Academic literature on the topic 'International sale contracts'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'International sale contracts.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "International sale contracts"
1
Jovanović, Marko. "A conclusion of contracts for the international sale of goods." Pravo - teorija i praksa 38, no. 3 (2021): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ptp2103065j.
Full textAbstract:
The international exchange of goods is done through a contract on the international sale of goods. A conclusion of a contract on the international sale of goods is based primarily on the autonomy of the will of the parties, unless that autonomy of will is limited by the compulsory regulations of the states. All sources of law cited in the paper, such as international conventions, autonomous sources of law and even customs and business ethics, can be changed by the disposition of the will, because they are of a dispositive character. The contracting parties most often agree on the application of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, the so-called Vienna Conventions, except in cases where there are general conditions and standard contracts. The Vienna Convention, which is a compromise of continental, Roman and Anglo-Saxon law, is most often contracted. The offer and its acceptance are necessary for the conclusion of the contract, except for standard and formal contracts. The offer is a final act, and the acceptance of the offer is a statement of the agreement with the offer. The offer must have essential elements of the contract, but it can also have irrelevant elements. By concluding a contract with the application of INCOTERMS clauses, most irrelevant elements of the contract are regulated.
2
Berlingher, Daniel. "The Effects of the International Contract for Sale of Goods." Journal of Legal Studies 19, no. 33 (June 1, 2017): 96–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jles-2017-0007.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The contracts are the indispensable legal instruments for any economic transaction. The international sale contract is the main legal instrument by which international commerce is carried out and through which the movement of goods from producer to consumer is ensured within cross-border relations. The sale contract in international commerce is the legal act by which the parties, the seller and the buyer, belonging to different states, commit each other to transfer the property of a good in return for payment of a price. Regarding the general rules applicable to the contract of international sale of goods, they are regulated by the “United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods from Vienna”. The Convention has adopted uniform rules to govern the international sale of goods contract, if the parties have not chosen expressly for the application of other rules. In this study I present the effects of international sale of goods in the light of the rules of the Vienna Convention of 1980.
3
Carette, Nicolas. "Direct Contractual Claim of the Sub–buyer and International Sale of Goods: Applicable Law and Applicability of the CISG." European Review of Private Law 16, Issue 4 (August 1, 2008): 583–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2008047.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: The issue explored in this work is which law should be applied to determine the admissibility or possibility of and, if appropriate, the assessment of a direct contractual claim of a sub–buyer against a former seller when a sequence of contracts of sale takes place in an international context and the sequential contracts are governed by different laws. Particular attention is paid to the impact of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) on this question. Although this article focuses mainly on Belgian and French Law where the competence of the Belgian or French judges is presupposed, the theories described herein, and especially the proposed one, can in principle also be applied to other laws and in other jurisdictions. The admissibility and the assessment of the claim of the sub–buyer will in principle be judged exclusively according to the lex contractus (national law, not CISG) of the contract between the sued seller and his immediate buyer. However, in case the claim of the intermediary seller against the initial seller is automatically transferred to the sub–buyer according to the lex contractus of the sub–contract, the key question is to what extent the transfer can be invoked against the initial seller. Arguably, one must distinguish between two categories of cases: cases within which the law governing the initial contract recognizes the automatic transfer of the claim according to the law governing the sub–contract, on the one hand; and cases where the lex contractus of the initial contract does not recognize such a transfer. In the first category of cases, the sub–buyer can be identified with his predecessor and the assessment of his claim has to be judged as if it was the predecessor who is acting. In the second category of cases it must be verified whether or not the law governing the initial contract recognizes a more or less similar, although not automatic transfer of claims. It is proposed to refer to the regime of assignment where the lex contractus of the initial contract recognizes the (whether or not implied) assignment of the claim(s). This means an analogical application of Article 12 of the Rome Convention, where that Convention has to be applied. In any case, if the direct contractual claim of the sub–buyer is recognized, the CISG could possibly be applicable to the claim. Resumé: La question étudiée dans ce travail est celle du droit applicable pour déterminer l’admissibilité ou la possibilité de, et si opportun, l’évaluation d’une créance contractuelle directe d’un acheteur succédant contre un premier vendeur dans le cas d’une succession de contrats de vente ayant lieu dans un contexte international et où les différents contrats sont régis par différents droits. Une attention particulière est portée sur l’impact de la CVIM vis à vis de cette question. Même si cet article se concentre principalement sur les droits belge et français et que la compétence des juges français et belge est présupposée, les théories discutées, et surtout la théorie proposée, peuvent en principe également être appliquées aux autres droits et par d’autres juridictions. L’adminissibilité et l’évaluation de la créance par l’acheteur succédant seront en principe considérées exclusivement au vu de la lex contractus (droit national et non la CVIM) du contrat entre le vendeur poursuivi et l&apos
4
Venter, Francois. "Editorial." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 14, no. 1 (June 6, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2011/v14i1a2556.
Full textAbstract:
A wide range of unrelated topics are addressed in five articles and three notes published in this issue.The first article, contributed by Sieg Eiselen of UNISA, deals comparatively with the difficulties of an appropriate interpretation of the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) regarding standard terms in international contracts of sale. Eiselen subscribes to an approach according to which a clear incorporation clause in the contract is considered to be sufficient for the effective incorporation of standard terms.
5
Germain, Claire M. "The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: Guide to Research and Literature." International Journal of Legal Information 24, no. 1 (1996): 48–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500000068.
Full textAbstract:
On January 1, 1988, the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (the Convention) became effective in the United States. In general, the Convention (also referred to as the “Vienna Sales Convention,” the “Sales Convention,” the “CISG,” or the “UN Convention”) applies to contracts for the sale of goods between enterprises having their places of business in different countries, provided these countries have adopted the Convention. Freedom of contract, however, is a fundamental principle of the Convention, and the parties may opt out or modify the effects of its provisions.
6
Naude, Tjakie. "Notes: The incorporation of standard terms into contracts: Is it sufficient that the terms are ‘available on request’?" South African Law Journal 138, no. 4 (2021): 748–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/salj/v138/i4a4.
Full textAbstract:
South African case law has long held that standard terms may be incorporated into a contract by mere reference, and that it is unnecessary for the user of the terms to make the text of the terms available to the other party. The so-called railway ‘ticket cases’ from the early twentieth century started this approach. More recent case law involving contracts concluded by fax has confirmed the possibility of incorporation of standard terms by mere reference, without the text of the terms having been made available. This contribution argues that times have changed with increased access to the internet, and that the user of standard terms can reasonably be expected to make their text available to the other party, for example by making them available on a website. It draws on comparative study of the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and the Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts. It also shows that legislation requires standard terms to be made available anyway in the consumer context, as well as in the case of electronic contracts. Writers of books on the law of contract should discuss the relevant rules.
7
Nwafor, Ndubuisi, Uju Beatrice Obuka, Morning-Glory Nwafor, and Kingsley N. Edeh. "Frustration and Remedies Under the CISG, UNIDROIT Principles and English Law: A Comparative Review." Business Law Review 40, Issue 5 (August 1, 2019): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2019026.
Full textAbstract:
The doctrine of frustration is one of the most efficient risk sharing mechanisms in a commercial contract under the Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT) Principles of International Commercial Contract and the English law. This article investigates and comparatively discusses the various remedies that can apply under a frustrated contract.
8
Wójtowicz, Ewa. "Law applicable to Distribution Contracts and Contracts of Sale – Relationship between Framework Agreement and Application Contracts." European Review of Contract Law 14, no. 2 (June 25, 2018): 138–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ercl-2018-1008.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Distribution networks are widely used in the international trade as a tool for bringing another party’s products on to the market. However, in international business relations it may be difficult to establish the governing law for distribution agreements and contracts of sale. This article analyses the rules for determining the law applicable to distribution agreements and determines the impact of these rules and the law applicable to a distribution agreement on the applicable law for the sales contracts formed under the agreement. The thesis of the article is that the specific nature of distribution agreements manifesting itself in a bond between distributorship (as a framework agreement) and contracts of sale (as the application contracts) has implications for the determination of the applicable law for the sales contracts.
9
Kryla-Cudna, Katarzyna. "Damages for the Cost of Repair and the Seller’s Right to Cure under the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods." European Business Law Review 31, Issue 5 (September 1, 2020): 887–916. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2020033.
Full textAbstract:
The article focuses on whether, in the case of a breach of a sales contract, the buyer can remedy the non-conformity of the goods independently and claim damages for the cost of repair without giving the seller an opportunity to cure his failure to perform. The analysis is based on the solutions adopted in the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. The issue has recently given rise to divergent approaches in the literature. The article seeks to shed new light on the problem and offers a way of resolving the question of the interplay between the seller’s right to cure and the buyer’s right to claim damages for the cost of repair. The principal conclusion is that the buyer’s right to claim damages for the cost of repair and the seller’s right to cure do not stand on an equal footing. Rather, the seller’s right to cure has priority over the buyer’s damages claim. As long as the seller is entitled to remedy his failure to perform under the Convention, the buyer cannot cure the nonconformity independently. If he does so, he cannot claim compensation for the costs incurred as a result of the repair. The right to cure; United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods; CISG; damages; breach of contract; remedies; sales contract; repair; avoidance; favour contractus
10
Coetzee, Juana. "A Pluralist Approach to the Law of International Sales." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 20 (April 3, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2017/v20i0a1355.
Full textAbstract:
International trade can support economic development and social upliftment. However, people are often discouraged from contracting internationally due to differences in legal systems which act as a non-tariff barrier to trade. This article focuses on the private law framework regulating international contracts of sale. During the twentieth century, the problem of diverse laws was primarily addressed by global uniform law such as the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). However, uniform law is rarely complete and has to be supplemented by national law, trade usage or party agreement. Because of gaps that exist in the CISG the Swiss government made a proposal for a new global contract law. But is this a feasible solution to the fragmentary state of international trade law? In Europe, signs of reluctance are setting in towards further harmonisation efforts. The Proposal for a Common European Sales Law (CESL) was recently withdrawn, and now Britain has voted to leave the European Union; rumour having it that more countries might follow. The current private law framework for international sales contracts consists of a hybrid system where international, national, state and non-state law function side by side. This article submits that universalism is not per se the most efficient approach to the regulation of international sales law and that economic forces require a more varied approach for business-to-business transactions. The biggest challenge, however, would be to manage global legal pluralism. It is concluded that contractual parties, the courts and arbitral tribunals can effectively manage pluralism on a case-by-case basis.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "International sale contracts"
1
Lundgren, Lisa. "The United Nation's Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods : Why is it being excluded from International Sales Contracts?" Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Rättsvetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-23882.
Full textAbstract:
The development of the United Nation’s Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) started at the beginning of the 20th century in order to provide a uniform legal regime for international sales contracts. The development started because of a belief that a uniform international sales convention would contribute certainty in commercial trade and decrease transaction costs for the contracting parties. The Convention was signed in Vienna 1980 and came into force in 1988 after securing the necessary number of ratifications. The CISG is automatically applied to international sale contracts in certain given situations but the contracting parties are free to exclude the Convention as applicable law in favour of another regulation. As of today, more than 25 years after the CISG came into force, the Convention is commonly being excluded as the governing law of international sales contracts. By studying surveys and academic writings, certain factors can be derived as reasons prior to an exclusion of the CISG. The factors can be referred to as unfamiliarity, time and costs, negotiation strength and standard form contracts or standard terms. Regarding unfamiliarity, the importance given to the Convention in law faculties within the signatory states, together with time and costs attributed to a familiarization process, seems to play an important role. Moreover, the Convention is associated with problems regarding a non-uniform interpretation of the Convention’s provisions within the national courts and arbitral tribunals, as well as regarding its incompleteness, meaning that there are gaps that need to be filled by national law. These problems affect the Convention’s ability to provide potential users with legal certainty and predictability, which in turn may affect the familiarity with the Convention and hence have an impact on an exclusion of the CISG.
2
Zhang, Mingjie. "Conflict of laws and international contracts for the sale of goods : study of the 1986 Hague convention on the law applicable to contracts for the international sale of goods : a Chinese perspective /." Orléans : Paradigme, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36171693j.
Full text
3
Al-Janabi, Mohammed Qasim Kareem. "Fundamental breach in international commercial contracts in the CISG, English and Egyptian law." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.687422.
Full textAbstract:
The main purpose of the research is to investigate and analyze the concept of fundamental breach of contract in international commercial contracts, and how its inclusion in Iraqi civil law can promote a more effective approach to contractual disputes between Iraqi companies and international partners. Additionally, it aims to raise awareness of the practical value of the application of the concept of fundamental breach in managing contractual disputes involving common and civil law, and ultimately provide a valid contribution to academic knowledge that promotes enhanced understanding of this concept within the different legal systems at a global level. The research method adopted is theoretically comparative in nature and compares the concept of fundamental breach of contract from the perspectives of the United Nations Convention's guidelines on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980 (referred to hereafter as the CISG), English (Common) law and Egyptian (Civil) law. The study is based on the following research questions: i) reasons for the numerous cases of avoidance of international commercial contracts in Iraq due to a fundamental breach of terms; ii) The elements that constitute a 'fundamental breach' of contract; iii) Which legal systems could provide a comprehensive framework of reference to compare the different processes applied in breach of contract in selected case studies, to determine which, if any, is more effective in keeping contracts 'active'. iv) If the outcome of the comparisons could be applied more universally, in cases of arbitration in international commercial contracts, to bridge the differences in individual laws of the countries involved. The concept of fundamental breach is examined in-depth, including its origins, development, application and effectiveness in maintaining the active life of international commercial contracts. A comparison of its application is made within three different legal systems and the study concludes with a commentary on the outcomes of the comparative research, including any limitations and implications for international sales contracts involving different legal systems. Finally, recommendations are made, both for the Iraqi legislature and for future research. The key outcomes are that the CISG rules regarding fundamental breach appear to be more successful in upholding the validity of international commercial contracts than Common or Civil law. This can be attributed to the way in which the CISG tailored the concept of fundamental breach. To date, it has been ratified by 83 countries. Not only are its principles rooted in the two primary law systems (Common and Civil), but they are also significantly influenced by the doctrinal concepts that vary considerably across different national law systems. This suggests the CISG offers a greater degree of flexibility and harmony across the legal systems, and does not require any court order or ruling in instances of contract avoidance. Indeed, its greatest success lies in the flexibility of its principles due to the additional terms it provides in promoting the life of the contract; namely: additional period of time, partial avoidance, anticipatory breach and instalments contracts. There are limitations, however, despite the CISG rules providing a degree of flexibility. The definition of fundamental breach given in Art.25 is vague due to the generality of the terminology used by the CISG drafters. Unlike the trend of the 1998 Principles of European Contract Law and the 1994 UNIDROlT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, no examples are given to provide guidance on the exact meaning of the term. It is also noticeable that the CISG's notion of fundamental breach is more common law oriented. As a result, this may be a source of possible conflict in countries where civil law is adopted such as: Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Jordan, Libya, amongst others. The implications of adopting the CISG approach to determining fundamental breach in international commercial contracts are that contractual parties could incur delays and subsequent financial losses while disputes involving interpretation of its rules are resolved. Nevertheless, CISG principles governing fundamental breach are increasingly popular as the applicable law for international contracts, since they fulfill a primary goal of contract law to act in accordance with developmental requirements and changes. Contract law has to correspond to a growing economic need and be flexible in addressing emerging difficulties and shifting conditions. For this reason the CISG's principles are likely to continue to be adopted by contractual parties within the arena of International Trade. A necessary recommendation, however, concerns the terminology of the CISG rules on fundamental breach, which could benefit from being more specific in order to satisfy the demands of international commercial contracts that involve countries governed by common and civi11aw. In short, greater specificity is required in ascertaining the degree of seriousness, detriment, foreseeability and time of foreseeability in cases of contractual breach.Establishing an international body for resolving disputes stemming from the CISG is highly recommended. The given body could contribute greatly to reducing both the time and the cost resulting from such disputes. Reviewing the provisions of the CISG periodically is, therefore, highly advisable for making changes or establishing new rules applicable to the new developments in trade. The avoidance of contract in electronic trade contracts could represent an example where this would be necessary. However, more discussion is needed to elaborate on the development of the wording of the CISG principles in this respect. Finally, with regard to Iraq, its legislation would do well to make provision to include the concept of fundamental breach in accordance with the principles of the CISG. This reform is necessary since Iraq's existing law is no longer capable of properly addressing the special demands of international trade to ensure disputes are dealt with in a manner that is reliable, consistent, valid and fair to the contractual parties concerned.
4
Koch, Robert 1965. "The concept of fundamental breach of contract under the United Nations Convention on contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) /." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20987.
Full textAbstract:
The concept of fundamental breach plays a crucial role within the remedial system of the U.N. Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), because the remedies available to the parties to a contract of sale depend on the character of the breach. The Thesis analyzes the concept. It canvasses the different approaches employed by scholars and courts in determining fundamental breach and examines whether they can be justified by the rules of interpretation under the CISG. This examination shows that none of the approaches can be applied to all potential situations of fundamental breach and that their concurrent application is likely to produce conflicting results. This Thesis introduces a new methodology, which is based on a single concept applicable in all circumstances. Such methodology would also provide greater certainty and predictability to international sales transactions as required by the needs of the business world.
5
Koch, Robert. "The concept of fundamental breach of contract under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, CISG." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0028/MQ50940.pdf.
Full text
6
Mahasneh, Nisreen. "The seller's obligation of delivery and conformity under a contract for sale of goods : the approaches of both English law and the Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2001. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=166212.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines the seller's obligations of both delivery and conformity under a contract of sale. In this context, the related rules under both English law (represented by the Sale of Goods Act 1979) and the Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980 have been explored and compared with each other. It was initially necessary to indicate the importance of the Vienna Convention as a model for unifying the law of international trade. As well as indicating potential reasons as to why the UK is unconvinced that it should become a member of the Convention, as well as briefly examining the previous efforts that led to the conclusion of the Convention. While delivery is not defined under the Convention, the SGA considers it a voluntary transfer of possession. Moreover, delivery under English law takes place independently from the transferral of ownership. The matter of transferring the ownership in the goods is not however, dealt with under the Convention, and should be solved by reference to private international law. According to English law the delivery goods must meet the description in sale by description, correspond with the sample in sale by sample, and in all cases be of a satisfactory quality. The goods must meet a particular purpose where some conditions are met, as well as having to be in the right quantity. Art 35 of the Vienna Convention is considered a counterpart of the said rules. Should the seller however, attempt to exclude his liability regarding the said implied terms, such an attempt is subject to the UCTA 1977 and the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations, 1999. In another respect, delivery of the goods may take place actually or constructively, such as delivery by documents, or delivery through a carrier. Furthermore, there are particular rules that control the process of delivery, such as time, place and expenses connected with delivery. Obviously, the intention of the parties plays the essential role in determining these matters. One of the most important issues is the legal effect of the seller's breach of his obligation of conformity or delivery. Here, the buyer is entitled to a wide range of remedies, such as rejection of the goods and avoiding the contract of sale, specific performance, reduction of the price, or damages. The approaches here of both English law and the Convention are distinct in relation to some particular remedies, such as specific performance and reduction of the price.
7
Malahlela, C. P. M. (Celia). "Should South Africa ratify the United Nations convention on contracts for the international sale of goods?" Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/41579.
Full textAbstract:
The subject of this paper is whether South Africa should ratify the 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (the CISG). The CISG was enacted in an attempt to create a unified body of law to regulate the international transactions on sale of goods. Due to globalization, countries are trading with each other on a daily basis, and the need for a unified body of contract law has developed.Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
am2014
Mercantile Law
unrestricted
8
Marchand, Sylvain. "Les limites de l'uniformisation matérielle du droit de la vente internationale : mise en oeuvre de la Convention des Nations Unies du 11 avril 1980 sur la vente internationale de marchandises dans le contexte juridique suisse /." Bâle [u.a.] : Helbing & Lichtenhahn, 1994. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/278947883.pdf.
Full text
9
Jaber, Hashem M. "The remedies regime under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5931.
Full textAbstract:
On January 1, 1988, The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (The Convention) which was adopted in 1980, became law in contracting States. The Convention is based on The Uniform Law on the Formation of Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (ULIF), and The Uniform Law on International Sale of Goods (ULIS). As of May 30, 1989, nineteen countries had ratified The Convention. The Convention is the most important uniform law ever achieved in the field of sales law and is overwhelmingly supported by legal communities worldwide. This study seeks to introduce the remedies regime provided in The Convention. It examines the ways in which each remedy works, and its true meaning as determined by its drafting history. The study is divided into ten chapters including an introduction and conclusion in Chapters I and X respectively. Each chapter, II-IX, deals with a particular remedy: The remedy of avoidance; the remedy of damages; the remedy of specific performance; the requirements for, and effects of, the doctrine of exemption from liability; the remedy of suspension of performance; the remedy of price reduction; the seller's right to cure; the duties imposed on a party to preserve goods from loss or deterioration. In order to consider the ability of a given remedy to meet the needs of international sales participants, a comparison between the rules under the ULIS and the rules under The Convention is essential. It will help in discovering what improvements, if any, were achieved. Reference has also been made to a number of domestic laws, particularly those of Egypt, England and France. This is instrumental in helping to understand The Convention's remedy provisions because (a) there have yet to be any decided cases under The Convention, (b) some of The Convention's remedies are still unfamiliar to many domestic legal systems, (c) the laws of England and France are adopted in one form or another in most countries of the world and (d) Egypt exercised and still continues to exercise a dominant role in the Arab World. Since this influence has not yet been examined by Western academics, the discussion of Egyptian law should demonstrate the importance of The Convention to the developing countries of the world. The central part of this study shows how solutions may be attained in international sales transactions when The Convention is the governing law. Further, it concludes that courts in contracting states will apply The Convention and that business enterprises in these countries will base their international sales transactions on it. The author advances the thesis that courts, lawyers and commentators should interpret The Convention as an autonomous sales law in the light of its general principles and drafting history with the aim of developing a uniform international jurisprudence. The study concludes that The Convention will be accepted by business communities in developing and developed, Western and Eastern European countries alike. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
10
Yazdani, Majid. "The place of international sale of goods under Iranian law theory and practice /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ59160.pdf.
Full textBooks on the topic "International sale contracts"
1
United Nations. Economic Commission for Europe. Conditions of sale and standard clauses: International contracts. [Geneva]: United Nations, ECE, 1987.
Find full text
2
G, Bridge M. The international sale of goods: Law and practice. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Find full text
3
Marasinghe, M. L. Contract of sale in international trade law. Singapore: Butterworth Asia, 1992.
Find full text
4
Schlechtriem, Peter. UN law on international sales: The UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods. New York: Springer, 2008.
Find full text
5
Schlechtriem, Peter. UN law on international sales: The UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods. New York: Springer, 2008.
Find full text
6
Schlechtriem, Peter. UN law on international sales: The UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods. New York: Springer, 2008.
Find full text
7
International trade terms: Standard terms for contracts for the international sale of goods. London: Graham & Trotman/M. Nijhoff, 1993.
Find full text
8
Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2012.
Find full text
9
Gomard, Bernhard. International købelov: De Forenede nationers konvention om internationale køb. [Copenhagen]: Jurist- og økonomforbundets forlag, 1990.
Find full text
10
Dietrich, Maskow, ed. International sales law: United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods : Convention on the Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods : commentary. New York: Oceana, 1992.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "International sale contracts"
1
Cerqueira, Gustavo. "The Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts in the Sino-European Sale of Goods Contracts." In International Sale of Goods, 101–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54036-8_8.
Full text
2
Nord, Nicolas. "The Law Applicable to Consumer Contracts: Protection and Gaps in China and in Europe." In International Sale of Goods, 143–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54036-8_10.
Full text
3
Gutiérrez, Laura García. "The Vienna United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: Applicability, Gaps and Implementation." In International Sale of Goods, 89–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54036-8_7.
Full text
4
Srivastava, Ajendra. "UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods." In International Law and the Global South, 181–99. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5475-9_7.
Full text
5
Zatorski, Daniel. "Sustainable Development as a New Trade Usage in International Sale of Goods Contracts." In Kobe University Monograph Series in Social Science Research, 227–41. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9423-2_13.
Full text
6
Ferrari, Franco. "Chapter S.1: Sale contracts and sale of goods." In Encyclopedia of Private International Law, 1588–95. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781782547235.s.1.
Full text
7
Clarke, MA, RJA Hooley, RJC Munday, LS Sealy, AM Tettenborn, and PG Turner. "15. International sales." In Commercial Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780199692088.003.0015.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines the rules of English law governing international sales as they affect buyer and seller. There is more than one way in which a sale of goods contract may have an international element. For example, the seller and buyer may be in different jurisdictions, or the contract of sale may contemplate that the goods are to be carried from one country to another. A surprisingly large proportion of international trade is carried on under contracts governed by English law by choice of the parties. This chapter begins with a discussion of typical export transactions under INCOTERMS 2010, a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms promulgated by the International Chamber of Commerce. It then considers sales via sea carriage, along with other contracts involving international sales. It also analyses payment in international sales transactions and concludes with an overview of future prospects for international sales.
8
Henry Deeb, Gabriel. "II Detailed Comparison of the Convention, the Unidroit Principles, and Article 2 of the U.C.C." In Contracts for the Sale of Goods. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198834342.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter provides a detailed comparison of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Convention), the UNIDROIT Principles on International Commercial Contracts (Principles), and Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code (Code). Following the structure of the Convention, this chapter is divided into four parts: sphere of application and general provisions; formation of the contract; sale of goods; and final provisions.
9
Lista, Andrea. "The sources of contracts concluded on shipment terms." In International Commercial Sales: the Sale of Goods on Shipment Terms, 1–11. Informa Law from Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315767086-1.
Full text
10
Lista, Andrea. "The legal nature of C.I.F and F.O.B. contracts." In International Commercial Sales: the Sale of Goods on Shipment Terms, 12–24. Informa Law from Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315767086-2.
Full textConference papers on the topic "International sale contracts"
1
Chengli Zheng and Yan Chen. "Supply contracts with credit sale." In 2008 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics (SOLI). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/soli.2008.4682916.
Full text
2
Deynekli, Adnan. "Field of Application of United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01265.
Full textAbstract:
United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) entered into force on the 1st August 2011 in Turkey. CISG is accepted with the purpose of development and encouragement of international trade and application of uniform rules for resolution of disputes arising from the contracts for the international sale of goods. CISG applies to contracts of sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different states when the states are contracting states; or when the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a contracting state. Neither the nationality of the parties nor the civil or commercial character of the parties or of the contract is to be taken into consideration in determining the application of CISG. In order to apply CISG, there has to be a contract about international sale of goods and the parties shall be from different contracting states or the rules of private international law shall lead to the application of the law of a contracting state. The parties may totally or partially exclude the application of this CISG. CISG does not apply in terms of third party rights and the validity of the contract or of any of its provisions or of any usage.
3
Topaloğlu, Mustafa. "Evaluation of New Provisions Regarding Sales and Commercial Sales Amended by New Turkish Code of Obligations the Context of Vienna Convention." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00982.
Full textAbstract:
Intendment of the paper herein, to evaluate of new provisions regarding sales and commercial sales amended by new Turkish Code of Obligations numbered 6098 in the context of Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods which is effective since 01 January 1988. It has a significance to be able to understand why the provisions of the convention have not been completely quoted to Turkish Code of Obligations. Turkish Code of Obligations' numbered 6098, Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and Provisions of Vienna Convention on Contract for the International Sale of Goods (CISG/United Nations Convention), Comparing of civil law, common law, and combinations of these (especially Sales contracts in civil law and sales contracts in common law).During the legislation process of Turkish Code of Obligations' provisions regarding sales, both Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG/United Nations Convention) and Swiss law has been constituted a source. The Vienna Convention is effective since 01 January 1988 and Turkey has participated to (CISG) on 01 August 2011 and it has been a part of domestic law. The aim of (CISG) is to eliminate the differences among the countries' laws regarding sales; i.e. it constitutes a linking rule and the rules of sales. Since the Convention has been legislated with the effect of various law families and systems, provisions of the convention have not been completely adopted to code of obligations.
4
Kocev, Ljuben. "THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON THE PERFORMANCE OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS FOR THE SALE OF GOODS – FORCE MAJEURE AND HARDSHIP." In Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2020.0012.
Full textAbstract:
The outbreak of COVID-19 has had massive negative impact across all industries and fields in the entire world. While the negative health impact is slowly stabilizing, the economic impact is in full effect and the harm is yet to be evaluated. On macroeconomic level, the necessary measures for combating the pandemic which were undertaken by governments have significantly restricted international trade. On microeconomic level, merchants and businesses are faced with inability or extreme obstacles in their daily operations and particularly in performing their international sales contracts. Failure to perform results in contractual breach and unwanted claims for damages. The paper addresses the impact which COVID-19 has on the performance of international commercial contracts for the sale of goods. The paper considers the impediments which may arise due to the pandemic outbreak and evaluates them from a legal perspective under the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods from 1980 (CISG), which is the main legal instrument governing international sales contracts. Particularly, the paper focuses on the question of exemption from liability in a situation where either of the contractual parties fails to perform and breaches an obligation. The evaluation is conducted through interpretation of the concepts of force majeure and hardship, as grounds for non-performance or contract renegotiation in light of the current situation.
5
Đorđević, Slavko. "Merodavno pravo za ugovor o distribuciji u međunarodnom privatnom pravu Srbije." In XVI Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/upk20.075dj.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper author analyses the conflict-of-law regime for cross-border distribution contracts in Serbian private international law. The study begins with the characterisation of distribution contract and its delimitation form other similar contracts in Serbian legal system, such as a sale contract, franchising contract and agency contract. It continues with the analysis of conflict-of-law rules of Serbian PIL Act which have to be applied to distribution contract, where the attention is given to the choice of law rule of Art. 19 of Serbian PIL Act and to the hard conflict-of law rule for innominate contracts contained in Art. 20 point 20 of Serbian PIL Act which may be derogated by special escape clause (Art. 20 sentence 1 of Serbian PIL Act). This hard conflict-of-law rule is heavily criticised because it deviates from the principle of characteristic performance which has been established in hard conflict- of-law rules of Art. 20 point 1-19 that apply to nominate contracts. Finally, author analyses the issue of determining applicable law for formal validity of distribution contract as well as the application of overriding mandatory rules which directly affect the cross-border distribution contracts.
6
Özel, Çağlar, and Dila Okyar. "The Liability of Seller for the Conformity of the Goods in Contracts of Sale According to United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01217.
Full textAbstract:
In practice, breach of contract cases mostly involve controversies over the failure of the seller to deliver conforming goods in accordance with the contract. Article 35 CISG defines the obligation of the seller to deliver conforming goods in a very broad and uniformed manner as it states that, the seller must deliver goods which are of the quantity, quality and description required by the contract and which are contained or packaged in the manner required by the contract. CISG provides two criteria for the assessment of the non-conformity of goods. One of them is called “subjective” criterion of non-conformity. It goes without saying that the goods delivered shall be in conformity with all specifications agreed upon by the parties whether explicitly or implicitly. The other one is called “objective” criterion. If the agreement of the parties does not involve any specifications at all– like in the case of routine and quick orders of purchase, or if the agreement of the parties is insufficient in this respect, conformity of the goods will be decided according to the objective criterion. In accordance with Article 35 CISG, Article 36 CISG establishes the responsibility of the seller for any lack of conformity which exists at the time when the risk passes to the buyer, even though the lack of conformity becomes apparent only after that time. Regarding this, Article 67 CISG defines the moment at which the risk passes to the buyer and thus, divides the responsibility between the seller and the buyer.
7
Bruck, Maira, Navid Goudarzi, and Peter Sandborn. "A Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) Model for Wind Farms That Includes Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) Energy Delivery Limits." In ASME 2016 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2016-59608.
Full textAbstract:
The cost of energy is an increasingly important issue in the world as renewable energy resources are growing in demand. Performance-based energy contracts are designed to keep the price of energy as low as possible while controlling the risk for both parties (i.e., the Buyer and the Seller). Price and risk are often balanced using complex Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs). Since wind is not a constant supply source, to keep risk low, wind PPAs contain clauses that require the purchase and sale of energy to fall within reasonable limits. However, the existence of those limits also creates pressure on prices causing increases in the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE). Depending on the variation in capacity factor (CF), the power generator (the Seller) may find that the limitations on power purchasing given by the utility (the Buyer) are not favorable and will result in higher costs of energy than predicted. Existing cost models do not take into account energy purchase limitations or variations in energy production when calculating an LCOE. A new cost model is developed to evaluate the price of electricity from wind energy under a PPA contract. This study develops a method that an energy Seller can use to negotiate delivery penalties within their PPA. This model has been tested on a controlled wind farm and with real wind farm data. The results show that LCOE depends on the limitations on energy purchase within a PPA contract as well as the expected performance characteristics associated with wind farms.
8
Topaloğlu, Mustafa. "Avoidance of the Contract at International Sales of Goods." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01258.
Full textAbstract:
Avoidance the Contract is a kind of legal system arrangement which is adopted as a private law enforcement applied effortlessly, in the context of not to be performed delivery of goods in accordance with the contract. Merely, International Tendency in 20th century have fronted that avoidance of the contract is the “ultimum remedium” in the case of any breach of the contract. In several of modern sale law systems, for instance in German Law and Scandinavian Law systems, avoidance of the contract is a process which should be applied in the case of other enforcements are inadequate. The “Convention on International Sale of Goods (CISG)” which has stipulated the same solution way, has an important role in the formation of this modern tendency mentioned below. In accordance with the CISG enforcement of avoidance of the contract shall be exercised in the case of essential breach of the contract. Besides, In case of insubstantial breaches, the buyer is enabled to refer a possibility “the avoidance of the contract” as if the breach is a kind of material breach of the contract by giving additional period to the seller who the party in breach. Despite the additional period of time fixed him, in the case of the seller does not perform delivery of the goods the buyer shall have the right to avoidance of the contract.
9
Spears, Terrel J., James W. McCullough, Harry D. Harmon, and Robert K. Leugemors. "Status of the Salt Waste Processing Facility at the Savannah River Site." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4651.
Full textAbstract:
The Department of Energy’s (DOE) Savannah River Site (SRS) High-Level Waste (HLW) Program is responsible for storage, treatment, and immobilization of HLW for disposal. The Salt Processing Program (SPP) is the salt (soluble) waste treatment portion of this effort. The overall SPP encompasses the selection, design, construction and operation of treatment technologies to prepare the salt waste feed material for the site’s Saltstone Facility and vitrification facility (Defense Waste Processing Facility). Major constituents that must be removed from the salt waste include actinides, strontium, cesium, and entrained sludge. In fiscal year (FY) 2002, research and development (R&D) on the actinide and strontium removal and Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction (CSSX) processes transitioned from technology development for baseline process selection to providing input for conceptual design of the Salt Waste Processing Facility (SWPF), a key component at the SRS SPP. This work included laboratory studies, bench-scale tests, and prototype equipment development. To implement the salt waste treatment technologies, DOE initiated a competitive procurement process to select Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) contractors for design of the SWPF. The Department awarded EPC contracts to Parsons Infrastructure & Technology Group, Inc. and Foster Wheeler USA Corporation for preparation of conceptual designs (Phase I) for the SWPF. The two EPC contractors began conceptual design activities in September 2002 and are scheduled to complete this work in January 2004. After evaluation of the conceptual designs, DOE will down select one EPC contractor to continue with final design, construction, and hot commissioning (Phase II). Hot startup of the SWPF is targeted for December 2009.
10
Ugolo, Jerry Obaro. "Impact of Public Health on Oil Production Operation Expenditure – Case Study: Covid-19 Era Expenses in Nigeria Oil & Gas Industry." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208229-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Oil price is primarily determined by global supply and demand forces as well as governments policies and action or inaction of institutions like OPEC. However, in recent times, it has become evident that public health is a vital factor influencing demand and in turn oil price. In US, oil price reached a negative value for the first time in history by April 2020. Personnel and public health have been shown to have profound effect on operational expenditure (OPEX) of organizations, this in turn affecting the profitability of such organizations. Extra measures involving cost, had to be taken by organizations all over the world to ensure health and safety of their personnel in their sites. In Nigeria, effect of covid-19 measures for companies were, shut in of production, declaration of force majeure on ongoing contracts, slashing of costs, suspension on evaluation of future projects, profile assets for sale, remote/tele working, etc. Huge costs were also incurred as a part of corporate social responsibility for host communities/states where they operate. The consequential outcome is that there are reports of lower than planned profitability and liquidity positions. This paper examines action taken during this covid crisis and their impact on the financial status of their organizations. Using a quantitative and descriptive research design, an online survey has been used to gather information from respondents from different oil and gas companies of cost incurred by them. Secondary data was also obtained from quarterly reports of some companies of the oil majors to show their profitability comparing Q1-Q4 of 2019 and 2020. The paper also appraises action and inaction by corporate/government bodies to stimulate economic growth and help its personnel/citizenry. An attempt is also made to glean experience and lessons from organization that lived through the periods being examined.
Reports on the topic "International sale contracts"
1
Sett, Dominic, Christina Widjaja, Patrick Sanady, Angelica Greco, Neysa Setiadi, Saut Sagala, Cut Sri Rozanna, and Simone Sandholz. Hazards, Exposure and Vulnerability in Indonesia: A risk assessment across regions and provinces to inform the development of an Adaptive Social Protection Road Map. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/uvrd1447.
Full textAbstract:
Risk induced by natural hazards and climate change has been accelerating worldwide, leading to adverse impacts on communities' well-being. Dealing with this risk is increasingly complex and requires cross-sectoral action. Adaptive Social Protection (ASP) has emerged as a promising approach to strengthen the resilience of communities by integrating Social Protection (SP), Disaster Risk Management (DRM) and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) efforts. To inform this integration and thereby support the development of a functional ASP approach, the identification and provision of relevant data and information are vital. In this context, risk assessments are crucial as they establish the groundwork for the design of effective ASP interventions. However, despite the importance of risk information for ASP and the abundance of sectoral assessments, there is not yet a comprehensive risk assessment approach, a reality that also applies to Indonesia. Although the country is one of the international pioneers of the concept and has enshrined ASP at the highest national level in its development plans, this emphasis in policy and practice has been hampered by the absence of more unified assessment methods. The Hazard, Exposure and Vulnerability Assessment (HEVA) presented here takes a unique approach to develop such a cross-sectoral risk assessment and apply it throughout Indonesia. The HEVA brings together different risk understandings of key actors both internationally and domestically within SP, DRM and CCA, as well as identifying commonalities across sectors to establish a joint understanding. The HEVA not only considers risk as an overarching outcome but also focuses on its drivers, i.e. hazards, exposure and vulnerability, to identify why specific communities are at risk and thus customize ASP interventions. Subsequently, risks are assessed for Indonesia’s regions and provinces based on this cross-sectoral risk understanding. Secondary data has been acquired from various existing sectoral assessments conducted in Indonesia, and in total, data for 44 indicators has been compiled to calculate hazard, exposure and vulnerability levels for all 34 Indonesian provinces. Findings of the HEVA suggest that overall risk is high in Indonesia and no single province can be characterized as a low-risk area, demonstrating a strong relevance for ASP throughout the whole of the country. Papua, Maluku, and Central Sulawesi were identified as provinces with the highest overall risk in Indonesia. However, even Yogyakarta, which was identified as a comparatively low-risk province, still ranks among the ten most hazard-prone provinces in the country and has a demonstrated history of severe impact events. This also underlines that the composition of risk based on the interplay of hazard, exposure and vulnerability differs significantly among provinces. For example, in Papua and West Papua, vulnerability ranks as the highest in Indonesia, while hazard and exposure levels are comparatively low. In contrast, East Java and Central Java are among the highest hazard-prone provinces, while exposure and vulnerability are comparatively low. The results provide much more comprehensive insight than individual sectoral analyses can offer, facilitating the strategic development and implementation of targeted ASP interventions that address the respective key risk components. Based on lessons learned from the development and application of the HEVA approach, as well as from the retrieved results, the report provides recommendations relevant for policymakers, practitioners and researchers. First, recommendations regarding risk assessments for ASP are given, emphasizing the need to bring together sectoral understandings and to consider the interconnection of hazards, exposure and vulnerability, including their drivers and root causes, to assess current and future risk. It is also recommended to complement national level assessments with more specific local assessments. Secondly, recommendations regarding ASP option development in general are provided, including the importance of considering side effects of interventions, root causes of risks, the potential of nature-based solutions and barriers to implementation due to local capacities when designing ASP interventions. Third, recommendations regarding focal areas for ASP programmes are outlined for the case of Indonesia, such as prioritizing interventions in risk hotspots and areas characterized by high readiness for ASP solutions. At the same time, it is vital to leave no region behind as all provinces face risks that potentially jeopardize communities’ well-being.
2
Payment Systems Report - June of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2020.
Full textAbstract:
With its annual Payment Systems Report, Banco de la República offers a complete overview of the infrastructure of Colombia’s financial market. Each edition of the report has four objectives: 1) to publicize a consolidated account of how the figures for payment infrastructures have evolved with respect to both financial assets and goods and services; 2) to summarize the issues that are being debated internationally and are of interest to the industry that provides payment clearing and settlement services; 3) to offer the public an explanation of the ideas and concepts behind retail-value payment processes and the trends in retail payments within the circuit of individuals and companies; and 4) to familiarize the public, the industry, and all other financial authorities with the methodological progress that has been achieved through applied research to analyze the stability of payment systems. This edition introduces changes that have been made in the structure of the report, which are intended to make it easier and more enjoyable to read. The initial sections in this edition, which is the eleventh, contain an analysis of the statistics on the evolution and performance of financial market infrastructures. These are understood as multilateral systems wherein the participating entities clear, settle and register payments, securities, derivatives and other financial assets. The large-value payment system (CUD) saw less momentum in 2019 than it did the year before, mainly because of a decline in the amount of secondary market operations for government bonds, both in cash and sell/buy-backs, which was offset by an increase in operations with collective investment funds (CIFs) and Banco de la República’s operations to increase the money supply (repos). Consequently, the Central Securities Depository (DCV) registered less activity, due to fewer negotiations on the secondary market for public debt. This trend was also observed in the private debt market, as evidenced by the decline in the average amounts cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository of Colombia (Deceval) and in the value of operations with financial derivatives cleared and settled through the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC). Section three offers a comprehensive look at the market for retail-value payments; that is, transactions made by individuals and companies. During 2019, electronic transfers increased, and payments made with debit and credit cards continued to trend upward. In contrast, payments by check continued to decline, although the average daily value was almost four times the value of debit and credit card purchases. The same section contains the results of the fourth survey on how the use of retail-value payment instruments (for usual payments) is perceived. Conducted at the end of 2019, the main purpose of the survey was to identify the availability of these payment instruments, the public’s preferences for them, and their acceptance by merchants. It is worth noting that cash continues to be the instrument most used by the population for usual monthly payments (88.1% with respect to the number of payments and 87.4% in value). However, its use in terms of value has declined, having registered 89.6% in the 2017 survey. In turn, the level of acceptance by merchants of payment instruments other than cash is 14.1% for debit cards, 13.4% for credit cards, 8.2% for electronic transfers of funds and 1.8% for checks. The main reason for the use of cash is the absence of point-of-sale terminals at commercial establishments. Considering that the retail-payment market worldwide is influenced by constant innovation in payment services, by the modernization of clearing and settlement systems, and by the efforts of regulators to redefine the payment industry for the future, these trends are addressed in the fourth section of the report. There is an account of how innovations in technology-based financial payment services have developed, and it shows that while this topic is not new, it has evolved, particularly in terms of origin and vocation. One of the boxes that accompanies the fourth section deals with certain payment aspects of open banking and international experience in that regard, which has given the customers of a financial entity sovereignty over their data, allowing them, under transparent and secure conditions, to authorize a third party, other than their financial entity, to request information on their accounts with financial entities, thus enabling the third party to offer various financial services or initiate payments. Innovation also has sparked interest among international organizations, central banks, and research groups concerning the creation of digital currencies. Accordingly, the last box deals with the recent international debate on issuance of central bank digital currencies. In terms of the methodological progress that has been made, it is important to underscore the work that has been done on the role of central counterparties (CCPs) in mitigating liquidity and counterparty risk. The fifth section of the report offers an explanation of a document in which the work of CCPs in financial markets is analyzed and corroborated through an exercise that was built around the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC) in the Colombian market for non-delivery peso-dollar forward exchange transactions, using the methodology of network topology. The results provide empirical support for the different theoretical models developed to study the effect of CCPs on financial markets. Finally, the results of research using artificial intelligence with information from the large-value payment system are presented. Based on the payments made among financial institutions in the large-value payment system, a methodology is used to compare different payment networks, as well as to determine which ones can be considered abnormal. The methodology shows signs that indicate when a network moves away from its historical trend, so it can be studied and monitored. A methodology similar to the one applied to classify images is used to make this comparison, the idea being to extract the main characteristics of the networks and use them as a parameter for comparison. Juan José Echavarría Governor