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Journal articles on the topic 'International trade – Europe'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Hamilton, Carl B., L. Alan Winters, Gordon Hughes, and Alasdair Smith. "Opening up International Trade with Eastern Europe." Economic Policy 7, no. 14 (1992): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1344513.

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2

Frensch, Richard. "International Trade and Restructuring in Eastern Europe." Comparative Economic Studies 38, no. 2-3 (1996): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ces.1996.22.

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3

Kim, Bong-Chul, Ho Kim, and Eui-Chan Shin. "Possibilities and Implications of Law Changes Applied to Trade between Korea and Europe." Korea International Trade Research Institute 19, no. 1 (2023): 387–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.16980/jitc.19.1.202302.387.

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Purpose – The main purpose of this paper is to explore the national application of international law in the field of trade based on the possibilities and implications of law changes applied to trade between Korea and Europe. Design/Methodology/Approach – To analyze the possibilities and implications of law changes applied to trade between Korea and Europe, the paper focuses on the connectivity between international and national law based on literature research and legal texts. Specifically, it proposes a relationship between changes in the international community and international law on Korea

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4

Cieślik, Andrzej, Jan Jakub Michałek, and Jerzy Mycielski. "Social Development and International Trade in Central Europe." Equilibrium 7, no. 2 (2012): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2012.008.

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In this paper we study the impact of social development on international trade in Central and Eastern Europe using the generalized gravity model. Many previous empirical studies which explored the determinants of trade flows, concentrated only on traditional gravity variables, such as the size of trading partners, factor abundance, technology differences or distance. In our study, in addition to the standard set of gravity variables, we examine the role of aggregate social development indicators such as Human Development Index and its components. Our results show that both aggregate and disagg

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5

Pirtskhalava, Nana, and Aleksandr Karpov. "INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN FOREST INDUSTRY." Forestry Engineering Journal 9, no. 4 (2020): 162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2019.4/18.

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Russia is the richest country with forest resources. It accounts for 22 % of the world's forest cover and half of the world's coniferous wood reserves. According to forecasts, the demand for commercial wood will increase by about 150 million cubic meters by 2030. There is only one real source – Russia's reserves. Reserves today amount to more than 83 billion cubic meters. For enterprises of the Arkhangelsk region, the main markets for woodworking products are China, the USA, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands and Egypt. Based on this, the study has formed a logistic export system for three transpor

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Liu, Yuze. "Trading with Adversaries: Russia-Europe Economic Relations Amid the Ukraine Conflict." European Journal of Law and Political Science 4, no. 1 (2025): 13–20. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejpolitics.2025.4.1.160.

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Trade remains a fundamental component of a country’s economic activities, even amidst the turmoil of war. This paper examines the impact of conflict on trade, particularly focusing on the dynamics between former trading partners who become belligerents. This research applies four International Relations frameworks—Relative Gain, Third Party Consideration, Domestic Political Economy, and Types of Traded Products—to analyze the economic interactions between Russia and European countries during the Russia-Ukraine War that began in 2022. The war has not only altered the geopolitical landscape but

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7

Wu, Qiwen. "The Impact of the Opening of China-Europe Railway Express On the Development of Foreign Trade in Anhui Province." Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 15, no. 2 (2024): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/9t5mv136.

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Since the "Belt and Road" initiative was put forward, China-Europe freight trains, as an important international transport channel for the Eurasian continent connectivity, have enhanced the level of bilateral trade facilitation and economic and trade cooperation, and had a profound impact on the development of foreign trade. Central trains is China to Europe and the "Belt and Road" international transport trains, central trains opening is the "Belt and Road" initiative China strengthen and countries along the important measures of connectivity, is an important gripper to promote the "Belt and

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GORINA, Ganna, Yuliia BOCHAROVA, Tetiana KOZHUKHOVA, Natalia IVANOVA, and Galina BOHATYRYOVA. "THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN TOURISM SERVICES IN EUROPE." GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 43, no. 3 (2022): 1091–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30892/gtg.43330-924.

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European tourism suffered the greatest crisis on record in 2020-2021 following an unprecedented health, social and economic emergency with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine restrictions. Thus, the aim of the article is to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on international trade in tourism services in Europe, as well as determining the development trends of international trade in tourism services in the regions of Europe and EU countries in the pre- and post-coronavirus period. To achieve the goal of the scientific research a quantitative research method, literature review m

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9

DEBAERE, PETER. "Small fish–big issues: the effect of trade policy on the global shrimp market." World Trade Review 9, no. 2 (2010): 353–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474561000011x.

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AbstractIt is a well-established theoretical result that the trade policy of a large country can directly affect its own and other countries' welfares by affecting international goods' prices. However, there exist very few empirical studies that analyze the effect of trade policy on international prices. With detailed data on unit values and tariffs, I show how policy actions in Europe disrupted the global shrimp market in a non-negligible way and set the stage for the anti-dumping case in the United States. The loss of Thailand's preferential trade status in Europe and the international diffe

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10

Nazarii, Lypko. "The Gravity Model of Trade: The Case of Central and Eastern Europe." LeXonomica 14, no. 2 (2022): 187–212. https://doi.org/10.18690/lexonomica.14.2.187-212.2022.

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The main patterns of international trade in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe have been analysed in the paper. The gravity model, estimated for a large sample of bilateral trade flows for the analysed states, has been used as a benchmark. The model has been updated according to the modern conditions in the international economy. The emphasis has been made on the analysis of products' trade since the trade of services requires separate modelling. The purpose of the paper was to find the main factors that determine gravity trends in international trade in Central and Eastern Europe

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11

Naghshpour, Shahdad, and Bruno S. Sergi. "The economics of international trade in south-eastern Europe." SEER 11, no. 2 (2008): 199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-2869-2008-2-199.

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12

Claeys, Jos. "Christelijke vakbonden van hoop naar ontgoocheling : Het Wereldverbond van de Arbeid en de transformatie van het voormalige Oostblok na 1989." Trajecta. Religion, Culture and Society in the Low Countries 29, no. 1 (2020): 49–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tra2020.1.003.clae.

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Abstract The implosion of Communism between 1989 and 1991 in Central- and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the following socio-economic transitions had a strong impact on Western European social movements. The international trade union movement and trade unions in Belgium and the Netherlands were galvanized to support the changing labour landscape in CEE, which witnessed the emergence of new independent unions and the reform of the former communist organizations. This article explores the so far little-studied history of Christian trade union engagement in post-communist Europe. Focusing on the World

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13

Diebold, William. "American Trade Policy and Western Europe." Government and Opposition 22, no. 3 (1987): 282–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017257x00700066.

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The eve of a major multilateral trade negotiation is a time to meditate. This is not because the atmosphere is beauteous, calm and free. Nor is it about to become so because major governments, after years of haggling, are ready — more or less — to enter the round. Indeed, the Conventions of trade negotiation are antithetical to a calm and clear understanding of what combination of aspiration and realism will do most to improve the conditions of international trade. In such negotiations, the general objective — the reduction of trade barriers — is referred to as a concession to others. ‘Standin

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14

Anthony, Ian. "The arms trade and Europe." International Affairs 72, no. 2 (1996): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2624384.

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15

Milner, Susan. "The International Labour Movement and the Limits of Internationalism: the International Secretariat of National Trade Union Centres, 1901–1913." International Review of Social History 33, no. 1 (1988): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000008610.

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SummaryDespite an abundance of literature on the Second International relatively little is known about the work of the International Secretariat of National Trade Union Centres (ISNTUC). Foundect in 1901 by the German and Scandinavian labour leaders, this exclusively trade union International (the forerunner of the post-war International Federation of Trade Unions) included representatives of most of the major labour movements of Europe and the USA. Under German leadership it occupied itself with exclusively trade union issues, a limitation which was contested by revolutionary labour federatio

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16

Spaulding, Robert Mark. "German trade policy in Eastern Europe, 1890–1990: preconditions for applying international trade leverage." International Organization 45, no. 3 (1991): 343–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300033130.

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Over the past century, Germany has repeatedly attempted to use trade as a tool of foreign policy vis-à-vis Imperial Russia, the Soviet Union, Poland, and Czechoslovakia. Against the background of continual German economic superiority, this article analyzes Germany's ability to apply trade leverage in terms of four other factors: the nature of the prevailing international trade regime, government views of trade leverage as a tool of statecraft, the degree of German state autonomy in setting trade policies, and the availability of an effective bureaucratic mechanism for controlling German import

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17

García, Magaly Rodríguez. "Constructing Labour Regionalism in Europe and the Americas, 1920s–1970s." International Review of Social History 58, no. 1 (2012): 39–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859012000752.

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AbstractThis article provides an analysis of the construction of labour regionalism between the 1920s and 1970s. By means of a comparative examination of the supranational labour structures in Europe and the Americas prior to World War II and of the decentralized structure of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), I attempt to defend the argument that regionalism was a labour leaders' construct that responded to three issues: the quest for power among the largest trade-union organizations within the international trade-union movement; mutual distrust between labour leade

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18

Shchodra, Olha. "THE SLAVIC AGE IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION: THE ECONOMIC RISE OF THE SLAV-INHABITED BALTIC SEACOAST IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES." Problems of slavonic studies, no. 68 (2019): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/sls.2019.68.3068.

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Abstract Background. The article attempts to explore the reasons of the economic rise in the Slav-inhabited Baltic Sea region, including the role of geographical factors; the impact of international trade on the economic development of the Slavic region; the role of the coastal Slavs in developing the Baltic trade routes as well as the network of river and land communications in Central and Eastern Europe. The paper mainly focuses on the participation of the Slavs in the formation of transcontinental trade routes and the development of trade between Europe and the Arab East. Purpose. To explor

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19

Pelkmans, Jacques. "Lowering Regulatory Trade Costs." World Trade Review 22, no. 3-4 (2023): 497–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745623000174.

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AbstractNegotiations on ‘deeper’ trade agreements and estimates of tariff equivalents have increased the awareness that regulatory trade costs are (too) high. This paper discusses ways to effectively lower such costs, reviewing the potential role of trade agreements and international regulatory cooperation, and the approaches that have been taken in different world regions. Attention is also paid to cost reduction via global technical standardization. Key issues are how to reduce the prevalence of national standards setting and how to best promote international standards. In both dimensions, E

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20

Mahdich, Alisa S., та Serhii Kuzminov. "СТРУКТУРНІ ЗРУШЕННЯ У МІЖНАРОДНІЙ ТОРГІВЛІ СВІТОВИХ ЛІДЕРІВ". Європейський вектор економічного розвитку 2, № 33 (2022): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2074-5362-2022-2-33-5.

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The article examines the impact of structural changes in trade flows of leading countries on the state of the global economy, trends in its qualitative changes, and the consequences of this process. The analysis of the works of domestic and foreign scientists on this issue gives understanding of the lack of research on certain elements and factors that affect the dynamics of processes occurring in modern trade against the background of global economic events and shifts, such as Brexit, the COVID-19 pandemic, Russian aggression against Ukraine, etc. Therefore, to understand the general trends i

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21

Tvrdoň, Oldřich, and Radmila Presová. "Barter trade operations in the EU intracommunity area." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 55, no. 6 (2007): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200755060187.

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The article deals with trading possibilities through the barter trade companies which are widely spread especially in USA and Wester Europe. It shows the essence of commercial and cooperative companies engaged in barter-trading business. It also introduces the International Reciprocal Trade Assiciation worldwide company (IRTA). Shows results of czech barter company LQA, ltd., which trades requisitions and other goods by jointing demands since 2000. By the help of balance sheet method it reproaches values of offered and demanded requisitions in 2007.

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22

Poveshchenko, Maksym, Oksana Kurei, Alla Ternova, Olha Mazurenko, and Mykhailo Lukash. "Examining trade strategies in Europe and Ukraine: Navigating challenges and building economic strength." Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology 8, no. 6 (2024): 2282–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.55214/25768484.v8i6.2425.

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Today, the global community operates within an integrated global economic system. Against the backdrop of globalised integration of the socio-economic sphere, international trade is positioned as a significant factor in the intensification of economic development. In this context, trade strategies can create new opportunities or risks for the national economy. This article aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the trade strategies of the European Union (EU) and Ukraine in the context of potential advantages and related challenges for economic resilience. The study finds that international

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23

Zhang, Jinming, Qingqing Wang, and Jianbin Shi. "China’s International Trade of Parrots from 1981 to 2022 Based on the CITES Trade Database." Animals 14, no. 21 (2024): 3076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14213076.

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Parrots are popular with pet consumers and are one of the most traded groups of live birds around the world. China has been considered as an important country in bird trades, but we know little about China’s import and export of parrots. Using the latest data available from the CITES Trade Database, we analyzed China’s import and export of CITES-listed live parrots from 1981–2022 to better understand the patterns and dynamics of these trades. China imported 155,339 parrots of 173 species and exported 608,987 parrots of 42 species during the study period with an annual average of about 18,500 i

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24

TODD, DAVID. "JOHN BOWRING AND THE GLOBAL DISSEMINATION OF FREE TRADE." Historical Journal 51, no. 2 (2008): 373–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x08006754.

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ABSTRACTThe international diffusion of ideas has often been described as an abstract process. John Bowring's career offers a different insight into the practical conditions that permitted a concept, free trade, to spread across national borders. An early advocate of trade liberalization in Britain, Bowring promoted free trade policies in France, Italy, Germany, Egypt, Siam, and China between 1830 and 1860. He employed different strategies according to local political conditions, appealing to public opinion in liberal Western Europe, seeking to persuade bureaucrats and absolute rulers in Centra

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25

Guo, Yanrong. "Labour mobility and international trade." Catallaxy 8, no. 1 (2023): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/cxy.2023.001.

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Motivation: The academic debate on whether the relationship between factor mobility and international trade is one of complementarity or substitution is inconclusive. In general, the relationship between the two can vary depending on the specific research methodology and the object of study. Moreover, there are fewer empirical analyses with China and the European Union as subjects, so studying the relationship between labour mobility and trade in the case of China and Europe is worthwhile. Aim: The purpose of this paper is to determine, through empirical analysis, the relationship between labo

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26

Pisani, Michael J., and Jane LeMaster. "Commerce, International Trade and Management Before the “Discovery” of Europe." Latin American Business Review 1, no. 4 (2000): 101–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j140v01n04_06.

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Egger, Peter. "Intermediate goods trade and international wage convergence in Central Europe." Empirica 33, no. 4 (2006): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10663-006-9000-5.

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Barnes, Samuel H. "Christian Trade Unions and European Integration." Relations industrielles 17, no. 1 (2014): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1021649ar.

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Summary Christian trade unions of the countries of « Little Europe » have established organizations to coordinate their European activities and to represent their interests before the agencies concerned with European economic integration. They have been forced to seek allies in order to increase their influence. In this search they have two major alternatives: they can work closely with the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, or they can try to increase their influence within the Christian Democratic political milieu. This article describes the supranational structure of the Inte

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29

Johnson, Ronald. "Terms of Trade Shifts and International Macroeconomic Fundamentals." Review of Black Political Economy 21, no. 3 (1993): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02701706.

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This paper focuses on the relationship between developing-country terms of trade and underlying economic fundamentals in the industrial economies. The focus is limited to the terms of trade of the five developing-country regions (Africa, Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and the Western Hemisphere). The analysis is based on a version of the arbitrage pricing model, which is used extensively in the literature on capital market analysis. This model links developing-country terms of trade to indicators of international macroeconomic fundamentals. In this model the terms of trade are characterized as

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Hong, Chaopeng, Hongyan Zhao, Yue Qin, et al. "Land-use emissions embodied in international trade." Science 376, no. 6593 (2022): 597–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abj1572.

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International trade separates consumption of goods from related environmental impacts, including greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and land-use change (together referred to as “land-use emissions”). Through use of new emissions estimates and a multiregional input-output model, we evaluated land-use emissions embodied in global trade from 2004 to 2017. Annually, 27% of land-use emissions and 22% of agricultural land are related to agricultural products ultimately consumed in a different region from where they were produced. Roughly three-quarters of embodied emissions are from land-use

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Rowe, David M. "World Economic Expansion and National Security in Pre–World War I Europe." International Organization 53, no. 2 (1999): 195–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081899550869.

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Profound and rapid changes in the costs and risks of international trade are now widely acknowledged to be a potent source of domestic political conflict. By altering the relative prices of goods available from world markets, these changes alter the rewards that flow to different factors of production from different economic activities. These distributional consequences of changing levels of trade, in turn, alter the configuration of interests in the domestic political economy, strain existing political alignments, and enable the construction of new political coalitions. Thus, global changes i

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Dika, Andriyanto, and Yunanto. "Legal Study of The Choice of Law of The Parties in An International Trade Contract." International Journal of Social Science and Human Research 07, no. 09 (2024): 7033–38. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13788402.

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Technological Progress and the communications result economic activity shall no longer circles by State boundary. Phenomenon Regionalism that happened in various world cleft these days, like ASEAN or Uni Europe bornedly it transactionof socalled by e-commerce. International trade has become backbone for State to become prosperous, secure and prosperous and the strength. Defrayal of International trade by letter L/C or organizable except that by other law system

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Bojan, Matkovski, Zekic Stanislav, Savic Mirko, and Radovanov Boris. "Trade of agri-food products in the EU enlargement process: Evidence from the Southeastern Europe." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 64, No. 8 (2018): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/134/2017-agricecon.

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Since the last decade, significant changes have occurred in the trade flows of agri-food products of the Southeastern European countries (SEE) due to adjustment to international market. Namely, as all countries of the SEE strive to be full members of the EU; market opportunities have been changing, primarily because of the reduced barriers on trade with the EU, as well as with the regional countries. In order to investigate the effects of the liberalization process of the agri-food sector of the SEE countries on their export, as well as the total foreign trade, a gravity model based on panel d

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Shivambu, Ndivhuwo, Tinyiko Cavin Shivambu, Takalani Nelufule, Moleseng Claude Moshobane, Nimmi Seoraj-Pillai, and Tshifhiwa Constance Nangammbi. "South Africa as a Donor of Its Native and Exotic Species to the International Pet Trade." Sustainability 16, no. 20 (2024): 8828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16208828.

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The global pet trade is a thriving multibillion-dollar industry, involving the international exchange of various species and regulated by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). South Africa plays a significant role as both an importer and exporter within this market. By analysing over 13 million records from the CITES database, spanning from 1975 to 2023, we aimed to access South Africa’s role in the international pet trade and to analyse trade volume and trends over time. Our findings indicate that alien species dominate exports, particula

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Poveshchenko, Maksym, Oksana Kurei, Alla Ternova, Olha Mazurenko, and Mykhailo Lukash. "Examining Trade Strategies in Europe and Ukraine: Navigating Challenges and Building Economic Strength and Sustainability." Journal of Lifestyle and SDGs Review 5, no. 1 (2025): e03975. https://doi.org/10.47172/2965-730x.sdgsreview.v5.n01.pe03975.

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Objective: This article aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the trade strategies of the European Union (EU) and Ukraine in the context of potential advantages and related challenges for economic resilience. Theoretical Framework: Today, the global community operates within an integrated global economic system. Against the backdrop of globalised integration of the socio-economic sphere, international trade is positioned as a significant factor in the intensification of economic development. In this context, trade strategies can create new opportunities or risks for the national economy. M

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Schott, Jeffrey J. "America, Europe, and the New Trade Order." Business and Politics 11, no. 3 (2009): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1263.

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Over the last 60 years, the multilateral management of trade through the GATT and subsequently through the WTO has been led by the United States and Europe. Since the turn of the new millennium, however, developing countries have increasingly used their leverage to insist that talks on agriculture receive priority attention, deny the inclusion of investment and competition policy on the negotiating agenda, and block agreement on negotiating modalities for agriculture and non-agricultural market access (NAMA). Cooperation between the United States and the European Union is still essential, but

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37

Lypko, Nazarii. "The Gravity Model of Trade: The Case of Central and Eastern Europe." LeXonomica 14, no. 2 (2022): 187–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/lexonomica.14.2.187-212.2022.

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The main patterns of international trade in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe have been analysed in the paper. The gravity model, estimated for a large sample of bilateral trade flows for the analysed states, has been used as a benchmark. The model has been updated according to the modern conditions in the international economy. The emphasis has been made on the analysis of products' trade since the trade of services requires separate modelling. The purpose of the paper was to find the main factors that determine gravity trends in international trade in Central and Eastern Europe. It

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38

Sokolov, V. "Trends of Development of International Trade in Goods in 1990–2008." World Economy and International Relations, no. 2 (2011): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2011-2-36-47.

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In today's world there are three centers of industrial production: Western Europe, North America and East Asia. These regions account for the lion's share of world exports of industrial products. The financial crisis of 2008-2009 exerted major negative impact on the growth of international trade in these products. The article examines the trade in certain branches of engineering products in 1990-2000, the influence of the global crisis on international trade, as well as the balance of payments problems of major countries and regions of the world.

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Hassan, Ouabouch, and Cruz-Delgado Daniela. "THE ECONOMIC AND TRADE RELATIONS BETWEEN MOROCCO AND MEXICO: ASSESSMENT AND FUTURE PROSPECTS." Journal of Research in Business, Economics and Management 11, no. 1 (2018): 2113–19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3953633.

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The current globalization forces several countries to establish international economic relations and take advantage of the competitive advantages that this generates.The emerging economies try to consolidate their relationships to face the economic powers. The objective of this article is to analyze the composition of international trade that takes place between Mexico and Morocco to identify the existing opportunities for both countries. The results suggest that the main opportunities to strengthen trade are found in the products of the agri-food sector, which can also contribute to reducing

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40

Deng, Yi, and Hyuck Jin Lee. "Assessment and Future Directions of Logistics Competitiveness for China-Europe Freight Trains (CRE): A Focus on Entropy Weight-TOPSIS Method." Korean Logistics Research Association 34, no. 1 (2024): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17825/klr.2024.34.1.31.

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The China-Europe Freight Train (CRE) has gained significant attention as a crucial transportation mode strengthening logistics connections between China and Europe, facilitating international trade. This study focuses on the logistics competitiveness of CRE by comprehensively analyzing the logistics competitiveness of departure cities and the transportation competitiveness of regular routes. The logistics competitiveness of each departure city was evaluated using the entropy weight-TOPSIS method, revealing the significant influence of key hub nodes and transportation costs. The analysis result

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Bates, Robert H., Philip Brock, and Jill Tiefenthaler. "Risk and trade regimes: another exploration." International Organization 45, no. 1 (1991): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300001375.

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An analysis of a small sample of countries shows that the higher the level of termsof-trade risk that a nation faces in international markets, the more likely it is to increase barriers. The analysis also shows that the greater the availability of social insurance programs mounted by a nation's government, the less likely it is to block free trade. In comparison with the small open economies of Western Europe, therefore, developing countries may remain protectionist because they lack the resources to mount internal programs of transfer payments as a means of coping with risk from international

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White, John B., Morgan P. Miles, and E. James Randall. "Innovative Financial Technologies To Facilitate Trade With Eastern Europe." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 8, no. 3 (2011): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v8i3.6150.

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The European Economic Community is overshadowing the great market potential of the emerging, newly liberated Eastern Bloc countries. Entering these formerly communist markets is challenging because of a lack of sound economies and weak currencies. This paper develops a model whereby North American businesses enter these markets and accept local currencies for products and services, purchase local goods with the local currency and then sell these goods through international commodity exchanges.

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Athukorala, Prema-chandra. "Product Fragmentation and Trade Patterns in East Asia." Asian Economic Papers 4, no. 3 (2005): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep.2005.4.3.1.

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International product fragmentation—the cross-border dispersion of component production/assembly within vertically integrated production processes—is an important feature of the deepening structural interdependence of the world economy. This paper examines the implications of this phenomenon for global and regional trade patterns, with special emphasis on countries in East Asia, using a new data set culled from the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database. It is found that, while “fragmentation trade” has generally grown faster than total world trade in manufacturing, the degree of d

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Chen, Wei, and Xiquan Zhao. "Understanding Global Rice Trade Flows: Network Evolution and Implications." Foods 12, no. 17 (2023): 3298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12173298.

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Rice holds a significant position as one of the world’s most important food crops, and international trade plays a crucial role in regulating rice supply and demand. Analyzing the structural evolution of the global rice trade from a network perspective is paramount for understanding the global rice-trade supply chain and ensuring global food security. This study utilizes international rice-trade data from 2000 to 2021 and employs various network analysis methods to depict the spatial and temporal patterns of the global rice trade, examines the network topologies of the global rice trade, and r

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Bridgford, Jeff, Michal Košt'al, Dušan Martinek, Yuliya Simeonova, and Janusz Zabiega. "Trade union education in Central and Eastern Europe." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 6, no. 3 (2000): 486–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890000600311.

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The changes in Central and Eastern Europe that were set in motion at the end of the 1980s threw up a variety of challenges for trade union organisations and placed new demands on their officers and representatives, which in turn produced a range of new training needs. This article intends to start a process - gaining a better understanding of trade union education provision in Central and Eastern Europe. Evidence from four case studies - KNSB (Bulgaria), ČMKOS (Czech Republic), KOZ SR (Slovak Republic) and NSZZ Solidarność (Poland)- shows that trade union organisations have continued to consid

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Kaar, Alexandra. "The “Golden City” under Embargo: Prague's International Trade during the Hussite Wars, 1420–1436." Central European History 54, no. 3 (2021): 447–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938921000431.

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AbstractAfter the outbreak of the First Hussite Wars (spring 1420), the Hussite capital Prague faced—at least in theory—a total embargo on all trade and commerce. However, trade evidently continued in spite of this embargo. The present article systematically assesses our knowledge on this trade and highlights articles, geographical structures and agents of long-distance trade to and from the Czech metropolis during the war, thus furthering our knowledge about the economic history of early fifteenth-century Central Europe in general. Furthermore, the author uses the example of the anti-Hussite

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Sidorov, V. N., and E. V. Sidorova. "UNITED NATIONS ACTION IN THE FIELD OF TRADE FACILITATION." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 12 (March 14, 2021): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.76.12.095-110.

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Trade is defined as one of the key enabler of implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals Agenda 2030. Trade facilitation is important trend of trade in sustainable development, as expected will promote of growth acceleration and international trade and also will enhance economic, ecological and social aspects of sustainable development. In article is offered to consider the main activities of the United Nations in the trade facilitation. In the article it is offered to consider the main activities of the UN in the sphere simplification of procedures of trade The article considers the

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Vasa, Laszlo, and Peter Barkanyi. "Geopolital and Geo-Economic Importance of the Middle Corridor: A Chompreshive Overview." Eurasian Journal of Economic and Business Studies 2, no. 67 (2023): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47703/ejebs.v2i67.295.

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The aim of the paper is to investigate the changing importance of the Middle Corridor in geopolitical and geo-economic contexts using analytical and case study methodology. The conflict in Ukraine has disrupted the traditional trade route between Asia and Europe via Russia, leading to the emergence of alternative transport options such as the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route (TITR), also known as the Middle Corridor (MC). This study examines the evolving importance of the Middle Corridor in the geopolitical and geo-economic context and highlights its potential as an alternative trad

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Trung Nguyen, Thong, and Xuan Vinh Vo. "Why do the Chinese make direct investment in the Europe? Insights from disaggregated bilateral data." Economics and Business Letters 10, no. 3 (2021): 274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/ebl.10.3.2021.274-283.

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This study explores the economic factors of foreign direct investment (FDI) from China to Europe. By drawing data over 8 years and dataset from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank (WB), we found that Chinese FDI outflows to Europe are driven by the recipient country's fundamentals (trade openness, resource, institutional quality, and economic growth). These findings confirm the current literature while asserting counterintuitive facts. One of many points is that China is less likely to seek out the investment channel in the large economic status. More importantly, this study d

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Nassir, Ul Haq Wani, Naz Khan Farah, and Paruthi Rupanshi. "International Trade in Services and FDI: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis (2000-2020)." Kardan Journal of Economics and Management Sciences 5, no. 1 (2022): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.31841/KJEMS.2022.108.

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International trade in services is the engine of the world economy. Under complex and volatile international happenings, it is worth evaluating where the world service trade and FDI pattern will go. Therefore, it is necessary to gauge the trade-related research of service trade and FDI. This paper systematically reviewed the research on international trade in service and FDI through qualitative and quantitative research methods, which made up for the deficiency of the existing reviews in this field. This paper used VOS viewer software to carry out a bibliometric analysis of 1097 documents from

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