This paper presents an innovative approach to reserve adequacy and reliability assessment in bulk electricity systems based on the widely accepted international standards and guidelines. In the presented approach, the electricity reserve associated with a particular operating bulk area is modeled as a random function of three key random operating variables, namely the area generation capacity, the consumer demand, and the area in/out tie-line transfer capacity. The approach followed in this paper allows the evaluation and assessment of the sensitivities of the area reserve and other reliabilit

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Ozyildirim *, Suheyla, and Bülent Yaman. "Optimal versus adequate level of international reserves: evidence for Turkey." Applied Economics 37, no. 13 (2005): 1557–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036840500166373.

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Korobkov, M. A., and V. S. Barabanov. "Probabilistic Approach to Assessing Photolithography Quality in the Production of Printed Circuit Boards." Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics 28, no. 1 (2025): 17–34. https://doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2025-28-1-17-34.

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Introduction. The current trend in the production of miniaturized electronic devices with improved computing power and performance leads to an increase in the density of interconnections on printed circuit boards (PCBs) and a reduction in the dimensions of such conductive pattern elements, as tracks and gaps, contact pads of components and vias. At the same time, the growing interconnection density decreases the reliability of devices and increases the number of defects in production. In this connection, the development of approaches to quantitative evaluation of the manufacturability of PCB b

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Kondro, P. V. "Managing the International Reserve Assets in the Context of Debt Sustainability." Business Inform 9, no. 524 (2021): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-9-189-195.

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The article is aimed at researching the adequacy of international reserve assets, their management in terms of ensuring debt sustainability, as well as financial-economic assessment of liquidity and solvency of the borrowing State. Based on the carried out study, it is determined that liquidity of the State, as a functional element of solvency of the State, provides for the ability of the State to mobilize the necessary resources, taking into account the transactional mechanism of asset transfer from one unit to another in order to ensure an adequate level of solvency of the debtor State. In a

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Stekler, Lois E., and Edwin M. Truman. "The Adequacy of the Data on U.S. International Financial Transactions : A Federal Reserve Perspective." International Finance Discussion Paper 1992, no. 430 (1992): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/ifdp.1992.430.

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Mitrici (Militaru), Roxana. "ROMANIA'S NATIONAL AND NATURAL PARKS AND THEIR ECOLOGICAL AND ECOTURISTIC IMPORTANCE." Current Trends in Natural Sciences 11, no. 21 (2022): 212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47068/ctns.2022.v11i21.024.

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Ecotourism is essential to protect and preserve the natural and cultural heritage, to develop local communities socially and economically and to increase the environmental education. To conserve the biological diversity, Romania has established many protected natural areas (over 7% of the country's area or about 18% if Natura 2000 sites considered). Romania has 32 protected natural areas of national interest: the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, 13 national parks and 18 natural parks. Besides these major protected areas, there are 941 scientific reserves, nature monuments and nature reserves na

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39

Rochlin, Cliff. "Resource Adequacy Requirement, Reserve Margin, and the Public Goods Argument." Electricity Journal 17, no. 3 (2004): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2004.01.008.

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Rochlin, Cliff, and Jeff Huang. "Resource Adequacy Requirement: Reserve Margin, Contract Cover, and Price Caps." Electricity Journal 18, no. 7 (2005): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2005.07.008.

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Nechitailo, Vladimir, and Henry Penikas. "Agent-based modeling for benchmarking banking regulation regimes: Application for the CBDC." Model Assisted Statistics and Applications 16, no. 4 (2021): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/mas-210540.

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COVID-19 pandemic challenges the sustainability of the modern financial system. International central bankers claim that banks are solid. They have accumulated significant capital buffers. Those buffers should be further more augmented by 2027 in line with Basel III reforms. However, disregarding such a consecutive rise in the banking capital adequacy requirements, the US financial authorities undertook an unprecedented step. First time in the country history they lowered the reserve requirement to zero at the end of March 2020. Friedrich von Hayek demonstrated the fragility of the modern frac

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Monadjemi, Mehdi, and John Lodewijks. "Capital Adequacy and Liquidity of Global Financial Institutions: A Study of Reforms after the Great Recession." Journal of Economics and Public Finance 5, no. 4 (2019): p419. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v5n4p419.

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The global financial crises of 2007-2009 was followed by the Great Recession which was the worst since the Great Depression of 1930s. The crises left significant adverse effects on global growth and employment. Policymakers of affected countries responded differently to the outcomes of these crises. The central banks, including US Federal Reserve Bank and Bank of England, provided ample liquidity for the financial institutions and lowered the interest rate to near zero. The policymakers and regulators realized that capital inadequacy and insufficient liquidity of financial institutions were th

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Habiba, Moussouni. "Basel Agreements in the Efficiency of Algerian Banks Financial Evolution and Interdisciplinary Research." Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks 7, no. 1 (2023): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/fmir.7(1).123-135.2023.

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The recent crisis has attracted much interest on the part of economists and prudential authorities. It resembles in some aspects: over-indebtedness widespread panic caused by the sharp devaluation of financial assets, poor management and prediction of crises by the prudential rules of Basel II. The Algerian banking authorities are engaged in a series of reforms of independence till the nowadays, to modernize their banking sectors. They include reforms to the restructuring of the liberalization and privatization of public banks, the establishment of prudential laws and systems of risk managemen

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Nopeline, Nancy, Sirojuzilam Sirojuzilam, and Ahmad Albar Tanjung. "J-Curve For Indonesia’s Trade Balance with Non-Linier ARDL." Financial Engineering 2 (October 18, 2024): 270–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232032.2024.2.26.

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The performance of Indonesia’s Balance of Payments (BOP), especially for the trade balance/current account, which recorded a surplus and adequate foreign exchange reserves, controlled political conditions, and attractive yields, can impact the exchange rate. This improvement in the exchange rate further encouraged the entry of foreign investors, which caused the Indonesian economy to continue to grow when the world experienced a financial crisis. This study analyzes asymmetric models to prove the Marshall Lerner Condition of Indonesia with trading partners. Using NARDL methods, this study uses

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Jelisavac, Sanja. "Long-term trends in the world energy market." Medjunarodni problemi 59, no. 2-3 (2007): 322–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0703322j.

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The author points out that energy reserves are adequate to meet demand till 2030. The principal uncertainty in global energy supply prospects is its price. We expect that international trade in energy, and fossil fuels in particular, will be on the rise. Technological advances and technology breakthroughs could radically alter the long-term picture of energy supply beyond 2006.

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Ahmad, Muhsin Ibrahim. "Assessing the Effectiveness of the Central Bank of Iraq in Managing Foreign Reserves (2005-2017)." Journal of University of Human Development 5, no. 1 (2019): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v5n1y2019.pp119-133.

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The management of foreign reserves is an important issue because achieving an appropriate and secure level of these reserves contributes to maintaining internal and external stability by ensuring stability in the general level of prices and maintaining the value of the local currency to prevent the flight of capital abroad. In addition to its role in the face of shocks and external crises. That is, the size of the safe reserves is considered the safety valve for the economy towards the internal and external crises that the economy can face. The research proved the effectiveness of the Ce

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Ahmad, Muhsin Ibrahim. "Assessing the Effectiveness of the Central Bank of Iraq in Managing Foreign Reserves (2005-2017)." Journal of University of Human Development 5, no. 1 (2019): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v5n1y2019.pp119-134.

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The management of foreign reserves is an important issue because achieving an appropriate and secure level of these reserves contributes to maintaining internal and external stability by ensuring stability in the general level of prices and maintaining the value of the local currency to prevent the flight of capital abroad. In addition to its role in the face of shocks and external crises. That is, the size of the safe reserves is considered the safety valve for the economy towards the internal and external crises that the economy can face. The research proved the effectiveness of the Ce

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Kobrak, Christopher, and Michael Troege. "From Basel to bailouts: forty years of international attempts to bolster bank safety." Financial History Review 22, no. 2 (2015): 133–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565015000165.

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This article reinterprets the origin and evolution of the Basel Accords. We argue that the Basel I paradigm was very different from the regulatory approaches that had been applied successfully in most European countries since the Second World War. Banking systems relied on a multitude of tools including entry restrictions, liquidity rules, reserve requirements, deposit rate ceilings, lending and investment restrictions, combined with hands-on supervision and discretional interventions. By focusing exclusively on capital adequacy and credit risk, Basel I shifted attention in a very different an

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Spinieli, André Luiz Pereira. "A reserva do possível como barreira à efetivação do direito convencional à adaptação razoável para pessoas com deficiência." Revista da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia 51, no. 2 (2025): 458–91. https://doi.org/10.14393/rfadir-51.2.2023.47650.458-491.

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The concept of reasonable accommodation is highlighted in the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities as one of its foundational principles, essential in guiding the entire normative system of protection for this group at the international level, with the primary mission of ensuring various forms of accessibility. Since it is an inherently service-oriented right, reasonable accommodation conflicts with the shield of the “contingency reserve” theory. Thus, this paper aims to reflect on the clash between the right to reasonable accommodation for persons with disabilit

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Lesia, Petkova, Khomenko Elena, and Zagoruyko Nelli. "ANALYSIS OF THE PERSPECTIVES OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION FOR THE CENTRAL REGIONS OF UKRAINE." EUREKA: Social and Humanities, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 23–37. https://doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2018.00547.

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The conducted analysis of the prospects of international environmental cooperation for the central regions of Ukraine showed that the most developed area of cooperation is green tourism, which is rapidly developing in the central regions. To a large extent, this is due to the natural conditions and the preserved archaism of local life that attracts tourists. On the other side, the support of green tourism by the government, improvement of the material condition of owners of green homesteads increases the interest of local communities in cooperation with international organizations. Using of in

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