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Erciyes, Erdem. "A New Theoretical Framework for Multicultural Workforce Motivation in the Context of International Organizations." SAGE Open 9, no. 3 (July 2019): 215824401986419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019864199.
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This research investigates the impact of culture, leadership, and power on staff motivation in selected international organizations (IOs) and develops a theoretical framework to assist with the practice of workforce motivation. Utilizing critical theory as a paradigm of inquiry, the study’s philosophical perspective leans heavily on “phenomenology.” Concern for understanding the cultural aspect led to the result of utilizing critical ethnography methodology. Moreover, three qualitative methods were used: semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and, non-participant observations. Twenty-two supervisors, and the same number of staff, from the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Trade Centre (ITC), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), and the World Health Organization (WHO) took part in interviews and focus groups. Non-participatory observations were also carried out on a 3-day working schedule for the four IOs. For the first time in the existing literature, the findings of this research have established a theoretical framework which demonstrates linkages between concepts of culture, leadership, and power on staff motivation.
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Jagadeshwaran, P., K. R. Ashok, A. Vidhyavathi, and M. Prahadeeswaran. "India’s trade potential and export opportunities for spices." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 14, SI (July 15, 2022): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14isi.3574.
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Economic growth and development of a country rely on trade as it serves as a driving force with efficient utilization of factor of endowments. Several commodities are traded world-wide, among them spices which has a long history of being one of the highly traded commodity. Developing countries including India are the leading producer and exporter of spices in the world. The demand for Indian spices has gone up in the United States of America, Vietnam, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, etc. The study assess the comparative advantage of major spices exporting countries for pepper, cardamom and turmeric-based on data available in International Trade Centre. To analyse the effect of trade liberalisation, a simulation model (SMART) developed by UNCTAD was used to estimate trade creation, diversion and revenue effect on importing and exporting countries. The result shows that India has a comparative advantage in the export of Turmeric, Guatemala in Cardamom and Vietnam in Pepper. The impact of tariff relief on India has greater advantage, which has trade creation in the export of cardamom and turmeric. Whereas in pepper, comparatively, trade diversion is higher than trade creation, indicating that less efficient countries are given a chance to export to the top importing countries due to a reduction in tariff. Indian spice exporters should focus on promoting or exporting spices to countries like Netherlands, United States, United Kingdom, and Germany.
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Gligorijević, Živorad, and Enes Ćorović. "Competitiveness of the Textile Industry of the Republic of Serbia on the EU Market." Economic Themes 58, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ethemes-2020-0001.
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AbstractThe focus of research interest on the analysis of the competitiveness of the textile industry of the Republic of Serbia stems from the fact that, despite many years of negative indicators of development and objectively unsatisfactory status, the industry has maintained a recognizable and pronounced export potential. Namely, despite the marginal share in the production of gross domestic product, the textile industry is continuously, in terms of its export, among the top five most important exporters. The research should point to the trend and dynamics of changes in the competitiveness of the industry and the stability of the economic flows. For the purpose of complex analysis of the phenomena related to the competitiveness of this part of the national economy, the paper uses the methodology developed by the International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO (ITC), and in particular the Trade Performance Index group of indicators. The results of the research provide a basis for the conclusion that the textile industry can still be one of the stable pillars of self-sustainable growth, but also of the long-term production and trade integration of the Republic of Serbia with the European Union.
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Jindřichovská, Irena, and Erginbay Uğurlu. "E.U. and China Trends in Trade in Challenging Times." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 2 (February 7, 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14020071.
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The sudden and abrupt rise of COVID-19 became a challenge for the world economy. In this paper, we investigate the changes in a trend of mutual trade between the EU-15 countries and China during the demanding times of the COVID-19 crisis. We use monthly data for Chinese exports to the E.U. (2018:01–2020:05) and imports from the E.U. (2018:01–2020:07) relying on the data from the open-source TradeMap developed by the International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO (ITC). Overall, there is an obvious decline of 13–32 percent in worldwide trade as predicted by the WTO. This affected China as the main trading partner of electronic devices and medical supplies. The trade between the E.U. and China has decreased, but the major change in demand brought an alteration in commodities structures and the reorientation of Chinese export production. In the first five months of 2020, we witnessed the strong engagement of the Chinese economy in the production of goods newly in high demand—mainly articles strongly related to healthcare and medical equipment. Thus, we have observed that the Chinese were very flexible in changing the structure of their exports triggered by the COVID-19 crisis. This flexibility is worth further exploration, especially because the COVID-19 crisis is still not over and new data and changing results can be expected.
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Kryvenko, Nadiia, Svitlana Radziyevska, and Ivan Us. "UKRAINE IN THE GLOBAL TRADE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 9, no. 4 (November 17, 2023): 148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2023-9-4-148-160.
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Ukraine’s trade in agricultural products plays the key role in determining the well-being of its citizens. The objective of the paper is to reveal the structural transformations in Ukraine’s agricultural production, to analyze the geographical and commodity structure of exports with the focus on agro-food products, to identify the top world importers/exporters of the selected agro-food products, as well as to examine Ukraine’s merchandise trade in 2022 and compare it with that of 2021. The data, taken from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine; the Trade Map, developed by the UNCTAD/WTO International Trade Center; the State Customs Service of Ukraine, as well as agricultural policies of the developed countries served as the information source for research, in which various methods have been used, e.g.: economic-mathematical, statistical, comparison, graphical, tabular, method of expert assessments, etc. The results demonstrate the empirical experience of the importance of agricultural exports for the country’s ability to remain in international trade flows in the conditions of military operations in this country. An empirical example of the impact of the withdrawal of one of the leading suppliers of certain types of agricultural products from world trade is also considered, and the impact of some steps on the return of this country to world trade in the context of ongoing geopolitical shifts is determined.
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Chindengwike, James. "The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Poverty Alleviation in East Africa Countries." Journal of Global Economy 18, no. 1 (March 13, 2022): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v18i1.634.
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is crucial to support economic development for developed and developing countries. The aim of this paper is to examine the effect of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on poverty alleviation in East Africa Countries. The study adopted a time series data research design where by secondary data were used. The population applied on the financial records from 1987/88 - 2017/18 financial years (Annual Data). The sample size of the study was 31 annual observations. Tanzania was purposively sampled to be used as research location of this study. The data collected from various reliable sources which included the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Bank of Tanzania (BOT), Tanzania Investment Centre (TIC), World Bank (WB), International Monetary Fund (IMF) and United Nation Conference on Trade Development (UNCTAD). The results of the study revealed that FDI have statistical significant effects on poverty alleviation on East African countries with P- Value 0.008. The study recommends that policy makers in collaboration with the government have to pertain favorable and investment’s friendly strategies as well as commenced essential strategies transformation so as to solve the problems associated with investment sector in East Africa Countries which usually hinder the development and growth of the FDI
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Nthangu, Aman, and Pumela Msweli. "Influence of Quality Education on FDI Inflows in Subs-Saharan Africa: A Theoretical and Empirical Research." European Conference on Research Methodology for Business and Management Studies 23, no. 1 (June 26, 2024): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/ecrm.23.1.2274.
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The non-traditional influences of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) are increasingly gaining attention in international business studies; however, the empirical evidence of these influences is still scant. Using human capital theory within the context of the national competitive framework, the study reported in this paper considers the progress towards achieving Quality education as a likely influence of FDI inflows in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The paper employs a panel data research design and conducts fixed effects estimations. The analysis categorizes FDI flows into global FDI, FDI from developed countries, and FDI from developing countries to SSA. Thus, the paper is centred around three research questions: (1) How does progress toward quality education influence global FDI inflows? (2) How does progress towards quality education influence FDI inflows from developed and (3) from developing countries? The analysis mainly utilizes a bespoke dataset from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and data from trustworthy databases such as UNCTADSTAT and the World Development Indicators (WDI). The results support the claim of the increasing importance of non-traditional influences of FDI flow. Quality Education significantly influenced FDI inflows from the globe and developing countries to SSA. This research provides further evidence that the national competitive framework can thoroughly explain the factors that have different significant powers in influencing FDI flows to SSA from developed and developing countries. The study is highly policy-relevant because it examines the effects of the degree of attainment of specific UN Sustainable Development Goals (quality education) on inward FDI performance. It, therefore, shows the benefits of SSA countries investing in the SDGs for the policy goal of attracting more considerable amounts of inward FDI.
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Juricek, John Eric. "International Trade Centre." Journal of Business & Finance Librarianship 12, no. 1 (October 10, 2006): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j109v12n01_06.
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Barros, Cristiane Ferreira da Silva, and Cleyton Miranda Barros. "Suitability of Brazilian ports to international standards of port needs: a case study in the port of Salvador." Journal of Transport Literature 7, no. 4 (October 2013): 23–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2238-10312013000400003.
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The objective of this paper is to identify what requirements must meet Brazilian ports to suit the demands of the international market. To meet this goal the study discusses the evolution of the law from port modernization of ports and port participation in the Brazilian transportation system. It also discusses the major theories of international trade and theories of competitive strategies, utilizing the contributions of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Michael Porter and Klaus Esser. The study makes a comparative analysis of the major ports in Latin America, identifying their position in the standings port in accordance with the guidelines established by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - UNCTAD, and makes a case study of the Port of Salvador, highlighting aspects such as organizing logistics and port infrastructure in identifying which generation port this port is the guidance from UNCTAD. The paper provides scientific contributions to the revision of theories dealing with international trade and shows the position of ports in Latin America in comparison.
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Lavelle, Kathryn C. "Ideas within a context of power: the African group in an evolving UNCTAD." Journal of Modern African Studies 39, no. 1 (March 2001): 25–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x01003561.
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This article considers the diplomatic strategies of African states within an evolving United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). It proposes that the prominence of certain ideas about economic development rises and falls not so much as a result of the nature of the ideas themselves, but as a result of opportunities made and unmade by the world economy. The world economy in turn changes the work mandates of international economic organisations like UNCTAD. The trajectory of African diplomatic strategies is important because it calls into question recent literature in international relations theory focusing almost exclusively on the experiences of industrialised states. In the case of African ideas in UNCTAD, underlying variables associated with the world economy destroyed the remnants of the Group of 77 coalition which had served as an agent for African representatives in UNCTAD. African diplomats have tried to realise whatever objectives they can in the changed circumstances without necessarily changing their ideas about development.
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Wyszkowska-Kuna, Joanna. "International Creative Product Exchange." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 12, no. 4 (December 30, 2009): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10103-009-0024-5.
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The aim of this paper is to analyze and evaluate international trade in creative products with respect to the position of Poland in this exchange. In the introduction some definitions of creative industries and the concept of creative economy are presented. Then the classification of creative products in international trade and some problems with collecting data relating to international trade in creative products are discussed. In further work an empirical analysis of international trade in creative products is carried out. This work is divided into two parts. The aim of the first part is to indicate main tendencies and key players in international creative products exchange. The aim of the second part is to analyze the position of Poland in this exchange. The empirical analysis is based on the first database and report relating to international creative products exchange, published in 2008 by UNCTAD.
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Dhanjee, Rajan. "International Co-operation on Competition Law Enforcement: A Breakthrough?" World Competition 44, Issue 4 (December 1, 2021): 455–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2021025.
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Section F of the UN Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices (‘UN Set’) deals with international measures, including consultations and co-operation among competition authorities for enforcement against anti-competitive practices, particularly for developing countries’ benefit. The 2020 Eighth Review Conference on the UN Set adopted Guiding Policies and Procedures under section F (‘GPP’). While it contains few norms, this non-binding instrument provides principles and a pedagogical guide for enforcement co-operation, encourages positive responses to co-operation requests, and strengthens the consultations mechanism and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) secretariat’s supporting role. The GPP’s siting within the UNCTAD and UN Set contexts provides legitimacy, inclusivity, mandates, resources, a secretariat – and thus the best available multilateral framework for developing and transition countries to mobilize publicity, dialogue, and persuasion to strengthen enforcement co-operation in this area for their benefit. The GPP therefore constitutes a breakthrough, while how far or when its potential will be fulfilled will depend upon the building-up of shared perceptions of common interest, mutual trust and mutual benefit among competition authorities- something which UNCTAD could promote through action at the national and international levels. Initial signs provide hope that good progress can be achieved. UN Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles, Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices, enforcement against anti-competitive practices, UN 2020 Eighth Review Conference, Guiding Policies and Procedures, UNCTAD, multilateral framework, vertical restraints, enforcement cooperation, developing countries
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Yablokov, Boris V. "Economic Diplomacy of Socialism: Participation of Comecon Member Countries in the UN Conference on Trade and Development 1964." Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts 26, no. 2 (2024): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2024.26.2.028.
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In the early 1960s, in the context of decolonisation, the contours of international trade underwent significant changes, leading to the need to review the principles of international organisations in the field of economic development. To this end, the first Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was convened in Geneva in 1964 at the initiative of the United Nations. On the basis of the archival materials of the Russian State Archive of the Economy, which are being introduced into scholarly circulation from the funds of the Office of International Economic Organisations of the United Nations of the Ministry of Foreign Trade of the USSR and the Foreign Trade Department of the COMECON Secretariat, the article examines the basic principles of the practical implementation of the economic diplomacy of socialism with reference to the participation of the member countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance in the UN Conference on Trade and Development in 1964. The united front of the COMECON member countries on the key issues of the agenda revealed serious contradictions in the camp of the Western countries and contributed to the strengthening of the influence of COMECON as an international organisation striving to make trade an instrument of economic development and to strengthen peaceful coexistence in the new realities of the post-colonial world order. Thus, the position adopted by the socialist countries during the conference clearly demonstrated the possibilities of economic diplomacy at the international level and gave the Soviet leadership every reason to use UNCTAD in the future as an important platform for defending the interests of the socialist countries, including in the struggle with the EEC for economic influence in the Third World. The development of the theme in question with the inclusion of previously unpublished documents from the Russian State Archive of Economic Diplomacy opens up a number of promising directions for research into the phenomenon of socialist economic diplomacy, and thus significantly expands the source base for the study of various aspects of socialist integration within the COMECON, including the mechanisms of economic decision-making at the international level in the context of interstate confrontation. The academic novelty of this study also lies in the fact that the participation of socialist countries in the activities of UNCTAD has so far received only fragmentary attention in Russian historiography.
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Johnson, Robin. "Agriculture and Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa." Outlook on Agriculture 34, no. 2 (June 2005): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/0000000054224382.
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Savanna Africa is characterized by smallholding agricultural systems that produce a mixture of food and cash crops in a single season. Crops can be rotated, intermixed, or grown in specialized plots. In the former rainforests nearer the equator, crops such as cassava and maize are sown in close proximity to cocoa and oil palms, while tea is sometimes grown in specialized plots or in plantations. Traditionally, the cash crops of the savanna have been cotton and groundnuts, with cocoa, oil palm and tea in the forest areas. Various UNCTAD and FAO reports have recently drawn attention to the declining terms of trade for these products and the serious impact this has been having on the African economies concerned through loss of foreign-exchange earnings and the lack of replacement exports. UNCTAD now proposes that this dependence on a few basic exports should be overcome by domestic programmes of diversification and product development sponsored directly by African governments, as well as by international measures to reduce fluctuations in export earnings. This paper questions how these proposals might affect the various systems of smallholder agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Yablokov, Boris. "Establishing of UNCTAD in 1964 and the Logic of the Cold War: Economic Diplomacy of the GDR in the Struggle for International Recognition." ISTORIYA 13, no. 10 (120) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840017647-0.
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This article is dedicated to the problem of preparation and participation of the socialist countries in the first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), held in Geneva from March 23 to June 16, 1964. On the basis of the documents of the Russian State Economy Archive (RGAE) being introduced into science the author shows the importance the Soviet leadership attached to economic diplomacy, actively using for its realization the CMEA mechanisms. The practical embodiment of this was the solidarity position at the conference of socialist countries, prepared through the decisions of the II meeting of the Executive Committee of the CMEA in 1962 and aimed to establish a new international trade organization (ITO), one of the founding principles of which was to be universal membership. Unlike the FRG, which at that time was a member of the specialized organizations of the UN and thus had the right to participate fully in the 1964 conference, the GDR could only rely on collective forms of representation, above all as a member of the CMEA delegation. Thus, the solidarity-based struggle of socialist countries for international legal recognition of the GDR at the UN level, including through international economic organizations such as UNCTAD, strengthened the international status of CMEA, which sought to turn world trade into a tool for expanding its economic influence, including in the Third World.
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Nataliya, KRASNIKOVA, DZYAD Olena, and HRECHYN Kyrylo. "INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ICT SERVICES: THE CASE OF UKRAINE." Foreign trade: economics, finance, law 113, no. 6 (December 8, 2020): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/zt.knute.2020(113)08.
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Background. Today, the information and communications technology (ICT) sector is one of the most dynamic sectors of the world economy. Since IT services are the second largest export sector in Ukraine, the study of the impact of international trade in ICT services on economic growth becomes relevant. Analysis of recent research and publications. Numerous papers have shown the positive impact of international trade in ICT goods and services on production volumes, employment and productivity of national economies. In particular, UNCTAD data show that the ICT services sector shows an increase in employment and international trade in all geographical regions and provides most of the added value in the ICT sector. The aim of the article is to study the impact of international trade in ICT services on the development of economies of different levels of development, taking into account national policies of ICT sector, and to develop recommendations for Ukrainian policy of ICT sector, taking into account the experience of analyzed countries. Materials and methods. The information base for the study was data from UNCTAD, OECD, Eurostat, and the State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Methods of statistical, structural, regression, comparative analysis are used. Results. Regression analysis was used to identify the relationship between GDP and the volume of exports and imports of ICT services in the analyzed countries. The results showed that in order to ensure economic development through trade in ICT services, countries need to pursue a stimulating policy, which includes measures in three main areas: support for innovation (R&D funding and startup ecosystems); education and training of ICT specialists; and support for investments in ICT services (through preferential taxation and grant schemes). Conclusion. In order to support the growth of the national IT industry, the Ukrainian government is proposed to legalize existing schemes of cooperation of IT companies with private individuals, to avoid additional regulation of the industry, and to develop schemes to financially support innovation in science and business.
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Pirtskhalava, Nana, and Aleksandr Karpov. "INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN FOREST INDUSTRY." Forestry Engineering Journal 9, no. 4 (January 13, 2020): 162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2019.4/18.
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Russia is the richest country with forest resources. It accounts for 22 % of the world's forest cover and half of the world's coniferous wood reserves. According to forecasts, the demand for commercial wood will increase by about 150 million cubic meters by 2030. There is only one real source – Russia's reserves. Reserves today amount to more than 83 billion cubic meters. For enterprises of the Arkhangelsk region, the main markets for woodworking products are China, the USA, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands and Egypt. Based on this, the study has formed a logistic export system for three transportation options. In addition, studies have been carried out on the basis of UNCTAD, EUROSTAT and FAO materials, as well as SEARATES technical and economic data. When choosing a logistics system option, an integrated economic assessment of costs by components has been used: material flow, information flow, and logistics intermediaries. The study has examined six potential routes for delivering timber between ports in East Asia (Shanghai) and Europe (Rotterdam). Based on the results of the research, the following conclusions can be drawn. The study has addressed the issue of transportation along the Northern Sea Route (HIAR). Transportation along this route is possible only in the event of global warming and accelerated retreat of the Arctic sea ice. The economic strength for distance savings from Asia to Europe makes the northern route a likely driver of change in transportation networks
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Navarro-Pabsdorf, R. Margarita, Concepción Martínez-Alcalá, and Encarnación Moral-Pajares. "Can International Trade Help Africa’s Least Developed Countries Achieve SDG-1?" Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 1, 2020): 4470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114470.
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In order to reduce poverty and achieve Goal 1 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, countries’ foreign trade flows must be a driving force for productive activity, as proposed by the WTO-led (World Trade Organization) Aid for Trade initiative. This work analyzes the evolution of international trade in goods and services between Africa’s Least Developed Countries and customers and suppliers from other countries between 2005 and 2015, based on the information provided by UNCTAD and the World Bank. The results confirm a greater degree of trade openness and especially an increase in service imports. Overall, the data show that the purchases made in the international market have a greater marginal effect on GDP than sales, leading to the conclusion that changes in trade policy are needed, at both international and national level. Actions should be aimed at ensuring that the growing integration of these economies in the world trade system does not result in continued deficits in the trade balance but, on the contrary, does contribute to GDP growth and poverty reduction.
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Uppiah, Marie Valerie. "An Examination of the Lomé Charter." Strathmore Law Journal 5, no. 1 (June 8, 2021): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.52907/slj.v5i1.144.
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Described as the common heritage of humanity by Arvid Pardo in 1967, the sea has always been unanimously recognised as a source of life. Hosting most of the world’s living and non-living resources, the sea has always attracted human’s attention. From organised expeditions in search of new land to fishing, the sea has contributed to the economic, social and cultural development of many nations. Despite extensive developments made in the road and air transportation systems to facilitate trade, the sea still plays an active part in international trade. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 80% of goods traded worldwide are carried by sea and as per the UNCTAD Review of Maritime Transport 2020, the volume of seaborne trade for 2019 reached 11.08 billion tons. Currently, many countries and regional blocs are converging towards this concept of maritime security in order to restore peace and stability at sea. In Africa, for instance, maritime security is expressly defined in Africa’s Integrated Maritime Strategy 2050 (2050 AIM Strategy). This article is devoted to examine the status questionis of the treaties and legislation application.
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Martínez Calzón, Julio. "Barcelona international trade centre buildings (Spain)." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 46, no. 1-3 (April 1998): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0143-974x(98)00139-4.
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Hoffmeister, Onno, Barbara D’Andrea Adrian, Mark Assaf, Nour Barnat, Dominique Chantrel, Tomasz Kulaga, and Markie Muryawan. "Trade statistics capacity building beyond borders." Statistical Journal of the IAOS 37, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 997–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sji-210854.
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We report on five years of capacity building designed to improve the skills of producers and users of international trade statistics all over the world, with a particular focus on developing countries. This training programme is a joint activity between UNCTAD, UNSD and WTO, based on an innovative (Blended Learning) approach, combining e-learning and face-to-face workshops. It is adapted to local needs, uses the pool of experts working at international organisations, and ensures continuous review and enhancement of the applied methods and tools. The results reviewed in this paper confirm that the program has reached the target population. Furthermore, it has global coverage and is gender-balanced. During the five years since the programme has begun, participation in the courses has increased considerably; success rates have risen from 72% to 79% and satisfaction rates from 77% to 88%. Plans for the future include delivering training in additional languages, increasing interactivity, and adding new components addressing specific training needs.
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PASIERBIAK, Paweł, and Tomasz BIAŁOWĄS. "IMBALANCE IN EU TRADE WITH SELECTED ASIAN ECONOMIES – A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BASED ON GROSS EXPORTS AND DOMESTIC VALUE-ADDED." Humanities and Social Sciences quarterly 31, no. 1 (March 31, 2024): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7862/rz.2024.hss.09.
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The European Union has a chronic trade deficit with Asia, the majority of which is with certain countries in East and South-East Asia. This conclusion is based on traditional international trade statistics. However, the international fragmentation of production processes and the new method of measuring trade by value-added are now making trade analysis closer to reality, allowing for more accurate conclusions to be drawn.This article’s main aim is to analyze and evaluate the EU’s trade imbalance with Asia and selected Asian economies, which is found in both traditional (gross) and new (value-added) international trade statistics. The analysis shows that the degree of trade imbalances concerning partners and groups of goods differs depending on the method of analysis. In the case of EU-Asian trade relations, imbalances do exist, but they generally show smaller deficits or surpluses when measured in value-added terms. The availability of statistical data determined the time and geographical scope of the study. The analysis covers the EU28’s trade with 15 Asian countries from 1995 to 2018, with a particular focus on China, Japan, and South Korea. The study applies a critical literature review, the descriptive-analytical method, and the method of inference based on statistical data obtained from international databases (Eurostat, OECD-WTO, and UNCTAD).
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Byasharova, A. R., and L. V. Achalova. "Uganda: socio-economic development, trade, international regional cooperation." International Trade and Trade Policy 7, no. 3 (October 14, 2021): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2021-3-30-42.
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The article is devoted to an urgent topic-the study of the development of the Republic of Uganda in social and economic aspects. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main trends in the socio-economic development of the Republic of Uganda in the XXI century, focusing on foreign trade processes and their role in general economic and humanitarian processes. The analysis was carried out on the basis of statistical data from the international statistics of UNCTAD, as well as other primary sources, primarily data from the National Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, the National Population Council of Uganda, etc. for 2000–2019, as well as earlier periods (since 1970) and 2020 – to ensure comparability. The author comes to the conclusion that in the socio-economic development of Uganda, along with obvious successes – steady GDP growth, the development of the leading segments of the economy, infrastructure, human capital – serious problems and imbalances remain, the solution of which, in the author's opinion, lies in the plane of international cooperation, and above all – in the scientific, technical and integration spheres. As a member of the integration association of the East African Community Uganda actively cooperates at the regional level in a number of areas (economic, infrastructural, educational), which increases the stability and stability of the country.
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Byasharova, A. R., and L. V. Achalova. "Uganda: socio-economic development, trade, international regional cooperation." International Trade and Trade Policy 7, no. 3 (October 14, 2021): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2021-3-30-42.
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The article is devoted to an urgent topic-the study of the development of the Republic of Uganda in social and economic aspects. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main trends in the socio-economic development of the Republic of Uganda in the XXI century, focusing on foreign trade processes and their role in general economic and humanitarian processes. The analysis was carried out on the basis of statistical data from the international statistics of UNCTAD, as well as other primary sources, primarily data from the National Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, the National Population Council of Uganda, etc. for 2000–2019, as well as earlier periods (since 1970) and 2020 – to ensure comparability. The author comes to the conclusion that in the socio-economic development of Uganda, along with obvious successes – steady GDP growth, the development of the leading segments of the economy, infrastructure, human capital – serious problems and imbalances remain, the solution of which, in the author's opinion, lies in the plane of international cooperation, and above all – in the scientific, technical and integration spheres. As a member of the integration association of the East African Community Uganda actively cooperates at the regional level in a number of areas (economic, infrastructural, educational), which increases the stability and stability of the country.
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Cressey, Daniel. "Giant international trade treaties centre on science." Nature 521, no. 7553 (May 2015): 401–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/521401a.
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MIKHNEVICH, SERGEY V., and SERGEY R. KRASILNIKOV. "IN SEARCH OF REMEDY: MULTILATERAL INSTITUTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND GLOBAL ECONOMY PROSPECTS IN THE AGE OF COVID-19." Scientific Works of the Free Economic Society of Russia 228, no. 2 (2021): 106–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.38197/2072-2060-2021-228-2-106-124.
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The authors gathered and analyzed the latest surveys and recommendations of major multilateral institutions of international cooperation (WTO, B20, UN, UNCTAD, IMF, ILO, OECD, WEF) dedicated to the possible ways and remedies to overcome the current social and economic crisis caused by COVID-19 pandemic. The authors also assessed the current stance and prospects of the world economy. They paid particular attention to the current trends in international trade and investment. As a result, the authors identified and classified some key concrete common ideas and proposals shared by various multilateral institutions of international cooperation and aimed at overcoming identified deficiencies of the global response to the crisis.
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Leonard, Agus, Imam Fachruddin, and Deffan Ezra. "The Effect Of Quality Of Document Service To Customer Satisfaction In PT. Mediterranean Shipping." Meteor STIP Marunda 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36101/msm.v13i1.143.
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Mediterranean Shipping Company, is one of the major multinational companies in Indonesia, multinational companies can communicate with customers and sell to customers abroad without the need for a lot of physical investment in foreign markets (United Nations Conference On Trade, UNCTAD, 2017), through its market reach so large and with business relationships that are spread everywhere, then this company has a pretty good rating in the international business arena. PT. Mediterranean Shipping Company Indonesia develops its business as a shipping company in the field of International container transportation (export import) and offers various facilities for export to exporters.
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Aliev, Timur, Olga Ismagilova, and Veronika Popova. "Approaches to Assessing the Level of Digitalization and Global E-commerce Policy Choices." Spatial Economics 16, no. 4 (2020): 136–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/se.2020.4.136-164.
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Digital technologies and their role in global economic development have been increasing the past two decades. Digitalization has changed many aspects of human society. It had a significant impact on business processes in international trade, reducing costs, increasing the value and speed of cross-border transactions. E-commerce is becoming the most important engine for economic growth. The article examines new digitalization trends in the context of the international trade development. Among the key trends caused by digitalization and affecting international trade, it highlights the following: 1) expanding of globally e-commerce sales and the world marketplaces turnover; 2) increasing the value of international trade in ICT goods and services, and digitally-deliverable services; 3) growth of world exports in services by mode 1 of supply, i.e. cross border supply. The problem of assessing the level of digitalization of the economy and its impact on trade is becoming more and more urgent. Many leading international organizations including OECD, WTO, IMF, UNCTAD are working on developing universal approaches to the formation of terminology in the field of digitalization of trade, measuring digital trade and classifying economic sectors depending on the level of digitalization. The study draws particular attention to these issues. The authors have systematized an extensive list of international indices. The first cluster includes indices characterizing the level of e-commerce markets development. The second cluster contains indices that assess the development of information and communication technologies. Finally, the third cluster of indices assesses penetration of digital technology into economy and life. Indices that assess digital trade policy measures were also examined
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Chávez-Bustamante, Felipe, Elliott Mardones-Arias, Julio Rojas-Mora, and Jaime Tijmes-Ihl. "A Forgotten Effects Approach to the Analysis of Complex Economic Systems: Identifying Indirect Effects on Trade Networks." Mathematics 11, no. 3 (January 18, 2023): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11030531.
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The purpose of this paper is to identify the emergence of indirect trade flows prompted by the export interaction of the world’s economies. Using data on exports from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) for the period 2016–2021, we construct an international trade network which is analyzed through the “forgotten effects theory” that identifies tuples of countries with an origin, intermediary countries, and a destination. This approach intends to spotlight something beyond the analysis of the direct trade network by the identification of second and third-order paths. The analysis using both network analyses, as well as the forgotten effect approaches, which show that the international trade network presents a hub-and-spoke behavior in contrast to most extant research finding a core-periphery structure. The structure is then comprised of three almost separated trade networks and a hub country that bridges commerce between those networks. The contribution of this article is to move the analysis forward from other works that utilize trade networks, including those of econometric nature—such as the ones based on gravity models—by incorporating indirect relationships between countries, which could provide distinctive and novel insights into the study of economic networks.
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Okenna, Nwabueze Prince, and Babatunde Moses Adesanya. "International Trade and the Economies of Developing Countries." American International Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 6, no. 2 (September 4, 2020): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/aijmsr.v6i2.747.
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The economic significance and benefits of foreign trade also known as international trade to the economies of developing countries cannot be overemphasized. Its role and contributions to the gross domestic earnings, employment generation, economic development, and poverty reduction in these underdeveloped countries such as Nigeria, Ghana, Benin Republic, and others have been too glaring especially in agrarian economies with fertile arable land.The main aim of this paper was to examine in-depth the contributions and relationship between international trade and the economic development of developing African countries. Furthermore, this paper recommended stringent macroeconomic policies that when formulated would encourage and increase the multiplier effect of these (foreign) trades. Part of these policies is targeted towards exchange rates, tariffs, import and export duties, subsidies, and actions that promote international trade.The research further concluded that internationaltradeis a key macroeconomic driver that must be encouraged in developing African countries as its multiplier effects have the potentials of driving the needed development goals of these nations. And for this to be achieved, these nations (developing countries) must formulate workable localized macroeconomic policies that suit and drive their interest as against borrowed economic policies from the developed European and Asian nations. Some of the recommendations proffered include adoption of friendly and pro-active export promotion policies, availability of grants, aids, subsidies, and loans, mechanization of the agrarian sector, adoption of flexible exchange rate, etc.This study made use of time series secondary data obtained from the World Development Indicators (WDI) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) of developing African countries for a period between 2000 and 2019. A forecast of 15 years was also initiated using these data to provide a long-term insight into the benefits of these trading activities on the GDP of developing countries.
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Sotti, Francesco, and Stefano Santucci. "Development in sustainability reporting: Early evidence on core indicators." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 13, no. 2 (2023): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv13i2p5.
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The development of sustainability reporting has accelerated in recent years (Turzo et al., 2022) due to the activities of numerous actors. The United Nations (UN) adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has given an added impetus to financial reporting as companies (Pedersen, 2018) are shown as one of the main players that can sensitively contribute to the achievement of these goals. To support this, a set of indicators on sustainable development (Mair et al., 2018) was developed for implementation in non-financial reporting under a joint of International Standards of Accounting and Reporting (ISAR) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) project. This study concentrates on the effectiveness of the core indicators chosen by UNCTAD as showcased in the ISAR-UNCTAD sessions from 2017 to 2022. Case studies were conducted across various industries, geographies, and company sizes, aiming to evaluate the implementation of these indicators. Most companies could report on most core indicators, although challenges in consistent measurement, comparability, and reporting on environmental and social indicators were observed. The analysis concluded that while most indicators could be reported, providing further technical guidance, and building capacity at all levels is crucial for effective SDG reporting and realizing the 2030 Agenda. As companies become more familiar with the core indicators, the process of preparing sustainability reporting based on the guidance on core indicators (GCI) becomes easier.
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Foxcroft, Michael John. "Overcoming the Challenges in Documentary Procedures and Transparency in the Implementation of Effective Rules of Origin for the African Continental Free Trade Area." Global Trade and Customs Journal 16, Issue 2 (January 1, 2021): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2021008.
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The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (‘UNCTAD’) recently published a report on Economic Development in Africa. The purpose of this article is to consider the part of the report titled ‘Made in Africa: Rules of Origin for Enhanced intra-African Trade’, one of the main findings and make policy recommendations thereof. Preferential rules of origin are applied to goods by members of a contractual or autonomous trade regime in order to determine whether or not they qualify for preferential treatment and therefore beyond the scope of application of the general MFN principle. The ultimate test of effectiveness of rules of origin, therefore, depends on the so-called preference margin. The preference margin is the difference between the applicable most favoured nation tariff and the preferential tariff and the costs of compliance with the rules of origin that apply in terms of the specific free trade or preferential trade agreement area. However, Africa faces unique challenges in this regard. These are geographical, political and technological in nature. This article aims to contribute to the discussion of how, through creative and innovative use of rules of origin, Africa may begin to overcome these challenges to the implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). Rules of Origin, AfCFTA, Africa, Development, Regional Value Chains
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Duchesne, Erick. "Governing Global Trade: International Institutions in Conflict and Convergence." Canadian Journal of Political Science 37, no. 4 (December 2004): 1070–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423904500215.
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Governing Global Trade: International Institutions in Conflict and Convergence, Theodore H. Cohn, Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2002, pp. xi, 329.At a time when all eyes are riveted on the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the ups and downs associated with its current round of negotiation initiated in Doha, Qatar, in November 2001, Theodore Cohn's latest publication provides a vivid reminder: The global trading regime is made up of much more than the WTO. The GATT/WTO is still pivotal in Cohn's diachronic overview of the evolution of the global trade regime since the creation of the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) in 1947, but unlike several other studies on a similar topic, the author untangles the relationship between the GATT/WTO and other formal and informal international institutions, such as the G7/G8, the Quadrilateral Group (Quad), the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the G77, and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). Each institution, as well as the United States and the European Union, is given relatively equal coverage in this notable study. Yet, as an indication that the GATT/WTO is still primus inter pares, most chapters revolve around the major negotiation rounds of the international organization. Chapter 2 traces the origins and early period of the postwar trade regime (1947–1962). Chapters 3 and 4 concentrate on the Kennedy (1962–1972) and Tokyo (1973–1979) rounds of the GATT respectively. Chapter 5 details the uncertainty associated with the survival of the GATT (1980–1986). Chapters 6 and 7 focus on the momentous Uruguay Round of the GATT (1986–1994), and chapter 8 highlights the post-Uruguay Round period (1995–2001).
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Steger, Debra P. "Commentary on the Doha Round: Institutional Issues." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 4 (December 7, 2005): 1850065. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1152.
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Commentary on Robert Howse's article "WTO Governance and the Doha Round." Debra Steger is Executive in Residence at the University of Ottawa Faculty of Law where she is working to establish a new institute for international law, economy and security in Canada. Previously, she was Senior Counsel with Thomas & Partners, a law firm specializing in international trade and investment matters. From 1995-2001, she served as the founding Director of the Appellate Body Secretariat of the World Trade Organization in Geneva, Switzerland, during which time she helped to establish the Appellate Body as the first appellate tribunal in international trade. She is Chair of the Trade and Customs Law Committee of the International Bar Association, and has been on the executive of the Trade Committee of the International Law Association for the past 10 years. She is also a member of the Editorial Advisory Board of the Journal for International Economic Law. She participates on the Advisory Council of the UNCTAD Project on Building Capacity through Training in Dispute Settlement in International Trade Investment and Intellectual Property as well as the Governing Council of the World Trade Law Association. During the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, she was the Senior Negotiator for Canada on Dispute Settlement and the Establishment of the World Trade Organization as well as the Principal Legal Counsel to the Government of Canada for all of the Uruguay Round agreements. From 1991—1995, she was General Counsel of the Canadian International Trade Tribunal in Ottawa, the agency responsible for administering the antidumping, countervail, safeguards, and government procurement legislation in Canada. Her most recent book is entitled: “Peace Through Trade: Building the WTO” which was published by Cameron May International Legal Publishers in 2004. Steger holds an LL.M. from the University of Michigan Law School, an LL.B. from the University of Victoria Faculty of Law, and a B.A. (Honours) in History from the University of British Columbia.
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Ozhigina, Vera V. "STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN TRADE IN GOODS OF THE EAEU WITH ASEAN, SCO AND EU." International Trade and Trade Policy, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 50–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2018-1-50-66.
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The article considers tendencies, peculiarities and problems of formation of geographical, commodity, industrial structure of export and import of goods, by the degree of their technological intensity (manufacturing), between the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and regional integration groups, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), European Union (EU) and Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). The analysis was conducted using UNCTAD statistics on the digit commodity codes of the International Standard Trade Classification (SATC). The directions of trade diversification are offered. The countries for access of the EAEU to the markets of manufactures of ASEAN, EU and SCO are selected. Positive changes in the structure of trade, especially with ASEAN as well as the SCO, are noted. On the basis of calculation of index of intra-industry trade the sensitive goods are allocated, in trade by which EAEU competes with integration groups, the directions of development of industrial cooperation and inclusion in Global Value Chains (GVC) are offered. The presence of a large number of sensitive positions in trade with China, India, Poland, Great Britain, France, Vietnam, Singapore is noted. Prospective export products have been identified into these integration groups, recommendations to reduce barriers to trade have been developed.
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Sarangi, Unmana. "Information Economy and Data Protection Laws: A Global Perspective." International Journal of Business and Management Research 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 15–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37391/ijbmr.060203.
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The research paper under review examines the information economies of various countries and studies their related data protection laws associated with those countries. The trade aspects of information economies including the ICT tools and the ICT enabled services have also been dealt with to assess the role and the impact of ICT tools in implementation of international trade among various countries to enable to achieve sustainable development goals targeted by the United Nations by the turn of 2030. The paper also highlights the various aspects of information technology tools such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, robotics, framework of digital economy, e-commerce and e-Trade readiness etc., among others. The role of UNCTAD as an international organization with regards to promoting ICT tools and IT-enabled services to achieve international trade and in particular e-Trade and e-commerce leading to a seamless digital economy among various countries have also been focused in the research study. The data protection laws of various economies both developed and developing, have also been assessed to study specifically the role and impact of these cyber laws/data protection laws on the international economy including their related implications/ramifications on the regional, national and local economies, which would have a significant and sizeable impact on international trade including e-Trade among various economies. Though the developing economies including undeveloped, small island and landlocked economies have more or less good IT penetration, but their data protection laws seems to be still in prototype stage and need to be synchronized and integrated with the global data protection laws to achieve global e-commerce and e-Trade and a robust global digital economy. This would go a long way in achieving the SDGs slated by UN by the turn of 2030.
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Moreira, Raquel Macedo. "A Permanent Body of Adjudicators as ISDS Reform: Can We Still Call It Arbitration?" Arbitration: The International Journal of Arbitration, Mediation and Dispute Management 88, Issue 2 (June 1, 2022): 249–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/amdm2022021.
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The article comments on the effects of the proposal to create a permanent international investment tribunal as replacement of and answer to the concerns in respect of the current Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) system. Specifically, the article examines the eleven provisions published by United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in relation to the selection and appointment of ISDS tribunal members vis-à-vis their potential to undermine the parties’ autonomy and balance of powers, as well as the enforceability of a decision eventually rendered. The aim of this contribution is to advance the debate about the suggested reform and consider whether the degree of change entailed by the proposal would still allow for the mechanism to be defined as international arbitration.
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Baronchelli, Adelaide, and Teodora Erika Uberti. "International Economic Integration: Comparing Exports and FDI Networks in the New Millennium." International Journal of Economics and Finance 13, no. 11 (October 12, 2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v13n11p30.
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Trade and foreign direct investments (FDI) represent the real and the capital side of international economic integration. While Network Analysis (NA) on world trade network (WTN) is wide, few analyses describe world investment networks (WIN), since FDI data suitable for comparison are very scarce and very complex to collect. In this paper, we exploit FDI Bilateral Statistics by UNCTAD (2014), to compare WTN and WIN in the first decade of the new millennium, before and after 2008 crisis. Results show that all countries are integrated since there are few isolated economies, and unique largest components emerge confirming the complexity of global value chain. 2008 economic crisis affected WTN, but not WIN. Geography, rather than economic similarity, is crucial in defining trading connections and cohesive subgroups. WIN and WTN links are mutual in all networks, confirming that once a link is established, it is easier to maintain all commercial relations. WIN and WTN key players are USA, Germany and China for Exports, while USA and Germany for FDI. There is a positive association between couplets of WTN and WIN links, conjecturing that FDI and Exports networks could be complements, rather than substitute.
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Baronchelli, Adelaide, and Teodora Erika Uberti. "International Economic Integration: Comparing Exports and FDI Networks in the New Millennium." International Journal of Economics and Finance 13, no. 11 (October 12, 2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v13n11p34.
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Trade and foreign direct investments (FDI) represent the real and the capital side of international economic integration. While Network Analysis (NA) on world trade network (WTN) is wide, few analyses describe world investment networks (WIN), since FDI data suitable for comparison are very scarce and very complex to collect. In this paper, we exploit FDI Bilateral Statistics by UNCTAD (2014), to compare WTN and WIN in the first decade of the new millennium, before and after 2008 crisis. Results show that all countries are integrated since there are few isolated economies, and unique largest components emerge confirming the complexity of global value chain. 2008 economic crisis affected WTN, but not WIN. Geography, rather than economic similarity, is crucial in defining trading connections and cohesive subgroups. WIN and WTN links are mutual in all networks, confirming that once a link is established, it is easier to maintain all commercial relations. WIN and WTN key players are USA, Germany and China for Exports, while USA and Germany for FDI. There is a positive association between couplets of WTN and WIN links, conjecturing that FDI and Exports networks could be complements, rather than substitute.
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Pan, Zhengqi. "Networks of International Relations, Structural Power, and China’s Belt and Road Initiative." China and the World 04, no. 01 (February 3, 2021): 2150002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2591729321500024.
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Reminiscent of the ancient Silk Road formed during the Han Dynasty, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) evokes powerful memories of China’s glorious past and has significant implications on international relations. Through a network analysis approach, this paper critically examines how and under what conditions the BRI is able to shape the structure of geo-economic and geopolitical interactions in China’s image. Given the highly interdependent nature of the world today, a country’s ability to exert geo-economic and geopolitical power in the international system will not only depend on its inherent economic and military capabilities, but also its position in global networks. This paper analyzes the dynamic evolution of China’s network centrality in trade and security affairs from 1990 to 2014, drawing on novel data from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the Alliance Treaty Obligations and Provisions Project (ATOP). This paper argues that the BRI is likely to further enhance China’s central position in trade and global value chains (GVCs), but the overall structure of international security arrangements would remain largely unchanged, with the West still being highly dominant despite China’s rising political and military influence. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach and leveraging research on network science, international political economy, and security studies, this paper employs a structural perspective in understanding the geo-economic and geopolitical consequences of the BRI.
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Shcherbyna, Veronika. "PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MARITIME TRADE IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC." Development of Management and Entrepreneurship Methods on Transport (ONMU) 76, no. 3 (2021): 74–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31375/2226-1915-2021-3-74-91.
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International trade is influenced by many factors: the development and deepening of the labor international division and the production internationalization; trade growth and economic integration with the common markets formation, free trade zones; international trade liberalization, reduction of the level of protectionism and trade barriers. The very first form of international trade was sea trade, since one of the oldest modes of transport is sea transport, which still retains its primacy in cargo transportation. Sea trade is a form of international economic relations, international trade in goods, the delivery of which is carried out using sea transport.The article examines the current state and trends in the maritime trade deve-lopment, identifies the main problems of the maritime industry and the risks that threaten the development of maritime trade in a pandemic, analyzes the prospects for the deve-lopment of trade with the participation of maritime transport in the world and in Ukraine.Trade tensions have triggered a restructuring of global maritime trade, as the search for alternative markets and suppliers has redirected flows from China to other markets, especially in Southeast Asia. UNCTAD experts note that the impact of COVID-19 on trade was most severe in the first half of 2020, when trade volumes fell by 15 %. But many countries never recovered by the end of the year. On the other hand, some states were able to successfully withstand new challenges and achieved an increase in their share in the world market, displacing from it the least competitive suppliers, which suffered as a result of reduced demand. The analysis showed that the structure of Ukraine's maritime trade was quite resistant to the emergence of coronavirus. And the significant share of agricultural products in production and exports is a confirmation of this fact. For the development of Ukraine's maritime trade and integration into the world economic system, it is necessary to develop and implement the capabilities of the national maritime economic complex, to protect the interests of Ukraine as a maritime power in the foreign policy and foreign economic spheres.Keywords: maritime trade, COVID-19 pandemic, export, import, maritime policy.
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Riccio, Edson Luiz, and Marici Cristine Gramacho Sakata. "Evidências da globalização na educação contábil: estudo das grades curriculares dos cursos de graduação em universidades brasileiras e portuguesas." Revista Contabilidade & Finanças 15, no. 35 (August 2004): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-70772004000200003.
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A formação dos contadores tem sido uma preocupação constante dos organismos internacionais de contabilidade como o IFAC - International Federation of Accountants e o IASB - International Accounting Standards Board, bem como da ONU - Organização das Nações Unidas, por meio de setores como o ISAR - Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on International Standards of Accounting and Reporting/ UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Por sua vez, as instituições de ensino contábil dos diversos países são estimuladas a adequar-se às mudanças provocadas pela globalização, Assim, entende-se que quanto maior a similaridade entre o currículo adotado por um certo país e o currículo internacional, maior será a evidência de harmonização na educação contábil desse país, Para efeito de comparação, os autores consideram que a proposta feita pelo ISAR/UNCTAD/ONU de um Curriculum Mundial (CM) é a que contém a estrutura conceituai ideal ou os blocos de conhecimentos a serem ministrados pelas universidades em suas grades curriculares de Contabilidade. O estudo compara o resultado da análise de 25 Universidades Brasileiras e 25 Portuguesas em relação ao CM, Analisando-se o posicionamento em relação ao CM, percebe-se que o Bloco de Conhecimentos Administrativos e Organizacionais - tanto do Brasil como de Portugal - é o que apresentou maior aproximação. O que mais se distanciou foi o bloco de conhecimentos gerais. Outra característica notada nos resultados é a quantidade ainda baixa de disciplinas de Tecnologia de Informação na maioria das grades curriculares.
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Campos, Larissa Couto, and Sirlei Lemes. "ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA ENTRE O CURRÍCULO MUNDIAL PROPOSTO PELA ONU/UNCTAD/ISAR E AS UNIVERSIDADES FEDERAIS DO ESTADO DE MINAS GERAIS." Administração: Ensino e Pesquisa 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2012): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.13058/raep.2012.v13n1.101.
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<p>Devido à globalização, espera-se que um contador seja capaz de atuar além de suas fronteiras nacionais. Para que isso ocorra, a educação deste profissional deve estar de acordo com os anseios do mercado. A onu (Organização das Nações Unidas), por meio dos setores unctad (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) e isar (International Standards of Accounting and Reporting), formulou um modelo de currículo, que pode ser utilizado como um guia para todas as instituições de ensino de contabilidade, no desenvolvimento de suas grades curriculares. O objetivo desta pesquisa é realizar um estudo comparativo do Currículo Mundial (cm) desenvolvido pela onu/uncatd/isar com o adotado por universidades mineiras, com o intuito de identificar, quantitativamente, o nível de semelhança entre o cm e os currículos analisados. Quatro universidades mineiras foram selecionadas, ufmg, ufsj, ufu e ufvjm, as quais tiveram suas ementas e programas curriculares comparados com os conteúdos propostos pelo cm. Verificou-se, que, em média, 57,68% dos conteúdos das universidades analisadas são similares ao currículo proposto pela onu/unctad/isar.<br /><br /></p>
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Ortino, Federico, and Karl P. Sauvant. "Extending International Legal Aid from Trade to Investment: An Advisory Centre on International Investment Law." Global Trade and Customs Journal 16, Issue 10 (October 1, 2021): 548–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2021066.
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Several mechanisms at the international level provide legal aid to lower-income States to strengthen ‘access to justice’ and ‘equality among States’, whether through direct financial support or institutional legal assistance. After reviewing the concept of international legal aid, this article makes the case for the creation of an Advisory Centre on International Investment Law (ACIIL) to provide support to respondent States involved in disputes brought by private investors based on international investment treaties and other instruments, as part of investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS). The increasing costs, complexity and number of investor-State arbitrations has strengthened the need for an international legal aid mechanism in this area, to put under-resourced developing countries in a better position to have affordable access to justice and defend themselves adequately in international investment disputes. This would level the playing field, strengthen the confidence of governments in a reformed investment regime and thereby enhance its legitimacy. Drawing on the experience of the Advisory Centre on WTO Law (ACWL), the article discusses the rationale, key features and current policy challenges of an Advisory Centre on International Investment Law. Advisory Centre on WTO Law, Advisory Centre on International Investment Law, international legal aid, access to justice, investor-state disputes, international investment law, multinational enterprises
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Majeed, Muhammad Tariq, and Eatzaz Ahmad. "FDI and Exports in Developing Countries: Theory and Evidence." Pakistan Development Review 46, no. 4II (December 1, 2007): 735–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v46i4iipp.735-750.
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Multinational enterprises (MNEs) not only generate global flows of foreign direct investment, but are also extremely for global trade flows. UNCTAD (2004) estimates that MNEs account for around two-thirds of world exports. Since MNEs are responsible for a large proportion of world trade, one may infer that there is a close relationship between flows of FDI and trade. An MNE network, consisting of a parent and a network of affiliates, generates simultaneous flows of goods and investments. In this context the pool of knowledge and associated models, which explain international trade, has grown substantially in the recent past, but there is less theoretical consensus about the relationship between trade flows and FDI. The fact that exporting and local production are alternative ways for an MNE to serve the demand in a foreign market suggests a substitutability relationship between FDI and trade. MNE production in the host country implies that local production is a substitute for exports from the home country. On the other hand, MNE affiliates’ production in a host country can generate a demand for intermediate goods from the parent, resulting in a complementary relationship between flows of FDI and trade (exports). Theoretical reasoning therefore supports both these possibilities, providing a strong incentive for empirical analysis
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NEDELCU, L. "Research overview concerning the maritime industry: An evaluation of the trends and topics in the Black Sea area." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XXV, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-22-i2-013.
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The present study's main purpose is to concisely outline a general overview of the main activities which took place in the maritime field in recent years, not only at a global level but also in a specific area – the Black Sea, using the data and information from international and national publications, such as Review of Maritime Transport 2021 – UNCTAD and Romanian Naval Agency. From the analysis conducted over a prolonged period, based on the evaluation of the world seaborne trade, the main parameters which define the world fleet, the global maritime trade and its outcome from the COVID-19 pandemic, and last but not least, the Black Sea maritime area, it is demonstrated that the maritime industry has overcome any crisis which occurred in time and continues to provide a complex and dynamic mean of transport. Nevertheless, the results obtained in this study represent a benchmark in the future analysis of the naval industry development.
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González, Arancha. "Africa needs borth aid and trade - Interview: Arancha González, Executive Director, International Trade Centre." Africa Renewal 28, no. 2 (August 31, 2014): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/6d02423c-en.
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Mikroulea, Alexandra P. "Competition between public and private undertakings." Zeitschrift für Wettbewerbsrecht 13, no. 3 (September 10, 2015): 265–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15375/zwer-2015-0305.
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AbstractAn undistorted competition regime can only be achieved on the condition of equality of opportunity among different businesses. The neutrality principle must be also applicable in favor of public sector undertakings according to OFT study dated 2010 and OECD study 2012. In comparative analysis with other member states (Italy and Spain) and Australia the relevant legislations provide the Competition Agencies and the Governments power to ensure and protect the neutrality principle. World Trade Organization is the new forum for international regulation of public restraints? It is a question to be answered. A “soft” solution (soft law), either in the framework of the International Competition Network (ICN) or in the framework of OECD or of the UNCTAD seems realistic. Perhaps more effective seems to be the cultivation of a competition culture (competition advocacy). In competition law, “second best” solutions constitute the reply to the problem.
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Kirillov, V. N., and A. Tolga. "ECONOMIC COOPERATION BETWEEN TURKEY AND RUSSIA AT THE PRESENT STAGE." International Trade and Trade Policy 9, no. 3 (October 15, 2023): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2023-3-101-110.
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The Russian Federation and the Republic of Turkey are intensifying their bilateral cooperation in the trade and economic sphere, which has a long and ambiguous history. Despite some unfavorable moments, at present it is constantly developing incrementally. The article shows the main directions of economic cooperation between the two countries, as well as trade and investment ties. The authors conclude that on the basis of strengthening national economies, not only quantitative and qualitative development of cooperation between the two countries, which are large economic entities, is taking place, but also a new enclave of globality is being formed, which in the future may have an impact on both regional and global processes. According to the authors, what is happening is a response to the growing volatility of the world economy, as a result of which the rules-based system of the world economy will collapse. The authors applied modern methods of economic research, including statistical, visualization method and positive approach. The article used statistical data from the international database of UNCTAD, as well as analytical data from Russian and Turkish researchers.
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Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, Abuja, Nigeria, Fatima. "Towards an Enabling Legal and Regulatory Framework for International Franchising Business in Nigeria." ABUAD Law Journal 9, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.53982/alj.2021.0901.02-j.
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UNCTAD has estimated that around 18 – 21 million people are employed under Non – Equity Modes (NEMs) of production, with the bulk of them being in contract manufacturing, outsourcing, and franchising. 80% of these employments are mostly in developing countries. If well-strategised, NEMs can present massive potential for developing countries such as Nigeria to increase their share of value addition, build productive capacity, integrate the country into the Global Value Chain (GVC), and increase its participation in international trade. Nigeria has signed and ratified the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Agreement, is a member of the WTO, and has integrated Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into its development strategy. It seeks to develop its productive capacity through industrialisation, pursue export-led growth through trade under the AfCFTA and increase participation in the GVC. Franchising as a business model is used to mitigate against certain risks, create jobs, and is used as a tool to gain entry into a new and/ or uncertain business environment making it worth exploring to improve international franchising in Nigeria. The research observed that although attempts have been made to woe international franchisors by Nigeria, the sector performed below expectation. The paper finds that the legal and regulatory environment does not create an enabling environment for franchises to thrive, This makes the business environment unattractive for international franchising. Hence, using the doctrinal approach, this paper seeks to analyse the legal and regulatory framework for franchising business in Nigeria to determine how prepared it is to regulate franchising business in Nigeria to assess its capability to support Nigeria, and proffering suggestions on how to improve it to enable Nigeria leverage on it to undergird its industrialisation and export market development.