Relevant bibliographies by topics / International Trade Centre UNCTAD

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
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Academic literature on the topic 'International Trade Centre UNCTAD'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "International Trade Centre UNCTAD"

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Erciyes, Erdem. "A New Theoretical Framework for Multicultural Workforce Motivation in the Context of International Organizations." SAGE Open 9, no. 3 (July 2019): 215824401986419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019864199.

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This research investigates the impact of culture, leadership, and power on staff motivation in selected international organizations (IOs) and develops a theoretical framework to assist with the practice of workforce motivation. Utilizing critical theory as a paradigm of inquiry, the study’s philosophical perspective leans heavily on “phenomenology.” Concern for understanding the cultural aspect led to the result of utilizing critical ethnography methodology. Moreover, three qualitative methods were used: semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and, non-participant observations. Twenty-two supervisors, and the same number of staff, from the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Trade Centre (ITC), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), and the World Health Organization (WHO) took part in interviews and focus groups. Non-participatory observations were also carried out on a 3-day working schedule for the four IOs. For the first time in the existing literature, the findings of this research have established a theoretical framework which demonstrates linkages between concepts of culture, leadership, and power on staff motivation.
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Jagadeshwaran, P., K. R. Ashok, A. Vidhyavathi, and M. Prahadeeswaran. "India’s trade potential and export opportunities for spices." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 14, SI (July 15, 2022): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14isi.3574.

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Economic growth and development of a country rely on trade as it serves as a driving force with efficient utilization of factor of endowments. Several commodities are traded world-wide, among them spices which has a long history of being one of the highly traded commodity. Developing countries including India are the leading producer and exporter of spices in the world. The demand for Indian spices has gone up in the United States of America, Vietnam, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, etc. The study assess the comparative advantage of major spices exporting countries for pepper, cardamom and turmeric-based on data available in International Trade Centre. To analyse the effect of trade liberalisation, a simulation model (SMART) developed by UNCTAD was used to estimate trade creation, diversion and revenue effect on importing and exporting countries. The result shows that India has a comparative advantage in the export of Turmeric, Guatemala in Cardamom and Vietnam in Pepper. The impact of tariff relief on India has greater advantage, which has trade creation in the export of cardamom and turmeric. Whereas in pepper, comparatively, trade diversion is higher than trade creation, indicating that less efficient countries are given a chance to export to the top importing countries due to a reduction in tariff. Indian spice exporters should focus on promoting or exporting spices to countries like Netherlands, United States, United Kingdom, and Germany.
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Gligorijević, Živorad, and Enes Ćorović. "Competitiveness of the Textile Industry of the Republic of Serbia on the EU Market." Economic Themes 58, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ethemes-2020-0001.

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AbstractThe focus of research interest on the analysis of the competitiveness of the textile industry of the Republic of Serbia stems from the fact that, despite many years of negative indicators of development and objectively unsatisfactory status, the industry has maintained a recognizable and pronounced export potential. Namely, despite the marginal share in the production of gross domestic product, the textile industry is continuously, in terms of its export, among the top five most important exporters. The research should point to the trend and dynamics of changes in the competitiveness of the industry and the stability of the economic flows. For the purpose of complex analysis of the phenomena related to the competitiveness of this part of the national economy, the paper uses the methodology developed by the International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO (ITC), and in particular the Trade Performance Index group of indicators. The results of the research provide a basis for the conclusion that the textile industry can still be one of the stable pillars of self-sustainable growth, but also of the long-term production and trade integration of the Republic of Serbia with the European Union.
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Jindřichovská, Irena, and Erginbay Uğurlu. "E.U. and China Trends in Trade in Challenging Times." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 2 (February 7, 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14020071.

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The sudden and abrupt rise of COVID-19 became a challenge for the world economy. In this paper, we investigate the changes in a trend of mutual trade between the EU-15 countries and China during the demanding times of the COVID-19 crisis. We use monthly data for Chinese exports to the E.U. (2018:01–2020:05) and imports from the E.U. (2018:01–2020:07) relying on the data from the open-source TradeMap developed by the International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO (ITC). Overall, there is an obvious decline of 13–32 percent in worldwide trade as predicted by the WTO. This affected China as the main trading partner of electronic devices and medical supplies. The trade between the E.U. and China has decreased, but the major change in demand brought an alteration in commodities structures and the reorientation of Chinese export production. In the first five months of 2020, we witnessed the strong engagement of the Chinese economy in the production of goods newly in high demand—mainly articles strongly related to healthcare and medical equipment. Thus, we have observed that the Chinese were very flexible in changing the structure of their exports triggered by the COVID-19 crisis. This flexibility is worth further exploration, especially because the COVID-19 crisis is still not over and new data and changing results can be expected.
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Kryvenko, Nadiia, Svitlana Radziyevska, and Ivan Us. "UKRAINE IN THE GLOBAL TRADE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 9, no. 4 (November 17, 2023): 148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2023-9-4-148-160.

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Ukraine’s trade in agricultural products plays the key role in determining the well-being of its citizens. The objective of the paper is to reveal the structural transformations in Ukraine’s agricultural production, to analyze the geographical and commodity structure of exports with the focus on agro-food products, to identify the top world importers/exporters of the selected agro-food products, as well as to examine Ukraine’s merchandise trade in 2022 and compare it with that of 2021. The data, taken from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine; the Trade Map, developed by the UNCTAD/WTO International Trade Center; the State Customs Service of Ukraine, as well as agricultural policies of the developed countries served as the information source for research, in which various methods have been used, e.g.: economic-mathematical, statistical, comparison, graphical, tabular, method of expert assessments, etc. The results demonstrate the empirical experience of the importance of agricultural exports for the country’s ability to remain in international trade flows in the conditions of military operations in this country. An empirical example of the impact of the withdrawal of one of the leading suppliers of certain types of agricultural products from world trade is also considered, and the impact of some steps on the return of this country to world trade in the context of ongoing geopolitical shifts is determined.
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Chindengwike, James. "The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Poverty Alleviation in East Africa Countries." Journal of Global Economy 18, no. 1 (March 13, 2022): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v18i1.634.

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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is crucial to support economic development for developed and developing countries. The aim of this paper is to examine the effect of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on poverty alleviation in East Africa Countries. The study adopted a time series data research design where by secondary data were used. The population applied on the financial records from 1987/88 - 2017/18 financial years (Annual Data). The sample size of the study was 31 annual observations. Tanzania was purposively sampled to be used as research location of this study. The data collected from various reliable sources which included the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Bank of Tanzania (BOT), Tanzania Investment Centre (TIC), World Bank (WB), International Monetary Fund (IMF) and United Nation Conference on Trade Development (UNCTAD). The results of the study revealed that FDI have statistical significant effects on poverty alleviation on East African countries with P- Value 0.008. The study recommends that policy makers in collaboration with the government have to pertain favorable and investment’s friendly strategies as well as commenced essential strategies transformation so as to solve the problems associated with investment sector in East Africa Countries which usually hinder the development and growth of the FDI
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Nthangu, Aman, and Pumela Msweli. "Influence of Quality Education on FDI Inflows in Subs-Saharan Africa: A Theoretical and Empirical Research." European Conference on Research Methodology for Business and Management Studies 23, no. 1 (June 26, 2024): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/ecrm.23.1.2274.

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The non-traditional influences of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) are increasingly gaining attention in international business studies; however, the empirical evidence of these influences is still scant. Using human capital theory within the context of the national competitive framework, the study reported in this paper considers the progress towards achieving Quality education as a likely influence of FDI inflows in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The paper employs a panel data research design and conducts fixed effects estimations. The analysis categorizes FDI flows into global FDI, FDI from developed countries, and FDI from developing countries to SSA. Thus, the paper is centred around three research questions: (1) How does progress toward quality education influence global FDI inflows? (2) How does progress towards quality education influence FDI inflows from developed and (3) from developing countries? The analysis mainly utilizes a bespoke dataset from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and data from trustworthy databases such as UNCTADSTAT and the World Development Indicators (WDI). The results support the claim of the increasing importance of non-traditional influences of FDI flow. Quality Education significantly influenced FDI inflows from the globe and developing countries to SSA. This research provides further evidence that the national competitive framework can thoroughly explain the factors that have different significant powers in influencing FDI flows to SSA from developed and developing countries. The study is highly policy-relevant because it examines the effects of the degree of attainment of specific UN Sustainable Development Goals (quality education) on inward FDI performance. It, therefore, shows the benefits of SSA countries investing in the SDGs for the policy goal of attracting more considerable amounts of inward FDI.
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Juricek, John Eric. "International Trade Centre." Journal of Business & Finance Librarianship 12, no. 1 (October 10, 2006): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j109v12n01_06.

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Barros, Cristiane Ferreira da Silva, and Cleyton Miranda Barros. "Suitability of Brazilian ports to international standards of port needs: a case study in the port of Salvador." Journal of Transport Literature 7, no. 4 (October 2013): 23–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2238-10312013000400003.

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The objective of this paper is to identify what requirements must meet Brazilian ports to suit the demands of the international market. To meet this goal the study discusses the evolution of the law from port modernization of ports and port participation in the Brazilian transportation system. It also discusses the major theories of international trade and theories of competitive strategies, utilizing the contributions of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Michael Porter and Klaus Esser. The study makes a comparative analysis of the major ports in Latin America, identifying their position in the standings port in accordance with the guidelines established by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - UNCTAD, and makes a case study of the Port of Salvador, highlighting aspects such as organizing logistics and port infrastructure in identifying which generation port this port is the guidance from UNCTAD. The paper provides scientific contributions to the revision of theories dealing with international trade and shows the position of ports in Latin America in comparison.
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Lavelle, Kathryn C. "Ideas within a context of power: the African group in an evolving UNCTAD." Journal of Modern African Studies 39, no. 1 (March 2001): 25–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x01003561.

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This article considers the diplomatic strategies of African states within an evolving United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). It proposes that the prominence of certain ideas about economic development rises and falls not so much as a result of the nature of the ideas themselves, but as a result of opportunities made and unmade by the world economy. The world economy in turn changes the work mandates of international economic organisations like UNCTAD. The trajectory of African diplomatic strategies is important because it calls into question recent literature in international relations theory focusing almost exclusively on the experiences of industrialised states. In the case of African ideas in UNCTAD, underlying variables associated with the world economy destroyed the remnants of the Group of 77 coalition which had served as an agent for African representatives in UNCTAD. African diplomats have tried to realise whatever objectives they can in the changed circumstances without necessarily changing their ideas about development.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "International Trade Centre UNCTAD"

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Kuchler, Magdalena. "Synergies between UNCTAD and UNFCCC – potentials, obstacles, consequences." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-9397.

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Climate change is a complex and multidimensional issue that encompasses not only environmental problems but also political, socio-economic and cultural challenges as well. Moreover, major shifts in the weather patterns caused by the anthropogenically induced global warming may have significant impacts on the global economy and international trade in particular. However, the effects of climate change will be distributed unevenly around the world and the poorest nations will be affected the most due to their higher vulnerability. Additionally, the winners and losers nexus will probably differ between the time of mitigation efforts and reality of adaptation process. These issues will create more complications in the relations between developed countries (global North) and developing nations (global South). Therefore, if multilateral treaties and institutional arrangements regarding climate change are to be effective and acceptable to all parties, there is a need to deal with problematic of global warming as a whole, including the issues of development and international trade in particular. A concept of synergy is a strategy that could allow building a mutual cooperation between climate change and international trade regimes. It is important to emphasize that the synergy is understood here not as a simple cooperation of two separate parts, but as combined efforts which final effect is greater than a sum of individual parts working separately.

Thus, the aim of this study was to trace and analyze linkages between the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in order to determine potentials, obstacles and consequences of synergies between these two organizations. The linkages – that are prerequisites of synergies – between the two organizations were traced within the four key areas: institutional capacity, political dimension, conceptual basis and recommendations for actions. The research was conducted based on the case study that allowed investigation of synergies as a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context. A broader understanding and clearer conclusions regarding synergies were achieved through the method of interpretation called hermeneutic circle. The world-systems and dependency theory together with a historical background of the two respective institutions became a pre-understanding of examined issues during the analytical process.

The biggest potentials for establishing synergies between UNCTAD and UNFCCC were found within currently existing institutional linkages based on affiliation with the United Nations system of institutions, as well as on research and capacity building regarding the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Whereas obstacles were visible in: the North-South paradigm (or core-periphery in terms of the world-systems theory); the winner-loser division – particularly when it comes to CDM projects and adaptation to climate change impacts – visible not only on the North-South line of relations but also the South-South as well; and environmental aspects vs. economic benefits (what is the priority: climate protection or continuation of development). Conclusions of this study allowed envisaging three potential outcomes of synergies between UNCTAD and UNFCCC. Additionally, three alternative scenarios were suggested based on the aspiration to balance influences of the North and the South – a tactics that could make mitigation efforts and adaptation strategies successful for the benefits of all, rich as well as poor.

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Jovičić, Elena. "Mezinárodní ekonomické organizace a vlivy jejich aktivit na vývoj mezinárodního obchodu." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264700.

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The necessity for a more adequate regulation of global trade relations (including support for the liberalization and development of international trade), in the context of the deepening globalization processes, requires a greater level of involvement of international economic organizations and more effective implementation of their activities. The primary purpose of the dissertation is to determine whether and how the World Trade Organization, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group have influenced the development of international trading system. The results of this thesis show that international organizations (primarily WTO and UNCTAD) during various stages of its development have been significantly affecting international trade growth mainly through the implementation of specific activities and measures related to a series of agreements and decisions. However, international organizations have had a divergent impact on international trade. The effectiveness of the implementation of specific activities and programs were depending on the political and economic situation of member countries, as well as the governments´ readiness and willingness to implement these measures. On the other hand, the effectiveness of realization of specific activities have been affected by either the internal weaknesses of the organizations, or the insufficient level of cooperation and coordination in the implementation of joint programs and measures aimed at international trade development.
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Lecca, Anna Grazia. "The development of scales for the assessment of religious belief and spirituality in Roman Catholic believers, their validation and relevance for mental health in circumstances of traumatic bereavement on September 11th 2001 : the experience of the bereaved individuals involved in the attack in the World Trade Centre on September 11th 2001." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2009. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/71773/.

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Substantive understanding of religious belief hasn’t been explored within Catholicism. The study first investigates multi-faceted aspects of individual religious experience by the development of psychometric scales assessing sensitiveness to Catholicism, contents of Catholic belief and strength of adherence to them, and religiousness in the Catholic domain as a means for establishing, keeping, and improving a personal relationship with God, which is described as a mutual interaction. Scales were developed after conducting exploratory studies and thematic analysis, and finally tested in a sample of 470 individuals with a Catholic background. Developed scales are: ‘The Attitude toward Catholicism Scale’, ‘The Self-Evaluation Scale of Adherence to the Creed of the Roman Catholic Church’ and ‘The Mutuality Evaluation Scale of the Personal Relationship with God’. These scales are useful instruments for the assessment of religious belief in Catholic individuals especially when mental health outcomes need to be investigated in connection to practical aspects of religious belief. The role of religious belief in practice, bereavement resolution, and mental health are further aspects of the study conducted in New York in a sample of 42 Catholic bereaved individuals who lost their spouse in the WTC disaster. Although done retrospectively, the research focuses on the assessment of religious belief in Catholic bereaved individuals involved in the World Trade Center disaster prior to the attack. Moreover, while in the process of mourning, re-evaluation of religious experience, religious forgiveness described as a motivational transformation, and religious coping were also investigated. Aspects connected to a re-evaluation of the religious experience, the usage of religious strategy of coping, and religious forgiveness were explored in relation to the constructive significance given to religious belief, which was also explored in relation to resolution of bereavement, depression, and life satisfaction. Mechanisms of religious coping were analysed as transformation of significance and measured with the ‘Religious vs. Non Religious Coping Scale’. Religious transformation was assessed by the ‘Re-evaluation of the Religious Experience Scale’. Religious forgiveness was measured with the ‘Scale of Religious Forgiveness’. These above three scales were developed for the purpose of this study according to the particular features of the participants of the New York sample. Resolution of bereavement, levels of depression, and life satisfaction were mainly explored by conducting linear and multiple regressions in relation to different factors that emerged from factor analysis of the new developed scales. Results significantly supported the conceptualisation that constructive religious experience operates as a motivational phenomenon in promoting psychological well-being.
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Dinis, Edmundo Pedro Fernandes. "O Centro Internacional de Negócios da Madeira : Comparação do seu Regime com o dos Paraísos Fiscais." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/4521.

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Mestrado em Ciências Empresariais
Criada no início dos anos 80, a Zona Franca da Madeira (ZFM) ou Centro Internacional de Negócios da Madeira (CINM) tem vindo a assumir protagonismo a nível económico, fiscal e político. Contudo, o debate em volta do facto de a ZFM ser ou não considerada um offshore é uma questão essencial. Este trabalho visa, não só apresentar algumas conclusões sobre esse ponto-chave, mas também medir o impacto económico e fiscal na Região Autónoma da Madeira.
Created in the early '80s, the International Free Trade Zone of Madeira (IFTZ), also known as The International Business Centre of Madeira (IBC), has been assuming a substancial economic, fiscal and political role. However, the debate around the fact that the IFTZ is or is not considered an offshore is an important issue. The purpose of this work is, not only, bring forward some conclusions about this key point, but also measure the economic and tax impact in the Autonomous Region of Madeira.
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Vice, President Research Office of the. "Sea Change." Office of the Vice President Research, The University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/9510.

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Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.

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This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
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Park, In Jae. "Autonomy and Independence of International Institutions: ICSID." 2011. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/903.

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Can international institutions work independently from the great powers in terms of autonomy and independence? To answer the question, this thesis analyzes 197 concluded arbitration cases and the Convention of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). But why the ICSID? Trade liberalization has long been sought by almost all the countries under multilateralism represented by the GATT and its successor, the WTO. However, due mainly to slow and laborious decision making, proceedings for dispute settlement and acquiring mandatory consent from all the member countries under the WTO, states -especially great economic powers - began to turn to Free Trade Agreements(FTAs) toavoid such problems. Most of the FTAs include Bilateral Investment Treaties and investment dispute settlement provisions. When investment disputes arise, the parties can resolve them bilaterally or they may bring their cases to an international dispute settlement institution. The ICSID is one of leading dispute settlement institutions in the field of international investments. Since the late 1990s, the cases argued at and the references to the ICSID began to increase sharply indicating that states have begun to perceive the ICSID as more important. So I analyzed the ICSID in terms of its autonomy and independence. The findings are as follows.Throughout the Articles of the ICSID Convention, the ICSID endeavors to keep its autonomy and independence. Although there are more arbitrators from developing countries than developed countries in the arbitration panel, developed country arbitrators have been selected more frequently as members of arbitration Tribunals of the ICSID. But the compositions of the Tribunals do not affect the winning rate especially fordeveloped country in the arbitrations. Although the durations of the arbitration proceedings vary in each party category, developing countries tend to show their lack of legal capacities and monetary shortage, especially needed for the due process procedures in arbitrations. As for compliance to ICSID awards, almost all the Contracting Statesfollowed the awards except for some cases, especially Argentine ones. In general, the ICSID has maintained its autonomy and independence though there also is some evidence and some cases where this argument is not supported. Asmore pending cases turn to concluded ones, there will be more cases available for furtherresearch on the ICSID.
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Lam, Tri-Dung. "Trade and economic growth in Vietnam after Doi-Moi : a comparative study with the ASEAN-4." Thesis, 2009. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/30084/.

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This thesis studies the role of exports in Vietnam's rapid growth since the country implemented a comprehensive reform (Doi-Moi) in 1986 to transform itself from a centrally command system to a 'socialist-oriented market economy'. One central finding is that Vietnam's growth since Doi-Moi has indeed been export-led as the second-tier NICs of Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines, but that many of the characteristics of Vietnam's exports are different to those of these NICs. Vietnam's exports are focused on resource-intensive and low-tech industries, which are growing slowly in world trade, and in a constant market share model are explained by rising residual competitiveness rather than by market demand or commodity composition effects. This rising residual competitiveness stands at odds with the results of the World Economic Forum and other sources that Vietnam's competitiveness is low and falling in recent years. Another key finding is that since 2000 Vietnam's growth has been extensive rather than intensive, with labour productivity both at low levels and growing slowly outside the agricultural sector. High GDP growth since 2000 has been driven by rapid growth in factor supplies, especially labour, with low growth in nonagricultural productivity. This extensive pattern of growth resolves the competitiveness paradox, as it suggests that Vietnam is expanding low-cost industries rapidly but not building its competitiveness in other areas. Such a development path will not support the rate of long-term growth that Vietnam requires to achieve its development objectives, and major policy changes are necessary.
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Wattanakul, Thanet. "Thailand's openness and implications for economic and trade policy: an econometric study." Thesis, 2010. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/16004/.

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Thailand is currently enhancing and promoting intensive trade and investment liberalisation, and has implemented a long-term growth policy in accordance with current regional economic integration, World Trade Organisation obligations and globalisation. Nevertheless, several recent internal and external factors such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and avian flu outbreaks, the Indian Ocean tsunami devastation, the Asian financial crisis and domestic economic policy reforms and political instability as well as military coups have affected the efficiency and success of this policy. While these issues have been important for Thailand and developing countries in Asia, only limited quantitative or evidence-based research has been undertaken to investigate them. Consequently, it has been very interesting to undertake modelling and policy-based research on this subject. Therefore, this study aims to develop an appropriate econometric model for Thailand to study the impact of openness on the country’s trade and growth to provide plausible policy implications and recommendations.
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Malhotra, Prabodh. "Implementing TRIPS in India : implications for access to medicines." Thesis, 2009. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/30083/.

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This thesis investigates the implications of implementing TRIPS in India for access to medicines drawing on three major factors: (i) the TRIPS agreement, (ii) the global pharmaceutical industry and (iii) the development of Indian pharmaceutical industry and the level of access to medicines in India. In doing so, the thesis examines the requirements of the TRIPS agreement and analyses the costs and benefits of its implementation, especially from a developing country view point. The fairness test shows that TRIPS prematurely forces developing countries to adopt protection standards, which a number of developed countries themselves did not adopt until they had achieved a certain level of economic development
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Books on the topic "International Trade Centre UNCTAD"

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Nicanovich, Marta Beatriz. The role fulfilled by the International Trade Centre UNCTAD/GATT within the framework of the United Nations development policy. Genève: Institut universitaire de hautes études internationales, 1986.

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United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Secretariat. UNCTAD VIII: Analytical report. New York: United Nations, 1992.

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United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, ed. UNCTAD materials on international investment agreements. Genève, Suisse: UNCTAD, 2003.

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Ippei, Yamazawa. UNCTAD no shinhatten senryaku: Gaisetsu. Chiba-shi: Ajia Keizai Kenkyūjo, 2001.

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United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. UNCTAD handbook of statistics. New York]: United Nations, 2007.

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United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Secretariat. and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Trade and Development Board., eds. Review of technical cooperation activities of UNCTAD: Report. Geneva: United Nations, 1996.

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1969-, Taylor Ian, ed. UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). Oxon [England]: Routledge, 2007.

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Netherlands. Nationale Advies Raad voor Ontwikkelingssamenwerking. Recommendation on UNCTAD VII: Summary. The Hague, Netherlands: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1987.

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Short, Clare. Future multilateral trade negotiations: A 'Development Round'? : a speech ... at UNCTAD, Geneva. London: Department for International Development, 1999.

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Kozul-Wright, Richard. Globalization reloaded: An UNCTAD perspective. Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "International Trade Centre UNCTAD"

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Canton, Helen. "United Nations Conference on Trade and Development—UNCTAD." In The Europa Directory of International Organizations 2021, 172–76. 23rd ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003179900-26.

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Macbean, A. I., and P. N. Snowden. "The United Nations Conference on Trade Aid and Development (UNCTAD)." In International Institutions in Trade and Finance, 93–110. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003226987-5.

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van Meerhaeghe, M. A. G. "The Commodity Agreements. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)." In International Economic Institutions, 147–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3576-4_5.

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Van Meerhaeghe, M. A. G. "The Commodity Agreements. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)." In International Economic Institutions, 134–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1930-8_5.

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Van Meerhaeghe, M. A. G. "The Commodity Agreements. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)." In International Economic Institutions, 146–64. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1933-9_5.

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Venuprasad, Govind, Aman Goel, and Candice Ungerer. "Supporting Indian Trade and Investment for Africa: The International Trade Centre Project." In India–Africa Partnerships for Food Security and Capacity Building, 177–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54112-5_9.

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Tošović-Stevanović, Aleksandra. "The Role of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in Global Development and the Position of Serbia." In International Organizations, 180–94. Belgrade ; Skopje: Institute of International Politics ; Economics ; Faculty of Philosophy of the University of St. Cyril ; Methodius, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18485/iipe_ioscw.2022.1.ch8.

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"No. 47663 International trade centre (UNCTAD/WTO) and Mexico." In United Nations Treaty Series, 259–86. UN, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/3bea8e1b-en-fr.

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"No. 1318 United Nations Industrial Development Organization and international trade centre (UNCTAD/WTO)." In United Nations Treaty Series, 261–73. UN, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/cdd61233-en-fr.

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"No. 1052 International trade centre UNCTAD/GATT and United Nations Industrial Development Organization." In United Nations Treaty Series, 231–33. UN, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/c14d6112-en-fr.

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Conference papers on the topic "International Trade Centre UNCTAD"

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Azer, Özlem Arzu. "Political and Economic Integration of the Central Asian and South Caucasian Turkish Republics into the Global World." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00244.

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With the dissolution of Soviet Union, former Soviet Republics’ central planned economy transformed into free market economy and structural reforms were made as parallel of this development. These former socialist countries have some diffficulties to adopt capitalism due to absence of some fundamental feautures of capitalism and inheritance of Soviet Union. Ending big threat of communism, the jeo-strategical importance of the region increased for the West because these countries own the oil and gas resources besides they are starting point or transit country of the energy pipelines. However, these transition countries could not develop economically and poverty became the major problem for most of Central Asian and South Caucasian Turkic Republics. As economic problems lead weakness of governance, ethnical conflicts and border conflicts threat these new independent countries. The region seems in the center of war for power due to rich natural resources and pipelines as well as the connection point to Afghanistan and being the exit to the Black Sea. This paper seeks economic situations of Central Asian and South Caucasian Turkic Republics which jeo-strategical importance increased due to natural resources and geographic location during Post Cold-War era. This work is based on statistical data provided by United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database (COMTRADE), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and International Monetary Fund (IMF), covering the period of 1990-2008 and contains Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan.
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İncekara, Ahmet, and Mesut Savrul. "The Effect of Globalization On Foreign Trade and Investment in Eurasian Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00485.

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Globalization includes a comprehensive transformation in technological, economic, politic and scientific fields and it's largest impact has been on developing countries is acceleration of liberalization of foreign trade and investment. Regarding foreign trade and investment is vital for economic growth of developing countries such as Eurasian countries which are lack of capital to support their growth, the effects of globalization come into prominence. In this study how the globalization movements have affected trade and investment structure of the region is assessed. The data is collected from KOF Swiss Economic Institute, World Bank and UNCTAD. The results have shown that although trade and investment relations with the rest of the world, they are still limited within the region and stronger economic integrations are necessary to develop them.
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Savrul, Mesut, and Ahmet İncekara. "The Effect of Globalization on International Trade: The Black Sea Economic Cooperation Case." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01374.

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Globalization including political, social and economic processes is frequently associated with multinational companies and investment, international trade and regionalism, global finance and money. While globalization process reduced activity and control of national governments on their economy and trade their place is substituted by international companies. The national economies on the other hand try to keep pace with the change in economic system by deregulating their international trade barriers via regional trade agreements and economic integrations. Based on the assumption that the globalization has liberalized their infrastructure of trade, this study investigates the balance of trade in the member countries of The Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization (BSEC). The data is collected from international trade database of UNCTAD and globalization index of KOF Swiss Economic Institute. The variables are evaluated using panel data analysis and the results have shown that globalization has a significant impact on international trade and the globalization process had a positive effect on the liberalization of trade in the member countries of the BSEC.
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Koşan, Naime İrem, and Sudi Apak. "Trade Openness and Macroeconomic Policy in OECD Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01373.

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Trade openness has been subject to an important issue many studies in literature. It allows us to analyze potential trade as a percentage of gross domestic product. Total value of international trade in goods and services shows the countries’ integration into the world economy. Generally, small countries are more integrated because of their dependency on imports. On the other hand, there many variables which effects trade integration. Our study focuses on to analyze the effects on trade openness and make inferences for OECD countries. In this paper we aim to examine the relationship between trade openness and macro-economic indicators in OECD countries. To analyze the relationship, we used panel data regression analysis. Data obtained from World Bank, The Heritage Foundation and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The panel data covers 2000-2013 periods and 33 countries. The analysis made through the Stata econometric packet program. We predicted pooled, fixed effects and random effects panel data models and analyzed them. It has been found that gross domestic savings, investment freedom, and unemployment rate are statistically significant. The results found in this paper show that investment freedom and gross domestic savings have positive effect on trade openness as we expected. On the other hand, unemployment rate has positive effect on trade openness. These findings have important policy implications for OECD countries. Our interpretation of these findings is that, integration to world economy has generally positive effects for macroeconomic factors in OECD countries, but it should be limited.
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Murat, Sedat, Sefer Şener, and Burcu Kılınç Savrul. "The Role of Economic Integration in Trade Openness: The Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization Case." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00832.

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Trade liberalization is one of the greatest economic arguments of the economics and it is claimed that trade openness is a crucial phenomenon for the well-being of nations since Adam Smith. Although various practices have been seen in different parts of the world in the history, from 1980s trade liberalization movements have been the dominant trend. However liberalization of trade in developing countries brought debates in economic literature and it is argued that open trade can have catastrophic effects instead of providing growth and welfare to the practitioner countries. In this study if The Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization had contributed the member states to liberalize their trade has been investigated. The changes in the rates of inward and outward investment, import, export, population and labour force of the member countries during the establishment period of the Organization has been evaluated. The data is collected from Worldbank National Accounts Database, IMF World Economic Outlook and Balance of Payments Database and UNCTAD. The results of the study has shown that although the establishment of the organization had positive effect on investment and trade flows of the countries, it had no effect on labour flows of the member states.
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Hoz, Rafael E. de la. "1608 World trade centre research strategies, implications and findings." In 32nd Triennial Congress of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), Dublin, Ireland, 29th April to 4th May 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-icohabstracts.318.

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Bozdağ, Emre Güneşer, and Sıtkıcan Saraçoğlu. "Analysis of Competitiveness of Turkey and Commonwealth of Independent States in their Automotive Market." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00679.

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Automotive sector is a driving sector for countries due to forward and backward linkages and employment and value added it creates. Starting from this point, this study aims to analyze the competitiveness of CIS and Turkey automotive sector in their market. The competitiveness of the countries should be assessed with their production potential. The countries subject to the study are thirteen Eurasian countries, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. The data from UNCTAD for 1995-2011 period for these countries and Liesner Index (RCAL), Balassa Index (RCA), Relative Trade Advantage Index (RTA) and Relative Competitiveness Index (RC) are used and the rank correlation between the outcomes are checked via Spearman Rank Correlation coefficient. According to the outcomes, Belarus, Turkey and Uzbekistan have higher comparative advantage compared to the other countries. The cooperation of these countries with Russia and Ukraine on production and trade of automotive sector will enhance their comparative advantage against third countries.
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Lobanov, Natalia. "Challenges for the international trading system in the context of global security." In Economic Security in the Context of Systemic Transformations, 3rd Edition. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/escst2023.05.

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The article analyzes the challenges to the security and functionality of the international trade system, consisting of the trade flows between the states of the world, as well as a series of international regulatory institutions.Among the main challenges we mention military and trade conflicts, divergent growth trends in different regions, volatility of raw material prices, economic instability, governance issues within the World Trade Organization, the increase in the number and importance of regional trade agreements that gradually shift the focus of to the multilateral trade system to regional rules, the friendshoring trend. These factors increase the fragmentation of the single trade space, by eroding the basic principles of the international trade system, such as non-discrimination (the most favored nation clause, equal treatment for domestic and foreign products), progressive trade liberalization, predictability through consolidation and transparency, promoting fair competition, encouraging economic development and reforms. The outlook for the international trading system remains uncertain. At the same time, even if in the current conditions the countries aim, as a priority, to protect their national interests, we mention that from a strategic point of view, all WTO members will benefit from the development of multilateral cooperation. Thus, it is extremely important that the efforts of the world community support the multilateral systemic development of trade relations. When conducting the study, methods such as the systemic approach, analysis and synthesis, generalization, comparative analysis were used. International statistical data, WTO, UNCTAD publications, official documents of the European Union, international publications were used as informational support.
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Yurttançıkmaz, Ziya Çağlar, Sabri Azgün, Ayşen Hiç Gencer, and Ömer Selçuk Emsen. "Dramatically Rising Service Trade and Competitiveness Power: Developments in Turkish Economy (1980-2015)." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01915.

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It has been revealed both in the theoretical and the applied studies that the trade of goods in the traditional foreign trade theories reflects the prosperity indicators of the countries such as economic growth and employment positively. In the 1970s, especially with the developments on financial globalization, the foreign trade structure has started to evolve, and the service trade has started to become more and more important or weighted. While the literature on competitiveness is related to the commodity trade, it is noteworthy that there are more limited studies on the results and suggestions of the competition power in service trade. In this study Balassa’s (1965) RCA (Revealed Comparative Advantages) approach was used to determine Turkey's competitive power on service trade. In this context, Turkey has tried to measure competition power against the world in each service sub sector related to the classification of traditional service sector such as tourism and transportation and other service sectors (telecommunication, financial services, insurance etc.) which are defined as modern services sector. It is analyzed with using annual data between 1980 and 2015 obtained from the UNCTAD. According to findings the competitive power in the tourism sector with traditional services is stronger in Turkey. This can be seen generally disadvantageous in the transportation sector, but there has been some increase in competition power since 2009. On the other hand, in the field of other service sectors expressed as modern services, it is concluded that there is no competitive power and it is highly disadvantaged.
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Chen, Ying, Min Chen, and Graeme Faulkner. "Towards a conceptual design of an intelligent system for an international trade centre in China." In the 7th international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1089551.1089570.

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Reports on the topic "International Trade Centre UNCTAD"

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Carrico, Caitlyn, Erwin Corong, and Dominique van der Mensbrugghe. The GTAP 10A Multi-Region Input Output (MRIO) Data Base. GTAP Research Memoranda, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.rm34.

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This memorandum describes the GTAP version 10A Multi-Region Input Output (GTAPMRIO) Data Base. GTAP-MRIO extends the standard GTAP Data Base (Aguiar et al., 2019) by additionally distinguishing bilateral trade and tariff flows by agents or so-called end-users,namely: firms, private household, government and investors. In constructing GTAP-MRIO,we employ the methodology in Carrico (2017) and update it in four ways. First, an updated concordance table is used—i.e., the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) 6-digit Harmonized System 2012 to Broad Economic Categories concordances revision 4 to System of National Accounts end-use framework (HStoBECtoSNA). Second, the International Trade Centre (ITC) Market Access Map (MAcMap) data is directly used in lieu of the TASTE utility (Horridge and Laborde, 2008) which is also based on MAcMap. Third, the optimization programs are updated to take advantage of grid facility in GAMS, thereby reducing MRIO data build time by 90 percent and easing MRIO data construction at the full dimensionality of GTAP data—i.e., 65-sectors and 141-regions for version 10A. Fourth, accompanying GTAPAgg2 (Horridge, 2019) and FlexAgg packages (Villoria and McDougall, 2012) are provided to aid researchers aggregate the GTAP-MRIO data.
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Dudoit, Alain, Molivann Panot, and Thierry Warin. Towards a multi-stakeholder Intermodal Trade-Transportation Data-Sharing and Knowledge Exchange Network. CIRANO, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/mvne7282.

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The performance of supply chains used to be mainly the concern of academics and professionals who studied the potential efficiencies and risks associated with this aspect of globalisation. In 2021, major disruptions in this critical sector of our economies are making headlines and attracting the attention of policy makers around the world. Supply chain bottlenecks create shortages, fuel inflation, and undermine economic recovery. This report provides a transversal and multidisciplinary analysis of the challenges and opportunities regarding data interoperability and data sharing as they relate to the ‘Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Seaway Trade Corridor’ (GLSLTC)’s intermodal transportation and trade data strategy. The size and scope of this trade corridor are only matched by the complexity of its multimodal freight transportation systems and growing urbanization on both sides of the Canada-US border. This complexity is exacerbated by the lack of data interoperability and effective collaborations between the different stakeholders within the various jurisdictions and amongst them. Our analytical work relies on : 1) A review of the relevant documentation on the latest challenges to supply chains (SC), intermodal freight transport and international trade, identifying any databases that are to be used.; 2) A comparative review of selected relevant initiatives to give insights into the best practices in digital supply chains implemented in Canada, the United States, and the European Union.; 3) Interviews and discussions with experts from Transport Canada, Statistics Canada, the Canadian Centre on Transportation Data (CCTD) and Global Affairs Canada, as well as with CIRANO’s research community and four partner institutions to identify databases and data that they use in their research related to transportation and trade relevant data availabilities and methodologies as well as joint research opportunities. Its main findings can be summarized as follow: GLSLTC is characterized by its critical scale, complexity, and strategic impact as North America’s most vital trade corridor in the foreseeable further intensification of continental trade. 4% of Canadian GDP is attributed to the Transportation and Logistics sector (2018): $1 trillion of goods moved every year: Goods and services imports are equivalent to 33% of Canada’s GDP and goods and services exports equivalent to 32%. The transportation sector is a key contributor to the achievement of net-zero emissions commitment by 2050. All sectors of the Canadian economy are affected by global supply chain disruptions. Uncertainty and threats extend well beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic. “De-globalization” and increasing supply chains regionalization pressures are mounting. Innovation and thus economic performance—increasingly hinges on the quantity and quality of data. Data is transforming Canada’s economy/society and is now at the center of global trade “Transport data is becoming less available: Canada needs to make data a priority for a national transportation strategy.” * “How the Government of Canada collects, manages, and governs data—and how it accesses and shares data with other governments, sectors, and Canadians—must change.”
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Georgalakis, James, Saira Ahmed, Vaqar Ahmed, Marjorie Alain, Karine Gatellier, Ricardo Fort, Abid Suleri, et al. Stories of Change: Covid-19 Responses for Equity. Institute of Development Studies, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/core.2023.018.

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Covid-19 Responses for Equity (CORE) was a three-year, CA$25m rapid research initiative that brought together 20 research projects to understand the socioeconomic impacts of the pandemic, improve existing responses, and generate better policy options for recovery. The research, funded by the Canadian International Development Research Centre (IDRC), took place across 42 countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Middle East. The Institute of Development Studies (IDS) supported CORE to maximise the learning generated across the research portfolio and deepen engagement with governments, civil society, and the scientific community. This publication celebrates the impact of that research, and highlights Stories of Change from seven of the CORE projects that successfully influenced policy, practice, and understandings of the crisis. Collectively, these individual case studies provide a narrative about the nature of research impact in emergencies and the implications for the design and delivery of future rapid response research initiatives. There are clear lessons around the importance of organisational reputation, and the value of co-designing research with decision makers whilst simultaneously taking a critical position. Every story here emphasises the need to understand political context and to explore the trade-offs between research rigour and the timeliness of evidence. Above all, they illustrate the value of flexible funding arrangements that enable local teams to respond to fast-moving crises. These stories demonstrate unequivocally the value of locally led research responses to emergencies with the right international flow of resources and support. CORE’s research teams were well-placed to bring together communities, civil society organisations, and governments to create a space for vulnerable and marginalised groups to discuss their lived experiences of the pandemic and bring these perspectives into policy conversations. Their success hinged on their hyper-local knowledge and their unswerving focus on providing real-time evidence to advocate for the wellbeing of affected communities.
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Saha, Devanik. Shockproof and Inclusive Fiscal Policies. Institute of Development Studies, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/core.2023.005.

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The Covid-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the economies of most countries. What differed is the intensity of the impact, which ranged from mild economic contractions to devastating recessions and downturns. From a generic perspective, it is obvious to assume that high-income countries (HIC) would have faced lesser economic destruction than low- and middleincome countries (LMIC). However, a closer examination reveals that there are several factors that determined the impact of the pandemic on a country, as well as influenced its ability to respond. For instance, the existing economic structures and weaknesses strongly affected the countries’ ability to provide adequate fiscal stimulus. These weaknesses are following pro-cyclical policies and not creating fiscal buffers that would help build more resilience. An interesting finding that emerged was that the credit rating of a country was found to be the most important determinant of its Covid-19 fiscal response. This is one major area where HICs had a significant advantage compared to LMICs. Another key challenge that disproportionately affected LMICs was the lack of digitisation and access to the internet, which hampered economic growth as well as affected the countries’ ability to quickly disburse cash transfers and support. Research supported by the Covid-19 Responses for Equity (CORE) Programme – which is supported by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) – has revealed some emerging lessons and recommendations to address these challenges and improve the resilience of countries to future shocks. One of the first and foremost recommendations is for countries to invest strongly in social protection and healthcare systems for its citizens, which would help build their resilience for future shocks. Adopting free trade policies and avoiding protectionism has also been an important lesson from the pandemic. Another key lesson is to employ a gender lens to fiscal and monetary policies as women have been disproportionately affected by the pandemic. Countries should also adopt expansionary monetary and fiscal policies as far as possible to increase the demand. Finally, countries also need to strengthen their financial institutions and mechanisms and reduce political interference, that would help maintain the asset quality of the banking sector.
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The Trade Policy-Making Process Level One of the Two Level Game: Country Studies in the Western Hemisphere. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008692.

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This publication reports the results of a project on trade policy-making in eight Western Hemisphere nations jointly conducted by the IDB's INTAL and ITD, the University of Toronto's Munk Centre for International Studies, and the Inter-American Dialogue. The project focuses on the question of how best to accommodate the participation of non-state actors in the formulation of national trade policies and negotiating agendas. In early 2001, analysts from Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Uruguay, and the United States were invited to prepare short essays describing the trade policy-making process in their countries -with special focus on the nature and structure of consultation mechanisms with private groups. The papers were presented at a June 15 workshop at the IDB with the authors and a small group of outside commentators- and subsequently revised to reflect the discussion. The main conclusions of the entire exercise are set out in the preface prepared by project director Sylvia Ostry of the Munk Center.
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