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Journal articles on the topic 'International trades'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Dale, Leon A. "International Trade Secretariats." Relations industrielles 22, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 98–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/027759ar.

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In this article, the author explains the formation and development of International Trade Secretariats (ITS). There was strong pressure to merge international labor organizations into ITS encompassing an industry. Moreover, ITS originally based on individual crafts or trades were gradually replaced by a new type of « industrial » ITS composed of sometimes heterogenous groups of workers.

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2

LEONIDOV, ANDREI. "LONG MEMORY IN STOCK TRADING." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 07, no. 07 (November 2004): 879–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024904002682.

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Using a relationship between the moments of the probability distribution of times between the two consecutive trades (intertrade time distribution) and the moments of the distribution of a daily number of trades, we show that the underlying point process is essentially non-Markovian. A detailed analysis of all trades in the EESR stock on the Moscow International Currency Exchange in the period January 2003–September 2003, including correlation between intertrade time intervals is presented. A power-law decay of the correlation function provides an additional evidence of the long-memory nature of the series of times of trades. A data set including all trades in Siemens, Commerzbank and Karstadt stocks traded on the Xetra electronic stock exchange of Deutsche Boerse in October 2002 is also considered.

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Koeman, Jan, and Jędrzej Białkowski. "Efficiency of Hedging Against Fluctuating Prices of Dairy Products." Applied Finance Letters 4, no. 1and2 (November 30, 2015): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/afl.v4i1and2.27.

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This paper investigates hedging and cross-hedging internationally traded milk derivative products with internationally traded commodities, recently launched New Zealand dairy futures, New Zealand agricultural products, and mature United States dairy market futures. The contribution of the paper is twofold. First, we show that international dairy commodities are a distinct commodities subgroup, as changes in prices of dairy products are uncorrelated with other worldwide traded commodities. Second, we show that New Zealand Stock Exchange dairy futures are an effective tool for hedging exposure to smaller size trades and may not necessarily be of large positions as required by cooperatives and multinationals

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4

Galenson, Walter, and Gary K. Busch. "The Political Role of International Trades Unions." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 39, no. 2 (January 1986): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2523478.

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5

Collison, Frederick M. "Liner shipping and the U.S. international trades." Journal of Transportation Management 1, no. 1 (April 1, 1989): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22237/jotm/607392120.

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6

Paul, Karen, Simon Pak, John Zdanowicz, and Peter Curwen. "The Ethics of International Trade: Use of Deviation from Average World Price to Indicate Possible Wrongdoing." Business Ethics Quarterly 4, no. 1 (January 1994): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857557.

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Abstract:The measure proposed here, the ratio of the price reported in a given trade to the average world price for that commodity, is based on the average world price for a given commodity reported for all trades between the U.S. and all other countries for a given period. This new measure can be used to enable government agencies to identify trades between U.S. firms or individuals and their counterparts in other countries which are designed to further prohibited activities such as money laundering or tax avoidance. This measure would also enable the U.S. government to monitor trade flows more accurately, facilitating more analysis of trade imbalances between countries and tracking trade in strategic materials, for example, weapons. Use of this new measure could enable naive buyers and sellers of goods, for example, those situated in remote or underdeveloped markets, to know what their counterparts in more central and informed countries are paying or being paid for comparable goods, and hence to become more informed as trading partners.

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7

Gagnon, Louis, and G. Andrew Karolyi. "Information, Trading Volume, and International Stock Return Comovements: Evidence from Cross-Listed Stocks." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 44, no. 4 (August 2009): 953–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109009990196.

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AbstractWe investigate the joint dynamics of returns and trading volume of 556 foreign stocks cross-listed on U.S. markets. Heterogeneous-agent trading models rationalize how trading volume reflects the quality of traders’ information signals and how it helps to disentangle whether returns are associated with portfolio-rebalancing trades or information-motivated trades. Based on these models, we hypothesize that returns in the home (U.S.) market on high-volume days are more likely to continue to spill over into the U.S. (home) market for those cross-listed stocks subject to the risk of greater informed trading. Our empirical evidence provides support for these predictions, which confirms the link between information, trading volume, and international stock return comovements that has eluded previous empirical investigations.

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8

Dreher, Ferdinand, Johannes Gräb, and Thomas Kostka. "From carry trades to curvy trades." World Economy 43, no. 3 (November 19, 2019): 758–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12877.

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9

Lv, Yan. "Maritime Transport Services in ASEAN-China Free Trade Area-Liberalization and Challenges." Asian Journal of Social Science Studies 4, no. 3 (September 20, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ajsss.v4i3.634.

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Maritime transport, as an international transportation, plays an imperative role in global trades. At present, the negotiation on maritime transport sector faces with difficulties. This brief article tries to indicate the challenges of maritime service trade liberalization in CHINA-ASEAN free trade area; to find out the ways to promote maritime trade liberalization.

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10

Sackeyfio-Lenoch, Naaborko. "The Ghana Trades Union Congress and the Politics of International Labor Alliances, 1957–1971." International Review of Social History 62, no. 2 (May 24, 2017): 191–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859017000189.

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AbstractThis article explores the motives of Ghana’s Trades Union Congress in securing development assistance during the era of decolonization and early independence. African interests and agency in these complex processes of negotiation have not been sufficiently untangled to highlight the decisions that African trade unionists made as they aligned with, and fostered, international networks and alliances to meet particular development goals. By highlighting the perspectives and actions of Ghana’s trade union officials, the article demonstrates what Africans sought to achieve through connections to international trade union organizations. The Ghana case illustrates the ways in which African trade unionists actively engaged in the variable and competing politics and policies of local, regional, and global trade unionism in order to strengthen their union apparatus and meet shifting needs.

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11

Lee, Deok-Sun, Moon-Yong Cha, and Jae Woo Lee. "Patterns of international trades and nation¡?s wealth." Journal of the Korean Physical Society 56, no. 3(1) (March 15, 2010): 998–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/jkps.56.998.

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12

McKinnon, Ronald. "Carry trades, interest differentials, and international monetary reform." Journal of Policy Modeling 34, no. 4 (July 2012): 549–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2012.05.010.

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13

Bendall, David. "Trends in Liner Shipping (In Australia's International Trades)." Maritime Studies 1985, no. 23 (May 1985): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08102597.1985.11800568.

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14

Lohi, Julie. "The Implications of HO and IRS Theories in Bilateral Trade Flows within Sub-Saharan Africa." Global Economy Journal 13, no. 2 (June 2013): 175–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2012-0020.

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Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries tend to trade less among themselves. This article analyzes the driving forces of bilateral trades within the SSA region. To do so, I use the gravity equations from Evenett and Keller (2002) and study what trade theories, the Heckscher–Ohlin theory of factor abundance or the increasing return to scale theory of product differentiation, account for the bilateral trade flows within this region. My results indicate that trades within this region do not arise from factor abundance or product differentiation. Trade policies that are aimed to promote trade within the region (i.e. FTA, custom unions) are likely to fail, because SSA countries produce similar homogeneous products. The key factor for economic success from international trade for the SSA region relies on how to manufacture products in different varieties and how to export their comparative advantage goods outside the region.

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15

Trimble, John L., and M. Wayne Marr. "Selectivity, Information And The Return To Futures Trading." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 6, no. 4 (October 21, 2011): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v6i4.6277.

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One of the more controversial issues in modern financial economics and in futures trading in particular is whether traders have the ability to earn returns above what they could with a buy-and-hold strategy. The weight of evidence in support of Martingale price movements generally has been considered to be evidence that the expected value of trading returns is zero. This paper shows, however, that, when the contingent claims in a futures contract are taken into account in defining return, expected trading returns may not be zero, even if prices follow the Martingale pattern. We also point out that, if a sample of trades is representative of some trading strategy with its corresponding trading information, the impact of that strategy on a traders expected return can be represented by a probability model of the strategys success. This results because, to be successful, a trading strategy must select trades nonrandomly. Using these results, the paper specifies a model of the expected return of an arbitrary trading strategy. As an illustration, the model is estimated for an artificially constructed strategy in gold futures that imitates what the industry claims is the epitome of futures trading performance many small losses more than offset by a few big gains. Statistical tests based on the estimation of this model support the characterization of returns being due to the trading strategy using information to nonrandomly select trades.

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16

Fang-Klingler, Jieyan. "Impact of Readability on Corporate Bond Market." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 12, no. 4 (December 5, 2019): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12040184.

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This paper investigates the impact of annual report readability on the corporate bond market. My findings indicate that in the US corporate bond market, firms with less readable annual reports tend to have higher credit spreads, higher credit spread volatilities, higher transaction costs, higher transaction costs volatility, smaller trade size, higher number of trades and higher number of trades volatility. This paper also provides the first answers to the question as to whether annual report readability matters to international market participants in the corporate bond market. My findings provide evidence that in the EUR corporate bond market, firms with more readable annual reports are associated with lower credit spreads.

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17

Coates, Chris. "Union History Online: Digitization Projects in the Trades Union Congress Library Collections." International Labor and Working-Class History 76, no. 1 (2009): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014754790999007x.

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Since its foundation as a central body for British trade unions in 1868, the Trades Union Congress (TUC) has been involved in the creation of the welfare state and public health, education and social services. It has helped to ensure legal rights in employment and an end to discrimination. The Labour Party was established by the TUC so that working people could have their own representatives in Parliament. The TUC has played an important role in international affairs, and union representatives have sat on public bodies and government advisory boards at national and international level.

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18

Turnbull, D. Alasdair S. "Market Fragmentation, Market Quality and Clientele Effects." International Journal of Financial Research 9, no. 1 (November 30, 2017): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v9n1p74.

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This paper analyzes the relative trading activity of securities cross-listed on two highly integrated international stock exchanges. We find that traders choose an exchange on the basis of superior market quality, as measured by better quoted prices, greater depth at the market in its limit order book and better price continuity. As well, clientele effects influence trade location. From the perspective of a US investor, the price impacts of the total sample of trades for these securities, are statistically significantly lower on the New York Stock Exchange than on the Toronto Stock Exchange; but are not economically different. The results are consistent with the order splitting hypothesis and the co-existence of multiple markets.

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19

Hwang, Chae Won, and Song Soo Lim. "Effect of non-tariff measures on international tea trades." Journal of Korea Trade 21, no. 4 (December 4, 2017): 309–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkt-05-2017-0054.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impacts of differences in sanitary and phytosanitary measures as non-tariff measures (NTMs) in the tea trade between importing and exporting countries. With the progress of trade liberalization, there has been a shift of focus to NTMs as alternative or potential trade barriers. Design/methodology/approach In order to quantify an NTM on tea trade and implement its empirical application, this study designed an index of differences in maximum residue levels (MRLs) for the pesticide endosulfan and introduced it into a gravity trade model. The estimation challenges in the presence of heteroscedasticity and many zero-trade flows are resolved by taking the Heckman and Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood estimators. Findings This study found that differences in MRLs, arising from the stricter standards in importing countries lead to a significant decrease in tea trade value. This negative impact of differences in MRLs is found to be slightly less than that of tariffs, implying that in this case, the NTM acts as a policy substitute for import tariffs in the global tea trade. Originality/value The main contribution of this study is to suggest and quantify the differences in MRLs across countries as a substantial NTM on the global tea trade and provide its empirical application.

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20

Et.al, Sreedevi B. "Application Of Permissioned Blockchain For Automated, Efficient, Secure Cross Border Trade." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (April 10, 2021): 3762–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.1659.

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There are lot of documents and confidential data involved in international trade. Banks offer financial services and also act as middleman for cross border trades. The verification process plays a vital role and it takes months to years, to complete. The major problem is to maintain integrity and confidentiality of the data shared, and to maintain fair trading process. Blockchain technology is introduced to increase the efficiency and security of the documents shared to the needed parties in the trade. Permissioned blockchain is used wherein the participants of the network are controlled and governed by the blockchain owner. Hyperledger fabric platform is used to implement the trade finance application. The main idea is to automate the verification processes in order to complete the trade financing within minutes to hours and to enhance security of the documents shared using Attribute Based Encryption (ABE) in cross border trades. The smart contracts in blockchain provides functionalities to assure that the information is tamper-free, auditable and verifiable.

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21

Zhang, Yin-Ting, and Wei-Xing Zhou. "Microstructural Characteristics of the Weighted and Directed International Crop Trade Networks." Entropy 23, no. 10 (September 26, 2021): 1250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23101250.

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With increasing global demand for food, international food trade is playing a critical role in balancing the food supply and demand across different regions. Here, using trade datasets of four crops that provide more than 50% of the calories consumed globally, we constructed four international crop trade networks (iCTNs). We observed the increasing globalization in the international crop trade and different trade patterns in different iCTNs. The distributions of node degrees deviate from power laws, and the distributions of link weights follow power laws. We also found that the in-degree is positively correlated with the out-degree, but negatively correlated with the clustering coefficient. This indicates that the numbers of trade partners affect the tendency of economies to form clusters. In addition, each iCTN exhibits a unique topology which is different from the whole food network studied by many researchers. Our analysis on the microstructural characteristics of different iCTNs provides highly valuable insights into distinctive features of specific crop trades and has potential implications for model construction and food security.

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22

Мирмохаммади, Мустафа, and Mustafa Mirmokhammadi. "An Islamic View of International Commercial Law (Comparative Study)." Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law 2, no. 4 (September 5, 2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21255.

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This article addresses comparative study of some ethical and legal rule in Islamic Jurisprudence (Figh). The first aim of this study is a review of Islamic teaching in the realm of commercial law and the second — is seeking and introducing similar concepts in the other legal systems. Therefore, the article divided in two sections. In the first section the author discusses about those principles and rules govern on international trades and next section will intrude some commercial ethical codes in Islamic teaching.

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Bucklin, Louis P., A. D. Smith, and D. M. W. N. Hitchens. "Productivity in the Distribution Trades." Journal of Marketing 51, no. 2 (April 1987): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1251135.

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24

Tian, Gang, Wen Yu, Thi Thanh Huyen Vu, and Guo-Yong Ma. "Green Assessment of Imports and Exports of Wooden Forest Products Based on Forest Processing Industry: A Case Study of China." Forests 12, no. 2 (January 31, 2021): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12020166.

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The research on international trade competitiveness is progressing continuously. Environmental factors have been gradually considered in the competitiveness of international trade. However, the green assessment system of international trade competitiveness is not perfect. Building a model based on the trade economy is complex. This study combines environmental pollution data based on the forest processing industry with trade flows. Environmental trade competitiveness, pollution treatment, and trade scale were selected as the three criterion levels to construct an assessment system. The weight and score of each index were calculated by the overall entropy method. The overall entropy method is more comprehensive than the traditional entropy weight method due to introduce longitudinal comparisons of time and category. This method is a dynamic evaluation model with analysis of three-dimensional sequential data tables. The use of this method enables the assessment model to analyze more comprehensively the green level of a country’s trade in wooden forest products in terms of time and product category. The green level of chemical wood pulp and sawn timber trade in China is at a high level. The pollution treatment and trade scale of chemical wood pulp and sawn timber attained a medium level of matching. The trades in particle board, hardboard, newsprint, carton board, and wrapping paper are at medium levels of green. The trades in medium density fiberboard and plywood have poor levels of green and need to improve their green production capacity. It is suggested that China should increase investment in scientific research, as well as establish policies to restrict and treat pollution in the industry of wooden forest products, while increasing the export volumes of products with high added value. China should attach importance to the pollution resulting from the manufacture of wooden forest products. The state should support policies for these producers reducing production emissions.

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Neupane, Biwesh, Chandra Thapa, Andrew Marshall, and Suman Neupane. "Mimicking insider trades." Journal of Corporate Finance 68 (June 2021): 101940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2021.101940.

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26

Tvrdoň, Oldřich, and Radmila Presová. "Barter trade operations in the EU intracommunity area." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 55, no. 6 (2007): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200755060187.

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The article deals with trading possibilities through the barter trade companies which are widely spread especially in USA and Wester Europe. It shows the essence of commercial and cooperative companies engaged in barter-trading business. It also introduces the International Reciprocal Trade Assiciation worldwide company (IRTA). Shows results of czech barter company LQA, ltd., which trades requisitions and other goods by jointing demands since 2000. By the help of balance sheet method it reproaches values of offered and demanded requisitions in 2007.

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27

Hu, Ye, and Xin Wang. "Country-of-Origin Premiums for Retailers in International Trades: Evidence from eBay's International Markets." Journal of Retailing 86, no. 2 (June 2010): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2010.02.002.

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28

Galenson, Walter. "Book Review: International and Comparative Industrial Relations: The Political Role of International Trades Unions." ILR Review 39, no. 2 (January 1986): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979398603900221.

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29

Wang, Yujing, Fu Ren, Ruoxin Zhu, and Qingyun Du. "An Exploratory Analysis of Networked and Spatial Characteristics of International Natural Resource Trades (2000–2016)." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 20, 2020): 7765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187765.

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Natural resources, as the material basis of human life and production, play a crucial role in national economic and social development. It is essential to reveal the structural characteristics of global natural resource supply and demand, which has become one of the most critical factors affecting every country’s policy strategy and economic development. However, mining the characteristics of international natural resource trades is a huge challenge because of the availability and quality of trade data. In this study, the international natural resource trade system is modeled as networks based on the available bilateral trade data from 2000 to 2016. Complex network methods and spatial analysis are utilized to explore the networked and spatial characteristics of different international natural resource trade networks (INRTNs). First, we quantitatively present the overall evolution trend of INRTNs by calculating several indicators of network features at the macrolevel. Then, as the intermediate-level characteristics of INRTNs, the core–periphery structures are explored by applying hierarchical clustering and a visual matrix heatmap. Finally, at the microlevel, the imbalance in direction is detected through the combination of node importance in a complex network with bivariate choropleth maps of spatial analysis. The empirical evidence from INRTNs of different product types in this paper will help governments and business administrations to perceive the complex natural resource trade environment, which can instruct policymakers to formulate effective import–export policies and ensure national resource security and sustainable development.

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최경욱. "Explaining the Relationship between Exchange Rate Volatility and International Trades." Journal of Social Science 36, no. 1 (April 2010): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15820/khjss.2010.36.1.001.

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Babcock, Robert. "Sam Gompers and the Expansion of the A.F. of L. Into Canada, 1882-1898." Relations industrielles 27, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 403–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/028309ar.

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In the 1890's Gompers began dreaming of an international federation of labor, and became increasingly anxious to assert hegemony over organized labor in Canada. At the same time, some Canadians hoped to transform the Trades Congress into a Canadian federation of labor which would doubtless absorb, in time, the international union locals in Canada. Largely because Trades Congress leaders felt compelled to rely upon the Federation for funds and organizers, aC. F. of L. never came to pass, and Gompers was free to pursue his continentalist designs. The famous Berlin decisions of 1902 were rather clearly foreshadowed by the end of 1898.

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Niepmann, Friederike, and Tim Schmidt-Eisenlohr. "Bank Bailouts, International Linkages, and Cooperation." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 5, no. 4 (November 1, 2013): 270–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.5.4.270.

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Financial institutions are increasingly linked internationally. As a result, financial crises and government intervention have stronger effects beyond borders. We provide a model of international contagion allowing for bank bailouts. While a social planner trades off tax distortions, liquidation losses, and intra- and intercountry income inequality, in the noncooperative game between governments there are inefficiencies due to externalities, a lack of burden sharing, and free riding. We show that, in absence of cooperation, stronger interbank linkages make government interests diverge, whereas cross-border asset holdings tend to align them. We analyze different forms of cooperation and their effects on global and national welfare. (JEL C72, G01, G21, G28)

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MAENG, SEONG EUN, HYUNG WOOC CHOI, and JAE WOO LEE. "COMPLEX NETWORKS AND MINIMAL SPANNING TREES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE NETWORK." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 16 (January 2012): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512007775.

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The wealth of a nation is changed by the internal economic growth of a nation and by the international trade among countries. Trade between countries are one of their most important interactions and thus expects to affect crucially the wealth distribution over countries. We reviewed the network properties of the international trade networks (ITN). We analyzed data sets of world trade. The data set include a total number of 190 countries from 1950 to 2000. We observed that the world trade network showed the uneven trading relationships which are measured by the disparity. The effective disparity followed a power law, < D(k) >~ tδ, for the import and export network. We also construct the minimal spanning tree(MST) of international trade network, where each node is a country and directed links connecting them represent money flow from a source node to a target one. The topology of the MST shows the flow patterns of the international trades. From the MST we can identify the sub-economic zone if we delete the hub node. We observed that the cumulative degree distribution functions follow the power law, P>(k) ~ k-α, with the average exponent α = 1.1(1)). We also calculated the betweenness centrality(BC) of the MST. The cumulative probability distribution of the betweenness centrality follows the power law, P>( BC ) ~ BC -β, with the average exponent β = 1.09(7).

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Elliott, Matthew. "Inefficiencies in Networked Markets." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 7, no. 4 (November 1, 2015): 43–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20130098.

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In many markets, relationship specific investments are necessary for trade. These formed relationships constitute a networked market in which not all buyers can trade with all sellers. We show that networked markets can be decomposed to identify how alternative trading opportunities affect who trades with whom and at what price. This uncovers agents' incentives to invest in relationships. Investment inefficiencies can eliminate all the gains from trade, but for reasons that differ depending on how investments are made. Three applications are considered in detail: high-skill labor markets, merger markets when industries are consolidating, and the international market for natural gas. (JEL C78, D85, D86)

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Smith, R. "The Swiss Connection: International Networks in some Eighteenth-Century Luxury Trades." Journal of Design History 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jdh/17.2.123.

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36

Carvalhal, Andre, Cesar Martins, and Otavio Figueiredo. "High volume trades and stock price changes in Brazil." Corporate Ownership and Control 11, no. 1 (2013): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv11i1art8.

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This work analyzes the relation between stock price changes and high volume trades in Brazil. Using a unique intra-day database, we evaluate 10 of the most liquid shares from 2001 to 2006. Unlike most international studies, which are based on data from funds or institutional investors, this article breaks new ground by working with publicly available information. Our results indicate a positive and significant relation between stock price changes and high volume trades. In line with existing literature, we show there are both temporary and partially permanent on stock prices after high volume trades. Our study also indicates the existence of asymmetry between purchases and sales.

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Lusch, Robert F., and Louis P. Bucklin. "Book Review: Productivity in the Distribution Trades." Journal of Marketing 51, no. 2 (April 1987): 134–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224298705100211.

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38

Olkhov, Victor. "Price, Volatility and the Second-Order Economic Theory." ACRN Journal of Finance and Risk Perspectives 10, no. 1 (2021): 139–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35944/jofrp.2021.10.1.009.

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We introduce the new price probability measure, which entirely depends on the probability measures of the value and the volume of the market trades. We define the nth statistical moment of the price as the ratio of the nth statistical moment of the value to the nth statistical moment of the volume of all trades performed during an averaging time interval Δ. The set of the price statistical moments determines the price characteristic function and its Fourier transform defines the price probability measure. The price volatility depends on the 1st and the 2nd statistical moments of the value and the volume of the trades. The prediction of the price volatility requires a description of the sums of squares of the value and the volume of the market trades during the interval Δ and we call it the second-order economic theory. To develop that theory, we introduce numerical continuous risk ratings and distribute the agents by the risk ratings as coordinates. Based on distributions of the agents by the risk coordinates, we introduce a continuous economic media approximation that describes the collective trades. The agents perform the trades under the action of their expectations. We model the mutual impact of the expectations and the trades and derive equations that describe their evolution. To illustrate the benefits of our approach, in a linear approximation we describe perturbations of the mean price, the mean square price and the price volatility as functions of the first and the second-degree trades’ disturbances.

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Lustig, Hanno, Andreas Stathopoulos, and Adrien Verdelhan. "The Term Structure of Currency Carry Trade Risk Premia." American Economic Review 109, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 4142–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20180098.

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Fixing the investment horizon, the returns to currency carry trades decrease as the maturity of the foreign bonds increases. Across developed countries, the local currency term premia, which increase with the maturity of the bonds, offset the currency risk premia. Similarly, in the time-series, the predictability of foreign bond returns in dollars declines with the bonds’ maturities. Leading no-arbitrage models in international finance do not match the downward term structure of currency carry trade risk premia. We derive a simple preference-free condition that no-arbitrage models need to reproduce in the absence of carry trade risk premia on long-term bonds. (JEL E43, G12, G15)

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Okenna, Nwabueze Prince, and Babatunde Moses Adesanya. "International Trade and the Economies of Developing Countries." American International Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 6, no. 2 (September 4, 2020): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/aijmsr.v6i2.747.

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The economic significance and benefits of foreign trade also known as international trade to the economies of developing countries cannot be overemphasized. Its role and contributions to the gross domestic earnings, employment generation, economic development, and poverty reduction in these underdeveloped countries such as Nigeria, Ghana, Benin Republic, and others have been too glaring especially in agrarian economies with fertile arable land.The main aim of this paper was to examine in-depth the contributions and relationship between international trade and the economic development of developing African countries. Furthermore, this paper recommended stringent macroeconomic policies that when formulated would encourage and increase the multiplier effect of these (foreign) trades. Part of these policies is targeted towards exchange rates, tariffs, import and export duties, subsidies, and actions that promote international trade.The research further concluded that internationaltradeis a key macroeconomic driver that must be encouraged in developing African countries as its multiplier effects have the potentials of driving the needed development goals of these nations. And for this to be achieved, these nations (developing countries) must formulate workable localized macroeconomic policies that suit and drive their interest as against borrowed economic policies from the developed European and Asian nations. Some of the recommendations proffered include adoption of friendly and pro-active export promotion policies, availability of grants, aids, subsidies, and loans, mechanization of the agrarian sector, adoption of flexible exchange rate, etc.This study made use of time series secondary data obtained from the World Development Indicators (WDI) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) of developing African countries for a period between 2000 and 2019. A forecast of 15 years was also initiated using these data to provide a long-term insight into the benefits of these trading activities on the GDP of developing countries.

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Howell, Jude A. "All-China Federation of Trades Unions beyond Reform? The Slow March of Direct Elections." China Quarterly 196 (December 2008): 845–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100800115x.

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AbstractSince the mid-1990s trade union leaders in Zhejiang, Guangdong, Shandong and other coastal provinces have been quietly introducing direct elections for grassroots trade union cadres, in order to nurture a stratum of grassroots trade union cadres who prioritize workers' interests. Yet these elections have not been generalized across the country, been institutionalized through legislation or drawn droves of international observers in the way that village elections did in the 1980s and 1990s. What might have promised to be China's “second silent revolution” has failed to take off. This article explores the political, structural and institutional reasons behind the piecemeal and slow spread of direct basic union elections in China. In doing so it analyses the parameters constraining the reform of the All-China Federation of Trades Unions in the direction of a more effective, worker-oriented organization.

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Nozaki, Kenji. "Regional disparity and economic linkage in the Greater Mekong Sub-region." International Journal of Development Issues 13, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-08-2013-0058.

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Purpose – The Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) is noted as an investment destination recently. However, there are few surveys about this region. In particular, direction of the regional disparity and economic linkage cannot be found, although it is inevitable to formulate economic or business policies. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – First, the author calculated the regional GINI coefficient of the GMS, converting the per capita GDP using the purchasing power parity. Then, the trend of intra-regional trade was calculated by using the data of Direction of Trade Statistics of IMF. In addition to that, to consider the trade structures, bilateral trades of Thailand with Vietnam, Laos and Myanmar were analyzed. Findings – This paper made clear that the regional disparity of the GMS has been gradually shrinking from serious level to moderate in recent years, although it is still larger than the disparity of ASEAN original members. Two Chinese districts and Vietnam played an important role to improve the disparity. As for the intra-regional trade, it used to be very poor in the early 1990s, but is increasing in these years. There may be some signs of starting of the intra-industrial trade between Thailand and Vietnam, although trades with lower developed countries such as Laos and Myanmar are led by natural resources-related products. Originality/value – This paper is the first survey to calculate the regional disparity of the GMS with time series data. The analysis of the intra-trade among the GMS members expresses the current situation of the economic linkage of this area.

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Мирмохаммади, Мустафа, and Mustafa Mirmokhammadi. "AN ISLAMIC VIEW OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW (COMPARATIVE STUDY)." Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law 2, no. 4 (September 5, 2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21256.

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This article addresses comparative study of some ethical and legal rule in Islamic Jurisprudence (Figh). The first aim of this study is a review of Islamic teaching in the realm of commercial law and the second — is seeking and introducing similar concepts in the other legal systems. Therefore, the article divided in two sections. In the first section the author discusses about those principles and rules govern on international trades and next section will intrude some commercial ethical codes in Islamic teaching.

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Johnson, Joseph, Gerard J. Tellis, and Deborah J. Macinnis. "Losers, Winners, and Biased Trades." Journal of Consumer Research 32, no. 2 (September 2005): 324–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/432241.

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Morrow, James D. "A Spatial Model of International Conflict." American Political Science Review 80, no. 4 (December 1986): 1131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000305540018503x.

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The model presented here assumes that nations initiate conflict to change the international status quo across one or more issues to an outcome they prefer. Their preferences for different issue outcomes are represented by a classical spatial utility function. International coalitions are formed both to enhance the chance of a successful challenge and to counter existing challenges. Disputes are modeled as periods of competition between two coalitions through the recruitment of additional members, erosion of support for the opposing coalition and escalation of the crisis. The two-nation model is analyzed in detail, and the existence of the core for the resulting game is proved. The two main conclusions of the two-nation model are that nations have a general incentive to exaggerate their issue positions in disputes and that the possibility of issue trades enhances the likelihood of compromise.

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Moskowitz, Anita F. "Giovanni Freppa, ‘Jack of all Trades’." Journal of Modern Italian Studies 24, no. 4 (August 8, 2019): 551–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1354571x.2019.1646039.

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Pasitska, Oksana I. "INTERNATIONAL FAIR ‘EASTERN TRADES’ IN LVIV (1920S–1930S): WORLD EXPERIENCE AND LOCAL REALITIES." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 430 (May 1, 2018): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/430/14.

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Yoon, Jiho, Srinivas Talluri, Hakan Yildiz, and Chwen Sheu. "The value of Blockchain technology implementation in international trades under demand volatility risk." International Journal of Production Research 58, no. 7 (November 25, 2019): 2163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2019.1693651.

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Hag-Min Kim, Ho-Hyung Lee, and 김진학. "A Study on the Improvement of Research Methodology of International Trades in Services." International Commerce and Information Review 10, no. 3 (September 2008): 333–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15798/kaici.10.3.200809.333.

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Luo, Wei, and May Yuan. "Identifying temporal patterns of multilateral spatial interactions: Using international trades as an example." Transactions in GIS 25, no. 4 (March 30, 2021): 1888–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tgis.12745.

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