Relevant bibliographies by topics / International Trade Regulation

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'International Trade Regulation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "International Trade Regulation"

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Wang, Qingran, Haibin Wu, Jun Xu, and Jiaren Pang. "Entry regulation and international trade." Applied Economics Letters 24, no. 3 (2016): 182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2016.1176105.

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Woodside, Kenneth, Michael J. Trebilcock, and Robert Howse. "The Regulation of International Trade." Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques 22, no. 2 (1996): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3551921.

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Christensen, Eric. "LAWPesticide Regulation and International Trade." Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 32, no. 9 (1990): 2–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00139157.1990.9929050.

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Sartzetakis, Eftichios Sophocles, and Christos Constantatos. "Environmental regulation and international trade." Journal of Regulatory Economics 8, no. 1 (1995): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01066600.

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Foros, Øystein, Hans Jarle Kind, and Lars Sørgard. "Domestic Regulation and International Trade." Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade 9, no. 1 (2008): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10842-008-0032-3.

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Hansen, Wendy L. "The International Trade Commission and the Politics of Protectionism." American Political Science Review 84, no. 1 (1990): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1963628.

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I analyze the governmental regulation of internationally traded goods produced by U.S. industries. General theories of regulation—most notably “capture” theories and the theory of “congressional dominance”—are used to analyze the decision-making behavior of the U.S. International Trade Commission, which plays a major role in approving and providing tariffs, quotas, and various types of nontariff trade barriers sought by these industries. Unlike previous studies, this one simultaneously accounts for both the supply and demand sides of trade regulation. This work seeks to predict, on a basis of domestic politics, the factors that affect the demand for, and supply of, trade protection for U.S. industries. The methodology consists of applying a nested logit framework to capture the decision behavior of the International Trade Commission and industries simultaneously. The analysis shows that industries do appear to self-select themselves in applying for protection from the International Trade Commission. In light of these findings, it appears that trade protection is subject to domestic political forces similar to those affecting other regulatory policy areas.
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Humirov, O. I. "INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGULATION OF TRADE UNIONS." Law Bulletin, no. 18 (2021): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32850/lb2414-4207.2021.18.13.

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VIGANI, MAURO, VALENTINA RAIMONDI, and ALESSANDRO OLPER. "International trade and endogenous standards: the case of GMO regulations." World Trade Review 11, no. 3 (2012): 415–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745612000262.

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AbstractThis paper quantifies the effect of GMO regulation on bilateral trade flows of agricultural products. We develop a composite index of GMO regulations and using a gravity model we show that bilateral differences in GMO regulation negatively affect trade flows. This effect is especially driven by labeling, approval process, and traceability. Our results are robust to the endogeneity of GMO standards to trade flows.
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Bangura, Kadijatu Zainab, and Abraham Zaqi Kromah. "An Overview of the WTO’s Plurilateral Agreement on Services Domestic Regulation." Global Trade and Customs Journal 17, Issue 4 (2022): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2022023.

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TheWTO’s General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), which has been in effect since 1995, has been used byWTO Members to facilitate increased growth in trade in services by regulating global transactions on trade in services in line with the specific commitments undertaken by everyWTO Member in the GATS. However, growth in trade in services has been clouded by significant barriers to trade in services that continue to exist in many countries in the form of unintended trade-restrictive measures across most services sectors, obscure regulations, and burdensome regulatory procedures. The successful conclusion of the Reference Paper on services domestic regulation is an effort to reduce these barriers and further stimulate trade in services. WTO, GATS, Services Domestic Regulation, Joint Initiative, Plurilateral Declaration, Negotiated Disciplines, regulatory processes, Reference Paper, barriers to services trade, predictability and transparency
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Vogel, David. "The Environment and International Trade." Journal of Policy History 12, no. 1 (2000): 72–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jph.2000.0009.

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This article examines the increasingly important and often contentious relationship between international trade and environmental regulation in the United States. It begins by explaining why these two policy areas have recently become more interdependent and then explores some of the specific controversies surrounding the contemporary linkages between trade policy and environmental regulation. The article concludes by analyzing the long-term political and economic impact of the relationship between trade and environmental policy.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "International Trade Regulation"

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Tu, Qingru. "International Trade and Environmental Regulation." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3727.

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This dissertation is composed of three chapters regarding international trade and environmental regulation. The first chapter focuses on the relationship between port ownership and the port R\&D investment. I investigate whether a larger degree of private involvement in the port sector makes for a higher level of welfare, as well as an improvement in port performance. I establish the stage games to analyze the reciprocal international trade. The theoretical findings indicate that the endowment of population plays an essential role in choosing the optimal port ownership. In the second chapter, I investigate the effect of port pollution regulation on port ownership. I incorporate the regulation tax on emissions from port cargo handling into the international duopoly trade model. The results of the stage games suggest the same ownership of the ports in both countries. I also extend the categories of port structures to include the transfer of port ownership to the other country. The policy implication is to have the small country own both ports, which is opposite to the port governance in reality. In the third chapter, I explore the equilibrium port ownership structures without other policy issues or regulation on the port sector being considered. The influence of country size per se suggests that a small country should privatize its port in the context of a privatized port in the large country. For a large country, it is better to choose a type of ownership different from the small country's. In addition, it is the country whose population is greater than a third of the scale in the other country that should own both ports.
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Van, der Marel Erik. "On trade, productivity and regulation in services." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011IEPP0035.

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Cette thèse se penche sur les liens entre la productivité des services, le commerce des services et la réglementation à la fois du côté des importations et du côté des exportations. Pour ce qui concerne l’export, les différences de productivité se reflètent dans une structure d’avantage comparatif de l’économie à la fois au niveau des services et des biens. Les importations comptent également. La hausse des importations de services a pour effet d’accroître la productivité de ces services, elle permet une allocation optimale des ressources nouvelles et existantes ainsi qu’une plus grande concurrence externe sur le marché intérieur. Les trois Chapitres de cette thèse représentent quelques-unes des premières contributions à la littérature sur le commerce des services avec une approche ancrée dans enjeux politiques d’aujourd’hui. Ils contribuent à une compréhension plus précise de la manière avec laquelle les pays développés principalement peuvent tirer avantage d’un accroissement des exportations de services en capitalisant sur des structures intérieures favorables et en exploitant donc les différences de productivité sectorielle. Par ailleurs, cette thèse fournit également une compréhension plus claire de la façon dont la réglementation nationale ciblant l’import, l’export et la production peut avoir un impact sur la productivité des services intérieurs dans le cadre de la Productivité Globale des Facteurs (PGF)<br>This dissertation examines the links between productivity in services, services trade and services regulation for both the import and export side. On the export side, productivity differences are reflected in an economy’s comparative advantage structure in services. Imports matter too. Increased services imports have productivity enhancing effects because these services allow for an optimal allocation of existing and new resources, and also facilitate increased external competition within the domestic economy. The three chapters in this dissertation represent some of the first contributions to the services trade literature with an approach rooted in today’s policy concerns. In particular, they contribute to a more precise understanding how mainly developed countries can take advantage of higher services exports capitalizing on favourable domestic country structures and hence exploiting sectoral productivity differences. In addition, this dissertation provides a clearer understanding how domestic regulation targeted to imports and production can affect domestic services productivity in the form of Total Factor Productivity (TFP)
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Bruneau, Joel Francis. "Essays in environmental regulation and international trade." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0019/NQ56512.pdf.

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Chaves, Olarte Georgina Ines. "International regulation of Caribbean textile and apparel trade." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69750.

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In the last five years, textiles and apparel have represented the largest source of growth of U.S. imports from countries covered by the Caribbean Basin Initiative. The economic importance of this sector to the Caribbean countries gave rise to this study which discusses the international regulation of textile and apparel trade and the possible effects of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations and the North American Free Trade Agreement on the Caribbean textile and apparel industry. This analysis takes into account not only the legal mechanisms developed to control trade in this sector, but also the underlining powers that have allowed the shaping of the current textile and apparel order. Special emphasis is placed on U.S. trade policies toward the Caribbean Region which have played a significant role in the present development of the Caribbean apparel industry.
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Zhang, Xin. "International trade regulation in China : law and policy /." Oxford [u.a.] : Hart Publ, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/513053670.pdf.

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Zvidza, Tinevimbo. "Dumping, antidumping and the future prospects for fair international trade." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/100.

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More than a century has passed since Canada adopted the first antidumping law in 1904. Similar legislation in most of the major trading nations followed the Canadian legislation prior to and after the World War II. Antidumping provisions were later integrated into the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) after the said war. Today, nearly all developed and developing countries have this type of legislation in place within their municipal legal framework. The subject of antidumping has received growing attention in international trade policy and has become a source of tension between trading nations. This is evident in the substantial increase of antidumping actions since the establishment of the WTO. Antidumping policy has emerged as a significant trade barrier because of its misuse by both developed and developing countries. The primary instruments governing antidumping actions are GATT Article VI and the Antidumping Agreement (ADA). The ADA contains both the substantive and procedural rules governing the interpretation and application of the instrument. Its purpose is to ensure that the instrument is used only as a contingency measure judged upon merit and not as a disguised protectionist device. Given the growing number of countries participating more actively in the world trading system and the notorious misuse of antidumping provisions, there is a vital need to critically analyse the key provisions of the said instruments. This study is an attempt at that academic enterprise. It concludes by giving proposals for future reform of both real and potential future reform of the current WTO antidumping regime. Dumping, antidumping, antidumping regulation, antidumping duties, like products, dumping margin, zeroing, facts available, protectionism, ADA.
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Cacciatore, Matteo. "The Macroeconomics of International Trade, Regulation, and Labor Markets." Thesis, Boston College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1390.

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Thesis advisor: Fabio Ghironi<br>This thesis studies the role of product and labor market frictions for the propagation of shocks in closed and open economy. The first chapters focuses on the consequences of relaxing product and labor regulation for macroeconomic outcomes. Specifically, we study long and short to medium run effects of deregulation by developing a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model featuring endogenous producer entry and search and matching frictions in the labor market. We calibrate the model to reproduce salient features of countries belonging to the Euro Area which are characterized by large barriers to entry, firing restrictions and unemployment benefits. We analyze the effects of single policy changes and a global reform in which product and labor market regulations are set at the current U.S. level. Three main results emerge. First, we show that deregulation -- either partial or global - would trigger adjustment costs in the short run, increasing unemployment and reducing consumption. Long run welfare gains would make up for short run costs. Second, reforms are interdependent as the effects of a policy change in one market depend upon the level of regulation prevailing in the other. Third, regulation has important consequences for the business cycle properties of the economy. After a full deregulation, the Euro Area would become more responsive to exogenous disturbances but the absorption of shocks would be quicker. Our findings suggest that concerns about the negative effect of strict regulation for the speed of recovery from downturns could be well placed. The second chapter studies how country-specific labor market frictions -- hiring and firing restrictions and protection of unemployed workers -- affect the consequences of trade integration. We address this question in a two-country model of trade and macroeconomic dynamics with heterogeneous firms, endogenous producer entry, and search and matching frictions in the labor market. We study the dynamic effects of trade integration on unemployment and economic activity and the business cycle implications of stronger trade linkages. The model introduces a novel source of amplification and propagation of domestic and international shocks, as fluctuations in job creation and destruction affect the profitability of producer entry into domestic and export markets. Structural differences in labor markets translate into asymmetric entry and export dynamics across countries. As trade barriers are reduced, unemployment initially rises (falls) in countries with more rigid (flexible) labor markets. In the long run, average productivity gains ensure positive employment effects in both countries. Trade is always beneficial for welfare, but the economy with a rigid labor market gains less. Integration has also important business cycle consequences. In contrast to benchmark international real business cycle models, but consistent with the data, the model predicts that trade integration leads to increased business cycle synchronization. Volatility increases in the country with a rigid labor market, but it falls for the flexible partner<br>Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010<br>Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Economics
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Eisenbarth, Sabrina. "Essays on international trade, environmental regulation and resource management." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/35736/.

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Allen, Sara-Ruth. "International trade rules: a case of imperialism at work?" University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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This study explored whether there is an inherent inequitable nature of the liberalization process with respect to the World Trade Organization Agreements, namely TRIMs (Trade-related Investment Measures), TRIPS (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) and the Agreement on Agriculture.
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Winslett, Gary. "Competitiveness and Death: Trade and Politics in Cars, Beef, and Drugs." Thesis, Boston College, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107031.

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Thesis advisor: David A. Deese<br>Cross-national differences in regulation have become the most significant barrier to international trade. My dissertation attempts to explain why states sometimes choose to reduce these regulatory trade barriers but at other times choose to maintain or increase them. To do this, I examine the international negotiation over regulatory trade barriers in three in-depth case studies, one from each of the three main areas of the international trade in goods: manufacturing, agriculture, and high-technology. The first investigates consumer safety, labor-related domestic content, and environmental regulations in the trade in automobiles in North America and the European Union. The second analyzes mad-cow safety regulations and the trade in beef between the United States and Japan. The third examines intellectual property regulations and the trade in pharmaceuticals between the United States and India. I contend that the best way to explain this variation is by examining the motivations of three sets of actors (businesses, activists, and government officials) and the political bargaining between those three groups. Businesses seek to reduce regulatory barriers when those barriers raise production costs or inhibit market access. They may however choose to end that pursuit if those regulations are cheap to comply with or pursuing their reduction carries major reputational risk. Activists defend regulatory barriers when they perceive those regulations to be the sole effective means to address a societal problem they are concerned about. They may accept a reduction in regulatory barriers if those barriers have low salience or their opposition is bought out through private standards, corporate social responsibility, or some other arrangement in which businesses are not directly regulated by government. Government officials choose whether to side with businesses or activist groups based on their relative prioritization of trade and regulatory independence, their staffing, and whom they identify as their core constituency. Businesses are likely to succeed at reducing a regulatory trade barrier when they can link their desire for that reduction with broader concerns about economic competitiveness while activist organizations are likely to succeed at defending regulatory trade barriers when they can link their desire for maintaining or increasing that barrier with preventing needless death. This dissertation thus adds to the current understanding of international political economy by demonstrating that multinational corporations have less political power than is commonly assumed and by augmenting traditional explanations of trade politics based on economic cleavages through analyzing activists’ engagement in trade politics now that trade politics significantly affects regulations<br>Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016<br>Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Political Science
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Books on the topic "International Trade Regulation"

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Trebilcock, Michael J. International trade regulation. Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 2011.

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Trebilcock, Michael J. International trade regulation. 2nd ed. Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 2014.

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Trebilcock, Michael J. International trade regulation. 2nd ed. Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 2006.

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Quinn, John. International trade regulation. University of Toronto, Faculty of Law], 1986.

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Trebilcock, Michael J. International trade regulation. 2nd ed. Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 2017.

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McGovern, Edmond. International trade regulation. Globefield, 1995.

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Trebilcock, Michael J. International trade regulation. 2nd ed. Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 2015.

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McGovern, Edmond. International trade regulation. Globefield Press, 1995.

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Trebilcock, Michael J. International trade regulation. 2nd ed. Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 2010.

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Trebilcock, Michael J. International trade regulation. 2nd ed. Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "International Trade Regulation"

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Gordon, Richard L. "International Trade Policy Issues." In Regulation and Economic Analysis. Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2620-9_5.

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Smyth, Stuart J., William A. Kerr, and Peter W. B. Phillips. "International Treaty Precedence." In Biotechnology Regulation and Trade. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53295-0_8.

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Delaney, Robert V. "Transportation, Regulation and International Trade." In Free Trade within North America: Expanding Trade for Prosperity. Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3128-9_12.

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Smyth, Stuart J., William A. Kerr, and Peter W. B. Phillips. "International Governance in the 21st Century." In Biotechnology Regulation and Trade. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53295-0_5.

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Koch, Rika. "GPP and International Trade Regulation." In Green Public Procurement under WTO Law. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48214-5_4.

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Dimitropoulos, Georgios. "Behavioural Regulation in International Trade." In Nudging - Possibilities, Limitations and Applications in European Law and Economics. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29562-6_14.

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DiMatteo, Larry A. "International and National Trade Regulation." In International Business Law and the Legal Environment. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003036289-6.

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Mulder, Machiel. "International Restrictions on Trade in Energy." In Regulation of Energy Markets. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58319-4_10.

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Humphrey, John. "Regulation, Standards and Risk Management in the Context of Globalization." In Regulations and International Trade. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55041-1_2.

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"International Trade Regulation." In International Business Law and the Legal Environment. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315724447-5.

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Conference papers on the topic "International Trade Regulation"

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"REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL TRADE." In Russian science: actual researches and developments. Samara State University of Economics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/russian.science-2019.10-1-76/78.

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Prystupa, Liudmyla, Viktor Koval, Iryna Kvach, and Andrei Hrymalyuk. "Transformation of Cycles of State Regulation in International Trade." In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Strategies, Models and Technologies of Economic Systems Management (SMTESM 2019). Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/smtesm-19.2019.54.

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Meng, Ying Hua, and Hong bo Cai. "Regulation Policy of Service Industry and International Trade in Service." In 2009 International Conference on Management and Service Science (MASS). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmss.2009.5303333.

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Budeli, Mpfariseni. "Internal regulation of trade unions and trade unions – members relationship under the South African labour law." In Annual International Conference on Law, Regulations and Public Policy. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-3809_lrpp14.29.

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Deynekli, Adnan. "Payment against Documents in International Trade." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01164.

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As compared to internal trade, international trade involves several risks, which can be specified as commercial, physical, political and legal risks. Cash against documents (documentary collection) is a type of payment method applied to reduce the legal risks in a transaction. This payment method is a reassuring way for the Importer, since he is not under any obligation to make a payment before examining the document and confirming its conformance to the terms of order. Cash against documents is more reliable than cash against goods (open account) on the one hand, but less reliable than letters of credit on the other hand. Cash against document is one of the most commonly used payment methods in international trade as it offers a cost-effective and simple system and processes faster than cash against goods. Rules regarding cash against documents are governed by International Commerce Chamber Brochure no. 522 (Uniform Rules for Collection-URC), which is a set of guiding principles with a non-statutory character. There is no specific regulation exists on cash against documents in Turkish Law. In order to apply the rules on cash against documents in a transaction, “documentary collection/cash against documents clause” should be incorporated into the text of contract. Parties to a documentary collection are the Principal (seller/exporter/drawer), the Remitting Bank, the Collecting Bank and the Drawee (buyer/importer).
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Turovskaya, M. S., and P. A. Nikanorov. "HARMONIZATION PROBLEMS IN THE FIELD OF STANDARDIZATION AND TECHNICAL REGULATION." In MODELING AND SITUATIONAL MANAGEMENT THE QUALITY OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS. Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31799/978-5-8088-1558-2-2021-2-194-199.

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Technical regulation and standardization play major role in the development of both global economy and single countries. According to the researches including the research of the World Trade Organization, standardization and standards harmonization is important for economic development. Harmonization of standards and conformity assessment systems on international, regional and industry levels help to decrease foreign trade barriers, and supports development of trade, creation of global chains. In this article we will review some standardization and conformity assessment aspects that play important role for enterprises and economy in general as the instrument for establishing the requirements for products and services, it’s manufacturers and suppliers and clarify the influence on the development of trade relations.
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Sholihah, Rakhma Putri, and Arie Afriansyah. "Regulation of Crypto Currency in World Trade Organization." In 3rd International Conference on Law and Governance (ICLAVE 2019). Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200321.006.

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Cheng, Frank, Yagil Engel, and Michael P. Wellman. "Cap-and-Trade Emissions Regulation: A Strategic Analysis." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/27.

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Cap-and-trade schemes are designed to achieve target levels of regulated emissions in a socially efficient manner. These schemes work by issuing regulatory credits and allowing firms to buy and sell them according to their relative compliance costs. Analyzing the efficacy of such schemes in concentrated industries is complicated by the strategic interactions among firms producing heterogeneous products. We tackle this complexity via an agent-based microeconomic model of the US market for personal vehicles. We calculate Nash equilibria among credits-trading strategies in a variety of scenarios and regulatory models. We find that while cap-and-trade results improves efficiency overall, consumers bear a disproportionate share of regulation cost, as firms use credit trading to segment the vehicle market. Credits trading volume decreases when firms behave more strategically, which weakens the segmentation effect.
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Yang, Renfa, and Yancheng Gong. "Supervision System of Taxi Trade Based on Government Regulation." In First International Conference on Transportation Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40932(246)385.

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He, Hua, Zhenyu Luo, Changsong Ma, and Hang Yu. "Production strategy with substitution under cap-and-trade regulation." In 2016 International Conference on Logistics, Informatics and Service Sciences (LISS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/liss.2016.7854502.

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Reports on the topic "International Trade Regulation"

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Staiger, Robert, and Alan Sykes. International Trade and Domestic Regulation. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15541.

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Jones, Emily, Beatriz Kira, Anna Sands, and Danilo B. Garrido Alves. The UK and Digital Trade: Which way forward? Blavatnik School of Government, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-wp-2021/038.

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The internet and digital technologies are upending global trade. Industries and supply chains are being transformed, and the movement of data across borders is now central to the operation of the global economy. Provisions in trade agreements address many aspects of the digital economy – from cross-border data flows, to the protection of citizens’ personal data, and the regulation of the internet and new technologies like artificial intelligence and algorithmic decision-making. The UK government has identified digital trade as a priority in its Global Britain strategy and one of the main sources of economic growth to recover from the pandemic. It wants the UK to play a leading role in setting the international standards and regulations that govern the global digital economy. The regulation of digital trade is a fast-evolving and contentious issue, and the US, European Union (EU), and China have adopted different approaches. Now that the UK has left the EU, it will need to navigate across multiple and often conflicting digital realms. The UK needs to decide which policy objectives it will prioritise, how to regulate the digital economy domestically, and how best to achieve its priorities when negotiating international trade agreements. There is an urgent need to develop a robust, evidence-based approach to the UK’s digital trade strategy that takes into account the perspectives of businesses, workers, and citizens, as well as the approaches of other countries in the global economy. This working paper aims to inform UK policy debates by assessing the state of play in digital trade globally. The authors present a detailed analysis of five policy areas that are central to discussions on digital trade for the UK: cross-border data flows and privacy; internet access and content regulation; intellectual property and innovation; e-commerce (including trade facilitation and consumer protection); and taxation (customs duties on e-commerce and digital services taxes). In each of these areas the authors compare and contrast the approaches taken by the US, EU and China, discuss the public policy implications, and examine the choices facing the UK.
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Kira, Beatriz, Rutendo Tavengerwei, and Valary Mumbo. Points à examiner à l'approche des négociations de Phase II de la ZLECAf: enjeux de la politique commerciale numérique dans quatre pays d'Afrique subsaharienne. Digital Pathways at Oxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-dp-wp_2022/01.

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Realities such as the COVID-19 pandemic have expedited the move to online operations, highlighting the undeniable fact that the world is continuing to go digital. This emphasises the need for policymakers to regulate in a manner that allows them to harness digital trade benefits while also avoiding associated risk. However, given that digital trade remains unco-ordinated globally, with countries adopting different approaches to policy issues, national regulatory divergence on the matter continues, placing limits on the benefits that countries can obtain from digital trade. Given these disparities, ahead of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Phase II Negotiations, African countries have been considering the best way to harmonise regulations on issues related to digital trade. To do this effectively, AfCFTA members need to identify where divergencies exist in their domestic regulatory systems. This will allow AfCFTA members to determine where harmonisation is possible, as well as what is needed to achieve such harmonisation. This report analyses the domestic regulations and policies of four focus countries – South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya and Senegal – comparing their regulatory approaches to five policy issues: i) regulation of online transactions; ii) cross-border data flows, data localisation, and personal data protection; iii) access to source code and technology transfer; iv) intermediary liability; and v) customs duties on electronic transmissions. The study highlights where divergencies exist in adopted approaches, indicating the need for the four countries – and AfCFTA members in general – to carefully consider the implications of the divergences, and determine where it is possible and beneficial to harmonise approaches. This was intended to encourage AfCFTA member states to take ownership of these issues and reflect on the reforms needed. As seen in Table 1 below, the study shows that the four countries diverge on most of the five policy issues. There are differences in how all four countries regulate online transactions – that is, e-signatures and online consumer protection. Nigeria was the only country out of the four to recognise all types of e-signatures as legally equivalent. Kenya and Senegal only recognise specific e-signatures, which are either issued or validated by a recognised institution, while South Africa adopts a mixed approach, where it recognises all e-signatures as legally valid, but provides higher evidentiary weight to certain types of e-signatures. Only South Africa and Senegal have specific regulations relating to online consumer protection, while Nigeria and Kenya do not have any clear rules. With regards to cross border data flows, data localisation, and personal data protection, the study shows that all four focus countries have regulations that consist of elements borrowed from the European Union (EU) General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). In particular, this was regarding the need for the data subject's consent, and also the adequacy requirement. Interestingly, the study also shows that South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria also adopt data localisation measures, although at different levels of strictness. South Africa’s data localisation laws are mostly imposed on data that is considered critical – which is then required to be processed within South African borders – while Nigeria requires all data to be processed and stored locally, using local servers. Kenya imposes data localisation measures that are mostly linked to its priority for data privacy. Out of the four focus countries, Senegal is the only country that does not impose any data localisation laws. Although the study shows that all four countries share a position on customs duties on electronic transmissions, it is also interesting to note that none of the four countries currently have domestic regulations or policies on the subject. The report concludes by highlighting that, as the AfCFTA Phase II Negotiations aim to arrive at harmonisation and to improve intra-African trade and international trade, AfCFTA members should reflect on their national policies and domestic regulations to determine where harmonisation is needed, and whether AfCFTA is the right platform for achieving this efficiently.
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Ganslandt, Mattias, and James Markusen. Standards and Related Regulations in International Trade: A Modeling Approach. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8346.

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Huntington, Dale. Anti-trafficking programs in South Asia: Appropriate activities, indicators and evaluation methodologies. Population Council, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh2002.1019.

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Throughout South Asia, men, women, boys, and girls are trafficked within their own countries and across international borders against their wills in what is essentially a clandestine slave trade. The Congressional Research Service and the U.S. State Department estimate that between 1 to 2 million people are trafficked each year worldwide with the majority originating in Asia. Root causes include extreme disparities of wealth, increased awareness of job opportunities far from home, pervasive inequality due to caste, class, and gender bias, lack of transparency in regulations governing labor migration, poor enforcement of internationally agreed-upon human rights standards, and the enormous profitability for traffickers. The Population Council, UNIFEM, and PATH led a participatory approach to explore activities that address the problem of human trafficking in South Asia. A meeting was held in Kathmandu, Nepal, September 11– 13, 2001 to discuss these issues. Approximately 50 representatives from South Asian institutions, United Nations agencies, and international and local NGOs attended. This report summarizes the principal points from each paper presented and captures important discussion points that emerged from each panel presentation.
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National Single Window: Guidance Note. Asian Development Bank, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/tim220175-2.

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This note provides information on planning and implementing electronic national single window systems to support efficient compliance with international trade regulations. A national single window enables trade and transport stakeholders to provide information to multiple government agencies through one platform to meet import, export, and transit requirements efficiently. Processing international trade through a single window reduces cargo release time and the cost of doing business, increases competitiveness and efficiency, and improves the way business is done. The guidance note explores why such a system matters, key governance and design components, international interoperability, good practices, and risk mitigation.
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