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Gregirchak, Yaroslav. "International securitization : Implications for law reform in Ukraine." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32802.
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Prospects of securing affordable and efficient development finance for Central and Eastern European countries largely depends upon development of international securitizaton in the region, which is characterized by an undercapitalized banking sector and weak domestic investors' base.Securitization in the United States is examined as an example of how a developed jurisdiction can deploy this institution. The study of the cross-border structured finance experience gained by Latin American countries serves to show that this financing technique can be used in Ukraine. Ukraine is viewed as a target developing jurisdiction, and relevant proposals for Ukrainian law reform with emphasis on secured financing and bankruptcy regimes are elaborated.
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Walker, Robin E. "Securitization : the case of post-9/11 United States Africa policy." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9234.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-127).In the wake of AI Qaeda's attack against the United States on September 11, 2001, Africa has gained strategic significance due to the belief that its weak states are a danger to American national security. US Africa policy is now centered on the logic that weak African governments unable to provide for the basic needs of their people and lacking full control of their borders provide both a breeding ground and safe-haven for terrorist organizations. Africa has thus gone from being a marginalized humanitarian concern in the 1990s, to a continent of strategic significance in the US War on Terror (USW01) in the wake of the attacks on the World Trade Center, as seen in the fact that American aid to the continent has more than tripled in the years following 9/11. The purpose of this thesis is to critically analyze the political process behind this shift in policy in order to address the question of who was responsible for this change in US Africa policy and how did they make the change happen. This study takes the form of a theoretical case study, using the Copenhagen School's Securitization Theory, designed to identify the means by which an issue is placed on the national security agenda, to address this change in post-9/11 US Africa policy. In accordance with this theoretical framework, primary sources from government and non-government agencies including policy statements, speeches and legislative testimonies are surveyed to identify instances of the claim being articulated that Africa represents a threat to American national security and its legitimation and reiteration by an audience. This study finds that the unified executive branch under the Bush administration and Washington think tanks made the unified claim that the condition of Africa is a threat to US national security and the legislative branch served as the singular audience, legitimating this claim and appropriating dramatically increased and enhanced aid to the continent. The factors of political agency and context are offered as additions to the Securitization Theory framework in this study, and their incorporation in this case determines that the high-level of the agency of the securitizing actors and audience facilitated the legitimation process, as did the use of the contextual factors of the trauma of9/11 and the American identity as promoters of democratic ideals. These additional factors underscore both the political power of the actors involved and the techniques they use to support their claims, thereby developing the political quality of the theory and providing a more complete representation of the securitization process.
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Ramos, Munoz David <1979>. "Securitization and Special Purpose Vehicles in an International Setting: a Systemic View." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1933/.
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The present work tries to display a comprehensive and comparative study of the different legal and regulatory problems involved in international securitization transactions. First, an introduction to securitization is provided, with the basic elements of the transaction, followed by the different varieties of it, including dynamic securitization and synthetic securitization structures. Together with this introduction to the intricacies of the structure, a insight into the influence of securitization in the financial and economic crisis of 2007-2009 is provided too; as well as an overview of the process of regulatory competition and cooperation that constitutes the framework for the international aspects of securitization.
The next Chapter focuses on the aspects that constitute the foundations of structured finance: the inception of the vehicle, and the transfer of risks associated to the securitized assets, with particular emphasis on the validity of those elements, and how a securitization transaction could be threatened at its root. In this sense, special importance is given to the validity of the trust as an instrument of finance, to the assignment of future receivables or receivables in block, and to the importance of formalities for the validity of corporations, trusts, assignments, etc., and the interaction of such formalities contained in general corporate, trust and assignment law with those contemplated under specific securitization regulations.
Then, the next Chapter (III) focuses on creditor protection aspects. As such, we provide some insights on the debate on the capital structure of the firm, and its inadequacy to assess the financial soundness problems inherent to securitization. Then, we proceed to analyze the importance of rules on creditor protection in the context of securitization. The corollary is in the rules in case of insolvency. In this sense, we divide the cases where a party involved in the transaction goes bankrupt, from those where the transaction itself collapses. Finally, we focus on the scenario where a substance over form analysis may compromise some of the elements of the structure (notably the limited liability of the sponsor, and/or the transfer of assets) by means of veil piercing, substantive consolidation, or recharacterization theories.
Once these elements have been covered, the next Chapters focus on the regulatory aspects involved in the transaction. Chapter IV is more referred to “market” regulations, i.e. those concerned with information disclosure and other rules (appointment of the indenture trustee, and elaboration of a rating by a rating agency) concerning the offering of asset-backed securities to the public. Chapter V, on the other hand, focuses on “prudential” regulation of the entity entrusted with securitizing assets (the so-called Special Purpose vehicle), and other entities involved in the process. Regarding the SPV, a reference is made to licensing requirements, restriction of activities and governance structures to prevent abuses. Regarding the sponsor of the transaction, a focus is made on provisions on sound originating practices, and the servicing function. Finally, we study accounting and banking regulations, including the Basel I and Basel II Frameworks, which determine the consolidation of the SPV, and the de-recognition of the securitized asset from the originating company’s balance-sheet, as well as the posterior treatment of those assets, in particular by banks.
Chapters VI-IX are concerned with liability matters. Chapter VI is an introduction to the different sources of liability. Chapter VII focuses on the liability by the SPV and its management for the information supplied to investors, the management of the asset pool, and the breach of loyalty (or fiduciary) duties. Chapter VIII rather refers to the liability of the originator as a result of such information and statements, but also as a result of inadequate and reckless originating or servicing practices. Chapter IX finally focuses on third parties entrusted with the soundness of the transaction towards the market, the so-called gatekeepers. In this respect, we make special emphasis on the liability of indenture trustees, underwriters and rating agencies.
Chapters X and XI focus on the international aspects of securitization. Chapter X contains a conflicts of laws analysis of the different aspects of structured finance. In this respect, a study is made of the laws applicable to the vehicle, to the transfer of risks (either by assignment or by means of derivatives contracts), to liability issues; and a study is also made of the competent jurisdiction (and applicable law) in bankruptcy cases; as well as in cases where a substance-over-form is performed. Then, special attention is also devoted to the role of financial and securities regulations; as well as to their territorial limits, and extraterritoriality problems involved. Chapter XI supplements the prior Chapter, for it analyzes the limits to the States’ exercise of regulatory power by the personal and “market” freedoms included in the US Constitution or the EU Treaties. A reference is also made to the (still insufficient) rules from the WTO Framework, and their significance to the States’ recognition and regulation of securitization transactions.
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Zhang, Ke Zheng. "The risk-isolating paradox in China's asset securitization." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2586529.
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Lazell, Melita. "The securitization of development debate within the global governance literature : a critique." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/342183/.
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Since the late1990s, theorists have attempted to understand an apparent securitization of development within the policies produced by global governance networks and institutions (Beall et al., 2005; Duffield, 2007; Woods, 2005). The key assumptions central to much of the securitization of development debate are that; significant areas of the South are excluded from formal global economic networks, but are reintegrating through parallel economic activity; the discourses of security and development are linked by global governance institutions, such that significant areas of the South are conceived as an international security threat; the major agencies of global governance are unified through a liberal consensus, and pursue liberal change through the distribution of aid and through development programmes. This research is concerned with the ways in which this debate aids our understanding of contemporary global governance, and its limitations. This theoretical and empirical evaluation takes a number of forms including: an analysis of the policy discourse of key global governance institutions; an examination of world economic trends; a statistical project investigating the distribution of development aid; and a case study of development programming. This thesis argues that the securitization of development debate aids our understanding of global governance through its identification of both liberal societal transformation as a key rationale of global governance and the security development nexus as a central framework for North-South relations. It further provides important insights into the productive power of liberal global governance networks and develops a fruitful application of post-structural analysis to the problematic of global development. This research also identifies theoretical and empirical limitations within this debate. In light of these, an approach is proposed which takes greater account of firstly, the structural dynamics of the global economy and secondly, the internal contradictions and complexities inherent within the discourses of global governance. The former would involve greater engagement with the literature that demonstrates a complex and varied picture of global economic expansion and contraction. This research further suggests that the effect of the axiom that there can be no development without security is ambiguous. And also argues that the suggestion that global governance pursues liberal change through the distribution of aid needs qualification. Finally, further analysis to determine the utility of engaging with the governmentality literature is proposed.
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Piche, Genevieve. "Nouvelle vague: The securitization of the US-Canada border in American political discourse." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28416.
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In recent history, particularly over the last decade, the US-Canada border has been increasingly treated as a security issue. During this period, policies and measures have been put in place, such as strict identification documentation requirements, advanced surveillance equipment, information-sharing between law-enforcement and intelligence agencies on both sides of the border, and greater numbers of border patrol agents. These measures represent a significant departure from what was previously understood as a permeable, "undefended" border that prioritized above all else the facilitation of trade and travel. In my study, I have sought to better understand the process by which the US-Canada border is becoming understood by some as a security issue.
Participants in critical security studies argue that issues, such as borders, become security matters through a process. The Copenhagen School (CoS) argues that this process, called securitization, occurs when a speaker performs a discursive action, "speech-act," claiming that the issue constitutes a security matter, and is successful when the relevant audience accepts this claim, thus legitimating the use of exceptional measures as a response. (Buzan, de Wilde and Waever, 1998) While I argue that this is an oversimplified interpretation of the process, I use this theory as a point of departure for my research and attempt to use my case study to illustrate the merits of a more comprehensive understanding of securitization.
Based on the CoS's emphasis on the discursive element of the securitization process, I have asked: how is the US-Canada border being securitized in American political discourse? I have conducted a discourse analysis of statements made by President George W. Bush and the Department of Homeland Security within the period beginning with the signing of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act in December, 2004 and ending with the signing of the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America in June 2005. I have sought to understand how these speakers participate in the securitization of the US-Canada border, analyzing the discursive tools they have adopted, the contexts within which they speak, and the way they structure their claims.
The results of my analysis have led me to conclude that, first, the securitization process as a whole must not be understood as a singular speaker performing a singular speech-act in a singular moment accepted by a singular audience, but rather as the on-going interaction between varying relevant actors who participate in creating momentum or resistance within an issue's securitization. Secondly, I conclude that within the securitization of the US-Canada border, the two speakers included in this research participate in the perpetuation of the process through both what is said -- primarily the identification of the terrorist threat, but also the inclusion of borders in larger, existing security contexts -- and what is not said -- the absence of details and definitions, as well as the choices made by the speakers in terms of the types of evidence provided. Taken together, these findings illustrate the importance of considering a more complex understanding of the securitization process and create an opportunity for an expanded research project that will include an analysis of activities performed by a wide range of actors.
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Mann, Monique Michaëla. "A Story of Organized Crime : Constructing Criminality and Building Institutions." Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366676.
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This is a narrative about the way in which a category of crime-to-be-combated is constructed through the discipline of criminology and the agents of discipline in criminal justice. The aim was to examine organized crime through the eyes of those whose job it is to fight it (and define it), and in doing so investigate the ways social problems surface as sites for state intervention. A genealogy of organized crime within criminological thought was completed, demonstrating that there are a range of different ways organized crime has been constructed within the social scientific discipline, and each of these were influenced by the social context, political winds and intellectual climate of the time. Following this first finding, in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with individuals who had worked at the apex of the policing of organized crime in Australia, in order to trace their understandings of organized crime across recent history. It was found that organized crime can be understood as an object of the discourse of the politics of law and order, the discourse of international securitization, new public management in policing business, and involves the forging of outlaw identities. Therefore, there are multiple meanings of organized crime that have arisen from an interconnected set of social, political, moral and bureaucratic discourses. The institutional response to organized crime, including law and policing, was subsequently examined. An extensive legislative framework has been enacted at multiple jurisdictional levels, and the problem of organized crime was found to be deserving of unique institutional powers and configurations to deal with it. The social problem of organized crime, as constituted by the discourses mapped out in this research, has led to a new generation of increasingly preemptive and punitive laws, and the creation of new state agencies with amplified powers. That is, the response to organized crime, with a focus on criminalization and enforcement, has been driven and shaped by the four discourses and the way in which the phenomenon is constructed within them. An appreciation of the nexus between the emergence of the social problem, and the formation of institutions in response to it, is important in developing a more complete understanding of the various dimensions of organized crime.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Humanities
Arts, Education and Law
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Seaver, Derrick Charles. "The Power of Perception: Securitization, Democratic Peace, and Enduring Rivalries." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1366130056.
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Deliyannis, Phivos Adonis. "The securitization of the “boat people” in Australia: The case of Tampa." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21705.
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The thesis will examine how the Australian government through its Prime Minister JohnHoward presented the asylum seekers on “MV Tampa” ship as a threat jeopardizing Australian security. Using the theory of securitization as a methodological framework and Critical Discourse Analysis as utilized by Fairclough’s Three-dimensional Framework transcripts of interviews by John Howard will be analyzed in order to expose the securitization process that framed the asylum seekers as an existential threat that needed extraordinary measures.
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Janjic, Biljana. "Cultural racism in contemporary Europe| Securitization of immigration and radical right-wing parties." Thesis, Webster University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1525311.
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The purpose of this research is to contribute to the studies of cultural racism in contemporary Europe by observing the effects of securitization of immigration and assumed confusion between terms `radical' and `radicalization' on the rise of this phenomenon. Within the framework of securitization theory developed by the Copenhagen school and its connection to the integration approaches, I firstly hypothesize that the security and integration policies show divergence in the equality protection of minority immigrant groups. Then, by treating the securitization of immigration as a fluctuating political opportunity structure, I also hypothesize that such divergence created favorable conditions for radical right-wing parties to emphasize their xenophobic and ethnocentrist appeals and target Muslim immigrant communities as a particular out-group. This is grounded in the theoretical arguments about the construction of a master frame by the radical right-wing parties which involves diffusion processes across various European countries. The research applies fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis and observes the levels of immigration, ethnic profiling of immigrant groups in security and integration policies, and the political discourse of radical right-wing parties as conditions for the surge of cultural racism. The conditions are observed in the cases of Austria, Bulgaria, Sweden and Switzerland in the period between 2000 and 2013. The main findings are that ethnic profiling and portraying minority immigrant groups as security threats are the most relevant conditions for the surge of cultural racism. On the other hand, the levels of immigration alone cannot always be claimed as sufficient constitutive condition for the increase in racist practices in Europe. The research also concludes that radical right-wing parties not only constructed Muslim immigrant minorities as particular out-group incompatible with European values but also shifted their political rhetoric to the fit the arguments of individualism, gender equality and human rights. Thus the radical right-wing parties portray themselves as defenders of the national identities and culture by incorporating arguments that have traditionally been at the opposite of their political discourse. The incomplete equality protection framework in security and integration policies created by the mainstream parties and the changing political rhetoric of radical right-wing parties produce favorable conditions for the emergence and rise of the cultural racism in selected cases.
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Adamides, Constantinos. "Institutionalized, horizontal and bottom-up securitization in ethnic conflict environments : the case of Cyprus." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3791/.
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This thesis examines the manner in which some environments, such as ‘ethnic’ conflict situations, provide fertile ground for securitization process to develop into a more institutionalized form. Once institutionalized, securitization is no longer limited to the typical unidirectional top-down (i.e. elite-driven) path, but rather it becomes subject to bottom-up and horizontal forces, creating what is termed in this thesis ‘horizontal’ and ‘bottom-up’ securitization. These horizontal and bottom-up forces lead to ‘involuntary’ acts at the actor and audience levels, which in turn contribute to the perpetuation and further institutionalization of an already securitized environment. Within this framework the audiences have a much more active role in the development and perpetuation of security narratives and threats than they do in the ‘mainstream’ reading of the theory. The Cyprus conflict, as an intractable ‘ethnic’ conflict, is used to test the abovementioned arguments. Empirical evidence from the case study demonstrates that the social context dominating such environments contributes significantly to the development of institutionalized, horizontal and bottom-up securitization, obstructing desecuritization and subsequently also the prospects for conflict resolution.
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Donnelly, Faye. "Beyond securitization : a critical review of the Bush administration and Iraq." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1982.
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This thesis responds to the longstanding call from constructivist and poststructuralist scholars for a turn to discourse. It focuses on the paradox of the ability of language to act as a constituting and constraining device within an agent-structure discussion. The Copenhagen School (CS), its attention to language and its concept of securitization is examined in terms of its strengths and weaknesses, including bringing discourse onto the security agenda to an unprecedented extent. This thesis seeks to speak security at a deeper level and move securitization beyond the moment of utterance and the notion of agents breaking free of rules that would otherwise bind, as well as beyond a singular definition of security. It is proposed that the CS framework can be theoretically complemented by Wittgenstein’s notion of language games on board. The analytical shift made by juxtaposing a speech act and a language game also foregrounds the link between language and rules. Wittgenstein’s idea of ‘acts of interpretation’ is also considered, and substantive questions are raised about what the language of security legitimates in principle and in practice. The Bush administration’s justifications for the 2003 Iraq war are taken as a point of departure, and covers how the Bush administration deployed the language of security to justify highly controversial moves. Their narrative about the use of the pre-emptive use of force without an imminent threat existing and ‘enhanced interrogation techniques’ such as those seen in the Abu Ghraib photographs in the name of security exemplify that words matter. The arguments conclude that adjustments are needed in the way security is currently spoken in IR theory.
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Fisher, Kathryn. "From 20th Century troubles to 21st Century international terrorism : identity, securitization, and British counterterrorism from 1968 to 2011." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/548/.
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This thesis is an exploration into the consequential interrelation of official British discourse, identity, securitization, and counterterrorism from 1968 to 2011. Through a relational-securitization approach, the thesis narrative explains how discourse is both constitutive and causal for outcomes in a particular case. It is a relational mechanism based analysis that investigates how observed rhetorical commonplaces came together to influence intersubjective understanding and security practice. The ways that identities were temporarily stabilized across discourse through particular configurations was essential to how British counterterrorism emerged, was maintained, and became normalized. The thesis does not argue that possible insecurities categorized as “terrorism” do not exist, or that a security response is in itself surprising. However, how this response unfolded was not predetermined, and instead depended upon a securitization of terrorism along distinctive patterns of us/them construction. These patterns influenced the trajectory of counterterrorism by enabling certain outcomes to arise over others. Collective understandings of identity shape the conditions of possibility for political action. As such, discourses of securitization have a causal impact over intersubjective understanding and counterterrorism ractice. Historical moments, such as the 1974 Birmingham pub bombings or 11 September 2001 attacks, can facilitate a more rapid passage of exceptional measures. But the maintenance and normalization of these powers depends upon us/them and inside/outside boundary markers. Violent acts may thus influence outcomes, but they do not determine their substance or direction. Reasserted and/or reconfigured perceptions of distance and danger stabilizing the threat and referent in particular ways played a key role in counterterrorism’s transition from emergency response to permanent practice. Through a relational-securitization approach, analysis can better map out how processes of identity construction were essential to the securitization of terrorism, and contributed to the emergence, legitimation, and normalization of British counterterrorism from 1968 to 2011.
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Al-Kasaji, Mohannad K. "Evaluating the Jordanian National Security Strategy Toward the Palestinian_Jordanians (Palestinian_Jordanians as a Securitization Case-Study)." FIU Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/554.
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In its approach to the Palestinian-Jordanians’ issue, this dissertation employs a security-based theory and technique, which deal with the issue as a securitization case-study. It employs a modified version of the securitization theory offered by the Copenhagen School to evaluate the classical Jordanian national security strategy toward Palestinian-Jordanians. It addresses, reviews, weighs and evaluates the four strategies and tools of the Jordanian securitization model toward Palestinian-Jordanians: exclusionism, tribalism, cooptation and ideologization, which present the independent variables of this study. This evaluation process is based on a multi-standard strategy, which discusses the goals, the evidence, the outputs and the structure of the Jordanian securitization model since Black September 1970. In terms of methodology, the dissertation adopted a multi-method strategy, which used field research, participant observation and elite interviewing as primary methods for data acquisition.
In its security-based re-reading of the modern Jordanian history and its evaluation of the Jordanian national security strategy, the dissertation concludes that the Jordanian securitization model has led to a number of dangerous adverse reactions and hazards, which threaten Jordanian national security. The awakening of the extreme versions of nationalism, the rise of social/tribal violence and the emergence of the radical Islamist Salafi-Jihadi movement are examples of the hazardous outputs of the classical Jordanian national security strategy. Although the classical strategy has succeeded in maintaining the physical survival of the state/regime in Jordan since 1921, it has failed to cure the structural crises of statehood and nationhood, which the Jordanian state suffers from. Also, the classical strategy has failed to decisively answer the strategic questions of "what is Jordan?" and "who are Jordanians?". This strategic failure of the classical Jordanian national security strategy toward Palestinian-Jordanians rings alarm bells about the strategic and urgent need for an alternative national security strategy based on egalitarianism, modernism, populism and democratization.
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McCormack, Michael P. "Use It or Lose It: Canadian Identity and the Construction of Arctic Security Policy." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3257.
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This dissertation investigates the specific factors that drive state action in Canadian Arctic security policy, particularly in relation to securitization of the Arctic region and historical factors that influence decision-making. The purpose of this research is to develop stronger linkages between securitization processes and actual policymaking. When studying the Arctic as a defined geographical space, we see considerable differences between Arctic states when it comes to how cultural and historical attachment to the Arctic region may serve as a selling point for the ability of national governments to justify allocation of defense resources to their respective publics. Using the Canadian case, this research illustrates the strength of identity factors when compared to day-to-day bureaucratic politics and the influence of public opinion. This dissertation does not follow the ideas of one particular theoretical paradigm, but instead utilizes eclecticism to better illustrate the depth of the various factors that may contribute to policymaking. Additionally, the effects of policymaking and securitization processes are measured through public opinion. The ultimate findings of this research support a hypothesis of linear identity factors as a major influence on Canadian Arctic security policy, but also suggest that research on securitization theory needs to better connect rhetorical v securitization processes to actual policymaking. Through this, the research not only provides value in using this case as a test for the strengths and limits of securitization theory, but also emboldens understandings of security policy as being driven by a combination of domestic policy, foreign policy, endemic historical factors, and government strategic communication practices.
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Hartman, Erica. "Narrating the War on Terror: Reproducing the Patriarchy through Securitization and Discipline of Female Bodies." Ohio University Art and Sciences Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouashonors1556290142380571.
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Bender, Michael Mclean. "History, Identity Politics and Securitization: Religion's Role in the Establishment of Indian-Israeli Diplomatic Relations and Future Prospects for Cooperation." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2484.
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This dissertation aims to provide an understanding of the historical and contemporary dynamics of India’s foreign policy towards Israel within the context of religious identity from 1947 to 2015. A historical analysis of the relationship between India and Israel exhibits the ways that religious identity has served as a primary factor impeding as well as facilitating relations between the two nations.
The analysis was done within the context of the historical Hindu-Muslim relationship in India and how the legacy of this relationship, in India’s effort to maintain positive relations with the Arab-Muslim world, worked to inhibit relations with Israel prior to normalization in 1992. However, the five years leading up to normalization, and thereafter, the dynamic is reversed with this legacy playing an increasingly progressive role in India-Israel relations via the social construction of shared meanings and identities between India’s Hindu majority with Israel’s Jewish majority. Social construction of shared meanings and identities are based, in part, within an historical/modern-day context of conflict with a minority, religious Other (Islam), and through bridges of connection based in other historical, cultural, social, and religious areas. Formal interviews, archival primary-source analysis of government documents, and secondary-source review were methods employed in the evaluation of the role of religion in India’s foreign policy towards Israel.
In conclusion, this dissertation demonstrates the normative and functional effects that religious identities have played, and continue to play, in determining India’s foreign policy towards Israel given the fundamental role religious identity has historically played in the structuring of social perceptions, interactions and worldviews within Indian society up and through the present-day.
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Lansing, Melissa. "Terrorism, securitization of the nation and refugee flows: Implications of policies and practices in a post-911 era." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27872.
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This Master's thesis examines the impact of the events of 9/11 on the discourses and practices that attempt to regulate the flow of refugee populations in Canada. Discourse analytical techniques are used to analyse a corpus of official documents that have contributed to the reframing of the status of refugees. The thesis provides an overview of the development of refugee policy in Canada and explores the world context for contemporary refugee flows. It draws on the securitization paradigm to track the discursive processes that have served to establish links between terrorism, national security and refugees in Canadian governmental discourses and its related practices. The thesis also draws attention to Canada's national and international commitments to protect human rights, and the challenges Canada has faced in maintaining a balance between its humanitarian tradition and its new pre-emptive security approach. It is argued that the new War on Terror, has, as a consequence, targeted innocent and vulnerable populations such as refugees, in this way eroding their rights.
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Roy, Enakshi. "Social Media, Censorship and Securitization in the United States and India." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1501849533632077.
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Perret, Sarah. "Les législations en matière de naturalisation : Vecteur de sécuritisation des politiques d’immigration en Allemagne, aux États-Unis et en France." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS034.
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L’évolution manifeste du traitement politique du phénomène migratoire laisse apparaître qu’immigration et intégration seront des enjeux majeurs dans la future politique mondiale. En effet, l’immigration contemporaine diffère par bien des aspects de celles constatées lors des siècles antérieurs, du fait qu’elle soit de plus en plus visible, "dramatique" et "dysfonctionnelle". Le caractère imprévisible et incontrôlable du phénomène bouleverse aujourd’hui les schèmes traditionnels de l’état westphalien, et nourrit des peurs au sein des sociétés occidentales pouvant être ainsi source de déstabilisation. On assiste alors à un basculement du traitement politique de l’enjeu migratoire dans le champ sécuritaire. Ole Wæver nous aide à comprendre ce processus à travers son concept de « sécuritisation », grâce auquel il explique l’existence actuelle d’un processus discursif conduisant un fait social, comme l’immigration, à devenir un enjeu de « sécurité sociétale ». Cependant, cette vision, trop linguistique, nous apparaît insuffisante pour comprendre la mise en pratique d’une telle construction. Ainsi, les outils sociologiques proposés par Pierre Bourdieu, et notamment ses travaux effectués sur le langage et le pouvoir symbolique, nous aident à ne plus considérer la sécuritisation comme un processus purement discursif, mais potentiellement législatif.Une étude à la fois comparative et qualitative des législations sur la naturalisation en Allemagne, aux États-Unis et en France, permet alors d’ouvrir la discussion sur le rôle des lois de naturalisation comme pratique sécuritaire dans le processus de sécuritisation de l’immigrationThe evident evolution of political treatment of migration reveals that immigration and integration are becoming major issues in the future world politics. Indeed, contemporary immigration differs in many aspects from those witnessed during previous centuries, because it became more visible, "dramatic" and "dysfunctional". Today, the unpredictable and uncontrollable characteristic of this phenomenon deeply affect the traditional patterns of the Westphalian state and feeds fears in Western societies that can act as destabilization sources. We are then witnessing a shift in the political treatment of the migratory issue within the field of security. Ole Wæver helps us to understand this process through his concept of "securitization", by which he explains the current existence of a discursive process leading to a social fact, such as immigration, to become an issue of "societal security". However, his vision seems too narrow to be a relevant analytical tool in its own right. Thus, the contribution of some sociological tools provided by Bourdieu helps us in considering the "securitization" as a process not anymore being only discursive, but also potentially legislative. The use of a study both comparative and qualitative of naturalization’s legislations in France, the United States and Germany, allows thus to open a discussion on the role of naturalization as a security practice in the "securitization" of immigration
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Pagotto, Barbara Frossard. "A Saúde Pública como tema de Segurança Internacional: o caso das negociações do novo Regulamento Sanitário Internacional (RSI 2005)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-18112016-143701/.
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A negociação do novo Regulamento Sanitário Internacional (RSI) foi um processo complexo que durou dez anos e envolveu preocupações que extrapolam o campo da saúde pública. Este artigo, resultado final da pesquisa de Mestrado desenvolvida no âmbito do Programa de Pós-Graduação do Instituto de Relações Internacionais da Universidade de São Paulo (IRI/USP), busca demonstrar, por meio de vasta pesquisa documental, revisão de literatura e entrevistas com atores, que a agenda de segurança internacional influenciou as negociações do RSI em vigor, contribuindo para o avanço do processo de securitização da saúde pública. Temas de segurança internacional, notadamente o uso intencional ou acidental de agentes químicos, biológicos, radio-nucleares e a potencial ameaça de bioterrorismo foram determinantes tanto do avanço das negociações como da natureza do documento final aprovado, que promoveu mudanças substanciais na regulação internacional da saúde pública.The negotiation of the new International Health Regulations (IHR) was a complex 10-year-long process and involved concerns which go beyond the public health field. This article, the final result of the Master\'s program at the Institute of International Relations of the University of Sao Paulo (IRI/USP), aims to demonstrate, through vast documental research, literature review and interview with actors, how the international security agenda influenced the IHR negotiations, advancing the securitization process of public health. International security issues, specially the intentional or accidental use of biological, chemical or radio-nuclear agents and the potential threat of bioterrorism were determinant both for the negotiation advancement and the character of the approved final document, which promoted substantial changes in the international public health regulation.
22
Gush, Jason. "U.S. Interagency Coordination on Countering Violent Extremism Abroad." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1908.
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CVE is complex. It requires combatting the narratives and ideology of many extremist groups around the globe, constructing environments with appealing alternatives to extremism, and most importantly, sensitivity to the variety of circumstances in which CVE takes place to effectively battle the root causes of extremism. Constructing a complete CVE effort thus requires a great variety of skills, coordinated to efficient implementation. Despite notional commitment, U.S. CVE abroad lacks interagency coordination. JIATF-S offers a strong model of interagency coordination, from which lessons may be applied to the formation of an interagency CVE effort. Interagency coordination would bring extensive expertise and resources to bear on CVE operations.
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Tesche, Ana Barbara Moreira. "Securitização ambiental : uma análise do discurso norte-americano no pós-guerra fria." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/117587.
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Este trabalho analisa o “movimento de securitização” ambiental no sistema internacional, a partir da ação dos Estados Unidos como ator securitizador. Tendo como base as proposições de Buzan, Waever e Wilde, investiga-se as definições e critérios estabelecidos pelo discurso norte-americano ao enunciar as mudanças ambientais como uma ameaça existencial à sua segurança e a evolução deste discurso ao longo das duas últimas décadas, onde o aparelho militar burocrático norte-americano formula o conceito de segurança ambiental como uma maneira de legitimar o governo em face à sensibilidade da população norte-americana.This paper analyzes the environmental "securitization movement" in the international system, from the action of the United States as securitizer actor. Based on the propositions of Buzan, Waever and Wilde, investigates the definitions and criteria established by the north-American discourse by articulating environmental change as an existential threat to its security and the evolution of this discourse over the past two decades, where the north-American military bureaucratic apparatus formulated the concept of environmental security as a way to legitimize the government in view of the sensitivity of the American population.
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Unsal, Ezgi Berfin. "Coping With Immigration: The Institutional And Political Dynamics Of Migration And Asylum Policy-making In Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614410/index.pdf.
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As a country that is highly affected by the changing nature of
international migration due to transformative forces of globalization, Turkey is now being defined as a country of both immigration and emigration. This thesis analyzes Turkish state&rsquos international migration politics and policies with regard to recent global trends in migratory movements. It examines the underlying dynamics that govern the policy making processes and tries to identify the problems stemming from them. The primary goal of the thesis is to make an elaborate assessment of the existent institutional framework and to detect the presence of securitization paradigm in the political and legal setting of international migration in Turkey by means of qualitative research methods. It investigates how international pressures and trends, national interests, political considerations and especially the dynamics of fragmented institutional structure have affected policy making strategies. In view of these factors, the thesis suggests adopting a humanitarian approach towards refugees, asylum seekers and migrants that leaves political concerns behind and avoids securitization of the issue.
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Ueno, Daisuke M. B. A. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Invisible helping hands : how can capital markets access the poor and promote entrepreneurial spirits? : an analysis of international microfinance investment potential and a proposal for securitization in a microfinance global pool." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37226.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-59).
Donor grants and soft loans have been utilized by many microfinance institutions (MFIs) to support their operations. However, such grants and loans, already of limited size and availability, are becoming harder to access as the pool of global MFIs grows. Another option for MFIs is tapping international capital markets, international loan and security markets, but there are many barriers to this practice. This paper studies how MFIs and the poor who are seeking capital to foster their entrepreneurial spirits can overcome these barriers to access international capital markets and meet the growing micro finance demand. First, this paper establishes the degree of linkage between MFIs and international financial markets by reviewing the present funding condition of MFIs. It concludes that purely commercially based funding from capital markets is minimal except for some of the best managed MFIs. A huge gap exists between most other MFIs and international capital markets. Second, this palper studies the microfinance investment potential by analyzing the returns of one microfinance investment fund. It concludes that the profile of microfinance investment matches the needs of investors in capital markets.
(cont.) Investors in developed countries are always looking for investment products that mitigate their portfolio volatility. This paper verifies that microfinance has an attractive profile matching these needs, and offering stable return, as well as low correlation with stocks, bonds and macroeconomic factors. Capital market investors and microfinance have the potential to build win-win relationships. One of the remaining challenges of MFIs is generating required return commensurate with risks. Third, this paper proposes securitization in a microfinance global pool as a means to overcome the barriers to connecting MFIs and the poor to capital markets. In this securitization scheme, the global pool buys microcredits from MFIs, thereby 1) increasing return, 2) enabling many MFIs to obtain funds from capital markets by sharing fixed costs of funding, 3) reducing exchange rate and geographic concentration risks, and 4) creating secondary markets and liquidity. Some challenges to securitization still need to be overcome. Nevertheless, this paper demonstrates that; securitization in the microfinance global pool will be an effective means to bridge the gap between capital markets and MFIs and the poor.
by Daisuke Ueno.
M.B.A.
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Gonçalves, Thiago de Oliveira. "Regime internacional proibicionista e política externa norte-americana como determinantes da securitização do problema das drogas no Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/150307.
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O presente trabalho analisa as orientações das políticas sobre drogas brasileiras tendo como referência duas determinantes: o regime internacional proibicionista de drogas e a política externa norte-americana para o tema. Utiliza-se a Teoria da Securitização para analisar processos de uso da força por um Estado com o fim de neutralizar a ameaça representada pelo tráfico de drogas e atividades afins. São descritos os processos de formação do regime internacional e de institucionalização da política de guerra às drogas nos Estados Unidos. Mostra-se o processo de adequação da política de defesa brasileira ao tema das drogas, que ocorreu de modo conservador e avesso à militarização são apresentados os impactos de uma política de segurança pública pautada na redução da oferta de drogas no Brasil.This work analyses the orientations of the brazillian drug policies using two main references: the international drug prohibition regime and the United States’ policies towards this issue. The Theory of Securitization is used to analyse the of use of the force by a State in order to neutralyze the menace represented by drug trafficking and related activities. The formation of the international regime and the institutionalization of the war on drugs’ policies on the United States are described. The paper also reviews the process of adequation of the brazillian defense policies to the drugs issue, which occurred under a conservative and militarization averse framework, as well as the impact of a public safety policy guided by supply reduction on Brazil.
27
Deidda, Elisabetta. "Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Migrant Hotspot at the Gates of Fortress Europe." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för migration, etnicitet och samhälle, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-166686.
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This thesis is a qualitative study focusing on the situation that has evolved in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) from the beginning of 2018, when migrants and refugees started entering the country in large numbers in the context of the so-called Balkan route. The approach adopted in the thesis is informed by critical studies emphasizing the asymmetries entailed in the emerging multilevel governance of migration. The European Union (EU), the BiH state, IOM, civil society, activists, and citizens, are inserted in a “situational map” presenting their inter-relations, and the potential of each to influence the situation of concern. This thesis analyses in details the role of the EU, which is implementing in BiH its security-informed approach to irregular migration through externalization and multilevelling strategies. Eight semi-structured interviews allow the investigation into the potential and challenges of a “governance from below”. The main argument of this thesis is that the EU, outsourcing its strategy to curb irregular migration to BiH, fails to address the humanitarian crisis that is developing there, besides mining the stability and democracy of the country.
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Pereira, Paulo Jose dos Reis 1980. "Securitização do Crime Organizado Transnacional nos Estados Unidos na década de 1990." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280966.
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Orientador: Shiguenoli MiyamotoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T01:17:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_PauloJosedosReis_D.pdf: 1227497 bytes, checksum: d281da57cc7a47b8bc7b81c8685848fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
Resumo: O crime organizado transnacional (COT), apesar de seu papel crescente nas agendas de segurança nacional e internacional dos Estados desde a década de 1990, teve pouca atenção nos estudos de relações internacionais. As referências teóricas tradicionais desta área (particularmente da subárea de segurança internacional), bem como a noção estreita de criminalidade como um assunto doméstico e essencialmente jurídico, dificultaram a avaliação adequada deste novo papel assumido pelas atividades ilícitas transnacionais. Dado o pioneirismo estadunidense em tal processo, o objetivo do trabalho é analisar a alocação do COT na agenda de segurança nacional estadunidense durante o governo Clinton e alguns dos seus resultados, especialmente para a distinção entre as noções de segurança doméstica e internacional. Para tanto, fazemos uma análise documental e histórica, pautada no conceito de securitização da Escola de Copenhagen. A securitização pela qual o COT passou nos Estados Unidos pautou-se na percepção de ameaça existencial que este fenômeno criminal colocava a vários aspectos da nação, tanto sociais quanto econômicos. O "ato de fala" realizado pelo Executivo do país a partir de 1995, com a diretiva presidencial 42, foi aceito extensamente pelo público em geral e por várias elites sociais, uma audiência que conferiu legitimidade a tal processo. Três grupos de apoiadores foram particularmente importantes: a mídia, os especialistas e o Congresso estadunidense. O primeiro ajudou na disseminação da percepção de ameaça entre a população; o segundo auxiliou na quantificação e qualificação desta ameaça, fornecendo um conhecimento "cientificamente" embasado; o terceiro conferiu suporte político às iniciativas próprias do Executivo, bem como foi, ele mesmo, agente de propostas. O contexto histórico de liberalização política e econômica, o avanço tecnológico nas comunicações e transporte, bem como o fim do conflito bipolar, compôs um quadro favorável ao aumento do COT e à sua percepção como ameaça aos países e à ordem internacional nascente. No entanto, esse processo também deve ser creditado aos interesses de agências de Inteligência e aplicação da Lei estadunidenses, que, com o fim da Guerra Fria, buscaram redefinir seus papéis de proteção à nação. São expressões concretas da securitização o aumento de recursos, bem como a ênfase na ação militar e na internacionalização de atividades policiais que ocorreu com os programas de combate à criminalidade transnacional na América Latina, uma região que já era foco, desde a década de 1980, de políticas de combate ao tráfico de drogas, uma das mais importantes expressões do COT contemporâneo
Abstract: Transnational organized crime (TOC), despite its increasing role in the national and international security agendas of States since the 1990s, got little attention in studies of international relations. The traditional theoretical references in this area (particularly on international security subfield), and the narrow notion of crime as a domestic and essentially legal matter, hampered the proper assessment of this new role played by illicit transnational activities. The objective of this work is to analyze the allocation of TOC in the U.S. national security agenda during the Clinton administration, as well as to check some of its results, especially for the distinction between the notions of domestic and international security. To this end, a historical and documentary analysis, based on the Copenhagen's School concept of securitization, was done. The securitization process in which TOC has passed in the United States was based on the perception of existential threat that this criminal phenomenon posed to various aspects of the nation, both social and economic. The "speech act" carried out by the Executive of the country since 1995, with the PDD-42, was widely accepted by the general public and various social elites, an audience that gave legitimacy to this process. Three supporters groups were particularly important: the media, the experts and the U.S. Congress. The first helped the spread of threat perception among the population; the second helped to quantify and qualify this threat by providing a "scientifically" grounded knowledge; the third gave political support to the Executive initiatives and was, itself, an agent of proposals. The historical context of political and economic liberalization, technological advances in communications and transportation, as well as the end of bipolar conflict, wrote a favorable framework for the increase of TOC and its perception as a threat to countries and to the emerging international order. However, this process must also be credited to the interests of intelligence agencies and U.S. law enforcement, which, with the end of the Cold War, sought to redefine their roles in protecting the nation. The increasing of resources adressed to fight crime, the growth of military action and the internationalization of police activities that occurred in programs to combat transnational crime in Latin America are concrete expressions of securitization. In this scenery Latin America can be considereda region that was already the focus, since the 1980s, of policies to combat drug trafficking, one of the most important expressions of contemporary COT
Doutorado
Relações Internacionais
Doutor em Ciência Política
29
Alte, Timo. "Die Forderungsabtretung bei der Securitisation." Lohmar Köln Eul, 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2806727&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Hammarlind, Eric. "Svenska strategiska narrativ under kalla kriget och 2010-talet : en kvalitativ textanalys av fyra regeringars deklarationer i jämförelse mellan neutralitets- och solidaritetspolitik." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-6221.
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Is the credibility of today's Swedish security policy under question? Through two world wars and the years that followed Sweden has invoked a policy of neutrality and military nonalignment. This policy has come to be perceived as an integral part of the Swedish national identity. Is it possible then that Sweden’s past and present strategic narratives could be contested? This thesis investigates whether or not there is consistency in the narratives expressed by both right wing Swedish governments and socialist Swedish governments. The narratives of both parties are examined during two separate eras of history; the Cold War era of the 1980s is compared with the current more globalized era of the 2010s. A constructivist perspective is utilized in the analysis and a narrative analysis is applied. The results show that there has been significant consistency in the narratives of Swedish security policy from both right wing and socialist governments. There is much greater variation shown between the two eras than there is between the two parties themselves.Är dagens svenska säkerhetspolitik trovärdig eller omstridd? Allt sedan världskrigen har svenska regeringar förhållit sig till en grundläggande idé om svensk neutralitet och alliansfrihet. Denna politik har kommit att betraktas som en väsentlig del av svensk nationell identitet. Samtidigt har inriktningen för den svenska säkerhetspolitiken förändrats vid ett antal tillfällen under de senaste decennierna och gått från neutralitet till solidaritet. Är det då möjligt att gångna som nutida svenska strategiska narrativ är omstridda? Denna uppsats undersöker hur konsekventa svenska säkerhetspolitiska narrativ har varit. Detta genom att granska de narrativ som konstruerats av respektive socialdemokratiska och borgerliga regeringskoalitioner. Dessa narrativ jämförs både inom och mellan två historiska epoker; det kalla krigets 1980-tal och det nutida globaliserade 2010-talet, med specifika nedslag för åren 1982, 1987, 2009 och 2015. Uppsatsen tar utgångspunkt i ett konstruktivistiskt perspektiv och en narrativanalys tillämpas i analysen. Resultatet indikerar en betydande samstämmighet inom svensk säkerhetspolitik mellan borgerliga och socialdemokratiska regeringar. En betydligt större variation framträder i en jämförelse emellan de olika tidsepokerna än emellan samtida regeringar av olika politiska färger.
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Hersler, Cecilia. "Säkerhet och utveckling - En undersökning av securitization i svensk policy för global utveckling." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23786.
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Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka huruvida Sverige och dess styrande organ har lyft fram utvecklingsfrågor som ett hot mot säkerheten enligt de kriterier som jag har valt att plocka ur Securitization Theory. Detta har jag gjort genom att undersöka officiella dokument från riksdag och Försvarsdepartement.Jag har använt mig av den konstruktivistiska metodologin eftersom den synen på världen till viss del sammanfaller med några av grundtankarna i Securitization Theory. Jag har använt mig av en kvalitativ metod när jag har undersökt min frågeställning och försökt besvara den.Jag kommer argumentera för det resultatet som jag har funnit, att man kan svara besvara min frågeställning enligt de kriterier som jag har satt upp i för utförandet av min uppsats. Genom att sammanfatta vad jag kommit fram till i helhet med mina nyckelfaktorer argumenterar jag för att Sverige har tagit steget från att låta utvecklingsfrågor vara politicized till securitized.The purpose of this paper is to examine if the Swedish government has elevated development issues as a security threat according to the criteria I have decided to use from Securitization Theory. I have done this by researching official documents from the government and the Ministry of Defence.I have used the constructivist methodology because of their perception the world to some extent overlap with some of the basic ideas of Securitization Theory. I have used a qualitative method when I have investigated my question at issue and tried to answer it.I will argue for the results that I have found that one can answer my question as to the criteria I have set in for the performance of my thesis. By summarizing what I have come to the whole of my key factors I argue that Sweden has taken the step of allowing development issues to go from being politicized to securitized.
32
Maertens, Lucile. "Quand le Bleu passe au vert : la sécurisation de l’environnement à l’ONU." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0032.
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Depuis plusieurs décennies, l’Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU) – ses Etats membres, ses programmes officiels et ses fonctionnaires – s’intéresse aux connexions entre environnement et sécurité. Pourtant, l’inscription des problématiques environnementales dans l’agenda sécuritaire onusien n’a pas fait l’objet d’une étude détaillée. De même, la littérature sur la construction sociale des enjeux de sécurité ne propose pas un éclairage exhaustif sur les fonctions des organisations internationales dans le processus de sécurisation. La présente thèse vise à combler ces vides. S’appuyant sur des enquêtes d’inspiration ethnographique – observations participantes, entretiens semi-directifs –, elle examine, de l’intérieur, l’intégration de l’environnement dans la définition et la gestion de la sécurité à l’ONU. La recherche a ainsi montré que, ancrés dans des intentionnalités multiples – stratégies gouvernementales, organisationnelles et individuelles –, les efforts de sécurisation de l’environnement à l’ONU s’articulent autour de quatre modalités principales : sécurisation par le langage, sécurisation par l’intégration institutionnelle, sécurisation par la technique, sécurisation inversée. Les manœuvres de sécurisation sont confrontées à des obstacles relevant tant de contraintes imposées par les Etats membres que de rivalités internes. Toutefois, même si peu d’effets ont été observés sur le système de gouvernance globale de l’environnement, les manœuvres de sécurisation ne sont pas sans conséquence : elles favorisent le changement institutionnel pour les acteurs sécurisants et participent à la construction d’un « ordre symbolique » constitué d’obligations et d’interdépendancesFor decades, the United Nations (UN) – its member states, its programs and its personnel – have been concerned with how the environment and security are linked. However, academic research does not offer an extensive analysis of the ways environmental issues have been promoted within the UN security agenda. Likewise, the literature on the construction of security issues does not provide comprehensive insight on the role of international organizations in the securitization process. This dissertation aims to fill these gaps. Based on a grounded theory approach and ethnographic methods – participant observations, semi-structured interviews – it investigates the integration of the environment into the definition and management of security within the UN, from the inside. First, research has revealed governments, organizations and individuals have multiple and sometimes competing motives. Second, at the UN, environmental securitization occurs through four main modalities: discursive securitization, institutional securitization, technical securitization, reverse securitization. Efforts to promote securitization may be opposed by the member states or competing UN agencies if such moves are counter to their interests. However, although few effects were observed on the global environmental governance system, securitizing moves are not inconsequential: they promote institutional change for securitizing actors and participate in building a "symbolic order" consisting of obligations and interdependence
33
Franke, Ulrich. "Asset securitization im Gesundheitswesen Erfahrungen in den USA und anderen Ländern als Basis einer Abwägung von Einsatzmöglichkeiten in Deutschland." Wiesbaden Gabler, 2007. http://d-nb.info/986944319/04.
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Hermansson, Lisa. "Ryssland - En säker granne eller en anledning till "Motståndskraft"? : En diskursanalys av Försvarsberedningens representation av Ryssland 2003-2017." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-75028.
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When Sweden 2017 changed the risk valuation of an armed attack against Sweden from not likely to that it can’t be ruled out, it got the swedish peoples and medias attention. Russia has during the last centuries had an extensive impact in Swedish security and defense politics. This study examine if there has been any change in the Swedish representation of Russia and as a consequence may have affected the risk assessment. By analyze the discourse in four reports by the Swedish Defence Commission with the method of framing this study will use the theory of securitization developed by Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver and Jaap de Wilde as it advocates a wide concept of security. Securitization is the process in which an actor turns a subject into a matter of security. The study finds evidence that the representation of Russia in the Swedish discourse has changed for the worse and it is possible that it has affected the changed risk assessment.
35
Franke, Ulrich. "Asset Securitization im Gesundheitswesen : Erfahrungen in den USA und anderen Ländern als Basis einer Abwägung von Einsatzmöglichkeiten in Deutschland /." Wiesbaden : Dt. Univ.-Verl, 2008. http://d-nb.info/986944319/04.
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Mandelboym, Tatjana. "Die Krise auf dem amerikanischen Subprime-Hypothekenmarkt : Ursachen und volkswirtschaftliche Auswirkungen /." Duisburg : Mercator School of Management, 2008. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=017134073&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Cheng, Chao-shu, and 成昭姝. "Legal Study on the Securitization of International Financial Assets." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32404936323337305940.
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碩士東吳大學
法律學系
97
This thesis , based on analysis of related literature, practical cases and pertinent laws and acts, is a research into relevant issues in the field of financial asset securitization.In process of financial asset securitization, originators transfer assets to Special Purpose Vehicles( SPV), which issue beneficiary securities or asset-based securities and in turn sell them to investors. One of the purposes of transferring the assets is to isolate the risk of bankruptcy of the Originator so that the cash flow derived from the asset pool to pay principals and interests is not affected; under this so called structured financing, the packager rearranges and remotes the risks inherent in certain financial assets by means of structuring a SPV so that the risks during the process of financing transactions can be allocated in a equitable manner, thereby ensuring the rights of investors, which indicates setting up a “risk-remoteness mechanism” be the basic essence and the most important core in transacting a financial assets securitization. Under such circumstances, one of destinations of our securitization legal system is to boost capital investment efficiency and to shield investors from suffering; hence, to perfectly complete the legal framework of financial asset securitization more completely in Taiwan, it is inevitable to refer to practical operations in U.S.A, which helps us to analyze the most significant function of special purpose vehicle(SPV)－the mechanism of bankruptcy remote, and by understanding various methods of bankruptcy remote consisting of the rules of substantive consolidation , true sale and fraudulent transfer law. In the meanwhile unclear and confused questions are raised to get the authority`s and scholars’ attention and then propose a conclusion and recommendations based on the related issues . Last but not least, due to the growth of worldwide asset securitisation market , in the New Basel Capital Accord( Basel II ), Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Basel Committee put proposals to build up the regulatory capital requirement for securitisations. The objective is to develop the accord on securitisation that is risk sensitive and provides banks with risk management. Therefore, by making a comprehension of the new capital adequancy standard as well as all kinds of approaches, the financial institutions can facilitate to establish risk measurement resulting from a variety of balanced allocation and management framework for asset securitization as foundation of the setting of standards and related regulations in Taiwan.
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Johnson, Honore, and 林安諾. "Securitization of Foreign Investment and Labor Unrest in International Relations: Taiwanese Capital in Vietnam." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8kdm46.
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碩士國立政治大學
國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS)
106
The current and future integration of the world’s economy has spurred research into the very fundamental question of how countries’ economies will interact and whether or not increased foreign investment may be a security threat. Although the key labor, capital, union, and government roles are maintained, the role of foreign direct investment has further added to this relationship. Vietnam, for example, receives significant foreign direct investment from Taiwan that may influence foreign relations. Due to pressure on the government to maintain an economic environment attractive to foreign investment, there is only a limited incentive to enforce labor standards on such foreign companies and frequent strikes exhibit dissatisfaction with the status quo. This paper extends upon the results of Wang (2005b), which finds the Vietnamese government hesitant to strongly support trade unions for fear of offending foreign business and will focus primarily on Taiwanese foreign direct investment as the most substantial investor in the Vietnamese economy between 1986 and 2016. It then applies the Copenhagen School’s Securitization Theory and addresses the Securitization Process of Buzan, Wæver, and De Wilde (1998) through increased foreign direct investment in a number of case studies. It also includes a small set of interviews with managers of Taiwanese firms working in Vietnam to give insight into more recent implications of investment. Ultimately, this paper promotes foreign financial influence as a state security concern in the case of Taiwan and Vietnam. Wang, Hong-zen. "Asian transnational corporations and labor rights: Vietnamese trade unions in Taiwan-invested companies." Journal of Business Ethics 56.1 (2005): 43-53. Buzan, B., Wæver, O., & De Wilde, J. (1998). Security: a new framework for analysis.: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
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廖政聰. "Securitization Study of International Account Receivables~ Focusing on Export Credit Based on Letter of Credit." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/66293012026952855838.
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碩士國立中興大學
高階經理人碩士在職專班
92
The Financial Assets Securitization Act was passed by the Legislative Yuan in 2002. It provides a way of fund collecting for enterprises and financial institutions. Investors get more chances to choose financial products. The underwriting of securitization has been practiced and developed for over a year. All of the new financial products of securitization are becoming popular, that includes; assets backed securities (ABS), collateralized mortgage obligation (CMO), collateralized loan obligation (CLO), collateralized debt obligation (CDO), credit card account receivable securitization, etc. However, when the International Account Receivables are considered for securitization, they need credit enhancement to avoid country risk and credit risk. The Export Credit Agency (ECA) represents the government, and provides export insurance to protect the account receivables of the international transaction. Export insurances are usually used to guard against risks, but the responsibility is excluded when the risks are caused by the suppliers. The Export - Import Bank of the Republic of China (Eximbank) is a specialized government financial institution. Eximbank plays a complementary role to the commercial banks, and offers a wide range of financing programs to assist the exporters. However, some limitations prevent the Eximbank's business growth, such as; the concentration of firms, foreign bank guarantee credit line, high country risk exposure, or lack of funding. The purpose of this study is to propose a solution to assist local firms in expanding external trade. The first step of this paper was to research the existing literature about securitization. The purpose of financial assets securitization in general is to raise funds for the originator, and to ensure a true sale for assets. Assets securitization can raise banks'' capital adequacy in addition to the current ratio. In the initial stage of securtization, banks will lower risky assets and then will increase business to its original size. By way of assets securitization, investors can use asset-backed securities to diversify their portfolios. Secondly, the paper describes the payment terms of international trade and categories of financing services. The major ECA's functions, activities and performances are compared by analyzing the relevant data. Thirdly, samples of export credit that were based on letter of credit were collected and analyzed. Some phenomena were found that raised Eximbank''s risk. Furthermore , according to the literature , the credit risk, political risk , foreign exchange risk , interest rate risk and liquidity risk , were defined. Finally , letters of credit export insurance can be used to enhance the credit of securitization. The practice data was sampled to explain the cash flow of the securitization of export credit. In the conclusion, we suggest that some aspects of the act for the Eximbank of the ROC could be deregulated. The cooperative relationship with commercial banks needs to be built up. The EDI system, and other related processing systems need to be developed , and this will increase the performance of export credit transaction between banks. Through the EDI system, business growth and development will be stimulated. Through securitization, the risk is moved away from the Eximbank to the market. In addition, securitization has a multiple effect on business. Therefore, securitization is the most effective way to increase the quantity of International Account Receivables transaction , and to enhance the role of the Eximbank.
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Souto, José Alberto Abreu do. "Como é que a guerra contra o terrorismo pós- 11 de setembro contribuiu para a securitização da ajuda humanitária americana e britânica para o Iémen?" Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/19706.
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A presente dissertação de mestrado tem como objeto de estudo o conflito no Iémen, focando-se na ajuda humanitária concedida pela USAID e pelo DFID ao país e em como a guerra contra o terrorismo dificultou e/ou inviabilizou, por vezes, essa ajuda.
A guerra contra o terrorismo, que teve maior expressão a partir do ataque às Torres Gémeas, criou no círculo político internacional uma necessidade de securitizar o terrorismo. Desta forma, os recursos concedidos a múltiplos setores, entre os quais o da ajuda humanitária, foram amplificados no sentido de atenuarem os efeitos da ação terrorista.
Verificar-se-á que a securitização do terrorismo por parte dos Estados Unidos e da Grã-Bretanha criou um impacto na ação daquelas duas organizações (USAID e DFID), mas que o seu funcionamento se restringiu a agendas e/ou a objetivos políticos.
Para além disto, a dissertação procura perceber como é que o conflito iemenita chegou a esta magnitude e como é que os seus intervenientes estão a agir de modo a mitigar as suas consequências.The present master's dissertation has as its object of study the conflict in Yemen, focusing on the humanitarian aid granted by USAID and DFID to the country and on how the war on terrorism hindered and / or sometimes made this aid unfeasible. The war on terrorism, which was most pronounced after the attack on the Twin Towers, created in the international political circle a need to securitize terrorism. In this way, the resources given to multiple sectors, including humanitarian aid, have been expanded to mitigate the effects of terrorist action. The securitization of terrorism by the United States and Great Britain will have an impact on the action of those two organizations (USAID and DFID), however, their operation has been restricted to agendas and / or political goals. In addition, the dissertation seeks to understand how the Yemeni conflict has reached such magnitude and how its actors are acting to mitigate its consequences.
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Correia, Diogo Francisco Freire. "A abordagem da OTAN aos problemas de segurança no século XXI." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/15043.
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A presente dissertação propõe-se a abordar a agenda securitária da OTAN no
século XXI. É através da teoria da securitização que são analisados os atos discursivos
desta organização, que são práticas centrais na elaboração da agenda securitária desta
aliança militar.
São ainda analisados os conceitos estratégicos de 1991, 1999 e 2010, à luz da teoria
da securitização, como forma de clarificação das preocupações securitárias da OTAN,
permitindo assim contextualizar as medidas extraordinárias adoptadas para combater o
risco associado a cada ameaça identificada.This work proposes to address the security agenda of NATO in the XXI century. It is through the teory of securitization that speech acts are analyzed in this organization, which are central practises in the preparation of the security agenda of this military aliance. The strategic concepts of 1991, 1999 and 2010 are further analyzed in the light of the theory of securitization as a way of clarifying the security concerns of NATO, thus contextualizing the extraordinary measures taken to combat the risk associated with each identified threat.
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Oliveira, Gilberto Carvalho de. "‘Guerra Contra a Pirataria’: Uma Perspetiva Crítica sobre a Intervenção das Nações Unidas contra a Pirataria nas Costas da Somália." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/26290.
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Tese de doutoramento em Relações Internacionais, na especialidade de Política Internacional e Resolução de Conflitos, apresentada à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de CoimbraEm menos de uma década, o problema da pirataria deixou de ser uma questão económica marginal, tratada através das relações rotineiras entre as companhias de navegação e as empresas de seguro marítimo, para se tornar uma questão prioritária dentro da agenda de segurança internacional. Em 2008, com o envolvimento inédito do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas na gestão da violência privada no mar, foram aprovadas quatro resoluções autorizando o uso da força militar no combate à pirataria somali, inclusive dentro do mar territorial e em terra. Hoje, mais de trinta Estados estão com suas forças navais envolvidas no combate à pirataria nas águas do Corno de África (atuando isoladamente ou integrando uma das três coalizões navais internacionais presentes na região). O argumento central desta tese é que a pirataria somali foi submetida a um processo bem-sucedido de securitização que orienta a ação internacional para uma resposta coerciva e militarizada, focada na pacificação da violência direta no mar, sem levar em consideração o quadro sócio-político-económico mais amplo e complexo que faz da pirataria uma atividade atrativa na Somália. Em consequência, ainda que as operações navais em curso na região consigam frustrar grande parte das ações dos piratas, os incentivos e as conexões que sustentam a economia política da pirataria somali continuam ativos, fazendo com que o problema persista na região. Propondo uma abordagem mais abrangente, a tese coloca a pirataria somali e a intervenção internacional dentro de uma relação dialética que confronta duas abordagens antagónicas. De um lado, a pirataria somali é vista como uma ameaça existencial, como um perigo à paz e à segurança internacionais, o que submete o problema a uma lógica de guerra e privilegia basicamente um tipo de resposta: a militar. De outro lado, a pirataria somali é vista dentro de sua dimensão política, económica e social, levando em consideração as contradições sociais que estão na sua base, as condições históricas que a geraram e as suas conexões com a economia política local-regional-global, o que amplia o horizonte de análise para além da lógica de guerra imposta pela primeira abordagem. O objetivo dessa confrontação dialética é mostrar que a ‘minimização’ da segurança (dessecuritização), e não a sua ‘maximização’ (securitização), é a abordagem mais adequada à construção de um ambiente de paz abrangente e sustentável nas águas do Corno de África. Desse modo, a questão central a ser respondida na tese é: até que ponto a dessecuritização pode reorientar a abordagem do problema da pirataria nas costas da Somália para um sentido positivo, favorecendo respostas mais abrangentes e sustentáveis que sejam capazes de transformar os fatores e as dinâmicas que estão na base da economia política da pirataria somali? Adotando uma metodologia reflexiva – nomeadamente a abordagem reconstrutiva da teoria crítica – e uma perspetiva teórica eclética que combina três quadros teóricos principais – a teoria da securitização, a economia política das ‘novas guerras’ e a transformação de conflitos – a tese procura, em primeiro lugar, diagnosticar os fatores, as estruturas e as práticas materiais e discursivas que têm bloqueado a realização de uma ideia mais positiva da paz nas águas da região (dimensão negativa da reconstrução). Em segundo lugar, a tese procura diagnosticar as potencialidades transformativas existentes nas esferas local, regional e global, capazes de superar, ou ao menos mitigar, os constrangimentos anteriormente identificados (dimensão positiva da reconstrução). A confrontação dialética dessas duas dimensões, normativamente guiada pela ideia da paz sustentável, culmina na explanação crítica que permite identificar a securitização como mecanismo causal que bloqueia a transformação da economia política da pirataria somali, mesmo quando as respostas ao problema passam a ser articuladas dentro de uma retórica transformativa através do nexo segurança-desenvolvimento. A tese conclui, desse modo, que somente através da redução ou eliminação das pressões de segurança impostas por esse mecanismo causal (ou seja, através da dessecuritização) é que as potencialidades identificadas para a transformação da economia política da pirataria somali podem emergir, possibilitando uma realização mais plena da ideia da paz sustentável.
Within less than a decade, the problem of piracy ceased to be a marginal economic question, routinely addressed through the normal relations between ship owners and insurance companies, to become a top international security issue. In 2008, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) adopted four resolutions to deal with the problem, including authorization for international militaries to use force in combating piracy within both Somali territorial sea and land. Today, more than thirty States are engaged in anti-piracy operations in the Horn of Africa’s waters (acting individually or as part of the three international naval coalitions in the region). The thesis’ central argument is that Somali piracy was submitted to a successful securitization process which drives international mobilization to a coercive response focused on the pacification of direct violence at sea, neglecting the broad and complex socio-political-economic context that makes piracy an attractive activity in Somalia. Thus, although the ongoing naval operations are able to thwart most of pirate attacks, the incentives and connections sustaining the political economy of Somali piracy remain active, making the problem persist in the region. Seeking a more comprehensive approach, the thesis places Somali piracy and the international intervention within a dialectical framework that confronts two different approaches. On the one hand, Somali piracy is constructed as an existential threat, as a danger to international peace and security, which submits the problem to a logic of war that emphasizes one type of response: military. On the other hand, Somali piracy is seen as a social problem, taking into account its underlying contradictions, its historical conditions and its political economy, which extends the horizon of analysis beyond the logic of war imposed by the first approach. The purpose of this dialectical confrontation is to show that the ‘minimization’ of security (desecuritization), and not its ‘maximization’ (securitization), is a more appropriate approach to build a comprehensive and sustainable peace environment in the Horn of Africa’s waters. Therefore, the central question guiding the thesis is: to what extent could a desecuritization process reorient the approach to Somali piracy in a positive direction, fostering more comprehensive and sustainable responses capable of transforming the factors and dynamics at the base of the political economy of Somali piracy? Adopting a reflexive methodology – namely the critical theory’s reconstructive approach – and combining three main theoretical frameworks – securitization theory, political economy of new wars and conflict transformation – the thesis seeks, firstly, to diagnose material and discursive factors, structures and practices that have blocked the realization of the idea of positive peace in the Horn of Africa’s waters (reconstruction’s negative dimension). Secondly, the thesis seeks to identify transformative potentials existing at the local, regional and global levels, that could contribute to overcome, or at least mitigate, the constraints previously identified (reconstruction’s positive dimension). The dialectic confrontation of these two dimensions, normatively guided by the idea of sustainable peace, culminates in the critical explanation that allows the identification of securitization as a causal mechanism that blocks the transformation of the political economy of Somali piracy, even when responses are articulated within a transformative rhetoric. The thesis concludes, therefore, that only through the reduction or elimination of the security pressures imposed by this causal mechanism, via desecuritization, transformative potentials may emerge, enabling a fuller realization of the idea of sustainable peace.
FCT - SFRH / BD / 72879 / 2010
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Perreault, François. "Les enjeux de sécurité dans l'Arctique contemporain Le cas du Canada et de la Norvège." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4134.
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Ce mémoire a pour objectif d’analyser la nature et l’ampleur des enjeux de sécurité dans l’Arctique contemporain en utilisant les outils offerts par la théorie de la sécurisation de l’École de Copenhague. Cinq secteurs de sécurité – militaire, politique, identitaire, environnemental et économique – et quatre variables – la géographie, l’identité, l’histoire et la politique – sont utilisées pour examiner les perceptions de sécurité, les sécurisations et les comportements stratégiques du Canada et de la Norvège.
La 1re hypothèse avancée dans ce mémoire est la suivante : depuis 2005, au Canada et en Norvège, nous sommes en train d’assister à une sécurisation progressive des enjeux non militaires dans l’Arctique - politiques, identitaires, environnementaux et économiques - et les effets entre ces secteurs de sécurité ont d’importantes conséquences sur le secteur militaire, notamment au niveau de la multiplication de projets étatiques pour la plupart essentiellement militaires, ainsi qu’au niveau d’un déclenchement d’une sécurisation de leur intégrité territoriale ou du moins un accroissement de l’insécurité à son égard. La 2e hypothèse avancée est la suivante : les nouvelles perceptions de sécurité et les comportements stratégiques des États de la région engendrent de l’insécurité à l’intérieur des sociétés ainsi qu’une dégradation de la confiance entre les acteurs étatiques. Cela a pour effet d’augmenter la division politique dans l’Arctique et de ralentir toute construction régionale.
Nous concluons, sur la base de nos études de cas, qu’au Canada, la souveraineté, la nordicité et l’intégrité territoriale sont perçues comme étant menacées. De plus, les sécurisations dans l’Arctique semblent faire partie d’un renouvellement stratégique global en matière de politique étrangère et de défense. En Norvège, la Russie est considérée comme l’acteur principal du High North et à partir de 2008, la relation russo-norvégienne a subi une sécurisation. Contrairement au Canada, la Norvège préfère le statu quo stratégique dans l’Arctique en privilégiant les trois éléments traditionnels de sa politique de défense et de sécurité - la dissuasion par l’OTAN, la gestion de la Russie par l’assurance, et l’amélioration des relations est-ouest.This thesis aims to analyse the nature and the scale of the security issues in the contemporary Arctic by utilising the tools offered by the securitization theory of the Copenhagen School. Five security sectors – military, political, identity, environmental and political – and four variables – geography, identity, history and politics – are used to examine the perceptions, the securitizations and the strategic behaviour of Canada and Norway. The first hypothesis put forward in our paper is as follows: since 2005, in Canada and in Norway, we are witnessing in the Arctic progressive securitizations of non military issues – political, identity, environmental and economical – and the cross-sectoral effects have important consequences on the military sector, such as, an increase in state projects that have mostly military components, as well as on the securitization of their territorial integrity or at least on the insecurity towards it. Our second hypothesis is as follows: the new security perceptions and the strategic behaviour of the regional States increases the insecurities within their societies and have negative effects on confidence between state actors. This increases the political divisions and slows down any regional construction. We conclude that in Canada, their sovereignty, their nordicity and their territorial integrity are perceived to be threatened. These securitizations also seem to be part of a radical global strategic change in matters pertaining to their foreign and defence policies. In Norway, Russia is perceived to be the main actor in the High North and since 2008, their bilateral relation has become securitized. As opposed to Canada, Norway seems to prefer the status quo in matters pertaining to their foreign and defence policies. The three traditional elements of their defence and security policy are applied – deterrence through NATO, but reassurance of the Russians and efforts to enhance East-West relations.