Journal articles: 'International rivers'

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Guo, Si Zhe, Qing Ping Wang, and Ming Ming Hou. "A Discussion on the Construction of Information Integration Based on the Integrated Development and Management of International River." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 5267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.5267.

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Integrated development and management of international rivers requires objectively international river’s information integration.Based on the analysis of the connotation and requirement of integrated development and management of international rivers, the article point out that the information integration is the basis and means of the of integrated development and management of international rivers. And then analyze how to utilize modern information technology to build information management system of international river to achieve international river’s information sharing and scientific decision-making. Finally, analyze the factors affecting international river information integration.

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Matusiak, Michał. "USE OF THE INTERNATIONAL RIVERS AS THE CHALLENGE FOR THE INTERNATIONAL LAW IN XXI CENTURY." International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2390.

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Rivers are used by humanity from its very beginning. They are connected to rise of the first civilizations. There are many benefits for habitants of banks of the river, which can be source of food, a way for transport variety of goods and in last decades it is also valuable source of power for water power plants. It is above of all a great source of water, not only for drinking and agri-culture, but also for industry. Last problems with use of Odra on Polish German border poses once again question about international rivers and legal issues connected with conflicts on this ground. The text below concerns on the international law on rivers and presents a few chosen cases, when river was a subject of international dispute.

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Hensel, Paul, and Marit Brochmann. "Peaceful Management of International River Claims." International Negotiation 14, no. 2 (2009): 393–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180609x432879.

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AbstractAs global water scarcity increases, both scholars and leaders have suggested that water will be a leading cause of future armed conflict. Yet other scholars argue that states typically cooperate rather than fight to manage their shared water resources. We address these arguments by examining the management of internationally shared rivers in the Americas, Western Europe, and the Middle East from 1900–2001. We propose hypotheses on the factors that lead states to become involved in disagreements over shared rivers as well as the factors that lead them to negotiate over these disagreements. Heckman probit analysis suggests that water scarcity – found by past work to be an important influence on armed conflict over rivers – is also an important influence on peaceful efforts to settle river problems; river claims are more likely where water supply is lower and demand is greater, but negotiations are also generally more likely in these same situations. Furthermore, while the existence of river treaties does not prevent the emergence of river claims, the presence of at least one treaty over the specific subject of the claim provides an important starting point that greatly increases the likelihood of negotiations over such claims. We conclude that the more pessimistic views of water management are missing an important part of the story. States are much more likely to negotiate in the most dangerous situations, and institutionalization of river resources can make an important contribution to negotiations over any disagreements that do emerge.

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Et.al, Jaffry Zakaria. "Dynamic and Structure Profiling of Kampar River, Slim River and Sungkai River: White Water Recreation Rivers in the State of Perak, Malaysia." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (April 10, 2021): 428–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.747.

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In Malaysia, there are many rivers that are being the attraction for white water river activities. Perak, is a state on the west of Peninsular Malaysia has several rivers that are suitable for white water river activities and being among the favourite location for white water river activities enthusiasts. Among the well-known white water rivers in Perak state are Kampar River, Slim River, Sungkai River, Singgor River and Sungai Bernam River. The attraction of a white water river depends on several factors. One of the important factor is the classification of rapid difficulty level. To date, the classification of rapid difficulty level in Malaysia is based on the international standard scale and certified by The International Canoe Federation (ICF). Apart from that, other attraction factors such as river water quality, geographical location, logistics facilities, transportation access, facilities, operator reputations and promotions are among other attraction factors. This present study aims to identify the main attraction factors in the white water rivers in Perak State. Dynamic and structure profiling of the rivers was produced. The white water rivers selected in this study were Kampar River, Slim River and Sungkai River. From the study, Kampar River was identified to be the most preferred river for white water activities compared to Slim River and Sungkai River. Findings from the study was resourceful in the effort of constructing a complete profile of white water rivers structure located in the state of Perak besides promoting white water river activities as a structured recreational tourism activity in Perak.

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Salman, Salman M. A. "International Rivers as Boundaries." Water International 25, no. 4 (December 2000): 580–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060008686873.

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Sadoff, Claudia W., and David Grey. "Cooperation on International Rivers." Water International 30, no. 4 (December 2005): 420–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060508691886.

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Tir, Jaroslav, and Douglas Stinnett. "The Institutionalization of River Treaties." International Negotiation 14, no. 2 (2009): 229–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180609x432815.

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AbstractThis article seeks to expand our understanding of why states use international institutions to manage transboundary rivers. Agreements governing the use and management of international rivers can contain a variety of different institutional features. We address the question of why riparian states choose to include or exclude these features from river treaties. Our explanation focuses on the problem of securing post-agreement compliance. Institutions perform a variety of functions that help states maintain cooperation over time. We analyze this explanation using a data set of river treaties formed between 1950 and 2002. We find that the institutionalization of river treaties is associated with water scarcity, the flow pattern of shared rivers, trade interdependence, and the level of economic development. These findings have important implications for the possibility that rivers will be a source of future conflicts.

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Srebro, Haim. "Historical cartographic materials as a source for international and cadastral boundary management in rivers." Proceedings of the ICA 1 (May 16, 2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-1-104-2018.

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International and cadastral boundaries are important for ensuring stable legal territorial matters. This article deals with the long-term location and management of boundaries in rivers and the depiction of the rivers on cartographic materials. A few countries have agreed that the boundary will not follow changes in the river (like in the Mongolia-China Border Treaty), whereas most agree that the boundary will follow slow, natural and gradual changes in the river (like is stated in the Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty). The international boundary under the British Mandate between Palestine and Trans-Jordan in the Jordan and Yarmuk rivers was defined in 1922. The cadastral boundaries were defined in these rivers in the 1930s along the international boundary. For more than 70 years, until the Israel-Jordan 1994 Peace Treaty, the rivers have changed their channels east and westward to distances up to hundreds of meters. During that period the mandatory boundaries in these rivers changed their political status to the armistice lines, the cease-fire lines, and to international boundaries between sovereign states. These lines were usually delineated on topographic maps in the rivers, drawn by cartographers following contemporary map revision. During that entire period the cadastral boundaries were not changed in order to adapt them to the actual position of the rivers and to the delineated international boundaries. Owing to large water works on both rivers, including the construction of dams and diversion channels in order to meet the increasing needs of the population on both sides, the water flow of the rivers decreased dramatically to less than one tenth of the original natural flow. The population today is more than ten times than it used to be under the British Mandate. The changes in the water channels during the last 20 years since the 1994 peace treaty are in the magnitude of 10 meters versus hundreds of meters in the past. In addition, intensive land cultivation adjacent to the river banks has stabilized them. In 2000, due to the construction of a dam on the Yarmuk River, both sides jointly fixed coordinates of the relevant boundary line in the river according to the boundary delineation in the peace treaty. The accumulated artificial changes along both rivers have cancelled their natural behavior and have influenced the changes in the river channels. This may justify an initiative to fix the boundary lines in both rivers by coordinates according to the peace treaty delimitation, enabling the cadastral boundaries to be fixed according to the fixed international boundary line. The article analyzes boundary line management in changing rivers in light of development of the legal approach and practice from the time of the Romans until today. It analyzes the special case of the boundary line in the Jordan and Yarmuk rivers, and introduces a proposal for stabilizing this boundary line. The research of the changes of these rivers is based on changes in the depiction of their channels on various kinds of maps and cartographic sources, produced through the last century by many producers. They include British, German, ANZAC, Israeli and Jordanian maps and charts. The cartographic materials include large scale field survey sheets and engineering charts from the 1920s, cadastral charts from the 1930s, topographic maps produced through the last century and orthophoto maps produced since the 1990s, including joint Israeli-Jordanian orthophoto and charts produced by the Joint Boundary Commission as part of the peace agreement and its implementation. The article includes a variety of cartographic examples.

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Grey, D., and C. Sadoff. "Beyond the river: the benefits of cooperation on international rivers." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 6 (March 1, 2003): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0365.

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Management of international rivers can be a cause of conflict or cooperation between states. Benefits of cooperation include benefits to the ecological river, the economic river, the political river and the catalytic river. The challenges are in balancing the trade-offs between states.

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Berardo, Ramiro, and Andrea K. Gerlak. "Conflict and Cooperation along International Rivers: Crafting a Model of Institutional Effectiveness." Global Environmental Politics 12, no. 1 (February 2012): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00099.

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The management of international rivers is increasingly marked by a heightened attention to and growth in institutions at the river-basin level to promote cooperation and resolve conflicts between states in a basin. Yet, little theoretical and empirical research exists to understand when these institutions are most effective. Here we draw from diverse literatures, including work on social and ecological systems, international institutions, common-pool resources, and international waters, to capture and integrate the design elements associated with effective collaborative management along an international river. We apply and test the validity of our model in a plausibility probe through the analysis of the conflict between Argentina and Uruguay over the construction of pulp mills along the Uruguay River, and the role of the established and functioning river basin organization—the Administrative Commission of the Uruguay River (CARU)—in this conflict. We re-examine our model based on our case findings to highlight the challenge and role of public input and representation in institutional effectiveness along international rivers.

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Balafouta, Virginia. "Strengthening “International law of transboundary rivers” international human rights law, international criminal law and international humanitarian law. The dynamics of the right to water." American Yearbook of International Law 1, no. 1 (January 15, 2023): 2–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/ayil.33037.

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In the current paper, taking into account the transboundary rivers’ special importance and value, it is proposed that “International Law of Transboundary Rivers” should be established as an autonomous legal branch of International Law. Firstly, a legal framework for International Law of Transboundary Rivers is proposed, and then suggestions are made for its strengthening. It is argued that the governance of transboundary rivers is closely linked and promotes the maintenance of international peace and security, and all the other primary purposes of International Law. Moreover, the connection of International Law of Transboundary Rivers with International Human Rights Law, International Criminal Law and International Humanitarian Law is suggested. In addition, the proposed framework is linked to the Resolution A/RES/64/292 (2010) “The human right to water and sanitation”. The human right to water and sanitation, and its crucial importance are analyzed. In the context of the paper, the connection of the right to water and sanitation with several rights already enshrined: i) in the European Convention on Human Rights, ii) in the American Convention on Human Rights, and iii) in the African Charter of Human and Peoples’ Rights is attempted. This suggestion is made in order to be possible for individuals and for states to legally invoke and judicially assert this right. By the combined invocation of the right to water and sanitation with these rights, it could become possible to utilize the relevant regional human rights instruments and mechanisms, for the legal assertion of the right to water and sanitation, and for the fair and equitable use of transboundary rivers and their resources.

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Alam, Undala. "Cooperating internationally over water: explaining l'espace OMVS." Journal of Modern African Studies 50, no. 2 (May 18, 2012): 175–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x12000018.

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ABSTRACTSince the early 1960s, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania and Senegal have cooperated over the Senegal river. Contrary to the norms of managing international rivers, the riparians have subjugated their sovereignty and incurred national debt to jointly develop the benefits from their shared river, despite intra-basin tensions and conflict. The Senegal experience highlights an alternative path to tackling the consequences of climate change, poor water management and increasing demand. In seeking to explain the intensity of international cooperation displayed in the basin, this article examines the characteristics of international rivers and the Senegal basin's history, and concludes that Pan-Africanism, francophonie and the political leaders' attitudes to regional cooperation shaped l'espace OMVS.

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Lindemann, Stefan. "Understanding Water Regime Formation—A Research Framework with Lessons from Europe." Global Environmental Politics 8, no. 4 (November 2008): 117–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep.2008.8.4.117.

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International river basins are mostly characterized by upstream-downstream externalities that involve asymmetric incentives to cooperate and, therefore, suggest a high conflict potential between riparian states. However, with more than 400 river basin treaties, cooperation along international rivers by far outweighs water-related conflicts. The abundance of international water cooperation despite the odds is puzzling and has so far received little systematic attention. Against this background, I develop a research framework that draws on international regime theory and combines power, interest, knowledge and contextbased approaches to water regime formation. In a second step, I probe the plausibility of my framework in two case studies on international water cooperation in the Rhine and Elbe river basins. The empirical findings suggest that there is no “one-answer-fits-all” in trying to explain water regime formation. While power-based approaches are of limited explanatory value, a thorough understanding of cooperation along the two international rivers requires the combination of interest, knowledge and context-based arguments.

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Donaldson, John W. "Where rivers and boundaries meet: building the international river boundaries database." Water Policy 11, no. 5 (October 1, 2009): 629–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.065.

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Rivers have been a popular choice for international boundary-makers throughout history for a variety of reasons. However, defining a jurisdictional limit in a dynamic natural feature continues to pose challenges for neighbouring states. At the same time, rivers which form international boundaries are natural resources which are simultaneously shared and divided, requiring bilateral (and sometimes multilateral) cooperation on border management. With all their complexities, how well do we understand the scope of river boundaries around the world? Challenging previous studies whose perspective has tended to generalise the extent of river boundaries, this article examines the development of the International River Boundaries Database (IRBD) which represents the most comprehensive collection of information concerning the lengths and definitions of river boundaries worldwide. Emphasising an accurate image of river boundaries on the ground, the IRBD reveals that the true magnitude of river boundaries worldwide has been underestimated, and likewise the true magnitude of management challenges inherent to river boundaries has been underestimated. In doing so, the IRBD helps to engage inter-disciplinary and bilateral dialogue on the under-researched link between boundary definition and transboundary water management.

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Zawahri, Neda. "Third Party Mediation of International River Disputes: Lessons from the Indus River." International Negotiation 14, no. 2 (2009): 281–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180609x432833.

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AbstractThird parties have been active in assisting adversarial states to navigate their international river disputes. By using the carrot and stick to facilitate compromise, mediators have also participated in the negotiations leading to the signing of treaties over international rivers. Yet, due to the nature of the issue confronting riparian states, the long-term impact of these efforts is likely to be unstable cooperation rather than cooperation. This is still an important contribution, because the absence of mediation efforts may contribute to an environment of conflict. However, since riparian states confront a relationship that involves the need to continuously manage disputes that arise as states develop their international rivers, a mediator may be more effective in facilitating cooperation if it assists developing states with a history of animosity to establish effectively designed river basin commissions and it oversees the implementation of treaties. Participating in the initial years of a treaty's implementation by coordinating the donor community to underwrite projects can minimize the potential disputes riparians confront. An effectively designed river basin commission can assist in facilitating cooperation long after the mediator has departed from the region. To demonstrate this argument, the article draws on the Indus River case, which has lived through four different phases. The Euphrates and Tigris Rivers are used to illustrate the argument's ability to explain other cases.

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Sadoff, C. "Beyond the river: the benefits of cooperation on international rivers." Water Policy 4, no. 5 (2002): 389–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1366-7017(02)00035-1.

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Alemayehu, Asabeneh. "Conflicts and Treaty over the Nile Basin. A Critical Review." East African Journal of Environment and Natural Resources 7, no. 1 (January 7, 2024): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajenr.7.1.1673.

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The Nile, which flows through ten river basin nations, is the most crucial water channel in Africa's north-western region. The river receives its water from two key rivers: the White Nile in Burundi and the Blue Nile in Ethiopia. The Atbara River, which commences in Sudan and runs north of Khartoum, connects the two rivers. The Nile River is the foundation of life and conflict. Conflicts between riparian countries that rely upon this common freshwater source have grown as a result of the river's deterioration and problems with water scarcity in the basin. The bilateral agreement that governs the allocation of water among the nations allocates the majority of the Nile river's flow to Egypt, which is the downstream country, and the remaining portion to Sudan, leaving the other nations that make up the Nile catchment deprived of determined shares. Although there is a chance for conflict amongst Nile riparians, current attempts to forge an all-encompassing regional agreement to control the river's use encourage riparians to work together rather than compete for water in the future. The Nile River would not have caused conflict amongst its riparian countries if it had been apportioned evenly. For millennia, the Nile's countries that border it have worked cooperatively to overcome problems throughout the basin in order to utilize the resource for the benefit of future generations. Various forms of international technological cooperation have been signed to halt conflicts and bring sustainable management to the Nile basin. This review addresses the conflicts and treaties in the Nile Basin between the Nile riparian countries. It also describes international collaboration, emphasizing the latest Nile Basin Initiative as an example of successful multilateral cooperation that could avert future conflicts over the Nile

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Dinar, Shlomi. "Scarcity and Cooperation Along International Rivers." Global Environmental Politics 9, no. 1 (February 2009): 109–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep.2009.9.1.109.

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Scarcity is often argued to be an important variable associated with explaining both conflict and cooperation over international freshwater. Yet it is the relationship between scarcity and cooperation that deserves additional scrutiny and, subsequently, rigorous empirical investigation. Building on existing literature, this article highlights the relationship between water scarcity and interstate cooperation. A model is introduced hypothesizing that cooperation is most likely to take place when the resource is neither abundant (when there is no real impetus for cooperation) nor highly scarce (when there is little of the resource to divide among the parties or the degradation too costly to manage). Rather, formal coordination in the form of an international water treaty is most likely to ensue at levels of moderate (or relative) scarcity. An inverted U-shaped curve, rather than a linear interaction, is consequently suggested for the relationship between water scarcity and cooperation. To illustrate this relationship, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test is conducted using seventy-four country dyad observations, an associated scarcity index, and corresponding international treaty observations. Overall, results support the scarcity-cooperation assertion. Future research is needed to investigate this relationship in a more empirical and econometrically rigorous fashion.

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Burchi, S. "1. International Rivers and Lakes / Groundwater." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvs028.

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Burchi, Stefano. "1. International Rivers and Lakes / Groundwater." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 211–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvs079.

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Burchi, Stefano. "1. International Rivers and Lakes / Groundwater." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvt008.

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Burchi, Stefano. "1. International Rivers and Lakes / Groundwater." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvu009.

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Burchi, Stefano. "1. International Rivers and Lakes / Groundwater." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 25, no. 1 (2014): 213–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvv008.

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Burchi, Stefano. "1. International Rivers and Lakes / Groundwater." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 26 (2015): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvw007.

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Burchi, Stefano. "1. International Rivers and Lakes / Groundwater." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 27 (January 1, 2016): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvx020.

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Burchi, Stefano. "1. International Rivers and Lakes/Groundwater." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 28 (January 1, 2017): 135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvy064.

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Campbell, Sam. "The World Heritage Convention, Protected Areas and Rivers: Challenges for Representation and Implications for International Water Cooperation." PARKS, no. 30.1 (May 2024): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/umkn8340.

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Given the dire state of health of rivers worldwide and their significant heritage values, there is a need to consider their current representation in protected areas inscribed under the World Heritage Convention and identify challenges and opportunities for increasing their coverage. This study identifies a total of 153 natural, mixed natural/cultural and cultural landscape World Heritage sites that recognise rivers as a source of Outstanding Universal Value. There are challenges associated with the recognition of river sites as World Heritage, but further nominations could be encouraged through amendments to the World Heritage Convention Operational Guidelines to allow greater discretion to be exercised in relation to integrity requirements at inscription and to explicitly acknowledge freshwater use as a basis for recognising mixed natural/cultural and cultural landscape sites. There is also an opportunity to encourage further nomination of river sites by recognising the important implications of World Heritage inscription for international water cooperation. Together, these recommendations provide a path forward for enhancing the place of rivers in World Heritage protected areas.

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Figueroa, Elia Gómez. "OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING CRITERIA FOR INTERNATIONAL RIVER BASINS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 953–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-953.

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ABSTRACT Many issues must be taken into account during the development and implementation of bilateral oil spill contingency plans for rivers and river basins shared by two or more countries. Such bilateral plans between Ecopetrol Colombia and PDVSA Venezuela respond to the need for well-designed tools for response to spills in international river basins that are near or within areas where petroleum exploration, production, and transportation activities are being carried out. Information collected during the last six years helped in the development of this bilateral oil spill contingency plan.

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Alam, Undala, Ousmane Dione, and Paul Jeffrey. "Hydrology vs sovereignty: managing the hydrological interdependency of international rivers." Water Policy 13, no. 3 (October 22, 2010): 425–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2010.119.

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In managing international rivers, governments are subject to two different boundaries. The socio-politically constructed boundaries governed by sovereignty and the physical boundaries imposed by the river's hydrology. The existence of a hydrological interdependency within an international basin means that “how” it is managed is important in constructing certainty in water supply. We compare two experiences from Europe and Africa to see the effect of sovereignty on the management of a basin's hydro-interdependency. Portugal and Spain have followed a Westphalian interpretation of sovereignty in the Guadiana basin to develop their physical infrastructure unilaterally and “sever” the hydro-interdependency. In contrast, using an operational interpretation of sovereignty, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania and Senegal have chosen to embrace the Senegal river's hydro-interdependency and develop it jointly. A key lesson that emerges is that the approach used determines the pattern of resilience constructed in each system.

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Ayzhan, Zhatkanbaeva, Jangabulova Arаilym, Aydarkhanova Kulyash, Baimakhanova Dina, and Zhao Haifeng. "THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF ENSURING THE ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY OF WATER BODIES IN TRANSBOUNDARY BASINS." BULLETIN 5, no. 387 (October 15, 2020): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-1467.146.

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Abstract. The article is devoted to the analysis of priority areas of international cooperation in the field of ensuring environmental safety of transboundary water bodies. The authors of the article indicated such areas of environmental safety as: Water-energy problem of the Central Asian countries; impact of climate change on water; Aral ecological crisis and its consequences for the natural environment of the Central Asian region. The authors of the article made recommendations on eliminating the environmental problems of transboundary water bodies. It is proposed to sign fundamental documents on legal issues of water allocation and protection of transboundary rivers on the basis of international law and bring the problem of transboundary rivers to the level of the SCO and tripartite negotiations (Russia, Kazakhstan, China). The necessity of building joint hydropower facilities on transboundary rivers is substantiated. The authors propose to expand, improve and modernize the control network (gauging stations, etc.) in all river basins of Kazakhstan and China.

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Labh, Shyam Narayan. "Behaviour, distribution and conservation threats of Dolphin Platanista gangetica (Roxburgh, 1801) in rivers of Nepal." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/aehm.026.01.32.

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Abstract Nepal is a land-linked country relatively small in area. However, it is home to several rivers, and these rivers are undoubtedly beautiful additions to the mountainous nation's splendid scenic landscape. Most of Nepal's surface water drains through the three major rivers are Saptakoshi, Narayani, and Karnali. Mechi and Mahakali Rivers and their tributaries mark the international boundaries between Nepal and India. All of these originate either from the Himalayas or from the Tibet Plateau and are perennial. However, dams and other water development projects, intensive fishing, pollution, and extensive human disturbances have decreased the abundance of the Ganges River Dolphin, which is now restricted only to the Koshi and Karnali River systems and in an isolated form. The first Integrated Dolphin Census of Nepal, conducted in 2016, recorded 52 dolphins throughout the country. Of the 52 dolphins, 43 were sighted in the Mohana of Karnali and its tributaries. No dolphins have been recorded recently for the Mahakali river, and sightings in the Narayani river, are occasional. The population of the River Dolphins is declining at an alarming rate. Therefore, it is important to regularly assess the status and trends of their populations and design strategies for their conservation and sustainable use.

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Edoreh, J. A., J. I. Izegaegbe, E. C. Osimen, C. U. Inegbenosun, H. A. Ojagefu, and E. Weyinmi. "Assessment of Water Pollution Indices of Two Anthropogenic Impacted Rivers in Southern Nigeria." Journal of Aquatic Sciences 35, no. 2 (April 12, 2021): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jas.v35i2.15.

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Freshwater ecosystems afford essential needs and services to humans and have not been spared the effects of anthropogenic pressures exacerbated by increasing urbanization and industrialization. The study was undertaken in two southern inland rivers in Edo State, Nigeria, following concerns that the increasing human population in the region, coupled with indiscriminate discharges into rivers could erode water quality and elevate metal concentrations above allowable limits. Water samples were collected and analyzed for heavy metal concentrations using standard procedures. The results showed that metal concentrations were generally within national and international limits for drinking water with exceptions in cadmium and lead. Water pollution indices showed metal pollution index for cadmium (1037, 757) and lead (503, 379) in Ovia and Ossiomo Rivers respectively. These values far exceeded the critical level of 100 with a high contamination index (>6) of cadmium in both rivers. Water quality index from physico-chemical analysis indicated poor conditions in Ossiomo River relative to very poor water conditions in Ovia River. The study demonstrated that cadmium and lead were the major contributors to the adverse environmental conditions in both rivers. Thus, incessant anthropogenic pressures adversely affected water quality of these rivers rendering them unsuitable for human use. This would potentially have serious ecological and human health implications as chronic effects may be unquantifiable. Keywords: Ovia and Ossiomo Rivers, heavy metal, water quality index, contamination index

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Dombrowsky, Ines, Julia Bastian, Daniel Däschle, Simon Heisig, Johannes Peters, and Christian Vosseler. "International and local benefit sharing in hydropower projects on shared rivers: the Ruzizi III and Rusumo Falls cases." Water Policy 16, no. 6 (May 12, 2014): 1087–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.104.

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It has been argued that dam projects on shared rivers may provide opportunities for cooperation and the sharing of benefits among co-riparian states (discourse on international benefit sharing). In parallel, a discourse on local benefit sharing emphasizes that the population affected by dams should benefit from the projects in the long term. This raises the question of how international and local benefit sharing can be combined and whether these concepts are taken up in recent hydropower projects (HPPs) on shared rivers. This question was studied using the cases of the Ruzizi III and Rusumo Falls border river HPPs in Africa's Great Lakes region. The paper finds that the two projects indeed foresee both international and local benefit-sharing mechanisms, even if the actors involved hardly refer to international and local benefit sharing as concepts or link the two. At international level, the infrastructure will be jointly owned and electricity equally shared by the countries involved which can be considered good practice for border river projects. At local level, compensation processes are planned according to World Bank policies and various benefit-sharing mechanisms are envisioned. However, so far no revenue-based benefit sharing is foreseen that would ensure that the project-affected population will benefit in the long term.

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Gordeev, Vyacheslav V., Oleg S. Pokrovsky, Alexander V. Zhulidov, Alexander S. Filippov, Tatiana Y. Gurtovaya, Robert M. Holmes, Lyudmila S. Kosmenko, James W. McClelland, Bruce J. Peterson, and Suzanne E. Tank. "Dissolved Major and Trace Elements in the Largest Eurasian Arctic Rivers: Ob, Yenisey, Lena, and Kolyma." Water 16, no. 2 (January 17, 2024): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16020316.

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In contrast to fairly good knowledge of dissolved carbon and major elements in great Arctic rivers, seasonally resolved concentrations of many trace elements remain poorly characterized, hindering assessment of the current status and possible future changes in the hydrochemistry of the Eurasian Arctic. To fill this gap, here we present results for a broad suite of trace elements in the largest rivers of the Russian Arctic (Ob, Yenisey, Lena, and Kolyma). For context, we also present results for major elements that are more routinely measured in these rivers. Water samples for this study were collected during an international campaign called PARTNERS from 2004 through 2006. A comparison of element concentrations obtained for Arctic rivers in this study with average concentrations in the world’s rivers shows that most elements in the Arctic rivers are similar to or significantly lower than the world average. The mineral content of the three greatest rivers (Ob, Yenisey, and Lena) varies within a narrow range (from 107 mg/L for Yenisey to 123 mg/L for Ob). The Kolyma’s mineral content is significantly lower (52.4 mg/L). Fluxes of all major and trace elements were calculated using average concentrations and average water discharge for the 2004–2006 period. Based on these flux estimates, specific export (i.e., t/km2/y) for most of the elements was greatest for the Lena, followed by the Yenisey, Ob, and Kolyma in decreasing order. Element pairwise correlation analysis identified several distinct groups of elements depending on their sources and relative mobility in the river water. There was a negative correlation between Fe and DOC concentration in the Ob River, which could be linked to different sources of these components in this river. The annual yields of major and trace elements calculated for each river were generally consistent with values assessed for other mid-size and small rivers of the Eurasian subarctic.

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35

Alekseevskii, N. I., A. S. Zavadskii, M. V. Krivushin, and S. R. Chalov. "Hydrological monitoring at international rivers and basins." Water Resources 42, no. 6 (November 2015): 747–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0097807815060020.

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36

Feng, Yan, and Daming He. "Research progress on international rivers in Asia." Journal of Geographical Sciences 16, no. 3 (August 2006): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11442-006-0302-0.

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37

Biswas, Asit K. "Register of International Rivers: A Personal Reflection." International Journal of Water Resources Development 15, no. 4 (December 1999): 383–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900629948673.

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Zawahri, Neda A., Shlomi Dinar, and Sara McLaughlin Mitchell. "Facilitating Treaty Formation to Govern International Rivers." International Studies Quarterly 55, no. 3 (September 2011): 803–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00677.x.

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Daming, He, Zhao Wenjuan, and Feng Yan. "Research progress of international rivers in China." Journal of Geographical Sciences 14, no. 1 (July 2004): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02841103.

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40

Lóczy, Dénes, József Dezső, and Levente Ronczyk. "Floodplain rehabilitation projects in Hungary: Case studies from the Danube, Tisza, Körös and Drava rivers." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 96, no. 1 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1601001l.

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Floodplains along regulated rivers often suffer from serious environmental degradation. River and floodplain rehabilitation measures along the major rivers of Hungary are motivated by two objectives: to inrease the floodwater retention capacity of floodplains (also beyond the dykes) and to improve the ecological conditions of floodplain habitats (with special regard to oxbow lakes). In this paper reports and documents mostly written in Hungarian are presented for the international public on river and floodplain rehabilitation efforts. Examples for the water management objective are cited from the Tisza and K?r?s Rivers, while interventions promoting the second, nature conservation (and also forestry and agriculture), aim are mentioned from the Danube and Drava Rivers. A common characteristic of the case studies is that they apply ?hard engineering? solutions to environmental problems. Although water availability in the Szigetk?z floodplain has substantially improved after the building of the bottom weir, the efficiency of the recently implemented engineering measures (the emergency reservoirs along the Tisza and water replenishment structures along the Drava) is too early to judge.

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41

Yetim, Müşerref. "Domestic institutions and international collective action problems: International water rights conflicts." Water Policy 25, no. 4 (March 31, 2023): 415–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2023.250.

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Abstract To what extent do domestic institutions affect the solution of collective action problems in international waters? Dwindling water resources and dire climate change projections make the determination of water rights in international rivers a major source of contention among states. If the states cooperate based on integrated water resource management principles, they could achieve social equity, economic efficiency, and sustainability. Yet, many international rivers remain subject to unilateral exploitation. This paper explores the role of domestic institutions in facilitating the emergence of international water rights. Adopting a political economy approach, it presents a case study analysis of the dispute over the Euphrates and explores the complex interaction of governing institutions in achieving efficient water management. I argue that the solution to the collective action dilemma in water rights is the creation of property rights institutions, which requires high levels of trust and reciprocity among highly motivated actors, who are accountable to their people.

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Kailun, Chen. "Development of China’s river chief system in transboundary basins from the perspective of conceptual history." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2023, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2023): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202301statyi47.

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The implementation of the river chief system (RCS) in China is a key move to solve its complex water problems and sustain healthy rivers and lakes. The article considers the Weishan Lake project as an innovative way to develop RCS in transboundary basins: it draws on the underlying international practice experience in transboundary river/lake water environment governance.

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Guglielmo, L., F. Azzaro, C. Baviera, A. Bergamasco, S. N. Bissett, C. Brugnano, G. Caruso, et al. "Multidisciplinary ecological assessment of the Alcantara River (Sicily, Italy) using bioindicators." Marine and Freshwater Research 65, no. 4 (2014): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf13044.

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This study was developed within the framework of a broad international project, ‘Ecological water quality assessment of the Alcantara (Italy), James (USA) and Guadalfeo (Spain) rivers using bioindicators’, established by the Center for Integrative Mediterranean Studies (CIMS), a collaborative research centre consisting of the University of Messina – Italy, Virginia Commonwealth University – USA, and the University of Cordoba – Spain. The primary objective of the study was the validation of a multi-disciplinary ecological approach at different taxonomic levels for biomonitoring of the Alcantara River (Sicily, Italy) using bioindicators. This study examined the primary physical, chemical and biological features of the river through an interdisciplinary and synoptic approach using bioindicators that included riparian plant physiology, the microbial, zooplanktonic and macroinvertebrate assemblages, Coleoptera (Insecta) and river hydrology. Sampling of the river and riparian areas was conducted at sites from the river’s headwaters to the mouth. The study provided information on the ecological status of the Alcantara River along its course and tested the use of a variety of bioindicators, rather than a single biotic or physicalattribute, to determine the river’s health.

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44

Ghaly, Ashraf. "Water for Life Versus Water for Development." International Journal of Advanced Business Studies 2, no. 2 (July 4, 2023): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.59857/ekld7930.

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At ancient times, when the population on planet Earth was scarce, there was little friction over water resources. This has changed over the past few decades with the exponential growth of population with no corresponding increase of water revenue from nature. Compounding the problem is the construction of dams on almost every river in the world. Dams are used to regulate water flow, store water for use in dry seasons, eliminate or moderate flood hazards, generate hydropower, or control navigation. Dams may also have negative side effects. Dams constructed on international trans-boundary rivers can be extremely controversial. International conventions regulate the exploitation of the water of trans-boundary rivers. There have been violations to these conventions. These violations were done in the name of development. The results were disastrous for downstream riparian countries. In addition to the socio-economic effects, environmental, political, and massive migratory pressures have also been observed. At issue is the question of survival versus development, and which one should have higher priority. Examples will be given of development projects constructed by Ethiopia on the Nile River, which impacted Sudan and Egypt, and of development projects constructed by Turkey on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, which impacted Iraq and Syria.

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Lóczy, Dénes, József Dezső, Szabolcs Czigány, and Ervin Pirkhoffer. "Hydromorphological assessment of the lower Hungarian Drava section and its floodplain." Landscape & Environment 10, no. 3-4 (August 28, 2016): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21120/le/10/3-4/2.

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The hydromorphological properties of rivers and their floodplains receive increased attention both in basic research and water management. A comparison of hydromorphological parameters before and after river regulation (involving floodplain drainage) provides important information for river management, particularly floodplain rehabilitation. The paper assesses a selected reach of the Drava River and the corresponding floodplain utilising two international approaches, the REFORM framework and the Italian Morphological Quality Index.

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46

Hussein, Omar Ahmed, and Khadijah Mohamed. "LEGAL RIGHTS OF INTERNATIONAL WATER RESOURCES: A CASE OF TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVERS." International Journal of Law, Government and Communication 6, no. 22 (March 10, 2021): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijlgc.6220012.

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This paper aims to examine Iraq’s rights, being the downstream country, towards the use of Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and the extent to which international water resources are protected under international law. Being the downstream country, projects constructed on the banks of Tigris and Euphrates Rivers had significantly impacted Iraq as less water flows into the country. The discussion in this paper outlines principles of the existing international conventions and protocols in this area by adopting a doctrinal legal research approach which has great significance to understand the relevant substantive law through the analysis of legal rules, court judgments, and statutes. The paper concludes that historically, Iraq had an acquired right, a right confirmed by the international rules and principles, to share the usage of water from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers with the upstream countries comprising of Turkey, Syria, and Iran. This paper suggests that all riparian countries of the Tigris and the Euphrates should abide by the rules of international law and recognize Iraq’s historical water ratios of these rivers based on the principle of the acquired right under international law.

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47

Petts, G. "Sustaining our rivers in crisis: setting the international agenda for action." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 9 (May 1, 2001): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0497.

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The history of streams and rivers is as much a social and technological history as it is a scientific one. Rivers are the lifeblood of nations and the control of their waters has been fundamental to the building of human civilisations. The control or regulation of rivers embodied the advancement of institutions, administration and co-ordination; it was a manifestation of military and economic power. Yet the history of human development is also characterised by the degradation of the basic resource - polluted water, increased flooding, and the loss of biological diversity. Many early civilisations collapsed in the face of environmental degradation, manifest by flood, drought, famine and plague. The Industrial Revolution upon which modern societies are founded was based upon a short-term vision that has left rivers in crisis, marked by a legacy of pollution, slums, a loss of confidence in civic life, and a loss of ownership of places and spaces - once seen to be at the heart of civilised society. Within this global or international context of water management, this paper examines the impacts and future of rivers and water within the United Kingdom, establishing some principles for such management in other settings.

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Liu, Zengmei, Yuting Cai, Shangwei Wang, Fupeng Lan, and Xushu Wu. "Small and Medium-Scale River Flood Controls in Highly Urbanized Areas: A Whole Region Perspective." Water 12, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010182.

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While rapid urbanization promotes social and economic development, it poses a serious threat to the health of rivers, especially the small and medium-scale rivers. Flood control for small and medium-scale rivers in highly urbanized areas is particularly important. The purpose of this study is to explore the most effective flood control strategy for small and medium-scale rivers in highly urbanized areas. MIKE 11 and MIKE 21 were coupled with MIKE FLOOD model to simulate flooding with the flood control standard, after which the best flooding control scheme was determined from a whole region perspective (both the mainstream and tributary conditions were considered). The SheGong River basin located near the Guangzhou Baiyun international airport in Guangzhou city over south China was selected for the case study. The results showed that the flooding area in the basin of interest accounts for 42% of the total, with maximum inundation depth up to 0.93 m under the 20-year return period of the designed flood. The flood-prone areas are the midstream and downstream where urbanization is high; however the downstream of the adjacent TieShan River is still able to bear more flooding. Therefore, the probable cost-effective flood control scheme is to construct two new tributaries transferring floodwater in the mid- and downstream of the SheGong River into the downstream of the TieShan River. This infers that flood control for small and medium-scale rivers in highly urbanized areas should not simply consider tributary flood regimes but, rather, involve both tributary and mainstream flood characters from a whole region perspective.

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Mayama, Shigeki, Matt Julius, and Karthick Balasubramanian. "International river environment education that combines simulations with specimens from different times and regions." Impact 2021, no. 3 (March 29, 2021): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2021.3.35.

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Over the years, humankind has contributed to the destruction of the environment, including river pollution. When comparing river water quality in developed and developing countries, the history is the opposite, with developed countries suffering from polluted rivers at a time when developing countries had relatively clean rivers. Although the literature provides descriptions of past water quality across the globe, there are no samples of this water, leading to a gap in knowledge. Fortunately, a team of researchers led by Dr Shigeki Mayama, Advanced Support Center for Science Teachers, Tokyo Gakugei University Koganei, Japan, has found a way to ascertain past water quality and decipher how it relates to the environmental concerns of the present. Ultimately, they want to help address environmental challenges by helping children to understand the direct impact of human activity on river environments. As such, the researchers are developing an educational programme involving a virtual environment and microorganisms called diatoms. Mayama and the team have developed simulation software called SimRIver, using which students can set up their own river basin environments and use diatoms as proxies for the aquatic environment to learn how they affect water quality. SimRIver is available in 22 languages, making it accessible to children in different countries and broadening its impact. In addition, it operates in a manner that mimics video games in order to be as appealing to students as possible. To circumvent a possible lack of reality, SimRiver is supplemented with actual specimens collected from the river. The idea is that combining virtual simulations with real-life specimens will promote effective learning.

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Hossen, Mohammad, Jeff Connor, and Faisal Ahammed. "How to Resolve Transboundary River Water Sharing Disputes." Water 15, no. 14 (July 20, 2023): 2630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15142630.

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There are more than 260 transboundary rivers in the world, which are sometimes the cause of conflict. Therefore, management of these rivers is important not only for the economy but also for harmony and peace. Various methods are followed to resolve water-sharing disputes. A systematic review was carried out to determine how water disputes are resolved. It was found that cooperation, mediation, perfect river basin organisation, a proper monitoring system, information exchange, and benefit-sharing are the keys to success. On the other hand, non-cooperation, disregard of international water laws, water hegemony, imbalance of military power, and the absence of a proper institution, mediator, or benefit-sharing approach are the causes for failure of transboundary river management. This study also summarised the evaluation report of the river basin management and diagnosed whether the riparian countries are successful in conflict management, diagnosing 53% of the river basins as successful, 35% as unsuccessful, and 12% as neutral (neither successful nor unsuccessful). This result indicates that there is dissatisfaction with 35% transboundary rivers of the world. It was also revealed that the most frequently identified mode for resolving water conflict is benefit-sharing.

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Journal articles on the topic 'International rivers'

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