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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'International Trade Regulation'
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1
Tu, Qingru. "International Trade and Environmental Regulation." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3727.
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This dissertation is composed of three chapters regarding international trade and environmental regulation. The first chapter focuses on the relationship between port ownership and the port R\&D investment. I investigate whether a larger degree of private involvement in the port sector makes for a higher level of welfare, as well as an improvement in port performance. I establish the stage games to analyze the reciprocal international trade. The theoretical findings indicate that the endowment of population plays an essential role in choosing the optimal port ownership. In the second chapter, I investigate the effect of port pollution regulation on port ownership. I incorporate the regulation tax on emissions from port cargo handling into the international duopoly trade model. The results of the stage games suggest the same ownership of the ports in both countries. I also extend the categories of port structures to include the transfer of port ownership to the other country. The policy implication is to have the small country own both ports, which is opposite to the port governance in reality. In the third chapter, I explore the equilibrium port ownership structures without other policy issues or regulation on the port sector being considered. The influence of country size per se suggests that a small country should privatize its port in the context of a privatized port in the large country. For a large country, it is better to choose a type of ownership different from the small country's. In addition, it is the country whose population is greater than a third of the scale in the other country that should own both ports.
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Van, der Marel Erik. "On trade, productivity and regulation in services." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011IEPP0035.
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Cette thèse se penche sur les liens entre la productivité des services, le commerce des services et la réglementation à la fois du côté des importations et du côté des exportations. Pour ce qui concerne l’export, les différences de productivité se reflètent dans une structure d’avantage comparatif de l’économie à la fois au niveau des services et des biens. Les importations comptent également. La hausse des importations de services a pour effet d’accroître la productivité de ces services, elle permet une allocation optimale des ressources nouvelles et existantes ainsi qu’une plus grande concurrence externe sur le marché intérieur. Les trois Chapitres de cette thèse représentent quelques-unes des premières contributions à la littérature sur le commerce des services avec une approche ancrée dans enjeux politiques d’aujourd’hui. Ils contribuent à une compréhension plus précise de la manière avec laquelle les pays développés principalement peuvent tirer avantage d’un accroissement des exportations de services en capitalisant sur des structures intérieures favorables et en exploitant donc les différences de productivité sectorielle. Par ailleurs, cette thèse fournit également une compréhension plus claire de la façon dont la réglementation nationale ciblant l’import, l’export et la production peut avoir un impact sur la productivité des services intérieurs dans le cadre de la Productivité Globale des Facteurs (PGF)<br>This dissertation examines the links between productivity in services, services trade and services regulation for both the import and export side. On the export side, productivity differences are reflected in an economy’s comparative advantage structure in services. Imports matter too. Increased services imports have productivity enhancing effects because these services allow for an optimal allocation of existing and new resources, and also facilitate increased external competition within the domestic economy. The three chapters in this dissertation represent some of the first contributions to the services trade literature with an approach rooted in today’s policy concerns. In particular, they contribute to a more precise understanding how mainly developed countries can take advantage of higher services exports capitalizing on favourable domestic country structures and hence exploiting sectoral productivity differences. In addition, this dissertation provides a clearer understanding how domestic regulation targeted to imports and production can affect domestic services productivity in the form of Total Factor Productivity (TFP)
3
Bruneau, Joel Francis. "Essays in environmental regulation and international trade." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0019/NQ56512.pdf.
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Chaves, Olarte Georgina Ines. "International regulation of Caribbean textile and apparel trade." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69750.
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In the last five years, textiles and apparel have represented the largest source of growth of U.S. imports from countries covered by the Caribbean Basin Initiative. The economic importance of this sector to the Caribbean countries gave rise to this study which discusses the international regulation of textile and apparel trade and the possible effects of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations and the North American Free Trade Agreement on the Caribbean textile and apparel industry. This analysis takes into account not only the legal mechanisms developed to control trade in this sector, but also the underlining powers that have allowed the shaping of the current textile and apparel order. Special emphasis is placed on U.S. trade policies toward the Caribbean Region which have played a significant role in the present development of the Caribbean apparel industry.
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Zhang, Xin. "International trade regulation in China : law and policy /." Oxford [u.a.] : Hart Publ, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/513053670.pdf.
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Zvidza, Tinevimbo. "Dumping, antidumping and the future prospects for fair international trade." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/100.
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More than a century has passed since Canada adopted the first antidumping law in 1904. Similar legislation in most of the major trading nations followed the Canadian legislation prior to and after the World War II. Antidumping provisions were later integrated into the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) after the said war. Today, nearly all developed and developing countries have this type of legislation in place within their municipal legal framework. The subject of antidumping has received growing attention in international trade policy and has become a source of tension between trading nations. This is evident in the substantial increase of antidumping actions since the establishment of the WTO. Antidumping policy has emerged as a significant trade barrier because of its misuse by both developed and developing countries. The primary instruments governing antidumping actions are GATT Article VI and the Antidumping Agreement (ADA). The ADA contains both the substantive and procedural rules governing the interpretation and application of the instrument. Its purpose is to ensure that the instrument is used only as a contingency measure judged upon merit and not as a disguised protectionist device. Given the growing number of countries participating more actively in the world trading system and the notorious misuse of antidumping provisions, there is a vital need to critically analyse the key provisions of the said instruments. This study is an attempt at that academic enterprise. It concludes by giving proposals for future reform of both real and potential future reform of the current WTO antidumping regime. Dumping, antidumping, antidumping regulation, antidumping duties, like products, dumping margin, zeroing, facts available, protectionism, ADA.
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Cacciatore, Matteo. "The Macroeconomics of International Trade, Regulation, and Labor Markets." Thesis, Boston College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1390.
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Thesis advisor: Fabio Ghironi<br>This thesis studies the role of product and labor market frictions for the propagation of shocks in closed and open economy. The first chapters focuses on the consequences of relaxing product and labor regulation for macroeconomic outcomes. Specifically, we study long and short to medium run effects of deregulation by developing a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model featuring endogenous producer entry and search and matching frictions in the labor market. We calibrate the model to reproduce salient features of countries belonging to the Euro Area which are characterized by large barriers to entry, firing restrictions and unemployment benefits. We analyze the effects of single policy changes and a global reform in which product and labor market regulations are set at the current U.S. level. Three main results emerge. First, we show that deregulation -- either partial or global - would trigger adjustment costs in the short run, increasing unemployment and reducing consumption. Long run welfare gains would make up for short run costs. Second, reforms are interdependent as the effects of a policy change in one market depend upon the level of regulation prevailing in the other. Third, regulation has important consequences for the business cycle properties of the economy. After a full deregulation, the Euro Area would become more responsive to exogenous disturbances but the absorption of shocks would be quicker. Our findings suggest that concerns about the negative effect of strict regulation for the speed of recovery from downturns could be well placed. The second chapter studies how country-specific labor market frictions -- hiring and firing restrictions and protection of unemployed workers -- affect the consequences of trade integration. We address this question in a two-country model of trade and macroeconomic dynamics with heterogeneous firms, endogenous producer entry, and search and matching frictions in the labor market. We study the dynamic effects of trade integration on unemployment and economic activity and the business cycle implications of stronger trade linkages. The model introduces a novel source of amplification and propagation of domestic and international shocks, as fluctuations in job creation and destruction affect the profitability of producer entry into domestic and export markets. Structural differences in labor markets translate into asymmetric entry and export dynamics across countries. As trade barriers are reduced, unemployment initially rises (falls) in countries with more rigid (flexible) labor markets. In the long run, average productivity gains ensure positive employment effects in both countries. Trade is always beneficial for welfare, but the economy with a rigid labor market gains less. Integration has also important business cycle consequences. In contrast to benchmark international real business cycle models, but consistent with the data, the model predicts that trade integration leads to increased business cycle synchronization. Volatility increases in the country with a rigid labor market, but it falls for the flexible partner<br>Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010<br>Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Economics
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Eisenbarth, Sabrina. "Essays on international trade, environmental regulation and resource management." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/35736/.
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Allen, Sara-Ruth. "International trade rules: a case of imperialism at work?" University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This study explored whether there is an inherent inequitable nature of the liberalization process with respect to the World Trade Organization Agreements, namely TRIMs (Trade-related Investment Measures), TRIPS (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) and the Agreement on Agriculture.
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Winslett, Gary. "Competitiveness and Death: Trade and Politics in Cars, Beef, and Drugs." Thesis, Boston College, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107031.
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Thesis advisor: David A. Deese<br>Cross-national differences in regulation have become the most significant barrier to international trade. My dissertation attempts to explain why states sometimes choose to reduce these regulatory trade barriers but at other times choose to maintain or increase them. To do this, I examine the international negotiation over regulatory trade barriers in three in-depth case studies, one from each of the three main areas of the international trade in goods: manufacturing, agriculture, and high-technology. The first investigates consumer safety, labor-related domestic content, and environmental regulations in the trade in automobiles in North America and the European Union. The second analyzes mad-cow safety regulations and the trade in beef between the United States and Japan. The third examines intellectual property regulations and the trade in pharmaceuticals between the United States and India. I contend that the best way to explain this variation is by examining the motivations of three sets of actors (businesses, activists, and government officials) and the political bargaining between those three groups. Businesses seek to reduce regulatory barriers when those barriers raise production costs or inhibit market access. They may however choose to end that pursuit if those regulations are cheap to comply with or pursuing their reduction carries major reputational risk. Activists defend regulatory barriers when they perceive those regulations to be the sole effective means to address a societal problem they are concerned about. They may accept a reduction in regulatory barriers if those barriers have low salience or their opposition is bought out through private standards, corporate social responsibility, or some other arrangement in which businesses are not directly regulated by government. Government officials choose whether to side with businesses or activist groups based on their relative prioritization of trade and regulatory independence, their staffing, and whom they identify as their core constituency. Businesses are likely to succeed at reducing a regulatory trade barrier when they can link their desire for that reduction with broader concerns about economic competitiveness while activist organizations are likely to succeed at defending regulatory trade barriers when they can link their desire for maintaining or increasing that barrier with preventing needless death. This dissertation thus adds to the current understanding of international political economy by demonstrating that multinational corporations have less political power than is commonly assumed and by augmenting traditional explanations of trade politics based on economic cleavages through analyzing activists’ engagement in trade politics now that trade politics significantly affects regulations<br>Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016<br>Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Political Science
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Olaki, Clare. "The feasibility of retaliation as a trade remedy under the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6062_1213863904.
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<p>The main aim of the research was to determine the viability of retaliation as a trade remedy under the Dispute Settlement Understanding. It was to establish whether retaliation as a remedy is beneficial to the entire WTO membership and system. The specific objectives were: to examine the feasibility of damages as an alternative remedy to retaliation<br>to determine whether there is a need to revise the Dispute Settlement Understanding, for it to adopt a more development friendly approach to dispute resolution<br>to make recommendations regarding the improvement of the Dispute Settlement Understanding.</p>
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Greyling, Minette Ilse. "The World Trade Organisation : international trade, dispute settlement & the environment." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53695.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The norms governing international trade on the one hand, and sustainable development on the
other, have both different origins and objectives. This is the central problem that will be addressed
in this research assignment, by analysing the structure, functioning and future of the World Trade
Organisation Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM). Though there has been a significant shift from
politics to legality, the dispute settlement system is still far from perfect. When looking at recent
environmental trade disputes, the stress placed on the system is revealed. ••
The focus is on the impact of environmental disputes on the nature and functioning of the DSM,
and how these disputes have contributed to the development of international trade law, and the
concept of sustainable development. These will all contribute to a greater understanding of the
interaction of the World Trade Organisation and the multilateral trading system, and the future role
the WTO should play on the agenda for sustainable development.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die norme wat enersyds internasionale handel, en andersyds volhoubare ontwikkeling beheer, het
uiteenlopende oorspronge en doelstellings. Hierdie is die sentrale probleem wat deur hierdie
navorsingsverslag aangespreek word, te wete deur die struktuur, funksionering en toekoms van
die Wereldhandelsorganisasie (WHO) Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) te analiseer. Hierdie
dispuutskikkingstelsel is nog steeds nie volmaak nie, ten spyte daarvan dat daar reeds 'n
betekenisvolle verskuiwing van politiek tot wetlikheid plaasgevind het. As daar na onlangse
omgewingshandelsdispute gekyk word, kom die druk wat op die stelsel geplaas word, duidelik na
vore.
Die fokus word dus met hierdie navorsingsverslag geplaas op die impak wat omgewingsdispute op
die aard en funksionering van die DSM het, en hoe die dispute bygedra het tot die ontwikkeling van
internasional handelswette asook op die konsep van volhoubare ontwikkeling. Hierdie fokus
behoort by te dra tot 'n groter begrip tot die interaksie tussen die Wereldhandelsorganisasie (WHO)
en die multilaterale handelstelsels, asook op die toekomstige rol wat die WHO behoort te speel
met betrekking tot die agenda vir volhoubare ontwikkeling.
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Lanoszka, Anna. "The World Trade Organization (WTO) and the accession process testing the implementation of the multilateral trade agreements /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ66634.pdf.
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Hollard, Julie. "The removal of technical barriers to trade in the WTO era : a cause of gains and losses of power among national actors." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33359.
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The implementation of the 1994 GATT accords on technical barriers to trade led to an unprecedented level of trade liberalisation. Most countries have increased their economic interdependence. The role delegated to multinational enterprises has been considerably extended. It is suggested that they could become subjects of international law. Their participation in standardisation, eco-labelling and consultation programs increased. They also adopted private codes of conduct and have modernised the way they dialogue with regulatory authorities. One of the impacts of the Uruguay Round Agreements is a subtle reorganisation of forces within national economies. Tremendous responsibilities are progressively undertaken by private entities in domains where the state used to regulate unilaterally. The shift of power from public entities to private ones is discreet but has effects on all traditional sources of law. New forms of regulation on multinational enterprises need to be created. One of the main sources of innovation is a negotiated self-regulation
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Smagghue, Gabriel. "Essays on the impact of international trade and labor regulation on firms." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0022/document.
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La littérature récente en commerce international et macroéconomie a souligné le rôle majeur de grandes firmes dans les résultats agrégés d'une économie. Les grandes firmes influencent, inter alia, les fluctuations économiques, les performances à l'exportation et les inégalités de salaires et de coût de la vie. Il est donc crucial de saisir comment les grandes firmes émergent et se comportent. Cette thèse s'intéresse à trois aspects de cette question. Premièrement, j'étudie comment les firmes ajustent la qualité de leurs produits à une intensification de la compétition "low-cost" sur les marchés étrangers. Pour ce faire, je développe une nouvelle méthode d'estimation de la qualité des produits au niveau firme et je trouve que les firmes augmentent leur qualité en réponse à la compétition "low-cost". Deuxièmement, j'examine la manière dont les firmes ajustent leurs ventes lorsqu'un choc de demande (e.g., une récession) frappe une de leurs destinations. Dans le cadre de l'industrie du Champagne durant la récession de 2000-2001, je montre que les firmes ré-allouent leurs ventes vers les marchés dont les conditions de demandes sont plus favorables. Cela suggère un nouveau mécanisme de diffusion internationale des chocs. Finalement, je regarde la manière dont les firmes ajustent leur taille et leur mix de capital et travail lorsque la régulation du travail contraint plus fortement les grandes firmes. Dans le cas du seuil de 50 employés en France, je trouve que les firmes se contractent et substituent du travail au capital pour limiter le coût de la régulation. Au niveau macro, mes résultats suggèrent que la régulation profite aux travailleurs mais pas aux détenteurs de capital<br>Recent literature in international economics and macroeconomics has pointed to the major role played by large firms in shaping aggregate economic outcomes. Large firms influence, inter alia, economic fluctuations, performance on export markets and inequalities between workers and between consumers. It is therefore crucial to understand how large firms emerge and behave. In the present thesis, I look at three independent aspects of this question. First, I study how exporting firms adjust the quality of the products they export in response to an intensification of "low-cost" competition in foreign markets. To this end, I develop a new method to estimate the quality of products at the firm-level and I find evidence that firms upgrade quality in response to "low-cost" competition. Second, I investigate the way exporting firms adjust their sales when a demand shock (e.g. an economic recession, a war) occurs in one of their destinations. In the context of the Champagne wine industry during the 2000-2001 economic recession, I show that firms reallocate their sales toward markets where demand conditions are relatively more favorable. Lastly, I look at the way firms adjust their size and their mix of capital and labor in response to labor regulations which are more binding to large firms. I find that firms shrink and substitute capital for labor to mitigate the labor cost of the regulation. At the aggregate level, preliminary results suggests that workers gain from the regulation while capital owners lose
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Kamau, Nancy Washinga. "The regulation on trade barriers under SADC and EAC: assessing the effectiveness of their legal framework." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12898.
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Includes bibliographical references.<br>There are more regional integration initiatives in Eastern and Southern Africa than anywhere else in Sub-Sahara Africa. These include Common Market of Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), East Africa Community (EAC), Southern African Development Community (SADC), Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU) and Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD). Owing to the scope of this study, only the trade liberalization initiatives under SADC and EAC will be evaluated. The trade liberalization strategies will focus on the intra-regional level. This study entails a comparative study of key legal provisions facilitating elimination of trade barriers within SADC and EAC trade blocs respectively. The study identifies the underlying objectives that inspired the countries to enter the said regional trade agreements. It will focus on the mechanisms adopted to liberalize free movement of goods in the SADC Free Trade Area and the EAC Customs Union respectively. Since both RTAs carry a firm commitment to take affirmative measures to reduce barriers to intra-regional trade, the respective trade agreements should contain a legal framework that will drive the trade liberalization objectives. The study seeks to determine whether the legal frameworks in the SADC and EAC trade regimes is a viable tool to eliminate trade barriers and in turn foster a deeper level of integration. The aim of the study is to ascertain whether their constitutive legal framework is effective enough to achieve this goal. The study concludes that while the SADC FTA and the EAC custom union have already been launched, the levels of intra-regional trade remains low. This is caused by failure of some member states to meet their commitments to eliminate tariff barriers, the surge of non-tarifff barriers and multiple memberships of SADC and EAC members with other regional trade blocs. This study is founded on the belief that lack of enforcement of community law at national and community level is slowing down the implementation of treaty commitments.
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Mutai, Henry Kibet. "The regulation of regional trade agreements : harnessing the energy of regionalism to power a new era in multilateral trade /." Connect to thesis, 2005. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/529.
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This thesis examines the regulation of regionalism by the WTO and the formation and operation of regional trade agreements by developing countries. In particular, this work focuses on regional integration in Eastern and Southern Africa. The aim of the thesis is to assess the effectiveness of the relevant legal regimes and determine ways in which they can be made more effective, both in terms of their impact on state conduct and in terms of their impact on the economic welfare of the states concerned. The thesis argues that, with regard to the WTO legal regime, the exemption from the application of Article XXIV, GATT 1994 given to developing countries by the Enabling Clause has contributed to the lack of effectiveness of the WTO regime. For developing countries, on the other hand, the Enabling Clause has deprived them of the legal discipline required to establish effective free trade areas and customs unions. This latter argument is examined through a case study of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). The thesis contends that for COMESA countries to engage in meaningful trade liberalisation, and to participate fully in the WTO, acceptance of greater legal discipline is critical. Such legal discipline can be obtained through compliance with Article XXIV.
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Pillay, Subramaniam Sithambaram. "Performance of the world tin industry : effects of the international tin agreements, 1956-85." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30631.
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The thesis presents an analysis of the influence of the international tin agreements (ITA) on the world tin industry between 1956 to 1985. The ITAs, the first of which came into effect in 1956, were jointly operated by tin producing and consuming countries. The International Tin Council (ITC) used a buffer stock and export controls to maintain the price of tin within a band. This experiment in stabilizing tin prices ended in October 1985, when the ITC was unable to continue its operations because it ran out of financial resources.
The study first analyzes the market structure of the world tin industry in some detail. Then an econometric model which attempts to capture the behaviour of supply, demand and price of tin over the 30 year period is constructed. Particular attention was paid to the estimation of the tin production functions for major tin producing countries. In many of these countries, the output of the tin depended not only on the price of tin but also on the policies of the ITC as well as the internal political environment of the country. The model is then used to simulate a scenario in which the ITC does not intervene in the tin market. The differences in the price and revenue levels between the actual and simulated scenario are computed. The simulation results show that the tin agreements succeeded in their objective of reducing the variability of price and producers' revenue. In addition, the average level of price and revenues under the ITC regime was higher than under the non-intervention scenario. In evaluating policy options, it was shown that the establishment of a cartel is not viable in the long term for both economic and political reasons. The recommended policy options include improving access to futures markets, providing better transparency of tin market operations, the establishment of government policies which provide better incentives for tin mining and tin using industries in the major tin producing countries and continued efforts in research and development with the aim of lowering costs of production and increasing the uses for tin.<br>Business, Sauder School of<br>Graduate
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Limardi, Michela <1981>. "Trade policy, government and non-State regulation of international labor and environmental standards." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4205/.
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Jaud, Mélise. "Food standards, finance and trade : five essays in international trade." Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0007.
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Cette thèse comporte cinq chapitres et se divise en deux parties. La première composée des chapitres 1 à 4 contribue à l'évaluation de l'impact des normes Sanitaires et Phytosanitaires sur les produits agro-alimentaires. Le chapitre 1 étudie le lien entre la structure des importations européennes et la hausse des préoccupations de santé publique dans la politique alimentaire de l'UE. Les importations alimentaires de l'UE ont évolué vers une distribution à deux niveaux, avec peu de fournisseurs de plus en plus dominants et une frange croissante de fournisseurs marginaux. Le chapitre 2 développe un modèle de transactions basées sur la réputation, entre un acheteur et un fournisseur dans deux pays. Il met en évidence deux mécanismes pour lesquels une réglementation plus stricte affecte le commerce international. Le chapitre 3 lie le risque sanitaire des produits et les contraintes financières. Il établit l'importance de l'accès au financement pour la survie des exportations de produits agro-alimentaires «à risque» pour les entreprises africaines. Le chapitre 4 évalue l'efficacité d'un programme d'aide la mise aux normes SPS visant à promouvoir les exportations de fruits et légumes frais des entreprises sénégalaises. Malgré l'utilisation d'un riche ensemble de données et d'un large éventail d'approches, nous n'avons trouvé aucun impact du programme. La deuxième partie composée du seul chapitre 5 examine si les intermédiaires financiers peuvent agir comme un contrôle supplémentaire contre les exportations inefficientes d'une économie. Les banques poussent les secteurs d'exportation vers l'utilisation des facteurs abondants du pays, en lien avec l'idée d'avantage comparé<br>The dissertation consists of five chapters and can be divided into two parts. Part I, corresponding to chapters 1 to 4, focuses on the interplay between sanitary and phytosanitary measures and agricultural trade. Chapter 1 examines the link between the rising risk of food products and recent changes in the EU import pattern. It provides evidence that while there is a slight diversification of import sources over time, the overall trend hides diversification at the extensive margin and concentration at the intensive margin; the more so for risky products. Chapter 2 develops a model of reputation-based transactions between a buyer and a supplier in two countries. A stricter standard affects the volume of trade in two ways, directly it affects the supply of quality goods and indirectly through reputation. Chapter 3 documents the role of access to finance in determining the survival of "risky" agri-food exports for African firms. The increased availability of finance helps disproportionately more exports of products that require financing to comply with SPS requirements. Chapter 4 assesses the effectiveness of a product specific SPS-related program in promoting Senegalese firms' exports of fresh fruits and vegetables. Using a rich dataset and a wide array of approaches we find no significant impact of the program. Part II, corresponding to chapter 5, shifts focus away from the agri-food to the manufacturing sector and investigates the disciplining and allocative role of financial systems on export survival. It provides evidence that external debtholders push exporting sectors towards the use of countries' abundant factors, in compliance with the idea of comparative advantage
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Cordonier, Segger Marie-Claire. "Sustainable development in international trade law : integrating economic and social development and environmental protection in emerging trade regimes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669870.
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Chan, Tak-him. "From international regulation to green production : continuous challenges to our textile and clothing industry /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17956791.
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Yeukai, Chandaengerwa. "Trade promotion vs the environment: Inevitable conflict." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This study unveiled the trade-environment debate which has been revolving in the World Trade Organization for quite a long time now. While economic integration and trade liberalization offer the promise of growth and prosperity, environmentalists fear that free trade will lead to increased pollution and resource depletion. On the other hand, free traders worry that over-reaching environmental policies will obstruct efforts to open markets and integrate economies around the world. Trade liberalization has the potential to affect the environment both positively and negatively. Trade and environment tensions have therefore emerged as a major issue in the debate over globalisation. This paper examined the contours of these tensions and argued that trade policy and environmental programs can be better integrated and made more mutually supportive.
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Dougherty, Sean Michael. "Regulation and trade in development : explaining productivity at the firm level." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010012/document.
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Les institutions et leurs règles sous-jacentes sont essentielles pour le développement économique, car elles fournissent un cadre pour le bon fonctionnement des marchés. Cependant, les différents types de réglementations et même les cadres institutionnels peuvent avoir des effets très différents sur les résultats au niveau de l'entreprise ou de l'individu. Cette dissertation examine l'effet de plusieurs types de règlementations et d'institutions sur la productivité et des mesures apparentées à celle-ci. Le premier chapitre examine l'effet de la concurrence internationale et des barrières compétitives intérieures sur la croissance de la productivité au niveau de l'entreprise dans les pays de l'OCDE. Une interaction étroite est observée entre la pénétration des importations et les obstacles à l'entrée d'origine nationale, conditionnelle à la distance où se trouve une entreprise par rapport à la frontière technologique. Le deuxième chapitre examine les effets de la réforme du marché du travail dans les usines situées dans les différents états de l'Inde. Un effet positif de la réforme du marché du travail est observé sur la croissance de productivité au niveau de l'entreprise dans les industries à forte intensité de main-d'œuvre et les industries volatiles. Le troisième chapitre se concentre sur les exportateurs indiens qui ont profité de la libéralisation des capitaux pour investir à l'étranger et cherchent à savoir s'ils ont profité grâce à l'apprentissage par la pratique. Après avoir fait correspondre ces entreprises avec des entreprises semblables mais qui n'ont pas investi à l'étranger, le chapitre montre que la productivité n'a pas été stimulée, bien que les entreprises aient vraiment gagné en termes de taille globale grâce à l'accès au marché. Le quatrième chapitre explore comment la qualité du système juridique dans les différents États du Mexique a eu un impact sur la taille des entreprises. Les états pourvus de meilleures institutions juridiques apparaissent comme ayant des entreprises avec un capital plus grand, plus intense et étant plus productives<br>Institutions, and their underlying rules, are essential for economic development, in that they provide a framework for markets to operate. However, different types of regulatory roles and even institutional settings may have very different effects on outcomes at the firm or individual level. This dissertation examines the effect of several types of rules and institutions on productivity and related measures. The first chapter examines the effect of international competition and domestic competitive barriers on firm-level productivity growth in the OECD. A close interaction is observed between import penetration and domestic barriers to entry, conditional on a firm's distance to the technological frontier. The second chapter examines the effects of labor market reform on plants in different Indian states. A positive effect of labor market reform is found on plant-level productivity growth in labor-intensive and volatile industries. The third chapter looks at Indian exporters who took advantage of capital account liberalization to invest abroad, and explores whether they gained through learning-by-doing. After matching these firms with similar firms that did not invest abroad, the chapter finds that productivity was not boosted, though firms did gain in terms of their overall size through market access. The fourth chapter explores how the legal system in different Mexican states has impacted the size of firms through heightened capital intensity. States with higher quality legal institutions are found to have systematically larger and more productive firms
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Jacobs, Abdul Karriem. "The emergence of trade in services as an emerging, international trading commodity from a South African perspective." University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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The reason for highlighting the difference between GATT and GATS is to focus on the impact of these agreements on the developing countries and in particular the latter will be the main focus of this paper. The economies and governments of the developing states are struggling to generate sustainable capitol growth and maintain financial stability to enhance economic growth. This is due to dictators who rule in such a manner to maintain power irrespective of the future economic viability of their state. Thus the environment for sustainable economic growth is wrath with political instability, lack of proper financial control and eagerness to attract foreign investment and allowing market access to developed states.
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Richards, John E. "The domestic politics of international regulatory policy : the regulatory institutions for trade in aviation services /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9811798.
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Pfumorodze, Jimcall. "WTO dispute settlement: challenges faced by developing countries in the implementation and enforcement of the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) recommendations and rulings." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6761_1219309592.
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<p>Aims of the research paper is to examine the legal framework <br>of implemantation and enforcement of DSB recommendations and rulings and to investigate the trend of non-compliance with BSD recommendations and rulings where complianant <br> <br>is a developing country.</p>
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Peacock, Claire. "Symbolic regulation : human rights provisions in preferential trade agreements." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:75c35b2d-c40e-4366-a7d0-188615137ccc.
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While the multilateral trading system views human and labour rights issues as outside of its remit, states increasingly incorporate regulation in these areas into their bilateral reciprocal preferential trade agreements, "HR-PTAs. This dissertation investigates the emergence of HR-PTAs, testing alternative explanations derived from conventional "public interest" and "private interest" theories of regulation against a new theory of "symbolic regulation." According to the public interest theory of regulation, regulation is motivated by benevolent legislators' commitment to correcting market or social problems. The private interest theory of regulation instead views regulation as the result of private interest groups capturing the regulatory apparatus in order to regulate in their own self-interest. Unlike its counterparts, the symbolic theory of regulation suggests that regulation may also be created for the primary purpose of reassuring regulatory advocates that their demands have been heard, rather than to regulate a given issue area. This dissertation argues that for the states behind them, HR-PTAs are primarily a symbolic form of regulation. Legislators create HR-PTAs to appease domestic human and labour rights organizations, while defending their trade interests through the non-enforcement of their provisions. Using longitudinal network analysis to analyse original data from 415 preferential trade agreements in force from 1989 to 2009, paired with case study evidence from the EU, US, and Canada, this dissertation finds support for the symbolic regulation explanation of HR-PTAs. It shows that a state's commitment to HR-PTAs depends less on the public interest or the desires of private interest groups than on its need to accommodate human and labour rights advocates. Symbolic regulation however should not be dismissed. It sets precedents, creates policy space, facilitates softer forms of cooperation, and can fuel political accountability politics. When this occurs, states may use HR-PTAs or other forms of symbolic regulation to achieve their seeming purpose.
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Pelc, Krzysztof J. "The cost of wiggle-room on the use of flexibility in international trade agreements /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/463166578/viewonline.
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Senona, Joseph M. "Human rights and the WTO: Incorporation or cooperation? Is there a need for an agreement on trade-related aspects of human rights?" Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=init_7812_1177925661.
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The main objective of this paper was to explore and evaluate the viability of incorporating the promotion, enforcement and protection of human rights within the WTO agenda, mandate and framework. It further aimed to investigate the viability of accelerating multilateral cooperation amongst international major role players, thus assessing and evaluating the kind of cooperation necessary for the adequate protection and enforcement of human rights by the WTO and major role players involved.
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Kirunda, Solomon Wilson. "Slithering towards uniformity: the international commercial arbitration and conciliation working group of UNCITRAL as a key player in the strengthening and liberalisation of international trade." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2438_1254403625.
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<p>The objective of this study was to examine and review the main features and works of the arbitration and conciliation working group of UNCITRAL while demonstrating their impact on international trade.</p>
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Evans, Peter C. "International regulation of official trade finance competition and collusion in export credits and foreign aid /." Thesis, View report (non-printable), 2005. http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/33684/1/64631402.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Political Science, 2005.<br>Title from title screen (viewed July 6, 2007). Includes bibliographical references (p. 333-362). Also issued in paper format.
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Ellis, Brown Rupert. "Environmental regulation as a determinant of trade: an empirical investigation of the "Pollution Haven Hypothesis" in the context of international trade." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20418.
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This paper applies an augmented version of the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek model to a broad cross section of countries for the period 2001 to 2011, providing evidence that a country's environmental regulatory regime has an influence on the energy content of trade. These results conform to predictions made under the "Pollution Haven Hypothesis" and the notion of "Carbon Leakage", reiterating the importance of incorporating these issues to some extent in the formulation of future trade and climate policy.
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Chan, Tak-him, and 陳德謙. "From international regulation to green production: continuous challenges to our textile and clothingindustry." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43893648.
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Cassimatis, Anthony Emanuel. "The legality of trade measures taken by states in response to human rights violations in other states /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18006.pdf.
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Galloway, Jonathan. "The three faces of international antitrust, and the paradox for international merger control." Thesis, Connect to e-thesis to view abstract. Move to record for print version, 2007. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7/.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2007.<br>Ph.D. thesis submitted to the School of Law, Faculty of Law, Business and Social Sciences, University of Glasgow, 2007. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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Lovisa, Sandro. "Translegal regulation of global electronic commerce : foundations and perspectives of international trade regulation in the context of cross border electronic commerce." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611115.
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Deumié, Florence. "The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the international trade of genetically modified organisms : a new element of the conflict between trade and the environment." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31156.
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The present thesis deals with the international legal consequences of the Biosafety Protocol. If this Protocol answers the problem of GMOs, by enforcing the application of the precautionary principle to the international trade of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), it does not solve the conflict between the interests of trade and those of the environment. On the contrary, the Biosafety Protocol conflicts with the rules of the GATT and the national norms inspired by it would risk being contested before the dispute-settlement institutions of the World Trade Organisation. The Protocol therefore constitutes a new element in the conflict, pre-existing and unsolved, which sets the implicit supremacy of the GATT against the international environmental norms. It confirms the necessity to find a solution enabling the equal authority and mutual respect of the international environmental and trade rules.<br>All information is correct as at 14 November 2000.
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Philipp, Julia. "The Criminalisation of Trading in Influence in International Anti-Corruption Laws." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3574_1282236062.
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<p>Despite being mentioned in most international anti-corruption instruments, trading in influence appears only rarely in the spotlight of legal practice and literature. This paper aims to shed some light on the issue. The main objective is to highlight the different forms of trading in influence stipulated in various international agreements and national laws in order to draw a comprehensive picture of this offence. Furthermore, by identifying and critically appraising the core issues connected with trading in influence, this paper aims to provide recommendations which may be of use to states obliged to implement or to consider implementing this offence.</p>
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Panizzon, Marion. "Good faith in the jurisprudence of the WTO : the protection of legitimate expectations, good faith interpretation and fair dispute settlement /." Oxford ; Portland, Or. : [Zürich] : Hart ; Schultsess, 2006. http://www.netlibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=216427.
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Warikandwa, Tapiwa Victor. "Enlarging the place of human rights and development in international trade regulation: an evaluation of the problems and prospects of incorporating a social clause in the legal framework of the World Trade Organization." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1015224.
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An agreement on the inclusion of a social clause in the World Trade Organization‟s (WTO) multilateral trade agreements largely depends on reassuring objecting member states that such inclusion will contribute to an improved recognition of core labour standards in trade, without altering the competitive advantage of one trading partner over another. Reassurance must be given to the effect that incorporating a social clause in the WTO legal framework would not be used as a trade restricting mechanism which might have direct, negative effects on the development of countries worldwide. Such an argument may not be won easily from a legal and economic perspective. There is an omnipresent conflict at the international level between the basic values underlying multilateral trade agreements and principles governing the protection of core labour standards. On the one hand, supporting the stance of free trade is the fundamental force of profit maximization while on the other hand, and in direct opposition to this market driven value system, are human rights-based calls for recognising core labour standards in employment matters related to trade. Increased international trade is a powerful tool for tackling poverty and social misery worldwide. It could thus be important to adopt a legal framework in the multilateral trade system to harness potential opportunities a trade-labour linkage could provide. In that case, the legal questions of whether or not there should be a tradeoff between the right to trade and compliance with core labour standards and whether a social clause in the WTO would achieve this purpose had to be addressed. However, without a compatible underpinning legal framework of universally accepted trade-labour standards, incorporating a social clause in the WTO would be a misplaced legal objective which is unachievable as it could lead to a conflict between the WTO and the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and at most could create a legal fiction whose results may not be positively measurable. Setting two international legal norms at conflict with each other is systematically studied as a conflict in which the values of the global market economy are in a supposed confrontation with those protecting core labour standards as human rights. Therefore, this study undertook a contemporary legal analysis of the possibilities and challenges of incorporating a social clause in the WTO for purposes of entrenching the protection of core labour standards. It put forward arguments and tentative proposals for a trade-labour linkage legal framework which could dispel calls for excluding a social clause in the WTO.
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Luff, David. "Le droit de l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce: analyse critique :la prise en compte par le système de l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce d'objectifs de nature non-commerciale." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211323.
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Colson-Duparchy, Alexia. "Bridges, hoops and pools : international film co-production : the interface between culture and trade." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78210.
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International film co-productions are sometimes thought of by the Americans as a form of financing providing the U.S. with the ability to sell works to its most important export market, Europe. Europe prefers thinking of it as way to provide its market with works that reflect European culture and ideals. This thesis questions the reality of such a statement, using the examples of the EU, the U.S. and Canada.<br>The author first explains the mechanism of co-production within the framework of a presentation of the methods of film financing. Follows a twofold discussion on the current nature of international co-productions, on both the international and national levels.<br>A considerable portion of this work examines the terms of the debate about the interplay between culture and trade. As an instrument used in the audiovisual industry, therefore strongly connected to cultural industries, international co-production is indeed an ideal model to represent the tensions existing between culture and global trade. This thesis sets international co-production up as a symbol of the interface between culture and trade.<br>Follows a debate on the congruity of the existing global and regional trade agreements for the protection of a culture always weaker in its diversity and propagation. With the prospect of the imminent phasing out of the sectoral exemptions allowed by the GATS, the inadequacy of the NAFTA cultural exemption and current quota policy systems, what would be best to calm down the tensions between culture and trade? Three solutions are discussed here: the New International Instrument on Cultural Diversity; a powerful competitor to the American majors such as Vivendi-Universal, and the technique of co-ventures.
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Kimura, Keiki 1955. "An analysis of the Japanese voluntary export restraint upon automobiles to the U. S. and Canada : an investigation of its impacts upon international, bilateral and domestic legal frameworks for safeguard measures." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65419.
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Robert, Eric. "Analyse de la conciliation par l'OMC des règles du commerce international et des normes et politiques environnementales." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212044.
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Reid, Emily Sarah. "Reconciling economic and non economic interests in the legal regulation of international trade : lessons from the European Community?" Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289576.
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Amouzou, Esther. "Déterminants du commerce international de déchets dangereux et recyclables : analyse économétrique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC0121.
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Cette thèse propose deux études empiriques consacrées à l’analyse des déterminants du commerce international de déchets plus précisément les déchets dangereux d’une part et les déchets métalliques d’autre part. Cette analyse a été réalisée en utilisant des méthodes économétriques adaptées au contexte et à partir des données statistiques de l’Eurostat (pour les déchets dangereux) et de UN Comtrade (pour les déchets recyclables). Si la littérature sur les déterminants du commerce international de déchets est peu abondante et limitée, c’est à cause de l’absence d’une définition universelle du déchet (due à la pluralité des définitions) débouchant sur l’absence d’une base de données spécifique aux déchets en passant par les problèmes de classification et de non concordance des flux de déchets. Il revient au chercheur de construire sa propre base de données à partir de sa propre définition. Nous proposons dans cette thèse d’apporter des éclairages sur certains points encore peu étudiés. Le premier chapitre s’intéresse à la relation dialectique entre définition du déchet et réglementation s’y afférente et aux aspects théoriques du commerce international de déchets en se basant sur ceux du commerce international de biens normaux. L’analyse révèle que le déchet est un bien particulier ce qui rend son commerce aussi particulier. Aussi, ces définitions se superposent, s'opposent et / ou se complètent. En outre, l’Union Européenne est la zone pionnière en termes de politique de déchet et le déchet est très réglementé notamment avant sa production (prévention) et dès sa production jusqu’à son traitement final. Le deuxième chapitre examine les déterminants du commerce de déchets dangereux de l’UE et demande si la politique européenne en matière de déchets a réussi ou échoué. Nous constatons que la proximité et les différences de capacité de traitement de déchets entre les pays et les réglementations sont des déterminants importants de ce commerce. En particulier, les pays ayant des capacités de traitement des déchets dangereux élevées observent une augmentation de leurs importations de déchets dangereux. Nous constatons également que ces pays ont des indices de performance environnementale élevés . Ces résultats impliquent que la politique de gestion des déchets de l'UE joue un rôle important dans l'élaboration du commerce européen des déchets dangereux. Enfin, il semble qu'il n'y ait pas d'effet havre de déchet pour le commerce des déchets dangereux de l'UE. Le troisième chapitre teste les déterminants du commerce de déchets métalliques plus précisément les hypothèses selon lesquelles la spécialisation industrielle captée par les avantages comparatifs révélés, les prix de la matière vierge et de la matière secondaire sont des déterminants importants pour le commerce de déchets métalliques dans le monde. Nous trouvons que la spécialisation industrielle est un facteur motivant les exportations et décourageant les importations. La décision d’exporter ou d’importer dépend surtout de la sensibilité au prix comparé du métal et des déchets métalliques. Lorsque le métal coûte plus cher que les déchets métalliques les pays importateurs spécialisés dans la métallurgie préfèrent importer des déchets métalliques afin de les substituer à la matière vierge et/ou de conserver cette dernière. Les pays exportateurs préfèrent exporter les déchets métalliques lorsque leur prix est dans la phase ascendante et le prix de la matière vierge est dans sa phase descendante. Ceci, afin de conserver la matière vierge et utiliser la matière secondaire à sa place. Dans tous les cas, un arbitrage se fait entre les prix de la matière vierge et de la matière secondaire. Par ailleurs, l’écart de réglementation joue un rôle important dans l’arbitrage. Les déchets métalliques ne sont pas exportés vers les pays à faible performance environnementale. A l’inverse, les importations sont réalisées en provenance de ces derniers<br>This thesis consists of two empirical studies on the analysis of international waste trade determinants, more precisely the hazardous waste on the one hand and the metallic waste on the other hand. Different econometric methods were used on statistical data from Eurostat (for hazardous waste) and UN Comtrade (for recyclable waste). If the literature on the determinants of international trade in waste is scarce and limited, it is because of the absence of a universal definition of waste (due to the plurality of definitions) leading to classification problems, non-matching of waste flows and the absence of a specific database. It is up to the researcher to build his own database from his own definition. We propose, in this thesis, to provide insights on some points which have been too few studied. The first chapter studies the dialectical relationship between waste definition and its related regulations; and focuses on the theoretical aspects of international trade in waste based on those of the international trade in goods. The analysis reveals that waste is a particular good, which makes its trade also particular. Thus, its definitions are superimposed, opposed and / or complement each other. Moreover, the European Union is the pioneer zone in terms of waste policy and waste is highly regulated, especially before its generation (prevention) and from its generation to its final treatment.The second chapter examines the determinants of trade in hazardous waste and asks whether the EU waste policy has succeeded or failed. We find that proximity and differences in waste treatment capacity across countries and in regulations are important determinants of this trade. In particular, countries with high hazardous waste treatment capacities demonstrate increased hazardous waste imports. We also find that these countries have high environmental performance indices. These results imply that EU waste management policy plays an important role in shaping European trade in hazardous waste. Finally, it seems that there is no waste haven effect for the EU hazardous waste trade.The third chapter tests the determinants of international trade in metallic waste, more precisely the assumptions that industrial specialization captured by revealed comparative advantages, virgin material and secondary material prices are important determinants of international trade in metallic waste. We find that industrial specialization is a motivating factor for exports and discouraging for imports. The decision to export or import depends especially on metal and metal scrap price sensitivity. When metal costs more than metallic waste, importing countries specialized in metallurgy prefer to import metallic waste in order to substitute it to the virgin material and / or to preserve the latter. Exporting countries prefer to export metallic waste when its price is in the ascending phase and the price of virgin material is in its downward phase. This, in order to preserve the virgin material and to use the secondary material at its place. In any case, an arbitration is made between the price of the virgin material and the price of the secondary material. Furthermore, the regulation gap plays an important role in arbitration. Metallic wastes are not exported to countries with low environmental performance. Inversely, imports are made from the latter
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Mensah, L. D. "Development of food safety capability in Ghana to enhance access to the Global Food Manufacturing Value Chain (GFMVC)." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2011. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7010.
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Demonstrating compliance with food safety requirements of the global economy is a prerequisite for access. As tariff barriers diminish, developing countries are exposed to greater opportunities for repositioning their food manufacturing sectors in global value chains (GVCs). At the same time, the measures for the protection of public health and safety are becoming more stringent because of the series of food safety crises that characterised the global food value chain in the 1980s and 1990s, and that still linger on. The new demands arising from the need to protect consumer safety, coupled with the structure of the global economy have introduced new challenges for developing countries in terms of accessing the global food manufacturing value chain(GFMVC) with manufactured products. This is the case for the Ghanaian food manufacturing sector. Therefore, this study aims to understand the practice of developing food safety capability to enhance access to the GFMVC using high value added products, to identify performance gaps in the Ghanaian context and propose an appropriate framework (legal, institutional and policy) to address the major gaps, while meeting the basic requirements of food safety. A multiple case study methodology was adopted, using the UK food and drinks sector as a benchmark for the Ghanaian food manufacturing sector. The main techniques employed for data collection were surveys, interviews and content analysis. Based on the findings and insights gathered from the investigation, a technical regulation based on Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) is proposed as a means to enhance the compliance of enterprises in Ghana with the basic requirements of food safety. Because of the current lack of capability at the national and enterprise level, a four-phase implementation plan is recommended to progressively ease enterprises into mandatory compliance with integrated food safety management systems. The study also recommends that the current multiple agency structure is maintained, however, mandates, roles and responsibilities, and jurisdictions need to be clarified, and values reformed. Various kinds of support (e.g. funds, training) also have to be provided to enterprises to facilitate their compliance and enhance their access to the GFMVC.
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Tse, Lai Yee Lily. "WTO dispute settlement mechanism implementation issues and the way forward /." access abstract and table of contents access full-text, 2008. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/dissert.pl?ma-slw-b23454386a.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2008.<br>"The School of Law, City University of Hong Kong, dissertation." "Programme: MAADR, LW6409A" Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on June 1, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.
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Panourgias, Lazaros E. "Banking regulation and world trade law : GATS, EU and the case for prudential institution-building at the international level." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2003. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/banking-regulation-and-world-trade-law--gats-eu-and-the-case-for-prudential-institutionbuilding-at-the-international-level(70ab909e-bf6b-41aa-8c7f-4eb7d6943be7).html.
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