Dissertations / Theses: 'International trades'

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Šácha, Marek. "Zhodnocení rizik v mezinárodním obchodování společnosti První Kompozitní s.r.o." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-261291.

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The Diploma thesis deals with the analysis of the risks that may arise in international trading. The aim of this work is on the basic of the identified analyses to design appropriate measures to eliminace the risk. In the theoretical part are described theoretical insights on international trading and concepts from the field of risk management. In the practical part comes to the performance of the enterprise and business areas. Furthermore, here we find assessment of the current situation of the company, containing an analysis of the external and internal enviroment. The results will be drawn up a risk analysis method RIPRANTN. The last part of the diploma thesis is a proposal for measures to eliminace risk.

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Lamani, Viola. "International trade, trade costs and quality of traded commodities." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0746/document.

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L'objectif de cette thèse est d'identifier les effets des coûts à l'échange sur la structure du commerce par qualité. Dans le premier chapitre, nous analysons empiriquement les déterminants des exportations de Cognac et nous nous focalisons sur l'impact des coûts à l'échange. Nous montrons que, comme pour d'autres produits de luxe, l'élasticité des exportations de Cognac à la distance est négative et relativement faible. Les droits de douane n'ont par ailleurs pas d'impact significatif sur la marge intensive, mais nous trouvons un impact négatif sur la marge extensive, une fois corrigé d'un biais d'endogénéité. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous testons empiriquement la validité de l'effet Alchian-Allen qui stipule que les couts unitaires augmentent la demande relative des biens de haute qualité. Nous exploitons la dimension « qualité » de nos données sur les exportations de Cognac. La mesure de la qualité du Cognac est objective et ne varie pas dans le temps. Nos résultats montrent que la distance et les droits de douane spécifiques augmentent la part relative des exportations de Cognac de haute qualité. Nous examinons également l'impact de la conteneurisation sur la structure par qualité des exportations de Cognac entre 1967 et 2013. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous construisons un modèle théorique de duopole Nord-Sud en concurrence à la Bertrand sur les deux marchés. Nous étudions l'impact de plusieurs instruments (droit de douane, quota et standard de qualité) sur l'investissement en R&D de produit de la firme du Nord. Nous montrons que cet investissement augmente avec chaque instrument de politique commerciale à l'exception du quota d'importation
The objective of this dissertation is to identify the effects of trade costs on the quality structure of international trade flows. In chapter one we empirically analyze the determinants of Cognac export flows and emphasize the role of trade costs. We show that, as with other luxury products, the elasticity of Cognac exports to distance is negative and relatively small. Meanwhile, average customs duties do not have a significant impact on the intensive margin, but we find that they negatively affect the probability of trade, after correcting for an endogeneity bias. In chapter two we empirically test the validity of the Alchian and Allen effect that states that per-unit charges increase the relative demand of higher quality goods. We use data on Cognac exports by quality designations. The measure of Cognac quality is objective and invariant over time. Our results show that distance and specific duties increase the share of exports of higher quality Cognac. We also examine the impact of containerization on Cognac's quality mix from 1967 to 2013. In chapter three we build a theoretical model of a North-South duopoly where firms compete in prices on both markets. We use this framework to study the impact of several trade policy instruments (import tariff, quota and quality standard) on the product R&D investment of the Northern firm. Our results show that the Northern firm's R&D expenditures increase with each policy instrument except for the import quota

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Dolníček, Daniel. "Zhodnocení rizik obchodování společnosti Enjoy Trade, s.r.o. na mezinárodních trzích." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-241353.

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DOLNÍČEK, D. Risk assessment of trading in Enjoy Trade Ltd. company on international market. Diploma thesis. Brno: 2016. This Diploma thesis deals with the analysis of risks and benefits that may occur when trading in selected international markets. The aim of this thesis is to suggest appropriate measures to eliminate risks. In the theoretical part, problem of international trade is defined and important concepts of the risk management are explained. The practical part analysis the internal and external environment of the company and its market position compared to the competition. Furthermore, the situation on the market is evaluated in economic, political, legal and cultural perspective. Various economic and risk-management methods are beeing used for the evaluation. Based on the results of analysis the markets are ranked from the most suitable to the least suitable for international trade.

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Machátová, Miroslava. "Zhodnocení rizik obchodování na mezinárodních trzích." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232897.

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MACHÁTOVÁ, M. Risk Assessment of Trading on International Markets. Diploma thesis. Brno: 2014. This Diploma thesis deals with the analysis of risks and benefits that may occur when trading in selected international markets. The aim of this thesis is to suggest appropriate measures to eliminate risks. In the teoretical part, problem of international trade is defined and important concepts of the risk management are explained. Later on a concrete enterprise and its entrepreneurship are introduced. The practical part analyzes the internal and external environment of the company and its market position compared to the competition. Furthermore the situation on the market is evaluated in economic, political, legal and cultural perspective. Various economic and risk-management methods are beeing used for the evaluation. Based on the results of analysis the markets are ranked from the most suitable to the least suitable for international trade.

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Moyo, Ntozakhe Mpho. "Cross border trade as a survival strategy in SADC : a study of Zimbabwean women traders." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3753.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-89).
This research explores the extent to which Zimbabwean national policies and more broadly SADC affect informal trade and informal traders. Whilst SADC governments claim a desire to fight poverty, the organisation at the same time is pursuing policies that are obstructive to poverty alleviation. This is, for example, reflected in its lack of recognition of informal cross border traders. The thesis argues that one of the reasons explaining this is that SADC lacks an autonomous development strategy; its integration scheme is informed by the European model.

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Ali, Salamat. "Trade costs in international trade." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48813/.

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This thesis explores the effects of trade costs on international trade at macro and micro levels. It focuses on traditional and non-traditional sources of trade costs that imped trade flows at various phases of a typical export shipment: behind the borders, at the borders and beyond the borders. It initially examines the connection between trade costs and the composition of developing countries’ exports and then explores the responses of firms to additional costs associated with the security of supply chain imposed on Pakistan’s firms in the wake of events of 9/11. Following this, it investigates the differential effects of domestic and international transportation distance on the reactions of firm-level trade flows and multiple margins of trade. Finally, it considers the effects of exchange rate movement on agricultural exports. The thesis primarily uses micro-level information from administrative datasets of exports and intra-country trade (VAT dataset) from Pakistan. It also benefits from international data sources, such as the WB-UNESCAP trade costs dataset, WITS, WTO tariff profiles and the World Development Indicators (WDI). This thesis comprises four core chapters (2 to 5), excluding the introduction and conclusion. The analysis at a macro level (Chapter 2) finds the trade costs negatively affect the composition of developing countries exports in that the industries located in higher trade cost countries gain a relative smaller share of manufactured exports in the country’s overall exports. The effect is relatively greater for high trade cost sensitive industries (such as automobiles, electronics) and for high trade cost regions, especially Sub-Saharan Africa. The evaluation of trade effect of US security policy on Pakistan’s exports (Chapter 3) shows that following the implementation of Integrated Cargo Containers Control (IC3) programme, Pakistan’s exports to the US relative to the EU dropped by 15%, on average. Pakistan’s firms that were forced to switch from various export-processing stations to the one specific sea port equipped with the intrusive scanning and live monitoring technologies of the export cargos, experienced the largest decline. The subsequent policy interventions aimed at facilitating the process moderated this effect to some extent. The examination of differential effects of domestic and international distances on trade flows (Chapter 4) reveals that the marginal effect of inland distance to sea ports is much larger than that of international distance from sea ports to export markets. Moreover, both distances have heterogeneous effects along trade margins. Domestic distance impedes exports primarily through extensive margins (EM) of firms and product, whereas international distance restricts these mainly through quantity margins, in addition to constricting the EM. Although the trade-impeding effects of both components of distance have reduced over time, the drop has been relatively greater for the international leg. Finally, the investigation of response of agricultural exports to the exchange rate movement (Chapter 5) indicates that the domestic currency depreciation positively affects both intensive and extensive margins (IM and EM). The increase in the IM operates mainly through the channel of prices (75%), whereas the response of quantities is relatively smaller (25%). Similarly, the increase in extensive margins operates through widening of export basket and expansion of firms’ client base within existing markets. These responses however vary widely across products, markets, firms’ exporting experience, exchange rate regimes type and invoicing currency use. Four key policy implications emerge from the thesis. First, reducing trade costs could increase manufacturing exports from high trade cost regions, and the response would be larger in high trade cost sensitive industries. Second, improving access to trade-processing infrastructure could incentivise entry of more firms into exporting and encourage widening of export basket. Third, the unintended effects of response to potential threats to supply chain could offset the trade facilitating aspect of these scanning technologies and further restrict trade flows across national borders. Finally, the policy makers need to be cautious in using domestic currency depreciation as a policy tool to promote the growth of agricultural exports as the trade response might not be commensurate with the level of depreciation.

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Mathieu, Josue. "Fighting unfair trade, leveling the playing field, enforcing trade rights. The construction of trade protection in the United States and the European Union." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/284624.

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The PhD dissertation studies the construction of trade protection in the United States and the European Union. It focuses in particular on measures of contingent protection, comprising anti-dumping duties, countervailing duties and safeguards. The dissertation adopts a constructivist approach based on narrative analysis: broadening the conventional scope of political economy research on trade, the analysis combines the study of narratives with the concept of ‘discourse coalition’. The period under investigation spans over the period 2010-2014, covering the Obama Administration and the mandate of European Commissioner for trade Karel De Gucht. Adopting a comparative approach of the US and EU trade policy, the dissertation provides a detailed analysis of the US administration’s and the European Commission’s discourses on trade protection, and includes an analysis of a large array of other actors’ alternative, or competing constructions of contingent protection. The dissertation demonstrates that a specific type of unilateral enforcement plays an underestimated role in the construction of contingent protection. It also emphasizes that policy actors consider contingent protection as necessary to convince people that the trading system is fair; the research proposes the concept of ‘discursive embedded liberalism’ to account for this specific construction of trade protection. The research underlines elements of continuity and change, showing that many elements of the current crisis within the international trade regime were already in the making in the period under investigation.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Van, der Marel Erik. "On trade, productivity and regulation in services." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011IEPP0035.

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Cette thèse se penche sur les liens entre la productivité des services, le commerce des services et la réglementation à la fois du côté des importations et du côté des exportations. Pour ce qui concerne l’export, les différences de productivité se reflètent dans une structure d’avantage comparatif de l’économie à la fois au niveau des services et des biens. Les importations comptent également. La hausse des importations de services a pour effet d’accroître la productivité de ces services, elle permet une allocation optimale des ressources nouvelles et existantes ainsi qu’une plus grande concurrence externe sur le marché intérieur. Les trois Chapitres de cette thèse représentent quelques-unes des premières contributions à la littérature sur le commerce des services avec une approche ancrée dans enjeux politiques d’aujourd’hui. Ils contribuent à une compréhension plus précise de la manière avec laquelle les pays développés principalement peuvent tirer avantage d’un accroissement des exportations de services en capitalisant sur des structures intérieures favorables et en exploitant donc les différences de productivité sectorielle. Par ailleurs, cette thèse fournit également une compréhension plus claire de la façon dont la réglementation nationale ciblant l’import, l’export et la production peut avoir un impact sur la productivité des services intérieurs dans le cadre de la Productivité Globale des Facteurs (PGF)
This dissertation examines the links between productivity in services, services trade and services regulation for both the import and export side. On the export side, productivity differences are reflected in an economy’s comparative advantage structure in services. Imports matter too. Increased services imports have productivity enhancing effects because these services allow for an optimal allocation of existing and new resources, and also facilitate increased external competition within the domestic economy. The three chapters in this dissertation represent some of the first contributions to the services trade literature with an approach rooted in today’s policy concerns. In particular, they contribute to a more precise understanding how mainly developed countries can take advantage of higher services exports capitalizing on favourable domestic country structures and hence exploiting sectoral productivity differences. In addition, this dissertation provides a clearer understanding how domestic regulation targeted to imports and production can affect domestic services productivity in the form of Total Factor Productivity (TFP)

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Leromain, Elsa. "Essays in international trade : international fragmentation of production and trade costs." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E041/document.

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La présente thèse contribue au renouveau de la littérature empirique en commerce international en s’intéressant tout particulièrement à la fragmentation internationale de la production et aux coûts au commerce non-traditionnels. Dans le chapitre 1, je quantifie les conséquences de l'évolution de l’utilisation d’inputs étrangers sur le contenu factoriel du commerce en tirant profit des nouvelles caractéristiques des tableaux entrées-sorties mondiaux. Les variations du contenu factoriel du commerce sont conditionnées par la place des pays dans les chaînes de production mondiales. Le chapitre 2 analyse les liens entre les relations diplomatiques et le commerce à la lumière de l'interdépendance croissante entre pays découlant de l’internationalisation des chaînes de production. Conjointement avec Julian Hinz, nous montrons, grâce à une nouvelle mesure d’un choc diplomatique, que l’impact de ce choc sur le commerce dépend crucialement du type de bien considéré. Enfin, dans le chapitre 3 co-écrit avec Julian Hinz, nous introduisons une nouvelle mesure empirique des langues parlées à l’aide des données de Twitter. Nous l’utilisons ensuite pour évaluer l’incidence de la diversité des langues sur le commerce et le revenu réel en Europe
In this dissertation, I contribute to the thriving empirical literature in international trade by looking specifically at the international fragmentation of production and non-traditional trade costs. In chapter 1, using the new features of global input-output tables, I quantify the impact of the recent changes in foreign input use on the factor content of trade. I found that the changes in the factor content of trade are driven by each country position in the global supply chains. The chapter 2 analyzes the links between political relations and trade in light of the growing interdependency between countries. In this joint work with Julian Hinz, using a new proxy fora negative shock to political relations between countries, we show that the impact of such a negative shock is crucially heterogeneous across traded goods. Finally, in chapter 3 co-authored with Julian Hinz, we introduce a new measure for spoken languages based on Twitter data. We then use this measure to evaluate the effect of changes in language diversity on trade and real income in different locations in Europe

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Stavlöt, Ulrika. "Essays on culture and trade." Stockholm : Institute for International Economic Studies, Stockholm University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-327.

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Pupato, German Pablo. "Essays in international trade." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/33847.

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This dissertation consists of three chapters in the eld of international trade. The rst two, jointly written with Matilde Bombardini and Giovanni Gallipoli, explore the role of skill dispersion as a source of comparative advantage. The first chapter presents a tractable multi-country, multi-sector model of trade with search frictions in which comparative advantage derives from (i) cross-sectoral differences in the substitutability of workers’ skills and (ii) cross-country differences in the dispersion of skills in the working population. We provide conditions under which higher skill dispersion triggers specialization in sectors characterized by higher substitutability among workers’ skills. The second chapter explores the empirical relevance of skill dispersion as a determinant of the pattern of trade across industries. The analysis relies on microdata from the International Adult Literacy Survey to construct measures of skill dispersion. Results indicate that the latter has a significant effect on the pattern of trade across industries, of a magnitude comparable to the aggregate endowments of human and physical capital. The result is robust to the controls for other proximate causes of comparative advantage, such as institutional quality and flexibility of labour markets. The third chapter offers a relatively unconventional approach to the empirical analysis of the factors that determine export decisions at the firm level, by exploring whether the characteristics of firms geographically located close to each other play a role in shaping their individual entry decisions. In particular, I develop an empirical framework to study whether export participation decisions of individual firms are influenced by non-market interactions (e.g. learning or imitation) with firms that belong to a common reference group. The main testable hypothesis is that, in the presence of entry costs, group composition affects the degree of state dependence of individual export decisions. This proposition is tested by applying a dynamic panel data estimator to a data set of Argentine manufacturing firms. The findings show that group composition influences individual export decisions. Most of this effect is channelled through entry costs. Firms benefit from proximity to productive firms but not from proximity to other exporters.

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Saygılı, Mesut. "Essays on international trade /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7422.

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Luechaikajohnpan, Pinijsorn Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Collaboration and international trade." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Economics, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40905.

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Over the last two decades there has been a tremendous increase in collaboration among competing firms. A significant number of these collaborations are international. This thesis explores the incentives and welfare consequences of collaboration in the context of international trade. We consider two types of cross-border collaborations. The first is collaboration by sharing a part of firms' value creating activities, such as technology development, product design and distribution. This saves on production costs but reduces product distinctiveness. Firms collaborate if and only if the reduction in product distinctiveness is lower than a threshold level. We find that the threshold increases with an increase in trade costs. That is, an increase in trade costs makes collaboration more likely. Higher trade cost lowers competition, which in turn enables the firms to save on fixed costs while forgoing some product distinctiveness. Furthermore, we demonstrate that contrary to standard intuition, higher trade cost could enhance consumers' welfare by inducing competitors to collaborate. We extend our model to endogenise location choice by the firms where collaboration requires co-location (due to the benefit of local spillovers or joint investment in key infrastructures). Unlike the original model, we find that an increase in trade costs can discourage collaboration. In both circumstances, we find that an increase in trade cost can improve consumer surplus. The second type of collaboration considered in this thesis is licensing. We extend the standard licensing literature to an environment where firms compete in the domestic as well as foreign market. We examine how trade cost affects the licensing decision as well as the optimal payment mechanism. We find that an increase in trade costs reduces the possibility of licensing. Concerning the payment mechanism, we find that (i) either royalty or (ii) a two-part tariff (involving a fixed fee as well as royalty payments) is optimal. An increase in trade costs reduces the likelihood of royalty only being the optimal payment mechanism.

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Trofimenko, Natalia. "Essays in international trade." Related electronic resource:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1407688601&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3739&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Baranava, Volha. "Essays on international trade." Connect to this title online, 2008. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1211389442/.

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Hoefele, Andreas. "Essays in international trade." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2010. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=12810.

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Nelson, Benjamin D. "Essays in International Trade." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517303.

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Blum, Bernardo. "Essays on international trade." Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2003. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1568406421&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Hiraguchi, Ryoji. "Essays in international trade /." May be available electronically:, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.

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Romalis, John. "Essays in international trade." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/35486.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2001.
"June 2001."
Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis is a collection of essays on the effect of trade costs on international trade. Chapter 1 derives and empirically examines how factor proportions determine the structure of commodity trade when international trade is costly. It combines a many-country version of the Heckscher-Ohlin model with a continuum of goods developed by Dornbusch-Fischer-Samuelson (1980) with the Krugman (1980) model of monopolistic competition and transport costs. The commodity structure of production and bilateral trade is fully determined. Two main predictions emerge. There is a quasi-Heckscher-Ohlin prediction. Countries capture larger shares of industries that more intensively use their abundant factor. There is a quasi-Rybczynski effect. Countries that rapidly accumulate a factor see their production and export structures systematically move towards industries that intensively use that factor. Both predictions receive support from the data. Factor proportions appear to be an important determinant of the structure of international trade. Chapter 2 focuses on the effect of preferential tariff liberalization on the direction of trade and suggests that NAFTA has had a substantial impact on North American trade. The chapter focuses on where the US sources its imports of different commodities from. It identifies the impact of NAFTA by exploiting the substantial cross-commodity variation in the tariff preference given to goods produced in Canada and Mexico.
(cont.) Canada and Mexico have greatly increased their share of US imports of commodities for which they enjoy a tariff preference. For commodities where no preference is given, Canada's share has declined while Mexico's has increased much more modestly. The empirical results suggest that Canada's share of US imports may have declined without NAFTA, rather than increased, while the growth in Mexico's share of US imports would have been much slower. Useful products of the empirical work are estimates of consumer willingness to substitute between different varieties of the same commodity. The estimated average elasticities of substitution range from 5 to 7. Chapter 3 examines the effect of international trade costs on the volume of trade. It extends the model in Chapter 1 to allow trade costs to vary by country and commodities. An arbitrary country imports more commodities from countries where bilateral trade costs are lower, and imports more from larger countries. It also sources specific commodities disproportionately from trading partners that possess in relative abundance the productive factors that are used relatively intensively in the production of that commodity. Useful products of the empirical examination are estimates of the willingness to substitute between different varieties of goods within an industry. The implied elasticities of substitution are mostly high, typically ranging between 6 and 16. With such high elasticities of substitution, small costs to international trade will sharply reduce trade volumes.
by John Romalis.
Factor proportions and the structure of commodity trade -- NAFTA's impact on North American trade -- International trade costs and the structure of international trade.
Ph.D.

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Bonacorsi, Laura. "Essays in International Trade." Thesis, Boston College, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107278.

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Thesis advisor: James E. Anderson
The gravity model proved to to be one of the most successful framework for analyzing international trade flows, being referred to as the “workhorse” in the international trade literature (Head and Mayer (2014)). Microfoundations to this model has been provided in Anderson (1979) and it has often been employed to estimate the effects of a variety of trade policies (see Cipollina and Salvatici (2010) for a meta-analysis on reciprocal trade agreements, Rose (2000) for the effects of currency unions). The two chapters of this dissertation, which are independent empirical pieces, both make use of gravity equations for the estimation of trade flows, although with different purposes. The first chapter focuses on the specification of the gravity equation. In the second chapter, instead, gravity equations are employed for assessing the relationship between trade and growth: in fact, their estimation represents the first step for the creation of an instrumental variable for export flows. In the first chapter, a solo-authored work titled Scale Economies in European Trade, I show that European data support the existence of economies of scale in trade flows. The impact of trade costs on trade flows, in fact, is assumed to be constant by almost all empirical studies employing the gravity framework. Anderson et al. (2016) are the first to depart from this assumption, allowing trade costs to vary as a function of trade volumes. Their model nests the more traditional one and hence can be used to test for the existence of these scale economies, which are shown to be in place for trade between US and Canada. For my analysis I construct a comprehensive dataset for European trade in manufacturing over a long time span (from 1980 to 2013), on which I employ the same methodology. My results show that scale economies in trade costs are indeed a strong empirical fact outside of the American continent, and this holds for all the 26 manufacturing sectors considered, with an estimated average of 0.64% decrease in trade costs given by a 10% increase in trade volume. The focus on Europe allows me to test whether the EU expansion affected these economies of scale. While this is not true on average, it seems to be the case for some industries: trade with a EU partner entails scale elasticities 50% lower than trade with a non-EU member for 11 sectors out of the 26 considered. I also investigate whether scale elasticities can be rationalized by the existence of informational asymmetries. Using detailed product-level data, I do not find evidence that the degree of product homogeneity can account for the observed cross-sectoral variation. The scale coefficients are instead linked to country-specific institutional variables, such as the level of corruption: exporting to the country whose level of corruption is the lowest in the sample entails half the scale elasticity than exporting to the most corrupted one. In other words, corruption depresses trade to an higher extent on longer distances. In the second chapter, joint with Carlo Altomonte and Italo Colantone and titled Trade and Growth in the Age of Global Value Chains, we revisit the relationship between trade and income, taking into account the recent surge of global value chains (GVCs). First, we develop a new geography-based, time-varying instrument for export, exploiting the sharp increase (almost tripling) in the maximum size of container ships between 1995 and 2007. This global shock has an asymmetric impact on bilateral trade flows across countries, affecting disproportionately more countries endowed with a larger number of deep-water ports, which are needed to accommodate the new, much larger ships. We exploit this heterogeneity for identification, building up the instrument for export in a gravity framework. Our result show that export has a positive effect on GDP per capita, with a 0.6 elasticity. Evidence at the country-level shows that this effect works through capital accumulation. Exploiting the decomposition methodology by Wang et al. (2013), we show that differences in the value added composition of exports matter for trade-growth nexus. We find evidence in favor of an income premium for countries that upgrade their positioning in GVCs, whereas the degree of participation to GVCs does not seem to play a role. Consistent with this finding, we show that countries whose average level of upstreamness (a’ la Antras and Chor (2013)) increases the most over time exhibit a higher trade elasticity of income. Both papers indirectly deal with the effect of geographical distance on international trade flows. One of the strongest regularities in economics is certainly the negative role played on trade flows by the distance between origin and destination. Disdier and Head (2004), comparing 1,467 different studies, compute an average distance elasticity of trade of about -0.9. Hummels (2007) shows that the distance elasticity of trade does not seem to diminish over time, as it would do should distance be capturing only transportation costs, thanks to the technological developments witnessed in the transportation sector. Distance seems then to refer to trade costs in general, including institutional, policy and regulatory barriers that, also for historical reasons, often increase the further away countries are located. In the first paper, I show that the impact of distance on trade flows is not constant but varies with trade volumes. This corresponds with having a component of the composite friction described before, hidden in the distance term, being fixed and is consistent with micro-evidence on the export behavior obtained from firm-level data (Roberts and Tybout (1997)). It seems natural, then, to test whether some characteristics, either at the product-level or at the country-level, have a prominent role in explaining the non-linear effect that distance has on trade. My results find in level of corruption of the destination country an important determinant. In the second paper, we test whether the distance elasticity of trade varies as a function of the number of deep water ports on both the importer’s and the exporter’s shores, capturing the extent to which countries can trade via container vessels. The data support this claim for all the manufacturing sectors considered, showing that geographical distance, even though non-exclusively, captures the incidence of transportation costs on export flows
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics

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Zhang, Penglong. "Essays in International Trade." Thesis, Boston College, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107954.

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Thesis advisor: James E. Anderson
The world is still far from flat today. A large literature finds that there is too little international trade and too much intra-national trade. The vast majority of country pairs even do not trade at all. Borders and distance impede trade by much more than tariffs or transports costs can explain. Although other sources of resistance, such as taste, information, culture, and so on, have been discussed, it is difficult to measure and model them. My doctoral research examines the big question "What various resistances lead to the wide gap between reality and full globalization?" The first chapter focuses on how important the home-biased preference is for the home-biased consumption. In the second chapter, which is joint work with James Anderson, we study which of the iceberg and fixed trade cost accounts more for the international trade zeros. Finally, in the third chapter coauthored with Ben Li, we study how the country geographical heterogeneity affects international trade, as well as the global geopolitics. Chapter 1 relaxes the assumption of the representative consumer to heterogeneous ethnic consumers in terms of taste biases. More specifically, any given consumer has a taste biased towards the good produced by her country of origin wherever she currently resides in the world. Thus consumers are heterogeneous in terms of how large their taste biases are. I extend the structural gravity model by building and estimating a structural component of home-biased preferences. The gravity model generates bilateral trade shares with three distinct components: ethnic composition of resident population, bilateral trade cost, and per capita income. Market taste depends in part on the ethnic origin of consumers. When ethnicities are home-biased in tastes, migration promotes trade with countries of origin. Using international trade and transnational migration data among 40 countries, this paper estimates the home bias of each ethnic group in tastes. The results show that consumers' tastes for products from their country of origin deviate from unbiased levels by 40 percent on average. Large and poor ethnicities are more biased in their tastes. Ethnic taste bias is found to explain 64 percent of the home bias in trade. Chapter 2 identifies the extent to which zero trade flows is explained by variable and fixed trade cost, respectively. This job is important because variable and fixed trade cost play different roles in shaping zero trade flows and thus imply different trade policies to stimulate the trade to occur. Despite the enormous growth in global trade, most countries still do not trade with one other. Choke prices that shut off demand are suggested by the prevalence of zeros in disaggregated bilateral trade flows. We find the variation of price elasticities is even larger than income elasticities. On average, VC's effect on trade probability is much larger than FC's effect. The variable trade cost is more important than the fixed trade cost to explain the international trade zeros. Chapter 3 finds that since the Age of Discovery, the world has become economically integrated while remaining politically disintegrated as a collection of nation-states. The nation-state system is robust because borders, which divide the world landmass into states, interact with economic integration to absorb shocks. We build a tractable general equilibrium model of international trade and national borders in the world. Over a long time horizon, declining trade costs alter trade volumes across states but also incentivize states to redraw borders, causing states to form, change, and dissolve. Our model has significant implications for the global economy and politics, including trade patterns, political geography, state-size distribution, and the risks of militarized disputes. These implications are supported by modern and historical data
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics

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Bombardini, Matilde. "Essays on international trade policy and international outsourcing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33836.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis analyzes two issues in international trade: trade policy determination and international outsourcing. The first three chapters introduce the firm as a novel unit of analysis in the political economy of trade policy. Chapter 1 takes a standard model of political economy of trade policy in the presence of lobbying. It shows that, in the presence of heterogeneity in the participation of firms in political activity, the level of protection is determined, among other factors, by the intensity of lobbying in a given sector. Chapter 2 analyzes the strategic interaction among firms in a given sector and shows how lobbies are formed when protection from foreign competition represents a public good. This chapter offers different criteria that lobby formation might obey and analyzes the impact of the characteristics of the distribution of firm size on the level of protection of industrial sectors. Chapter 3 presents a new dataset which allows me to test the theoretical predictions derived in Chapter 1 and Chapter 2. In particular the empirical results show how ,the level of protection depends positively on the intensity of lobbying as measured in Chapter 1 and how the intensity of lobbying, called here Participation Shares, depend positively on simple characteristics of the distribution of firm size, such as mean and standard deviation.
(cont.) The fourth chapter offers a novel perspective on the decision of firms to outsource part of their production activities and looks at the impact of individual firms' decisions on incentive of other firms to outsource. Outsourcing firms face a potential loss of product differentiation, but achieve economies of scale at the level of the intermediate good producer. Interaction among firms in a sector can lead to waves of outsourcing.
by Matilde Bombardini.
Ph.D.

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Trimarchi, Lorenzo. "Essays in International Trade and Banking." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/276459.

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This thesis consists of three chapters. The first two are regarding the political economy of international trade, the third is about empirical banking.Chapter 1 is titled "Suspiciously Timed Trade Disputes" and it is the result a joint work with Paola Conconi, David DeRemer, Georg Kirchsteiger, and Maurzio Zanardi. This Chapter is already published in the Volume 105 of the Journal of International Economics and it shows that electoral incentives crucially affect the initiation of trade disputes. Focusing on WTO disputes filed by the United States during the 1995-2014 period, we find that U.S. presidents are more likely to initiate a dispute in the year preceding their re-election. Moreover, U.S. trade disputes are more likely to involve industries that are important in swing states. To explain these regularities, we develop a theoretical model in which re-election motives can lead an incumbent politician to file trade disputes to appeal to voters motivated by reciprocity. The second chapter, titled "Trade Policy and the China Syndrome", analyzes how trade policy can be used to smooth the effects of trade liberalizations. The recent backlash against free trade is partially motivated by the decline in manufacturing employment due to rising import competition from China. Politicians in high-income countries have extensively used antidumping (AD) measures and other temporary trade barriers to protect their economies from rising Chinese imports. To estimate the causal effect of trade protection on industry outcomes, I construct a new instrument for AD measures based on the importance of an industry in swing states and the industry's experience at filing AD petitions. In this paper, I first show that trade policy contained the rise of Chinese imports in protected sectors, decreasing the annual growth rate of US imports from China in a range between 3% and 14% compared to the non-protected sectors. Second, I show that these protectionist measures have contained the "China Syndrome". In manufacturing sectors protected by AD measures, the annual growth rate of employment was between 2% and 24% higher compared to non-protected sectors. I find that previous studies that neglect the moderating impact of AD have underestimated the negative effects of Chinese import competition on US manufacturing employment by between 5% and 15%.The third chapter, titled "Bank Lending Standards and Credit to Firms during the Great Recession", is a joint work with Lorenzo Ricci and Giovanni Soggia. This chapter investigates the impact of unforeseen shifts in lending standards on firm credit in Italy on the onset of the Great Recession, using data from the Regional Bank Lending Survey to disentangle the effects of loan supply and demand.We combine our measure of change in bank supply with bank-firm loans retrieved from the credit register. Our proposed empirical strategy presents several benefits: it allows us to (i) estimate the impact of credit supply in the absence of an exogenous shock to banks, (ii) analyze credit policy throughout the sample period, and (iii) disentangle the effect of geographical heterogeneity within Italy using the rich information from our survey data. The effect of supply shocks differs across types of loans. A firm with a revocable credit line from a bank that tightens its lending standards suffers a reduction in credit growth more than if it had borrowed from a bank with unchanged lending standard. On the extensive margin, a supply shock decreases the acceptance probability of a new loan with a pronounced effect for term loans.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Yun, Lihong. "Labour productivity and international trade /." Örebro : Universitetsbiblioteket, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-190.

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May, Montana Daniel Esteban. "Agricultural trade liberalization : an international trade network approach." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/33206.

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A number of attempts have been made to facilitate agricultural trade liberalisation over the last decades. In spite of these efforts, trade liberalisation of agricultural and food processed goods has been modest. It is argued that this lack of trade liberalisation is explained by the existence of governments that are politically biased in the sense that they place anti-trade policies in order to favour powerful sectors in the economy. While there exists some evidence supporting this argument, it is difficult to assess how these biases influence agricultural trade patterns because existing quantitative modelling approaches do not normally consider simultaneously key aspects that characterise the food industry such as intra-industry trade and the existence of intermediaries in the supply chain with significant market power, among others. The objective of this thesis is to offer an alternative theoretical model that has the potential to accommodate these key aspects and corresponds to an international trade network model that extends the framework developed by Goyal and Joshi (2006). The model was solved by means of simulations and the results revealed that policy biased indeed can prevent trade liberalisation of agricultural and food processed goods. However, other factors that apparently have not been reported so far and that are related to the market power exercised by intermediaries were identified. They correspond to the position of a country in the trade network (i.e. a country occupying a central position in the network is less likely to support trade liberalisation independently of any policy bias), the possibility that global free trade is an unlikely outcome, and the possibility that the world is trapped in an inefficient international trade network. The results also revealed that the adoption of compensatory lump sum payments across countries (i.e. inter-node transfers) or across sectors within a country (i.e. intra-node transfers) could be used a potential tools to achieve global free trade in agriculture as they can compensate losers from trade by gainers achieving, as a consequence, Pareto improving outcomes.

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Nguyen, Duc Bao. "Essays on regional trade agreements and international trade." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0203/document.

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Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le contexte de prolifération des accords commerciaux régionaux (ACR) et traite des effets des ACR sur le commerce international. Nous visons à mieux comprendre et à apporter des points de vue nouveaux sur le rôle des ACR et du régionalisme en général en tant qu’élément important de la politique commerciale international aujourd’hui. Dans le premier chapitre, nous revisitons les effets ex post des ACR sur le commerce des pays membres et le commerce extrabloc en adoptant une approche empirique. Nous cherchons à déterminer la manière dont les blocs commerciaux régionaux affectent le commerce non seulement entre pays membres mais aussi entre pays membres et pays extérieurs à l’accord. Notre analyse confirme que les ACR augmentent de manière significative le commerce intra-bloc ; néanmoins, dans de nombreux cas, les ACR impliquent des effets de détournement d’échanges qui sont préjudiciables au reste du monde. Le chapitre deux examine de quelle manière la période de mise en œuvre de l’accord et les niveaux de développement des pays membres déterminent, en dynamique, l’effet des ACR sur le commerce international. Nous obtenons des tendances distinctes des effets ex post de l’ACR sur le commerce entre les accords Nord-Nord, Sud-Sud et Nord-Sud. Nous vérifions empiriquement que les ACR conclus par des partenaires commerciaux ayant un statut de développement économique analogue (les accords Nord-Nord ou Sud-Sud) sont susceptibles d’engendrer une augmentation plus forte du commerce des membres pendant une période de mise en œuvre plus courte. Le chapitre trois porte sur la manière dont les interactions entre ACR et développement financier influencent les flux d'échanges entre partenaires commerciaux. Dans ce travail conjoint avec Anne-Gaël Vaubourg, nous montrons que le développement financier (particulièrement sous sa forme intermédiée) encourage les échanges commerciaux mais que cet effet est atténué dès lors que les partenaires commerciaux ont signé un ACR
The subject of this dissertation focuses on the analysis of different aspects of the relationship between regional trade agreements (RTAs) and the multilateral trading system. We aim to provide a fresh understanding and views of the role of RTAs and regionalism in general as an important feature of international trade policy today. In chapter one we revisit the ex post effects of RTAs on member countries’ trade and extrabloc trade by adopting an empirical approach. We explore how regional trading blocs have influenced trade among members as well as trade with nonmembers. Our analysis confirms the widespread trade-enhancing effects of RTAs on member countries’ trade; however, in many cases, they lead to trade diversion effects that are detrimental to the rest of the world. Chapter two takes a closer look at how the implementation period of trade liberalization and partners’ levels of development affect the RTA dynamic effects on trade over time. We obtain distinct patterns of ex post RTA effects on trade across North-North RTAs, South-South RTAs and North-South RTAs. We empirically validate that RTAs formed by trading partners experiencing similar economic development status (North-North RTAs or South-South RTAs) are likely to lead to a larger increase in members’ trade during a shorter implementation period. Chapter three studies the mechanism through which RTAs impact the effect of financial development on trade flows between exporting and importing countries. In this joint work with Anne-Gaël Vaubourg, we show that the trade-enhancing role of financial development in the exporting country—especially through intermediated finance—is mitigated when there is an RTA between this country and its trading partner

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TSENG, ERIC H. "Trade Costs and Quality: Issues in International Trade." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1460387677.

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Årdal, Frode. "International trade with electric power." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Electrical Power Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-9821.

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In 2003 the European Commission introduced the Directive 2003/54/EC and Regulation 1228/2003/EC which increased the focus on the liberalization of the European electricity market. The international electricity trade has increased and created new challenges related to cross-border transmission and compensation mechanisms. The focus of the report has been to discuss the development of the electricity market in Europe, and the status of international exchange. The report also discusses the concept of cross-border trade and transit, and investigates a proposed ITC model and whether correct investment incentives are given. Price data from the main power exchanges in Europe indicate that the market is experiencing increasingly integration and efficiency. There has also been a trend towards market based congestion management methods. Regional markets have successfully developed in Spain and Portugal (the Iberian market) and between France, Belgium and The Netherlands (the Trilateral Market Coupling, TLC). Further plans for regional coupling are also underway (see chapter 5. The most common definition of transit is the one adopted by ETSO (Association of European Transmission System Operators), where transit is defined as the minimum between exports and imports. This definition could create opportunities for market participants to manipulate transit income (discussed in chapter 5.3). The Inter-TSO compensation (ITC) model used in this report is based on the With-and-Without transit algorithm. The model only focuses on costs and load flow, and do not include market incentives or evaluation of benefits. The model bases the compensation calculation on the transit term, which can lead to misguided identification of network responsibility. Two scenarios were compared with a base case scenario in order to identify possible investment incentives. The first scenario included a situation where one of the cross-border lines in the network was constrained. Results from this simulation indicate that the transmission system operators involved would experience increased ITC payment, and therefore not receive investment incentives. The TSOs involved would benefit from the bottleneck in form of increased revenue (assuming Cost-Of-Service regulation). In the second scenario an extra cross-border line was implemented, and the situation was compared to the base case. The results from this simulation show that the TSOs involved would receive a positive effect in form of reduced ITC cost. The ITC mechanism would in this case be in line with the European Commission’s Regulation 1228/2003/EC, and give the involved TSOs correct investment incentives. The lack of correlated results in these two cases indicates that the ITC mechanism (in this case modeled by the WWT algorithm) cannot be regarded as relevant from an investment incentive perspective (more information found in chapter 7.3).

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Bertrams, Roeland I. V. F. "Bank guarantees in international trade /." Amsterdam : Nibe [u.a.], 1993. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/277508355.pdf.

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Tondel, Fabien. "INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAPHY." UKnowledge, 2009. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/737.

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This dissertation explores the impact of international trade on the geographic location of manufacturing activities and on regional productivity growth patterns within countries. This study develops models of trade with monopolistic competition in the context of a two-region country. It also provides empirical estimates of the e ect of tari policy on the distribution of industrial activities and on productivity growth di erentials across Colombia's regions. The rst essay investigates the consequences of trade liberalization for the distribution of manufacturing activities between large and small cities. It presents an extension of the Melitz (2003) model of trade with monopolistic competition and heterogeneous rms where producers' location and export market participation decisions depend on their productivity. As a country's exposure to trade shifts, rms and output are reallocated between large and small urban areas. Data from Colombia's manufacturing sector lend support to theoretical predictions concerning tari reduction's impact on the repartition of industrial activities between metro- and nonmetropolitan areas in this country. The second essay extends the New Economic Geography, Footloose-Capital model to examine the e ect of commercial policy on the distribution of industrial activities between regions within a country. This study aims at distinguishing theoretical cases with regard to the nature of the trade policy change or to the source of asymmetry between regions. It shows that trade liberalization can have adverse consequences for the manufacturing sector of a small or isolated region under bilateral liberalization, but a positive impact under unilateral trade liberalization. The third essay adapts the Melitz and Ottaviano (2008) model of trade with monopolistic competition, heterogeneous rms, and variable mark-ups to analyze the relationship between trade openness, regional market size, and regional aggregate industry performance. It demonstrates that the impact of trade liberalization on aggregate industry productivity growth varies across regions as a function of regional market size and proximity to foreign markets. A larger region experiences a greater increase in aggregate productivity through intra-industry reallocation of market shares. Similarly, a region with better access to international markets enjoys a higher productivity growth from tari reduction. Empirical evidence is obtained from the Colombian manufacturing sector.

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Bumrungsuk, Chutamas. "Essays on international trade policy." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2012. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/55923/.

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This thesis consists of three chapters of independent studies. In Chapter 1, I develop a finite two-stage game model where consumers in new export markets lack information about their own valuation for the quality of a new product. The model is then used to examine firms' quality choices. With asymmetric information, the need to establish a quality reputation may not be sufficient to induce firms to choose high quality. The likelihood that a firm will choose to export a high-quality product rather than a lower-quality variant increases with the number of experienced consumers. However, it decreases with the number of competing firms. A policy of subsidising exporters can encourage firms to select high quality and promote consumer experience, and thus establish an independently viable high-quality export market. Nevertheless, this will only work if the subsidy is conditional on quality choice. That is, the administrative monitoring of quality is required. Beside, the government may temporarily limit the number of competing firms. If consumers in new export markets possess information about their own valuation, it may be possible to promote the transition to a viable high-quality export market by competition policy alone. In Chapter 2, I employ a simple take-it-or-leave-it bargaining game with two-sided asymmetric information to reconcile the theoretical results with ob- servation. With two-sided asymmetric information, the probability of bargaining failure is positive. The likelihood that the domestic and foreign firm will collude increases with the probability of a high-type foreign firm but decreases with the bargaining power and concentration level of the domestic firm. The small number of private settlements indicates the inefficient outcome of the bargain- ing game with asymmetric information rather than evidence of the antidumping measure being less misused as a collusive tool. In Chapter 3, I examine the behaviour of firms after the implementation of an FTA by paying attention to the impacts of rules of origin on preferential trade ows and economic activities within the FTA region. It is found that a tightening of the rules of origin increases the volume of final goods import from RoW but decreases the volume of intermediate goods and raw material import from RoW, given the dominance of the final goods rules of origin effects. However, if the intermediate goods rules of origin effects dominate, the volume of intermediate goods import from RoW turns to increase, rather than decrease. These imply that preferential trade ows and economic activities among the member countries of an FTA may increase or decrease when the rules of origin are tightened. The findings, inter alia, suggest that the product-specific rules of origin that impose the restrictive rules to final goods but the loose rules to intermediate goods are more efficient in promoting preferential trade and economic activities within the region and also inducing investments from outside.

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David, Alberto Gallegos. "International trade and environmental protection." Thesis, University of Essex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398621.

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Kang, Jong Woo. "Three essays on international trade /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7416.

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35

Oldenski, Lindsay. "Nonroutine tasks in international trade." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3356339.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 9, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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Braun, Sebastian Till. "International trade and labour markets." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16079.

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Die vorliegende Dissertation besteht aus vier Aufsätzen, die sich mit Fragen des Außenhandels und der Arbeitsmarktökonomie auseinandersetzen. Der erste Aufsatz untersucht in einem internationalen Oligopol die Interaktion zwischen Handelsliberalisierung, Produkt- und Prozessinnovationen und der relativen Nachfrage nach niedrig qualifizierten Arbeitnehmern. Der Abbau von Handelsschranken führt zu einer Verschärfung des Wettbewerbs, auf die die konkurrierenden Firmen reagieren, indem sie ihre Investitionen in Produkt- und Prozessinnovationen ausweiten. Infolgedessen sinkt die Nachfrage nach niedrig qualifizierten Arbeitnehmern. Der zweite Aufsatz analysiert die Wirkung eines einseitigen Mindestlohnes in einem Zwei-Länder-Modell, in dem Firmen den ausländischen Markt entweder durch Exporte oder durch lokale Tochterfirmen bedienen. Eine Liberalisierung des Handels erhöht die negativen Beschäftigungseffekte von Mindestlöhnen. Dagegen begrenzt die Existenz von multinationalen Unternehmen den durch Mindestlöhne verursachten Arbeitsplatzabbau. Der dritte Aufsatz untersucht, wie sich kollektive Tarifverhandlungen bei freiem Marktzutritt auf die Produktivität und den wirtschaftlichen Erfolg von heterogenen Firmen auswirken. Zentrale Lohnverhandlungen verschärfen den Auswahlprozess und erhöhen die durchschnittliche Produktivität und den Gewinn überlebender Firmen. Stattdessen begünstigen dezentrale Tarifverhandlungen weniger produktive Firmen. Sind die Firmen internationalem Wettbewerb ausgesetzt, so können auch zentrale Tarifverhandlungen die Produktivität reduzieren. Der vierte Beitrag untersucht empirisch die Auswirkungen von Offshoring auf Arbeiterflüsse in Deutschland. Während Offshoring die Stabilität von Beschäftigungsverhältnissen in der verarbeitenden Industrie nicht beeinflusst, geht es einher mit einer Zunahme der Beschäftigungsstabilität im Dienstleistungssektor. Die Effekte von Offshoring hängen ferner stark vom Alter und der Bildung des einzelnen Arbeitnehmers ab.
This dissertation consists of four essays that contribute to the literature on international trade and labour markets. The first essay studies the interaction between economic integration, product and process innovation, and relative skill demand in a model of international oligopoly. As trade barriers are dismantled foreign competition intensifies. Competing enterprises respond by investing more aggressively in both product and process innovation. The relative demand for unskilled workers decreases as a result. The second essay studies labour market outcomes in a model of intra-industry trade between a rigid-wage Europe and a flexible-wage America. Firms can choose to serve the foreign market either through exports or through local subsidiaries. The essay demonstrates that the adverse employment effects of a unilateral wage floor increase significantly when trade barriers are removed. Multinational firms mitigate the adverse employment effects of one-sided wage rigidity. The third essay analyses how different unionisation structures affect firm productivity and firm performance in a monopolistic competition model with heterogeneous firms and free entry. While centralised bargaining induces tougher selection among heterogeneous producers and increases average productivity and profit levels, firm-level bargaining allows less productive entrants to remain in the market. The positive effect of centralised bargaining on average productivity can, however, be overturned when firms face international low-wage competition. Finally, the fourth chapter analyses empirically the effect of offshoring on workers'' labour market transitions in Germany. The results suggest that the effects of offshoring are strongly age- and skill-specific and also vary between sectors. While offshoring does not affect overall job stability in the manufacturing sector, it is associated with an increase in overall job stability in the service sector.

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Liu, Guojin. "Finance leasing in international trade." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/741/.

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The thesis is on “Finance Leasing in International trade”. It considers the question “How well does English law recognise and encourage the use of finance leasing in equipment trade?” The discussion shows that, on the one hand, English law has recognised the financing nature of finance leasing. It sees the lessor in a finance leasing arrangement merely as a financier, who steps into a sale of equipment which might otherwise take place between the supplier and the lessee. In addition, English law recognises that there are two agreements between the parties: a sale between the supplier and the lessor and a finance lease between the lessor and the lessee. Although English law does not view the transaction as a triangular relationship, it entitles the lessee to a cause of action against the supplier in various circumstances. It also allows the lessor to exclude from liability for the quality of the asset and to secure his commercial interests in the transaction by retaining ownership of the asset. On the other hand, however, English law fails to provide solutions to some problems arising from the financing nature of the transaction. For example, it is difficult for the lessor to be completely free of responsibility for the condition of the asset, which is imposed by the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982. His obligation to ensure the lessee’s quiet enjoyment of the lessee is also obscure. In addition, the lessee does not have a proprietary right over the asset at law and this has led to distortion of some of the legal principles regarding ownership and property. The discussion leads to the conclusion that the law pertaining to finance leasing is on the whole satisfactory to facilitate equipment trade but reform is called for in some areas. The following suggestions are proposed to improve the use of finance leasing in the trade of equipment, both domestically and internationally. Firstly, the law should define finance leasing by providing explicit pronouncement of its financial nature and the triangular relationship. Secondly, the obligations and rights of the parties should be more specific. For example, the lessor’s responsibility for the lessee’s quiet enjoyment under the 1982 Act should be clarified as follows: “the lessor ensures that he has the right to lease the asset so that the lessee may enjoy exclusive possession of it free from disturbance by a person whose title is paramount to the lessor’s, unless the disturbance stems from actions of the lessor”. But the lessor should be excluded from all the obligations as to the condition of the asset under the Supply of Goods and Service Act 1982. The supplier should be liable to the lessee for the condition of the asset and, at his default, the lessee should be able to resort to a cause of action against him, being a third party to the supply agreement under the Contract (Third Party Rights) Act 1999. In addition, the lessee should be responsible for the payment of the total rentals irrevocably and his right over the asset should be recognised as a legal proprietary right.

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Chaney, Thomas. "Three essays in international trade." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33839.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis is a collection of three essays in international trade. Chapter 1 explains how firm heterogeneity and market structure can distort the geography of international trade. By considering only the intensive margin of trade, Krugman (1980) predicts that a higher elasticity of substitution between goods magnifies the impact of trade barriers on trade flows. In this chapter, I introduce firm heterogeneity in a simple model of international trade. I prove that the extensive margin, the number of exporters, and intensive margin, the exports per firm, are affected by the elasticity of substitution in exact opposite directions. In sectors with a low elasticity of substitution, the extensive margin is highly sensitive to trade barriers, compared to the intensive margin, and the reverse holds true in sectors with a high elasticity. The extensive margin always dominates, and the predictions of the Krugman model with representative firms are overturned: the impact of trade barriers on trade flows is dampened by the elasticity of substitution, and not magnified. To test the predictions of the model, I estimate gravity equations at the sectoral level. The estimated elasticities of trade flows with respect to trade barriers are systematically distorted by the degree of firm heterogeneity and by market structure.
(cont.) These distortions are consistent with the predictions of the model with heterogeneous firms, and reject those of the model with representative firms. Chapter 2 demonstrates the importance of liquidity constraints in international trade. If firms must pay some entry cost in order to access foreign markets, and if they face liquidity constraints to finance these costs, only those firms that have sufficient liquidity are able to export. A set of firms could profitably export, but they are prevented from doing so because they lack sufficient liquidity. More productive firms that generate large liquidity from their domestic sales, and wealthier firms that inherit a large amount of liquidity, are more likely to export. This model predicts that the scarcer the available liquidity and the more unequal the distribution of liquidity among firms, the lower are total exports. I also offer a potential explanation for the apparent lack of sensitivity of exports to exchange rate fluctuations. When the exchange rate appreciates, existing exporters lose competitiveness abroad, and are forced to reduce their exports. At the same time, the value of domestic assets owned by potential exporters increases. Some liquidity constrained firms start exporting. This dampens the negative competitiveness impact of a currency appreciation. Under some circumstances, it may actually reverse it altogether and increase aggregate exports.
(cont.) This model provides some argument for competitive revaluations. In chapter 3, I build a dynamic model of trade with heterogeneous firms which extends the work of Melitz (2003). As countries open up to trade, they will experience a productivity overshooting. Aggregate productivity increases in the long run, but it increases even more so in the short run. When trade opens up, there are too many firms, inherited from the autarky era. The most productive foreign firms enter the domestic market. Competition is fierce. The least productive firms that are no more profitable are forced to stop production. Not only do the most productive firms increase their size because they export, but the least productive firms stop producing altogether. Aggregate productivity soars. As time goes by, firms start to exit because of age. Competition softens. Some less productive firms resume production. This pulls down aggregate productivity. The slower the exit of firms, the larger this overshooting phenomenon. This model also predicts that the price compression that accompanies trade opening may be dampened in the long run. It also predicts that inequalities should increase at the time when a country opens up to trade, and then gradually recede in the long run.
by Thomas Chaney.
Ph.D.

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Williams, Benjamin F. (Benjamin Franklin). "The International Trade Center Curacao." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70659.

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Wang, Su Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Three essays on international trade." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111332.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 145-152).
This thesis consists of three essays about international trade and wage inequality. Essay I characterizes optimal trade and FDI policies in a model with monopolistic competition and firm-level heterogeneity similar to Helpman et al. (2004). I find that both the optimal import tariffs and the optimal FDI subsidies discriminate against the more profitable foreign firms. This is because of the existence of a wedge between the private incentives of exporting and FDI firms, and the incentive of the representative agent. Essay II develops an elementary theory of global supply chains. It considers a world economy with an arbitrary number of countries, one factor of production, a continuum of intermediate goods, and one final good. Production of the final good is sequential and subject to mistakes. In the unique free trade equilibrium, countries with lower probabilities of making mistakes at all stages specialize in later stages of production. Using this simple theoretical framework, it offers a first look at how vertical specialization shapes the interdependence of nations. Essay III proposes a model that has as ingredients heterogeneity of workers and firms, complementarity between occupations within each firm and complementarity between workers and firms/occupations. The competitive equilibrium features positive assortative matching and leads to both within- and between- firm wage variations. Comparative static results are then derived to generate new insights about changes in these components of wage inequality.
by Su Wang.
1. Optimal Trade and FDI Policies with Firm Heterogeneity -- 2. An Elementary Theory of Global Supply Chains -- 3. Assortative Matching and Wage Inequality within and across Firms.
Ph. D.

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Tu, Qingru. "International Trade and Environmental Regulation." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3727.

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This dissertation is composed of three chapters regarding international trade and environmental regulation. The first chapter focuses on the relationship between port ownership and the port R\&D investment. I investigate whether a larger degree of private involvement in the port sector makes for a higher level of welfare, as well as an improvement in port performance. I establish the stage games to analyze the reciprocal international trade. The theoretical findings indicate that the endowment of population plays an essential role in choosing the optimal port ownership. In the second chapter, I investigate the effect of port pollution regulation on port ownership. I incorporate the regulation tax on emissions from port cargo handling into the international duopoly trade model. The results of the stage games suggest the same ownership of the ports in both countries. I also extend the categories of port structures to include the transfer of port ownership to the other country. The policy implication is to have the small country own both ports, which is opposite to the port governance in reality. In the third chapter, I explore the equilibrium port ownership structures without other policy issues or regulation on the port sector being considered. The influence of country size per se suggests that a small country should privatize its port in the context of a privatized port in the large country. For a large country, it is better to choose a type of ownership different from the small country's. In addition, it is the country whose population is greater than a third of the scale in the other country that should own both ports.

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Li, Bingjing. "Essays on China's international trade." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/58575.

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This dissertation studies the impact of international trade on China along different dimensions. The first chapter investigates how the decline in trade barriers and the resulting export expansion affected human capital accumulation in China. Following a theoretically consistent approach, I exploit variations in regional exposures to high- and low-skill export demand shocks, which stems from the diverse initial industry composition across prefectures, and differential skill intensities across industries. I find that high-skill export shocks raise both high school and college enrollments, while low-skill export shocks depress both. The amplified differences in skill abundance across prefectures reinforce the initial industry specialization. These findings suggest a mutually reinforcing relationship between regional comparative advantage and skill formation. The second chapter examines the impacts of export expansion on air pollution and health outcomes in China. To disentangle trade-induced scale and composition effects from technique effect, I construct two export shocks at the prefecture level: (i) PollutionExportShock represents the pollution content of export expansion measured in pounds of pollutants per worker; (ii) ExportShock measures the export exposure in dollars per worker. The two measures differ because prefectures specialize in different products: while two prefectures may experience the same shock in dollar terms, the one specializing in dirty industries has a larger PollutionExportShock. I find that a higher PollutionExportShock increases both pollution and mortality. A higher ExportShock tends to reduce pollution and mortality, but the effect is not always statistically significant. I also provide evidence that export expansion affects mortality through the channel of air pollution. The third chapter provides evidence that over-export of grains aggravated China's Great Famine. I exploit cross-county variation in grain export exposure which stems from their differences in suitability of cultivating different crops that experienced variable export shocks in early famine years. I find that a county's suitability in high-export-exposure crops is positively associated with its famine severity. However, the correlation is statistically insignificant for low-export-exposure crops. Moreover, for high-export-exposure crops, the correlation between suitability and famine severity declines with distance to railroad. These patterns are consistent with the possibility that excessive grain exports severely reduced food availability for domestic consumption.
Vancouver School of Economics
Graduate

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Ossa, Ralph. "International trade and economic development." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2007. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2310/.

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In this thesis, I theoretically investigate three related aspects of international trade and economic development. First, I present a model of social learning about the suitability of local conditions for new business ventures and explore its implications for the microeconomic patterns of economic development. I show that: i) firms tend to 'rush' into business ventures with which other firms have had surprising success thus causing development to be 'lumpy'; ii) sufficient business confidence is crucial for fostering economic growth; iii) development may involve wavelike patterns of growth where successive business ventures are first pursued and then given up; iv) there is, nevertheless, no guarantee that firms pursue the best venture even in the long-run. Second, I offer a new explanation for the empirical finding that trade liberalization increases firm productivity. In particular, I develop a simple general equilibrium model of trade in which trade liberalization leads to outsourcing as firms focus on their core competencies in response to tougher competition. Since firms are better at performing tasks the closer they are to their core competencies, this outsourcing increases firm productivity. Third, I propose a novel theory of GATT/WTO negotiations which solves two important problems of the standard terms-of-trade theory. First, it is consistent with the fact that GATT/WTO regulations do not constrain export taxes. Second, it does not rely on the terms-of-trade argument but instead emphasizes market access considerations. To achieve this, I consider trade policy in a 'new trade' environment. I first argue that tariffs are inefficiently high in the non-cooperative equilibrium because countries attempt to improve their relative market access at the expense of other countries. I then show how GATT/WTO negotiations can help countries overcome this inefficiency by providing new rationales for the GATT/WTO principles of reciprocity and nondiscrimination.

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Delis, Agelos. "Essays on applied international trade." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30155.

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In this thesis, I examine three empirical research questions that are concerned with the expansion of international trade and the increasing activity of multinational firms. First I attempt to determine empirically the effect of the rising volume of international trade on the relative wages of skilled and unskilled workers in the US economy for the period 1967-1991. Secondly, I try to assess the causal effect on total factor productivity ( TFP) growth of a change in the status of British firms from domestic producers to either exporters or subsidiaries of multinational firms over the period 1990 to 1996. Finally, I decompose the growth rate of the volume of US net exports into five components. These are a term of trade component, an endowment component, a production technology component, a preferences component and an income component. Then I obtain estimates of each component's contribution and I am able to provide possible explanations for the particular path the volume of US net exports followed in the period 1966-1991.

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Broll, Udo, and Julia Jauer. "How International Trade is affected by the Financial Crisis: The Gravity Trade Equation." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-150478.

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The study examines the effect of financial crises on international trade with a gravity approach and a large data set covering almost 70 importing and 200 exporting countries from 1950 to 2009. Thus it is possible to put the ‘Great Trade Collapse’ witnessed during the financial crisis 2008/2009, especially for South Asian countries, into a historical perspective. Both, the period for which the crisis is observed, and the level of the trading partners’ economic development constitute important factors to explain the negative effects of a banking crisis on international trade. As the analysis indicates, financial crises have a stronger negative effect on differentiated goods compared to overall export flows. In additionthe negative effects of financial crises persist even after the income effect is accounted for. The study therefore suggests that the increasing share of differentiated goods in inter-national trade might be one possible reason for the comparatively large effect of the recent financial crisis on international trade relative to previous financial turmoil in post-war economic history.

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Barfield, Scott. "Development, the World Trade Organisation and the 'Banana Trade War'." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289662.

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Lo, Chih-Cheng. "International trade disputes in intellectual property : Taiwanese cases in the United States International Trade Commission." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.626852.

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Section 337 of the Tariff Act in the United States International Trade Commission (USITC) has been recognised as a mechanism for further strengthening patent protection and competitiveness of US firms (Aoki and Prusa, 1993; Mutti and Yeung 1996). Section 337 has an effective deterrent, the Exclusive Order, which prohibits the imports and lor distribution of imported products based on one or more patents held by US firms that have been infringed. Several studies have shown that there is a strategic motivation behind patent litigation (Lerner, 1995; Somaya, 2003; Harhoff and Reitzig, 2004; Lanjouw and Schankerman, 2004). However, a fuller understanding of how firms react to the enforcement environment has not been fully explored. After reviewing the relevant literature in highlighting the issue of cross-border patent litigation, the contribution of this thesis is to take the viewpoint of a foreign firm from a newly industrialised country to illustrate the issue of the strategic use of trade-relevant patent protection. With this in mind, the main research questions in this thesis are as follows: (1) What issues and interactions have taken place in the trade-relevant patent dispute between Taiwan and the US? (2) What patterns of cross-border patent dispute emerge from the USITC protection mechanism involving in Taiwanese firms? (3) What are the strategic responses of Taiwanese firms to defending a lawsuit in US jurisdiction? For the empirical part of the thesis, a patent litigation dataset was constructed with records extracted from the ITC investigation achieve and LEXIS-Nelson database; and descriptive statistics were computed to uncover the overall patterns of Taiwanese trade-relevant patent litigations and infringed patents. The findings illustrate sharply the characteristics of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) relevant products' competition between American and Taiwanese firms. This was particularly the case after the year 2000 as Taiwanese firms became involved in patent infringement cases as direct defendants rather than as a third party as occurred in the 1980s and 1990s. Specifically, half of the infringed patents in Section 337 investigation cases were located in the classifications of computer hardware and semiconductor devices. Further empirical studies to evaluate how Taiwanese firms respond to the risk of litigation and its various impacts reported is based on a research design that combined insights gained from interviews with in-depth case studies. Following an analysis of interviewee responses, potential impact of US patent disputes of two significant USITC investigations associated with Taiwanese firms were analysed using firm level performance data. The findings appear to support those from other empirical literature about the industry-specific importance of a patent. The case studies illustrate that the role of patent litigation is perceived as a strategic manipulation rather than a protection mechanism in leT industries. Finally, the finding casts doubt on the effectiveness of discriminatory regulation to protect patent rights in the US due to the distortionary effects caused by the strategic motivations of both complainant and defendant.

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Alexander, Tamra A. "The Canadian International Trade Tribunal : Canada's emerging trade jurisprudence." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27442.

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Established in 1988, the Canadian International Trade Tribunal (the "CITT") replaced the Tariff Board, the Canadian Import Tribunal and the Textile and Clothing Board. Tasked with the responsibilities of advising the government on various trade related matters, conducting injury inquiries and reviewing certain decisions of the customs department, the CITT is an important source of Canadian trade policy and jurisprudence. This paper focuses on the role the CITT has played in the development of Canadian trade jurisprudence, with particular emphasis on the CITT's material injury inquiries and its appellate review of Canada Customs' classification and valuation determinations. Placing these decisions against the background of Canada's international trade commitments, the author gives a mixed review of the CITT's performance to date. That said, the author notes that a significant proportion of the CITT's failures in this area is more accurately attributable to the statutory limitations to its jurisdiction due to the incomplete manner in which Parliament has implemented Canada's international trade commitments into domestic law.

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Alexander, Tamra A. "The Canadian International Trade Tribunal, Canada's emerging trade jurisprudence." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ29817.pdf.

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Lucenti, Krista. "Essays on international trade: antidumping, competition, and trade facilitation." Berlin dissertation.de, 2006. http://d-nb.info/990430650/04.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'International trades'

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