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Rodionov, Dmitrii, Olesya Perepechko, and Olga Nadezhina. "Determining Economic Security of a Business Based on Valuation of Intangible Assets according to the International Valuation Standards (IVS)." Risks 8, no. 4 (October 20, 2020): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks8040110.
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This work considered the economic security of an enterprise with regard to the valuation of intangible assets according to the International Valuation Standards (IVS). This study is essential due to a growing number of companies with intangible assets (trademarks, patents, know-how, etc.) as their main value. This study included analysis of the impact created by the value of intangible assets and intellectual property on company capitalization and economic security plus a regression model. An algorithm was developed to determine the economic security of a business based on the valuation of intangible assets according to the IVS. The suggested algorithm can allow a company to manage its intangible assets effectively using the IVS, which, in turn, will provide the required level of economic security for further development and achievement of strategic goals by the business entity.
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Kulil, Vladimír. "Intangible Assets and Goodwill Valuation in the European Union." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 5, no. 3 (2019): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.53.2003.
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European valuation standards TEGoVA have conception for valuation of intangible assets and they formed to conform to International valuation standards (IVS) also to reach worldwide consensus in best practices in valuation process. The process of valuation of intangible influences was also surveyed in China, Hong Kong, USA, Canada, Japan, Germany, UK, Poland, Russia and overall in the Europe. Situation in mentioned locations is similar, valuation of intangible influences has not been determined by a concrete list of items and there has not been established concrete clear process. The subject matter of this paper is a proposal for a method of valuation of intangible effects that will impact assets prices. It deals with proposed procedures for valuation of intangible assets. Special effects are in particular name, historical value, design, quality of layout, security aspects, accessibility, and conflict groups of inhabitants in or near the property, location, provenience and other.
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Svoboda, P. "Valuation of tangible fixed assets pursuant to the Czech accounting law and international accounting standards." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 53, No. 10 (January 7, 2008): 466–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/927-agricecon.
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The valuation of assets is a relatively challenging activity as well as a scientific discipline having an impact on the amount of the reported assets and economic result process. The report deals with the issue of valuation of the tangible fixed assets in the accounting entities compiling the financial statements pursuant to the Czech national legislation and in conformity with the requirements of the International Accounting Standards IAS/IFRS and US GAAP. The substantial differences in the definitions and valuation of the tangible fixed assets in these systems have been determined, indicating the impact on the economy of the accounting entity, both at the primary acquisition and as at the day of the closing of books. Attention has also been paid to the possibilities of recording the value decreases and to subsequent expenses. The analysis of legal regulations was completed with the analysis of the financial statements from selected economic entities. As per the international standards, the main difference consists in the possibility of component depreciation of tangible assets or, on the other hand, the possibility of group depreciation, in the differences in valuation in the event of acquisition paid for and of acquisition by one’s own production and in the possibility to consider the costs of disposal of assets. The subsequent expenses are also construed in a different manner: as per the Czech regulation, they are construed as repairs and maintenance. The substantial difference in comparison with the Czech regulation consists in the possibility of re-valuation of assets upwards as well as the method of actual value determination.
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Ballwieser, Wolfgang. "International Valuation Standards (IVS) – Bedarf, Reichweite, Würdigung, diskutiert anhand der Bewertung von Unternehmen und Goodwill." Schmalenbachs Zeitschrift für betriebswirtschaftliche Forschung 72, no. 1 (March 2020): 71–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41471-020-00084-3.
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d'Amato, Maurizio, Nikolaj Siniak, and Giulia Mastrodonato. "“Cyclical assets” and cyclical capitalization." Journal of European Real Estate Research 12, no. 2 (August 8, 2019): 267–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-05-2018-0022.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is providing a possible methodological solution to the valuation of cyclical.assets. International Valuation Standards introduce a brand new definition of property: the cyclical asset (International Valuation Standards Council 2017, IVS 105, p. 39 and p. 41). Among different property valuation methods, normally this kind of properties is appraised using income approach. In this group of methodology, the opinion of value is based on a proportional relationship between property value and rent. In the past years, a group of methods called cyclical capitalization has been proposed (d’Amato, 2003; d’Amato, 2013;d’Amato, 2015; d’Amato, 2017a; d’Amato 2017 b; d’Amato, 2017c). This method proposes an integration between property valuation and property market cycle. Design/methodology/approach Cyclical capitalization method is applied using a time series of property market rent of offices in prime location in the South Bank area in London. It consists of the determination of more than one all-risk yield to reproduce the property market cycle. Findings A comparison between the cyclical capitalization and two traditional capitalization rate shows how the proposed model is able to provide a stable opinion of value. Research limitations/implications The method may represent a contribution for the determination of the value of cyclical assets or for the mortgage lending value. Practical implications This paper provides the possibility to have a property valuation method less sensitive to upturn and downturn of the property market. Social implications The valuation based on cyclical capitalization are less sensitive to the upturn and the downturn of the market. Originality/value It is one of the first scientific paper addressing the problem of the determination of the value of cyclical assets.
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Beryoza, A. O. "Valuation of Biological Assets at Fair Value." World of new economy 13, no. 3 (December 3, 2019): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2019-13-3-59-70.
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Today the globalisation of the world market leads to the necessity of constructive interaction in the international market and forming common standards of accounting. Transnational corporations as a phenomenon of worldwide integration are businesses with units in different countries of the world. Special issues of information support of management in agricultural organisations have become very important in the conditions of the market economy. Clear and transparent accounting in such enterprises requires the existence of common international standards. Such standards could become International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). They are designed to provide an understanding of financial processes in different countries for the interaction between investors and potential investment projects located in different national accounting systems. The standard “Agriculture” has great importance for the Russian Federation. Agriculture is one of the leading sectors of our country, supplying products for both domestic and foreign market. Accordingly, the adoption of this standard and the implementation of its provisions is an important and urgent issue of today’s economic reality. Introduction of this standard leads to the formation of fundamentally new methodological bases of the accounting of agricultural activities based on the market value of assets because paragraphs 12–13 of this Standard states that during the initial and subsequent valuation of biological assets will be measured at their fair value fewer costs to selling. Thus, the need to allocate biological assets in the separate account-economic category, their reflection in the accounting at fair value by the provisions of IAS 41 has determined the relevance of the topic, goal, objectives and logic of the article.
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Ashbaugh, Hollis, and Per Olsson. "An Exploratory Study of the Valuation Properties of Cross-Listed Firms' IAS and U.S. GAAP Earnings and Book Values." Accounting Review 77, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2002.77.1.107.
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Despite the increasing integration of global capital markets, there is little evidence on the valuation properties of cross-listed, non-U.S. firms' accounting variables. We use the relative performance of the earnings capitalization, the book value, and the residual income valuation models to explore the valuation properties of International Accounting Standards and U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles earnings and book values reported by non-U.S., cross-listed firms trading in a common equity market. Using non-U.S./non-U.K. firms whose shares trade on the International Stock Exchange Automated Quotation system in London, we find that the earnings capitalization model is the dominant accounting-based valuation model when crosslisted firms report under International Accounting Standards. In contrast, we find that when cross-listed firms report under U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, the residual income model is the dominant accountingbased valuation model. Our exploratory study provides insights into the valuation implications of allowing a dual reporting system for foreign registrants trading in a common equity market.
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Michaletz, Vladimir B., and Andrey Artemenkov. "A Demand - and Supply- Side Constrained Model for Liquidation Value and Related Exposure Periods." Real Estate Management and Valuation 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/remav-2018-0015.
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Abstract Two problems appear to be most topical in conjunction with mortgage valuation practices during an economic crisis: the assessment of sustainable long-term mortgage values and the assessment of liquidation discounts to prevailing market values which would provide for the most advantageous liquidation/quick sale strategy. This paper addresses the latter issue, which has traditionally proven intractable to analytical modeling. Apart from reviewing some research devoted to the subject of liquidation value modeling, predominantly from the Eastern European perspective, where this issue has, for years, commanded a particular economic interest, this paper synthesizes the best features of this research and builds on it to propose its own model, which lays equal emphasis on both the sellerside and demand-side perspectives. The first perspective accounts for the financial interests of a lender in forced sale disposals, while the latter perspective engages economic analysis on the side of market feasibility of identified efficient lender disposal strategies. By negotiating both perspectives, an optimal analytic solution to the issue of liquidation value discounts can be obtained. This is achieved by what we call a SI-MI framework which is developed throughout the paper. We also adapt this framework specifically to the mortgage banking context where we use it to bring to light some rarely discussed linkages between the LTV policies of a bank and its mortgage liquidation strategies. This also allows us to propose a model and an LTV formula which can help organize thinking about optimal LTV policies in credit issuing processes. We hope that, with the re-appearance of liquidation value basis/premise of valuation as a recognized international basis of valuation in the new edition of the International Valuation Standards (IVS 2017), the findings of this paper will become topical.
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Souza, Flaida Êmine Alves de, Reiner Alves Botinha, Pablo Rogers Silva, and Sirlei Lemes. "Comparability of Accounting Choices in Future Valuation of Investment Properties: An Analysis of Brazilian and Portuguese Listed Companies." Revista Contabilidade & Finanças 26, no. 68 (July 10, 2015): 154–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1808-057x201500580.
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<p>One of the main purposes for adopting the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is the quest for comparability between financial statements within the same country, over time, and between different countries. IFRS have the feature of allowing accounting choices in most of their standards. However, the existence of such flexibility in the process for recognizing, measuring, and disclosing as sets and liabilities may impact on comparability. IFRS have been criticized both due to their accounting choices and the adoption of the fair value paradigm. This article examines these two issues, investigating the choice of the cost model versus the choice of the fair value model for investment properties (IPs), an option guaranteed under the terms of the International Accounting Standard (IAS) 40. This research aimed to identify the comparability degree and the factors that determine the accounting choices made by managers of IPs, in Brazilian and Portuguese listed companies, within the periods from 2010 to 2012. Comparability, within and between countries, was identified by the T-index and the search for the determining factors of accounting choices made by managers was performed by means of a logistic re gression analysis. As a result, it was found that, despite the accounting choices allowed by IAS 40, there was a mean comparability between the accounting practices of firms in these countries, but showing a decrease in the index over the years. The explanatory factors identified were auditing by one of the big four (PricewaterhouseCoopers, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, KPMG, or Ernst & Young), companies' indeb tedness, relative importance of IPs' balance, net profit, and less experience of Brazil in using the fair value method to appraise IPs.</p>
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Arcuri, Natale, Manuela De Ruggiero, Francesca Salvo, and Raffaele Zinno. "Automated Valuation Methods through the Cost Approach in a BIM and GIS Integration Framework for Smart City Appraisals." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 13, 2020): 7546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187546.
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The principle behind sustainable city movements is represented by the idea of “good living”, which is the possibility of having solutions and services that allow citizens to live in an easy, simple, and enjoyable way. Policies for urban quality play a central role in the slow cities manifesto, often suggesting the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ITC) in the development of interactive services for citizens. Among these, an interesting possibility is to offer citizens digital real estate consultancy services through the implementation of automated evaluation methods. An automated appraisal action—which is already complex in itself owing to the need to collect data in a consistent, standardized, but also differentiated way so as to require the adoption of real estate due diligence—collides on the operational level with the concrete difficulty of acquiring necessary data, much more so since the reference market is dark, atypical, and viscous. These operational difficulties are deepened by the epistemological nature of the appraisal discipline itself, which bases its methodology on the forecast postulate, recalling the need to objectify as much as possible the evaluation from the perspective of an intersubjective sharing argument. These circumstances have led, on the one hand, to the definition of internationally accepted uniform evaluation rules (IVS, 2017) and, on the other, to the testing of automated valuation methods aimed at returning computer-based appraisals (AVM). Starting from the awareness that real estate valuation refers essentially to information and georeferences, this paper aims to demonstrate how real estate appraisal analysis can be further improved through information technology (IT), directing real estate valuation towards objectivity in compliance with international valuation standards. Particularly, the paper intends to show the potential of combining geographic information systems (GISs) and building information models (BIMs) in automated valuation methods through the depreciated reproduction cost. The paper also proposes a BIM-GIS semi-automatic prototype based on the depreciated reconstruction cost through an experimentation in Rende (Italy).
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Ashraf, Junaid, Zeeshan Ahmad, and Imran Chaudhry. "Livestock Valuation in a Dairy Business." Issues in Accounting Education 28, no. 4 (June 1, 2013): 873–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/iace-50549.
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ABSTRACT This case study deals with assessing the value of livestock in the financial statements of a dairy farming business. With a global market predicted to reach US$494 billion by 2015 (GIA 2012), dairy farming is the largest sector of world agriculture production. It is an important industry in many countries. For example, in the USA, dairy farming contributes more than $160 billion in economic output and provides more than 90,000 jobs (DFT 2012). The subject matter of the case study is a small dairy farming business in Pakistan, a country that is the fifth largest producer of milk in the world (FAO 2009). The case study describes a disagreement between the management and the auditors about the initial recognition and subsequent measurement of crossbred cattle in the financial statements of the business. The aim of this case study is to help students understand the issues involved in assessing the value of livestock in the light of the guidance provided by the International Accounting Standard on Agriculture (IAS 41). The case study can also be used to help students understand the differences between the requirements of U.S. GAAP and international accounting standards, as well as the possible reasons for these differences.
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Svoboda, Patrik. "Reporting of tangible fixed assets pursuant to the Czech accounting law and International Accounting Standards IAS/IFRS and US GAAP." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 55, no. 6 (2007): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200755060255.
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The valuation of assets is a relatively challenging activity as well as a scientific discipline having an impact on the amount of the reported assets and economic result process. The report deals with the issue of valuation of the tangible fixed assets in the accounting entities compiling the financial statements pursuant to the Czech national legislation and in conformity with the requirements of the International Accounting Standards IAS/IFRS and US GAAP. The substantial differences in the definitions and valuation of the tangible fixed assets in these systems have been determined, indicating the impact on the economy of the accounting entity, both at the primary acquisition and as at the day of the closing of books. Attention has also been paid to the possibilities of recording the value decreases and to subsequent expenses. The analysis of legal regulations was completed with the analysis of the financial statements from selected economic entities. As per the international standards, the main difference consists in the possibility of component depreciation of tangible assets or, on the other hand, the possibility of group depreciation, in the differences in valuation in the event of acquisition paid for and of acquisition by one’s own production, and in the possibility to consider the costs of disposal of assets. The subsequent expenses are also construed in a different manner: as per the Czech regulation, they are construed as repairs and maintenance. The substantial difference in comparison with the Czech regulation consists in the possibility of re-valuation of assets upwards as well as the method of actual value determination.
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Shkulipa, L. V. "Analysis of the Methodology of Fixed Assets in Accordance with IAS 16 “Fixed Assets” AND P(S)BU 7 “Fixed Assets”: Theory and Practice." Scientific Bulletin of the National Academy of Statistics, Accounting and Audit, no. 4 (October 17, 2018): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/nasoa.4.2018.10.
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The importance of transparent, complete, authentic and timely information comprehensible for all the users of financial reporting has grown in the context of Ukraine’s integration in the international economy. The issue of harmonizing the national accounting system with the international standards is, therefore, on the agenda of the national statistics system. Apart from this, introduction of the international accounting standards in the Ukrainian statistics practice is expected to make Ukraine more attractive for foreign investors and lenders. As theoretical and practical problems related with harmonizing the national accounting standards with international ones are not fully elaborated, the article’s purpose is to analyze the methodology of fixed assets recording by international and national standards, with providing, in table form, comparative characteristics of the underlying sections of International Accounting Standards (IAS) 16 and Rules (Standards) of Accounting (R(S)A) enforced in Ukraine, and to illustrate their practical use. The comparison covers recognition, valuation, recording and reporting of fixed assets, elements of the original cost (estimates at the date of recognition), formation of the original value of fixed assets as a result of various events, revaluation of fixed assets, frequency of revaluation of the liquidation value of fixed assets etc. Practical issues related with fixed assets overvaluation (undervaluation), depreciating, disposal and exchange are highlighted.
The comparative analysis shows quite significant differences between the two documents in valuation, revaluation, liquidation, disposal of fixed assets. They can be explained by national specifics of record keeping in Ukraine, fully considered in the national standards, and, consequently, by adaptation of accounting in Ukraine to the national economy needs.
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Ionescu, Cicilia, and Floarea Georgescu. "Estimation and valuation in accounting." Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People 3, no. 1 (March 30, 2014): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/jedep.v3i1.61.
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The relationships of the enterprise with the external environment give rise to a range of informational needs. Satisfying those needs requires the production of coherent, comparable, relevant and reliable information included into the individual or consolidated financial statements. International Financial Reporting Standards IAS / IFRS aim to ensure the comparability and relevance of the accounting information, providing, among other things, details about the issue of accounting estimates and changes in accounting estimates. Valuation is a process continually used, in order to assign values to the elements that are to be recognised in the financial statements. Most of the times, the values reflected in the books are clear, they are recorded in the contracts with third parties, in the supporting documents, etc.However, the uncertainties in which a reporting entity operates determines that, sometimes, the assigned or values attributable to some items composing the financial statements be determined by use estimates.
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Cengiz, Hülya, Alan Combs, and Martin Samy. "An Analysis of how Financial Ratios of Companies in Turkey Are Affected by National Standards, and IFRS." International Business Research 10, no. 12 (November 16, 2017): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v10n12p183.
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Adoption in 2005 of IAS/IFRS by Turkish listed companies resulted in changes in classification, valuation and disclosure of financial items. This paper makes accessible to non-Turkish speakers a detailed investigation of the results from previous ratio analysis studies identified by Balsari & Varan (Balsari & Varan, 2014), in addition to presenting a more extensive analysis than Cengiz (Cengiz, 2014). Eight financial ratios have been analysed before and after implementation of international standards. One set of results compares the periods 2002-2003 with 2005-2006; and the other 2004 with 2005. The companies investigated are substantially the same in both analyses, but different versions of national standards are compared against international standards. Significant differences in average Book Value of Equity per Share are found after implementation of international standards for both sets of comparisons; and for one set only, at a lower confidence level, significant differences are indicated in the leverage ratio. The major contribution of the paper is the analyses of the differences during the pre and post implementation of international standards.
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BOYDAŞ HAZAR, Hülya. "THE APPLICATION OF IAS 2 INVENTORIES STANDARD IN ACCOUNTING PRACTICES." Business & Management Studies: An International Journal 8, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 2414–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v8i2.1496.
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In this study, IAS 2 Inventories standard is examined and the real-world accounting applications related to inventories are presented.IAS 2 Inventories is an accounting standard, which is part of the International Financial Accounting Standards (IFRS). It is the framework for the accounting treatment of inventories. Inventory makes up substantial part of the total asset value. Therefore, value determination and presentation of inventories is a fundamental part of accounting.The contribution of this work is highlighting the components which make up the value of inventories and the importance of choosing the inventory valuation method in managerial decision making. Moreover, accounts are suggested for journal entries to record inventory related costs.
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Dmitrenko, I. M., R. O. Kostyrko, and V. P. Bondar. "Methodological Principles of the Accounting for Intangible Assets from the View of National and International Standards." Statistics of Ukraine 83, no. 4 (December 17, 2018): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.4(83)2018.04.13.
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The article defines the basic accounting items that determine the impact on the complex of methodological principles of accounting and reporting generalization of information about intangible assets. The complex of basic accounting positions for intangible assets is proposed in the following composition: definition of the object of accounting; method of identification; response to goodwill; how to receive and how to pay; the criteria for recognizing the asset is intrinsic; method of initial assessment; revaluation model; response to impairment; conditions for the choice and application of methods of accrual of depreciation; directions of disclosure.
The key methodological principles of accounting for intangible assets are systematized on the basis of a comparative analysis of the provisions of national and international standards. As a result of the comparative analysis, both conceptually similar principles and those that are characterized by significant differences are established. In particular, this applies to: the ways of obtaining and payment of the intangible assets, for which the IAS does not provide for the free receipt and payment of an intangible asset to the authorized capital of the enterprise, which emphasizes the nature of such assets in view of the obligation to receive future economic benefits; the definition of the value of internally generated goodwill is precisely in IAS, which contributes to a reasonable separation from the value of its own intangible assets in the event of the merger of enterprises; the initial valuation of the intangible assets, for which IAS prioritizes the valuation at cost rather than fair value, as defined by National Accounting Standards, due to the dependence of the usually unpopular phenomenon - the existence of an active market for such assets; the variability of the choice of depreciation methods for the intangible assets, for which IAS offers more opportunities to take into account the specifics of the use of these objects during the formation of depreciation costs; directions of disclosure of the intangible assets information in the notes to the financial statements, which are clearly defined in the IAS.
Comments on the conditions for the implementation of the requirements of national and international standards for the accounting of intangible assets at the level of economic entities from the point of view of the established differences and their consequences are given. It is proved that a much higher level of transparency of information about intangible assets is provided in the case of accounting and financial reporting by entities in accordance with the requirements of IAS and IFRS.
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Sangchan, Pinprapa, Haiyan Jiang, and Md Borhan Uddin Bhuiyan. "The decision usefulness of reported changes in fair values and fair value measurement-related disclosure for debtholders: evidence from Australian real estate industry." Accounting Research Journal 33, no. 6 (October 21, 2020): 729–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arj-11-2019-0222.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the information content of changes in fair values of investment property reported under international accounting standards (IAS) 40 and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) 13 to debtholders. This study further examines the effect of fair value hierarchy inputs, valuer types and the quality of fair value measurement-related disclosure on the information usefulness of changes in fair value. Design/methodology/approach This paper performs a panel regression on the cost of debt capital and changes in fair value of investment properties, and fair value measurement features using data covering periods 2007–2015 from Australian real estate companies. Findings The findings suggest that changes in fair value of investment property are informative about the real estate firm’s future cash flow to debtholders. Also, the findings show that the use of unobservable inputs in an active market (Level 3 inputs) and Level 2 has no different impacts on the cost of debts. Also, this paper documents that employing the directors solely in valuation may lead to a higher cost of debts. Furthermore, this paper reports that an extensive fair value disclosure appears no additional value in the debt decision. Originality/value Collectively, the findings indicate that although the use of unobservable inputs is common in the real estate sector, information on the changes of the fair value of investment properties are informative to debtholders. The findings have important implications for accounting standard setters to consider revisiting the IAS 40 and IFRS 13 on whether the independent valuation should be required and whether the extensive disclosure requirement is worthwhile.
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Marsh, Treba, and Mary Fischer. "Accounting For Agricultural Products: US Versus IFRS GAAP." Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) 11, no. 2 (January 31, 2013): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jber.v11i2.7620.
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Currently there is a mix of accounting guidance for agriculture producers in the US that is both GAAP including Accounting Statement Codification 905 and non-GAAP financial guidelines. Should the US adopt International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), this guidance would be replaced with International Accounting Standard (IAS) 41 Agriculture. This study identifies systematic differences between the US and International accounting and reporting for agricultural assets and products. The study also finds that international and US agricultural accounting recognition and reporting guidance result in dissimilar reporting due to guidance interpretation. Valuation variances and definition differences including the requirement to change the agricultural asset recognition method from historical cost to fair value continue to be the basis of major reporting differences. Current US guidance on recognizing and reporting agricultural assets is more conservative than the international guidance. Overall, the US agricultural recognition and reporting guidance contains less information and is therefore less beneficial to financial statement users.
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Elkelish, Walaa Wahid. "IFRS related party transactions disclosure and firm valuation in the United Arab Emirates emerging market." Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies 7, no. 2 (May 2, 2017): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaee-05-2015-0035.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between related party transactions disclosure (RPTD) and firm valuation in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), an emerging market. Design/methodology/approach Data on study variables were obtained manually from the published financial statements of all listed companies in the stock market during the period 2008-2012. Panel regression analysis models with fixed and random effects were used to ensure reliability of results. Several robustness checks were undertaken on the study outcomes. Findings The empirical results show that there is a significant negative relationship between RPTD and firm valuation in the UAE. RPTDs for subsidiaries and associates have the most damaging impact on firm valuation. Other control variables such as corporate governance disclosure (CGD), debt to equity, asset tangibility and sales growth show significant impact on firm valuation. Research limitations/implications The potential difference in the understanding of what constitutes “related party” across companies may affect the extent of related party disclosure across companies. Furthermore, some variables are not controlled for such as ownership structure and cultural values. Practical implications This paper provides useful practical guidelines for regulatory agencies, corporate managers and other stakeholders for improving the financial reporting system. Originality/value RPTD was measured according to the International Financial Reporting Standards (IAS 24) standards. Furthermore, the impact of new control variables such as CGD and product market competition was tested for financial and non-financial sectors.
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Mear, Kim, Michael Bradbury, and Jill Hooks. "Is the balance sheet method of deferred tax informative?" Pacific Accounting Review 32, no. 1 (December 12, 2019): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/par-02-2019-0020.
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Purpose This study aims to compare the value relevance of the recognised deferred tax elements under International Accounting Standard 12 (IAS 12): Income Taxes (balance sheet method) relative to the taxes payable (flow through) method. It also investigates the value relevance of the IAS 12 deferred tax disclosures. Design/methodology/approach This study used standard valuation models to examine the association between share price and the recognised amounts and footnote disclosures of IAS 12. The Vuong (1989) test is then used to assess which information set is more value relevant. The sample includes 440 firm years over the period 2008-2012. Findings The results show that deferred tax amounts recognised under the balance sheet method provide no more information to investors than the taxes payable method (TPM). Deferred tax footnote disclosures, however, are more relevant than the amounts recognised under the balance sheet method. This study investigates potential reasons for the relevance of footnote disclosures. Research limitations/implications This study has not addressed whether the deferral method of deferred tax is relevant. In addition, while footnote disclosures look promising, further research is necessary. Practical implications The results suggest, given the complexity and cost of compliance with IAS 12, that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) should undertake a comprehensive re-think on the relevance of the balance sheet method in IAS 12 and revert to the TPM. Originality/value The IASB and the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group have expressed concerns over the balance sheet method under IAS 12. The IASB and the Financial Accounting Standards Board also have concerns over the cost and complexity of the deferred tax disclosures. The study’s results offer a perspective by examining whether the balance sheet method is value relevant. Prior research has addressed this issue using local data (i.e. pre-International Financial Reporting Standards). This study also provides suggestions for future research into deferred tax footnote disclosures.
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Hughes, Susan B., Suzanne Lowensohn, and Elise Tefre. "Portable Power: An Application of IAS 16 Including Self-Constructed Assets and the Revaluation Model." Issues in Accounting Education 34, no. 2 (January 1, 2019): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/iace-52391.
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ABSTRACT This teaching case focuses on a privately owned Swiss company that produces and sells high-energy chews favored by European athletes. External investors recently expressed interest in the company. Management hired an international public accounting firm and is currently preparing its first set of audited International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) financial statements. The auditors question management's fair value estimations for the land and production equipment, as well as the accuracy of capitalized greenhouse costs included in operating assets. The case emphasizes the need to consult IFRS, form judgments and estimates when determining financial statement content, and draft appropriate note disclosures. Students are also exposed to the complexities of accounting for agricultural assets, a category not often included in financial accounting courses. After working through this case, students should be able to measure fair value and determine the reliability of valuation inputs, appropriately capitalize assets, and draft necessary disclosures.
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Diadiun, O. O. "The Accounting Policies of Enterprises for Intangible Assets: The Basic Principles and Features of Formation." Business Inform 12, no. 515 (2020): 302–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-12-302-309.
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The article is aimed at examining the theoretical-practical bases of formation of accounting policy for intangible assets of enterprise, taking into account the conceptual basis of financial statements – either UAS (Ukrainian Accounting Standards) or IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards). The analysis and generalization of the requirements of regulations, as well as scientific works of many scholars on understanding the essence of the concept of «accounting policy» were carried out. Two key directions of understanding of accounting policy by domestic scholars are allocated: the closer specified one (description of alternative solutions) and the wide one (disclosure of an additional array of information in addition to choosing from the permitted alternatives). The author’s own approach to understanding the accounting policy in terms of intangible assets is proposed: it is a description of the decisions chosen by the enterprise from a number of alternatives stipulated by the standards (UAS or IFRS), regarding the recognition, valuation, submission and disclosure of information about intangible assets, as well as other aspects deemed essential. The approaches of domestic scholars to identify the main elements of accounting policy related to intangible assets are considered. On the basis of the study of alternative requirements of IAS 38, a minimum set of elements of the enterprise’s accounting policy for intangible assets is proposed, as well as key differences in approaches to the preparation of accounting policies under the UAS compared to the IFRS are defined. The appropriateness of disclosure of tax aspects in accounting policy is analyzed. Approaches to improving accounting policy and ensuring its innovative nature through the presentation of independent decisions of the enterprise on disclosure of information about intangible assets in the broad sense of this concept are proposed. It is recommended to disclose information on the identification of classes of the implicit innovation-oriented assets, approaches to valuation and monitoring of these assets outside of traditional accounting methods, as well as disclosure channels for such assets.
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Abdul Rafay, Abdul Rafay, and Mobeen Ajmal. "Earnings Management Through Deferred Taxes Recognized Under IAS 12: Evidence From Pakistan." Lahore Journal of Business 3, no. 1 (September 1, 2014): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/ljb.2014.v3.i1.a1.
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This study examines earnings management through deferred taxes calculated under the IAS 12 and its impact on firm valuation. The literature finds that book–tax nonconformity leads to better earning quality and a greater association between earnings and future expected cash flows. Given that Pakistan is a pioneering implementer of the International Financial Reporting Standards, our hypothesis is that the components of deferred tax disclosed under the IAS 12 provide value-relevant information to equity investors. We divide deferred tax components into three categories: those arising from (i) operational activities, (ii) investing activities, and (iii) financing activities. These are subdivided to ensure that no value-relevant component is aggregated with a nonvalue-relevant component, which might otherwise lead to an information slack. Our sample includes data on shariah-compliant companies listed on the Karachi Meezan Index (KMI-30). We find that deferred tax line items in firms’ balance sheets are reflected in market prices. Investors also tend to treat deferred tax line items (arising from operating, financing, and investing activities) differently. Furthermore, the value relevance is dissimilar for different components of deferred tax. Investors are wary of deferred tax assets and liabilities when pricing and are likely to penalize firms with a higher deferred tax position.
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Liu, Chelsea, Graeme Gould, and Barry Burgan. "Value-relevance of financial statements." International Journal of Managerial Finance 10, no. 3 (May 27, 2014): 332–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmf-02-2011-0016.
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Purpose – The Chinese capital markets are divided into two segments comprising of A-shares (traded by domestic investors) and B-shares (traded by foreign investors). Firms issuing A-shares are required to produce accounting reports under the Chinese Accounting Standards (CAS) and firms issuing B-shares are required to report under the International Accounting Standards (IAS). The purpose of this paper is to investigate the comparative value-relevance of accounting information in the Chinese capital markets, in particular whether the value-relevance associated IAS exceeds that of CAS. Design/methodology/approach – This study undertakes a capital market research approach. Two statistical models are employed to test the value-relevance of competing accounting information on share prices: the Price Model and the Return Model. This study takes advantage of the parallel reporting frameworks governing the A-share and B-share markets buy using the same firms which issue both A-shares and B-shares. Findings – The analysis supporting the study demonstrates that both CAS and IAS information is value relevant to investors in the Chinese capital markets but that IAS provide more useful information. Additionally it is observed that reconciliation variables (representing the discrepancy between IAS- and CAS-based accounting figures) are not significant in explaining market valuation or returns on stock. Research limitations/implications – This study provides evidence of value-relevance of accounting reports on the Chinese capital markets for the period of 1999-2005. The period under investigation captures the significant development in China's accounting regulations which took place in 1998 and 2001. The recent shift in accounting regulations in China from CAS to IAS is expected to improve the dissemination of financial information by publicly listed Chinese firms. Practical implications – This study investigates the reporting requirements on the Chinese capital markets during a period in which accounting reporting requirements underwent a significant change as part of the internationalization of accounting standards. Both A- and B-share markets were investigated simultaneously in order to provide an objective analysis and avoid sampling selection bias present in other studies. Social implications – The recent shift in accounting regulations in China from CAS to IAS is expected to improve the dissemination of financial information by publicly listed Chinese firms. Originality/value – This paper extends previous research on value-relevance of accounting reports in the Chinese capital markets by capturing the period in which the reporting requirements had experienced significant change. This paper also takes advantage of the dual reporting framework in order to mitigate potential sampling bias present in previous studies and employs a reconciliation variables not previously used.
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Abdul-AmeerNsiaf, Ashwaq. "ASTUDYON THERECORDOF EVALUATINGTHE SUPPLIERSACCORDING TO THE CONCEPT OF QUALITY AND BENEFITING FROM IT IN PRACTICE IN AL-FURAT STATE COMPANY AND FINDING POSSIBLE PROPOSALS FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT." iraqi journal of market research and consumer protection 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.28936/jmracpc12.2.2020.(8).
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Success in selecting the best among the sources of supply is one of the most important factors in the efficiency of the procurement activity in the company, because the proper selection of the source of the supply significantly affect the achievement of what is desired by the factors of quality, quantity, price and service, and the ability of the competent supplier to meet everything associated with this Factors of commitments, hereby supporting the procurement function's efforts to fully discharge its responsibilities, and in view of adopting of Al-Furat company quality management system by applying the standards of ISO (9001: 2015) and purpose of getting the on-demand benefits from the application of international standards regarding record of evaluating the suppliers Therefore the research addresses to studying the reality of the suppliers' record in evaluation accordance with the quality concept in Al-Furat Sate Company for Chemical and Pesticide Industries,proposals for its development through evaluating the suppliers on realistic and logical basis and activating it in practice and a proposal to generalize the evaluation of Contractors suppliers to the public companies affiliated to the Ministry of Industry and Minerals and other bodies through coordination with the Ministry of Planning and to provide a public database officially approved on the official sites of the above authorities, allowing any entity to benefit from the evaluation of suppliers by withdrawing an evaluation form and utilize the software available to prepare the database for the Supplier Valuation Register.
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Tahat, Yasean, T. Dunne, S. Fifield, and D. Power. "The value relevance of financial instruments disclosure: evidence from Jordan." Asian Review of Accounting 24, no. 4 (December 5, 2016): 445–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ara-11-2014-0115.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to: examine the value relevance of financial instruments disclosure (FID) provided by Jordanian listed companies under International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS 7) as compared to that supplied under IAS 30/32; provide evidence about the value relevance of high vs low levels of FID; and investigate which components of FI-related information are more value relevant. Design/methodology/approach A sample of 70 Jordanian listed companies is used in this monograph. A disclosure index checklist was constructed to measure FI information provided by the sample companies. In addition, a valuation model is employed to test the association between FID and market value. Findings Although evidence is provided that FI information was value relevant over the two periods of investigation, the information supplied after the implementation of IFRS 7 was more strongly associated with market values. An analysis of the sub-components of FID reveals that the details about balance sheet, fair value and risk information matter when valuing equity. Overall, the results indicate that investors value FI-related information when making their equity pricing decisions. The result suggests that compliance with IFRS mandatory disclosure requirements does produce relevant financial statements. Research limitations/implications The results of the current study have a number of implications for policy makers. First, they provide a great deal of insight for the IASB about the relevance of its standards to countries outside the western context. In addition, the findings provide valuable insights for policy makers in Jordan who are concerned about the implications of mandatory disclosures. Originality/value The analysis of FID in developing countries in general, and in Jordan in particular, has been overlooked by the extant literature and therefore this study is the first of its kind to examine this research issue for a sample of Jordanian firms.
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Park, Jung Min, Hyoung Yong Lee, Sang Hyun Park, and Ingoo Han. "Value Relevance of Accounts Receivable Factoring and Its Impact on Financing Strategy under the K-IFRS after COVID-19 from the Perspective of Accounting Big Data." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 9, 2020): 10287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410287.
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This study investigates whether recognized accounts receivable (AR) factoring is more value relevant than disclosed AR factoring. After the adoption of the Korean International Financial Reporting Standards (K-IFRS), AR factoring is recognized as short-term debt, thus increasing firms’ leverage ratio. Using cross-sectional equity valuation regressions, we find that recognized AR factoring is value relevant, unlike disclosed AR factoring. Moreover, the market value of equity and AR factoring are more significantly correlated in highly leveraged firms than in less-leveraged ones. Accounting data are important from the perspective of big data. In the accounting industry as well, professionals started realizing the implications of big data. The COVID-19 pandemic has created a health crisis and wreaked havoc in an already-fragile global economy. Although there is no way to predict exactly what the economic damage from the COVID-19 pandemic will be, there must be widespread agreement that it will have severe financial impact on every company. Global financial markets have suffered dramatic falls due to the pandemic, and highly leveraged companies are in serious need of financing. While diving deeper, sound debt management and debt transparency are critical to ensure debt sustainability. Thus, companies would be willing to use AR factoring in order to overcome this financial status. This study also shows that highly leveraged firms decrease AR factoring after K-IFRS adoption.
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Shapoval, T. V. "Legal nature of the ivsc international standards." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 63 (August 9, 2021): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.63.30.
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The article is focused on legal nature of International Valuation Standards Committee (renamed to International Valuation Standards Council in 2008) and implementation of its valuation standards by states and international organizations. The paper concentrates on legal gaps regarding the application aspects of property value calculations in international law. Treaties do not provide substantial determinacy, include no instruction or the appropriate methodology on numerous calculation issues and typically set forth only basic standard of valuation such as standard of fair market value of property for the calculation of compensation. It shows that lack of standards for determining awards of compensation creates a source of uncertainty for protection in international public law. The issue discusses a framework where international valuation standards of international non-governmental organizations are given legal weight and serve as guidelines for the calculation of awards. After establishing the legal basis for an award, tribunals use their impression of valuation best practices as well as discretion to conduct the analysis. The result depends on the assumptions and philosophy of the adjudicating tribunal. It is emphasized that international arbitration practice in measures of compensation should be based on principles of fairness and reasonableness.
Part of the issue is based on Directive of European Union with provisions that valuation standards of states should take into account internationally recognised valuation standards, in particular those developed by the International Valuation Standards Committee, the European Group of Valuers’ Associations or the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. Member states of European Union admitted valuation standards of international non-governmental organizations as reliable standards for the credit purposes after the financial crisis, which has shown that irresponsible behaviour by market participants can undermine the foundations of the financial system leading to potentially severe social and economic consequences.
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Appiah, Kingsley Opoku, and Owusu Acheampong. "Has traditional accounting information lost its relevance?" Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting 17, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 554–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfra-05-2016-0037.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine whether traditional accounting information has lost its relevance in the context of sub-Sahara Africa. Specifically, the study examines whether historical cost and inflation-adjusted data are related to the market value of equity and stock returns on the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE). Design/methodology/approach The authors collect firm-specific data from annual reports of 20 listed firms from the GSE over the period 2007-2012. The authors use ordinary least squares and two stage least square (2SLS) to examine the value relevance of historical and inflation-adjusted income and equity. Findings The results suggest that the market equity is related to both historical-cost and inflation-adjusted earnings. Market return is also associated with both historical-cost and inflation-adjusted earnings and book value. Overall, the authors conclude that inflation-adjusted information content is more value relevant than the traditional cost accounting information. Research limitations/implications The findings are a wake-up call to policymakers and practitioners in formulating financial reporting policies. This study, however, focuses on only non-financial listed firms on the GSE. Thus, the results may not be valid for all companies in Ghana. Practical implications The finding has an implication on the choice of valuation used in the preparation and reporting of financial statements. Accordingly, the authors offer policy directions to financial reporting regulatory authorities to enhance the value relevance of accounting information. Social implications Regulators, especially the GSE may improve life of investors if the recommendations are transformed into directives that will help enhance the quality of financial reporting. Originality/value The findings suggest that inflation-adjusted data are more relevant in countries with extreme inflationary trend and lax International Financial Reporting Standards compliance enforcement. The results also lend support for the current cost accounting theory.
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Banka, CA (Dr ). Anand J. "Deferred Tax Accounting for SMEs: Modified Income Statement Approach." Journal of Accounting 3, no. 1 (November 21, 2020): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jacc.486.
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Purpose: Accounting for income tax under International Financial Reporting Standards (‘IFRS’) is dealt with in IAS 12 Income Taxes. It is often said that users of financial statements do not find information produced in accordance with IAS 12 useful. This is a serious problem because for many businesses tax is one of the largest expenses. In some cases, preparers find the requirements of IAS 12 difficult to apply in practice. Its requirements are said to be unclear, and preparers sometimes question the relevance and understandability of the information that is provided in accordance with the standard. The IFRS for SMEs currently require use of balance sheet approach for accounting of deferred taxes. In India, the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) – the apex standard-setting body in India, is formulating revised accounting standards for SME’s in India. This article examines an alternative to the balance sheet approach which is less complicated and easy to implement.[Reviewer1] [AB2] Methodology: This article proposes a new method i.e. Modified Income Statement Approach. This method is a mix of income statement approach and balance sheet approach, as it requires recognition of deferred taxes using temporary difference approach but calculated using income statement and the other comprehensive income (in effect, Comprehensive income statement). Modified Income Statement Approach requires comparison of tax expense with the underlying related income and expenses so that they are recognized in the same period. In doing so, it also considers income and expenses recognized in the income statement as well as the Other Comprehensive Income. Hence, this approach is more of temporary difference approach but applied by using income statement method. It covers all items of timing differences and most items of temporary differences. The SMEs have less complicated structures and transactions. Also, in many countries, including India, there exists no concept of tax balance sheet. Hence, it would be worthwhile to ease-out the deferred tax accounting for SMEs. The hypothesis is that application of modified income statement approach can result in similar outcome as the balance sheet approach.Findings: A survey of 50 top companies in India was conducted. The results show that 60% of the companies would have recognized the same deferred tax asset/ liability under both the methods i.e. modified income statement approach and balance sheet approach. Balance 40% had some minor differences, but such transactions may be less frequent for SME. On an average, the impact of using modified income approach as against balance sheet approach is a mere 4%. The only items not covered by the modified income statement approach as against the balance sheet approach are Fair valuation of assets/ liabilities on business combination, Compound financial instrument and the existence of undistributed profits of subsidiaries, branches, associates and joint arrangements[Reviewer3] .[AB4] Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: [Reviewer5] [AB6] To balance out the cost and benefits of implementing an accounting standard as per the framework, it is critical that SME’s use a simpler and less complicated method which is easy to understand and implement. Modified income statement approach is easy to apply and not complicated or technical to understand. In India, companies are used to calculating deferred tax using income statement approach. Hence, this will be a small change from the existing approach, while achieving the objectives of the balance sheet approach. Hence, modified income statement approach seems to be an appropriate method for SMEs.
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Kümpel, Thomas, and René Pollmann. "Bedeutung des Goodwill als Bilanzposition." Der Betriebswirt: Volume 56, Issue 4 56, no. 4 (November 30, 2015): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/dbw.56.4.20.
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Um die eigene unternehmerische Wettbewerbsfähigkeit zu erhalten, werden oft strategische Unternehmenskäufe durchgeführt, die den Zugang zu neuen Produkten und Märkten sowie die Realisierung von Synergie- und Skaleneffekten garantieren sollen. Bei der Übernahme von Unternehmen werden in der Regel Kaufpreise gezahlt, die über dem bewertbaren Vermögen des erworbenen Unternehmens liegen. Der dadurch resultierende derivative Geschäfts- oder Firmenwert (Goodwill) unterliegt seit dem Jahr 2004 einem jährlichen Werthaltigkeitstest. Unabhängig davon, ob Indizien vorliegen, die auf eine Wertminderung schließen lassen, ist ein Impairment-Test jährlich für den derivativen Goodwill durchzuführen. Im Zentrum dieses Werthaltigkeitstests steht das anzuwendende Bewertungsmodell, das an den Bestimmungen des IAS 36 auszurichten ist. Der Geschäfts- oder Firmenwert ist bei der Bilanzierung von Unternehmen von großer Bedeutung. Besonders für große, kapitalmarktorientierte Unternehmen haben die Bewertung und die Folgebewertung des Goodwills große Relevanz. Aufgrund seiner Größenordnung in den Bilanzen der Unternehmen stellt dieser einen determinierenden Faktor sowie ein konzernbilanzpolitisches Instrument dar. Zusätzlich ist die Goodwill-Bewertung im Bereich der International Financial Reporting Standards ständigen und kontinuierlichen Änderungen ausgesetzt, sodass für kapitalmarktorientierte Unternehmen ständig neue Herausforderungen entstehen. To obtain their own entrepreneurial competitiveness, there are often strategic acquisitions necessary, which should guarantee access to new products and markets as well as the realization of synergies and economies of scale. Today’s Mergers & Acquisitions are usually characterized with purchase prices that are much higher than the value of the assessable assets of the acquiree. The thus resulting derivative goodwill is subject since 2004 to an annual impairment test. Regardless of whether there are indications that suggest impairment, an impairment test is carried out annually for the derivative goodwill. At the center of this impairment test is the applicable valuation model, that had to be done due to the provisions of IAS 36. The goodwill is in accounting for businesses and of great importance. Especially for large, publicly traded companies evaluating and subsequent measurement of goodwill has great relevance. Because of its magnitude in the balance sheets of companies, it provides a determinative factor and a balance sheet policy tool. In addition, the regulations regarding the goodwill evaluation are under continuous changes, so for publicly traded companies new challenges will always arise. Keywords: value in use, ifrs3, ias 36, cgu struktur
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Speidell, Lawrence S., and Vinod B. Bavishi. "GAAP Arbitrage: Valuation Opportunities in International Accounting Standards." Financial Analysts Journal 48, no. 6 (November 1, 1992): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2469/faj.v48.n6.58.
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Yakubovsky, V. "EUROPEAN VALUATION STANDARDS EVS–2016 AND THEIR INTERRELATION WITH EU LEGISLATION." ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, no. 134 (2018): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2018.134.0.77-89.
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The article is devoted to analysis of new edition of European Valuation Standards EVS–2016 and the interrelation with European Legislative and Normative basis. Reviewed are structure and content of so called “Blue Book” of EVS–2016 standards issued by The European Group of Valuer’s Associations (TEGoVA) which are enforced from 01 June 2016. Underlined is the fact that these standards are highly structured and include not only five basic valuation standards but also some sets of supporting documents such as Guidance Notes and Technical Documents. Close interrelation of TEGoVA’s standards with European legislation is demonstrated and analyzed as one of the important and specific their peculiarity in comparison with other international valuation standards. This is specially marked by the fact that standards itself are already included into several European Directives and Regulation of mandatory character. This remarkably increase role and significance of EVS–2016 standards both for international and domestic valuation practice and should be closely considered during process of actualization of national property valuation standards.
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Sedláček, J. "The methods of valuation in agricultural accounting." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 56, No. 2 (February 25, 2010): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1487-agricecon.
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This paper deals with the valuation of the biological assets and agricultural production. There are analyzed two approaches: Czech and international. The International Accounting Standards are emulative of more authentic presentment of economic processes in agricultural activities than Czech accounting legislation. From the comparison the both approaches accrued some differences, which can influent the financial statements of enterprises. The causation of main difference appears an application of fair value, which is prescribed for biological assets and agricultural production in international accounting standards. In international accounting standards is preferred principle of fair and true view, while in Czech accounting is preferred prudence principle.
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Cavalheiro, Rafael Todescato, Andréia Maria Kremer, and Régio Marcio Toesca Gimenes. "Fair Value for Biological Assets: An Empirical Approach." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 3 (May 24, 2017): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2017.v8n3p55.
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Abstract In view of the difficulty in adopting the International Accounting Standard (IAS) 41, which determines the measurement of biological assets, this study aimed at empirically approaching a fair-value based methodology to evaluate biological assets, without an active market. In order to meet the study proposal, a case study with a quantitative approach was carried out to assess a soybean crop cultivated in the Mato Grosso do Sul State. Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) was the chosen evaluation method. Data collection was done through analysis of internal reports and semi-structured interviews. Few practical works detailing valuation of biological assets are available in the national and international literature; therefore, this is the main contribution of this work. Results suggest that besides using economic and accounting knowledge, it is advisable to consider agronomic knowledge since this type of information influences the valuation of biological assets in quantitative and qualitative terms. At the end, general comments and a research agenda are presented.
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Ryska, J., and A. Valder. "Fair value in financial accounting." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 49, No. 11 (March 2, 2012): 526–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5442-agricecon.
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By progression of the expanding use of the International Accounting Standards, fair value is being pushed ahead instead of standard historical costs. The extension of the International Accounting Standards for financial instruments and long-term assets leads to the publishing of real net income of the enterprise. The necessity to express the fair values of assets for accountancy places specialists of this profession in a new position of professionals having a common language with investors. This trend started deepening when the International Valuation Standards Committee began to co-operate with the International Accounting Standards Committee more closely. This caused the harmonization of basic terms used for valuation of property.
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Crook, J. R. "Mark Kantor, Valuation for Arbitration: Compensation Standards, Valuation Methods and Expert Evidence (Kluwer Law International 2008)." ICSID Review 23, no. 2 (September 1, 2008): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icsidreview/23.2.427.
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Cugova, Aneta, and Juraj Cug. "International Financial Reporting Standards as a tool for Earnings management." SHS Web of Conferences 92 (2021): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219202012.
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Research background: The idea of harmonizing accounting at the international level gradually began to spread from the second half of the 20th century as a result of globalization and the growth of international trade. Due to the expansion of this business, users of financial statements have a need for comparability and transparency. National accounting legislation was so different that a reliable assessment of companies from different national backgrounds was not possible. The intention was to create uniform, globally applicable accounting standards. Purpose of the article: This paper clarifies the theoretical background of selected accounting standards that can significantly expand the scope for earnings management. Methods: Basic scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction and abstraction were used to meet the stated goal. Findings & Value added: The correct application of IFRS can increases the scope for discretionary accounting practices. The change in reporting and valuation according to domestic legislation to reporting and valuation according to international standards may, to varying degrees, affect the picture of the financial position as well as the achieved profit of the company.
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Komar, Irina. "Features of determining the market value of retail real estate and individual trade related properties during pre-trial evaluation and forensic examination." Real estate: economics, management, no. 1 (May 17, 2021): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22337/2073-8412-2021-1-20-24.
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The present article deals with the specifics of valuation of retail property and individual trade related properties on the basis of the international experience and as recommended by International Valuation Standards and RICS (The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (Great Britain)) valuation standards (Red Book). The present article is justified as currently Russia lacks a standard, uniform for the valuers or legal experts, to be used for the purposes of valuation of similar subjects. At the same time, methodical literature is insufficient while there are numerous property disputes that call for pre-court valuations and expert evidence of valuation of such subjects, including numerous litigations arising out of bankruptcy or establishing cadaster value to the amount of market value. The author reviews the existing approaches to valuation of real estate in accordance with both the international and national standards and awards professional recommendations pertaining to the use of the income approach to value retail real properties and individual trade related properties. The definitions and metrics of the above real properties’ groups are described separately. Also, the author provides guidelines for inquiry of the documents and information necessary for the acquisition of the data to be used in the course of valuation and expert evidence. All pricing factors are described in detail in the present article against the examples of retail real properties and individual trade related properties (say, hotel) and explanation of their effect on the market value in case the income approach is applied is provided.
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YASYSHENA, Valentyna. "STRUCTURE AND VALUATION OF INTANGIBLE ASSETS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF STANDARDIZATION." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 1(58) (2019): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2019.01.145.
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Introduction. Today, due to the large number of types of intangible assets that are presented in the valuation and accounting standards of different levels, it is difficult to determine their objective assessments. Purpose. The article is devoted to the research and systematization of IA objects, presented in the international, European and national standards of expert assessment and accounting, with the aim to find the ways of domestic standards improvement, as well as management of IA at the enterprise. Results. The structure of the IA objects, which are described in the International Standard for Assessments 210 “Intangible Assets”, the European Standards for Evaluation of the TEGoVA, the Professional Standards for the Evaluation of RICS, the National Standard No. 4 “Appraisal of Intellectual Property Rights”, the International Accounting Standard 38, Intangible Assets, and the Standards of Accounting 8 “Intangible Assets”, is analyzed. It is established that the objects of IA are shown in the international and national accounting standards, which are reflected in the accounting and financial statements of the entity, but they do not fully cover the market value of the enterprise. The list of objects of IA, which is not given in P (C) BO 8, is marked out and described, and accordingly they are not reflected in the financial statements of the enterprise. The article proposes a list of IA, which was formed on the basis of study of the nternational, European and national standards of expert assessment and can be taken into account by the enterprise for the estimation of business value and needs of IAmanagement. Conclusions. It is noted that the assessment of IA is not a sufficiently developed direction of professional property valuation; therefore, there is a need to mprove the National Standard 4 “Appraisal of Intellectual Property Rights” from its approximation to international practice. It has been determined that a standard for the assessment of IA, which will regulate not only the evaluation of intellectual property objects, but also other IA objects, which will be used in international practice, taking into account contemporary economic development, will be developed. The results of this article outlined the directions of further research in the area of improving the methodology of IA assessment.
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Kucharska-Stasiak, Ewa. "15 Myths about Market Value." Real Estate Management and Valuation 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/remav-2018-0030.
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Abstract Market value is one of the most difficult notions in economics. It is also one of the most puzzling in the valuation industry, although its definitions can be found in the International Valuation Standards, European Valuation Standards, RICS standards and national standards. This value tends to be given different interpretations and misconceptions surrounding it are shared by many members of the property valuer community. The many ways in which property market value is understood leads to misvaluations and significant variations between valuation results, which are damaging to the prestige of the property valuation profession. This article explores areas giving rise to the misinterpretations of property market value to provide a critical review of the existing views, and to put forward arguments explaining why they should be revised. To this end, a critical literature review and observations made by the author during discussions with valuation professionals taking skill-improvement courses, scientific conferences on valuation methodology and practice, and entry exams for the profession of property valuers are used. Three main areas conducive to the emergence of myths have been identified: the interpretation of property market value (four myths), the process of arriving at property market value (ten myths) and the interpretation of valuation results (one myth). The myths are challenged on the grounds of the market value concept and its interpretation as used in economics.
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Pavliková, Ľudmila, and Andrea Kralik. "Valuation of Business Assets." Applied Mechanics and Materials 708 (December 2014): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.708.228.
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Valuation of business assets is a complex process that requires professional and the most objective approach. This article will describe the legislative amendment of tangible fixed assets valuation in Slovakia, also different methods of calculating the values of individual types of assets, as well as demonstration of the practical use of valuation on the example of selected company. It is important to point out that expert activities have been gradually transferred into international standards of valuation, which eliminate subjective approach of assessing and also eliminate inaccuracies and misunderstandings. It is a necessity in terms of linking the global economy.
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Bellman, Lina, and Hans Lind. "Valuation standards and methods: are Sweden’s (still) different?" Journal of European Real Estate Research 12, no. 1 (May 7, 2019): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-04-2018-0020.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe and analyse the methods and standards of valuation used by Swedish professional property valuers when appraising commercial properties and factors affecting those standards. The study builds on a 2002 comparative study of valuers in four European countries by McParland et al. (2002), but focuses specifically on property valuers in Sweden. Design/methodology/approach In 2010-2011, a questionnaire was used in face-to-face interviews with about half of the authorised property valuers in Sweden. Another questionnaire was emailed to all authorised property valuers in Sweden 2015 and again about half participated. Findings Analysis of the results shows some new trends in used and preferred standards and methods. Although Swedish valuers still rely mainly on local guidelines, they now increasingly use international standards and company guidelines, which may indicate a growing, if indirect, form of internationalisation. Swedish valuers still use discounted cash flow as their primary method, but their use of comparative methods has increased. Originality/value The data in this comparative study of valuation standards and methods over time used were collected from a specific group of property valuers authorised through the professional Swedish organisation Samhällsbyggarna (Swedish Professionals for the Built Environment), which contributes to an insight in the presiding of the harmonisation of valuation methods and standards.
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Źróbek, Sabina, Jerzy Adamiczka, and Richard Grover. "VALUATION FOR LOAN SECURITY PURPOSES IN THE CONTEXT OF A PROPERTY MARKET CRISIS - THE CASE OF THE UNITED KINGDOM AND POLAND." Real Estate Management and Valuation 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/remav-2013-0035.
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Abstract Valuation for loan security purposes has been a key issue related to property valuation, financial markets and the economy in general. This paper attempts to demonstrate the main reasons for interest in this field by referring to the situation in Poland and the United Kingdom. Moreover, the conditions of valuation for loan security purposes in Europe have been outlined, as well as the new challenges that property valuers have to face. Questions regarding unified and harmonious valuation standards have been presented in relation to international, European and domestic professional standards and legal regulations. The conclusion addresses further challenges of property valuation that must be tackled urgently, because valuation results are strictly connected with the profitability and safety of investments in the property market. Furthermore, the paper emphasizes that uncertainty in the valuation process also needs to be taken into account, as the appraised properties secure loans given by institutions funding their development.
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Arbidane, Iluta, and Anita Puzule. "PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS FOR LEASE VALUATION AND ACCOUNTING IN LATVIA." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 33, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/3301.
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In the legislation of the Republic of Latvia, leasing transaction accounting complies with the provisions no. 17 of the International Accounting Standard "Leasing", which expired on January 1, 2019. The problem for the lessee in the accounting of leasing transactions is also the introduction of a new standard for companies that prepare annual financial reports in accordance with the requirements of international accounting standards. The aim of the study is to examine accounting problems and assess leasing transactions in Latvia and offer solutions. The study examined the justification for the assessment and accounting of leasing transactions in line with international accounting standards and identified issues of assessment and reporting in Latvia, possible solutions to improve the quality of leasing transactions have been worked out, offering necessary changes in legislation and revision of methodological documents.
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French, Nick, and Laura Gabrielli. "Pricing to market." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 36, no. 4 (July 2, 2018): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-05-2018-0033.
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Purpose Since the global financial economic crisis hit the world markets in 2007/2008, the role of property valuation has been under greater and greater scrutiny. The process of valuation and its quality assurance has been addressed by the higher prominence of the International Valuation Standards Council (IVSC). This is a significant initiative worldwide. However, there has been little written on the appropriate use of valuation approaches and methods in market valuations. There is now a hierarchy of valuation definitions. In order, there are valuation approaches, valuation methods and, as a subset of the methods, techniques or models. The purpose of this paper is to look at the importance of identifying the appropriate approach to be adopted in market valuations and the methods, techniques and models that should be applied to determine market value. Design/methodology/approach This practice briefing is an overview of the valuation approaches, methods and models available to the valuer and comments on the appropriateness of valuation each in assessing market value. Findings This paper reviews the IVSC-recognised approaches and prompts the valuer to be careful with the semantics involved so that they are better placed to provide an unambiguous service to their clients. Practical implications The role of the valuer in practice is to identify the appropriate approach for the valuation of the subject property, choose the right method and then apply the correct mathematical model for the valuation task in hand. Originality/value This provides guidance on how valuations can be presented to the client in accordance with the International Valuation Standards.
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Effiong, James Bassey. "A Comparative Study of Valuation Variance and Accuracy between Nigeria and UK." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 57 (August 2015): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.57.94.
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The study compared the level of valuation variance and inaccuracy between Nigeria and UK. In order to achieve the aim for the study, a survey method was employed using questionnaire administered on respondent estate surveyors and valuers in Calabar and Uyo metropolises. The study surveyed valuers opinions on the existence of valuation variance and inaccuracy, the possible causes and the margin of valuation error and data collected through questionnaire was analyzed using descriptive statistics to find the mean score, standard deviation and percentages. The findings from the study show that valuation variance and inaccuracy is high in Nigeria as compared to UK. The possible causes include lack of standards, lack of market data/comparables, lack of regulatory framework, methods/bases of valuation adopted, client’s influence, inadequate training of valuers, imperfect knowledge of the property market, wrong assumptions on cost per square metre, lack of professional experience as well as failure to discipline valuers on cases of negligence with lack of standards ranked first with the highest frequency and mean score. The study concluded by recommending the creation of a central property database, adopting/enforcement of international valuation standards, enforcement of disciplinary measures for erring members on negligence and a defined acceptable margin of valuation error.
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Izzo, Teresa, Francesco Paolone, and Matteo Pozzoli. "The future for the replacement cost in the International Public Sector Accounting Standards." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 11, no. 3 (2021): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv11i3p1.
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The purpose of this paper is to review academic literature and professional practice guidance in relation to the replacement cost (RC) method of valuation in public sector financial accounting. The replacement cost is regarded as being the most appropriate basis for the determination of fair value when the fair value of the asset could not be reliably determined using market-based evidence (Wyatt, 2009). However, several problems persist in RC definition and application, underlining the lack of a uniform approach in the current valuation standards. The paper explores the current adoption of RC by performing a content analysis of the latest financial statements published by International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) adopter jurisdictions across the globe. The analysis highlights interesting patterns in the use of RC and provides an empirical base for further investigations. Additionally, the research offers useful insights to stimulate professional and academic debate on the replacement cost method, particularly in view of amendments proposed by the recently published Exposure Draft.
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Ogilvy, Sue, and Michael Vail. "Standards-compliant accounting valuations of ecosystems." Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal 9, no. 2 (May 8, 2018): 98–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sampj-07-2017-0073.
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Purpose There is a great deal of interest in ecosystem or natural capital accounting and in methods to estimate monetary valuations of ecosystems. This paper aims to explore methods that may assist agricultural (livestock grazing) enterprises to estimate the monetary value of the productive capacity of the ecosystems they use. Such estimations are expected to provide a more complete set of information about the performance of pastoral operations and may assist them to assure ecological and economic sustainability. Design/methodology/approach This paper applies five different methods for valuation of the productive ecosystems used in extensive agricultural (grazing) systems. The methods apply different approaches to valuation described in the United Nations System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) and Australian Accounting Standards (AASs). To do this, the paper uses financial information drawn from the long-term performance of an economically and environmentally sustainable pastoral enterprise. Findings SEEA- and AAS-compliant methods to measure the value in use of provisioning ecosystems are practical and useful. The estimations contribute to a reasonable range of fair values required by AASs and improve the availability of information that would be useful in improving the performance of the operation and compare it to reasonable alternate management strategies. Research limitations/implications The SEEA is an international standard and AASs are closely aligned to the International Accounting Standards, so the methods described in this paper are likely to be generalisable to enterprises grazing low-rainfall rangelands in other countries. However, their ability to appropriately accommodate the extensive modifications to ecosystems caused by cultivation and fertilisation needs to be tested before they are applied to grazing operations in high-rainfall areas or other forms of agriculture such as cropping or horticulture. Practical implications The availability of standards-compliant methods for ecosystem valuation means that companies who wish to include ecosystems on a voluntary and informal basis as sub-classes of land in their general purpose financial reports may be able to do so. If these methods are SEEA-compliant, they could be combined with information about the ecosystem type, extent and condition to produce a set of national ecosystem accounts so that the contribution of ecosystems to the economy can be estimated. Social implications Many of the enterprises that rely on extensive agricultural ecosystems are unable to generate sufficient financial returns to cover their obligations to owners and creditors. The ability to determine the monetary value of the annual inputs provided by the ecosystems may assist landowners and citizens to detect and avoid depletion of their economic and ecological resources. Originality/value This paper applies an explicit interpretation of AAS and draws from valuation methods recommended in the SEEA to demonstrate that current accounting standards (national and corporate) provide a strong foundation for the valuation of the ecosystems used as economically significant factors of production.