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1
Devin, Guillaume. "L'Internationale socialiste (1945-1976) : politique et éthique du socialisme international." Paris 10, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA100079.
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L'Internationale socialiste (IS) jouit d'un curieux privilège : celui d'être fréquemment invoquée sans retenir véritablement l'attention des analystes. Plus de quarante ans après sa reconstruction, l'héritière de l'Internationale ouvrière socialiste a en effet suscité peu de travaux de recherche. Si l'ISs a connu un regain d'actualité depuis son Congrès de Genève en 1976 en raison de ses orientations tiers-mondistes et non alignées et grâce à l'audience personnelle de son nouveau président, W. Brandt, la période qui va de la renaissance de l'organisation au "nouveau départ" de Genève constitue encore aujourd'hui une zone d'ombre. A l'aide des archives de l'organisation, largement inédites, la présente thèse tente de restituer les enjeux qui ont travaillé l'Internationale pendant trente ans et ont contribué à façonner ses inflexions. Le sens de cette démarche tend à démontrer que l'IS n'est pas une organisation étroitement instrumentale mais un mouvement éthique qui a vocation à formuler les idéaux des socialistes, idéaux forgés dans l'ordre interne et projetés dans l'univers international, et dont les prétentions universalistes se sont successivement appuyées sur la mise en ordre lexical des valeurs de la liberté et de l'égalité puis sur leur mise en balance<br>If the Socialist International (si) has managed to gain a new audience since its Geneva Congress in 1976, because of its non-aligned approach and the personal audience of its new president, W. Brandt, the period which goes from the rebirth of the organisation in 1945 to the "new start" of Geneva remains, even today, in the dark. Studying the mostly unpublished archives of the organisation, this thesis attemps to identify the stakes which shaped the SI during thirthy years. This analysis tends to portray the SI not as an instrumental organisation but as an ethical movement with a vocation which led it to formulate the socialists' ideals; ideals forged in a domestic context which are then projected into the international environment. These universalistic ideals rested, successively, on the hierachical scale of values of liberty and equality and then on their juxtaposition. The analysis contained in the thesis is an attempt to explain an ethic common to all socialists, wether they be defined as "democratic socialists" or "social-democrats", in their relationship to national politics or to the challenge of the international arena
2
Candar, Gilles. "Jean Longuet (1876-1938) : S.F.I.O. et Deuxième Internationale." Paris 8, 1995. http://books.openedition.org/pur/6318.
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Jean Longuet occupe une place modeste dans la mémoire nationale. Néanmoins, dans une étude qui ne se veut pas une biographie, il sert de fil conducteur précieux pour mieux connaître le parti socialiste S. F. I. O. Et les organisations internationales auxquelles adhère ce parti, des origines jusqu'en 1938. La vie politique de Longuet se mèle en effet intimement aux questions majeures du socialisme francais et international de son temps : quelles sont les relations entre République, socialisme, nation et Internationale ? Quelles sont les conséquences des multiples entrelacements qui les lient et les opposent tour à tour ? Militant politique dès le lycée, journaliste, avocat, spécialiste reconnu de politique internationale, le petit-fils de Karl Marx ne fut pas un notable socialiste parmi d'autres. Certes, il en remplit les fonctions : membre de la direction du Parti socialiste et de l'Internationale, député de la Seine, conseiller général et maire de Chatenay-Malabry. L'essentiel est ailleurs : homme de passages, de permanence, mais aussi de refus, Longuet est avant tout un disciple de Jaurès, qui a conservé sa liberté d'esprit et son originalité propre. Il est a la fois un révélateur d'une culture politique et un acteur, qui connait la valeur du "non". De l'Affaire Dreyfus à l'antifascisme. Il le démontre fermement. Le grand moment de son activité publique demeure cependant la Premiere Guerre mondiale lorsque, placé à la tête de la minorité socialiste, il s'efforce de concilier patriotisme et internationalisme<br>Jean Longuet fills a modest place in national memory. Nevertheless, in a study which has no pretention to be a biography, he is a precious vital lead for a best knowledge of socialist Party S. F. I. O. , as well as the international organisations this party joins, from its origins until 1938. Longuet's political life is intimately connected to the main questions of French and international socialism in this period, that are : - what are the relationships between republic, socialism, nation and Internationale ? - what are the consequences of the numerous intertwinings that bind or oppose them ? Political militant from highschool, then journalist, barrister (inscrit au Barreau), acknowledged specialist of international politics, Karl Marx's grand-son was not an ordinary socialist notability. He of course takes the dutics of it : member of the Socialist party's direction and of the Internationale, Seine's county deputy, county councillor and mayor of Chatenay-Malabry (a city in the southdown suburbs of Paris). But the basic essentials are elsewhere : man of transition and permanence, but also of refusal. Longuet is first of all jaures disciple, who kept his own mind freedom and originality. He reveals a certain political culture and acts up, knowing the worth of "no". He strongly demonstrates these peculiarities from the dreyfus affair to antifascism. But the first world war remains the great time of his public activities, when leading the socialist minority, he does his best to conciliate patriotism and internationalism
3
Goergen, Marie-Louise. "Les relations entre socialistes allemands et français à l'époque de la Deuxième Internationale : 1889-1914." Paris 8, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA081415.
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Cette thèse s'appuie sur le croisement de trois approches complémentaires : l'analyse des hommes et des réseaux que mettent en place les socialistes allemands et français de la fin du XIXe et du début du XXe siècle, puis des lieux où ils se rencontrent, enfin de leurs débats et de leurs actes. En s'appuyant en premier lieu sur les correspondances et les articles de revues, elle traite des rapports entre individus avant de s'intéresser à ceux entre appareils. Deux générations de militants - auxquels sont consacrées deux grandes parties biographiques - dominent dans les rapports entre socialistes des deux pays a des moments différents de leur histoire commune : la première désigne les " vieux lutteurs " comme Wilhelm Liebknecht et Paul Lafargue, présents dans les luttes du XIXe siècle (commune de Paris, combat contre les lois antisocialistes de Bismarck, etc. ). Le tournant du siècle met en scène une nouvelle génération de socialistes (Jaurès, Karl Kautsky entre autres), issue en France des clivages provoques par l'affaire Dreyfus et en Allemagne de la vague contestataire née avec le révisionnisme bernsteinien. Il en résulte le déclin du guesdisme - allie des sociaux-démocrates allemands - en France et en Europe et la mise en question de l'hégémonie allemande dans le socialisme européen. Les études des lieux de rencontre et des hommes qui s'y croisent sont entrecoupées de trois grandes parties sur les évènements et actes qui déterminent leurs rapports. Cette triple approche permet d'observer une diminution très nette des relations entre socialistes allemands et français à l'approche de la guerre, due à la mise en place d'une certaine indifférence vis-à-vis de l'autre, qui s'accompagne d'une concentration sur "l'intérieur" et d'une identification croissante, pour certains du moins, avec les intérêts de la nation. Cette analyse, qui privilégie le long terme, permet de mieux comprendre le ralliement des socialistes à la défense nationale en aout 1914<br>This thesis is based on the crossing of three complementary approaches : first the analysis of the men and the network German and French socialists are settling at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, then the places where they meet, finally their debates and actions. At first going through letters and review-articles, it deals with the relationships between individuals before focusing on those which exist between the parties. Two generations of militants -each dealt in a long biographical chapter - dominate the relationship between the socialists of the two countries at different moments of their common history : the first chapter deals with the "old fighters" as Wilhelm Liebknecht and Paul Lafargue, present in the struggles of the 19th century (commune de Paris, fight against the anti-socialist laws of Bismarck, and so on). A new generation of socialists (Jaures, Karl Kautsky and others) appears in the early years of the century, in France because of the divisions caused by the Dreyfus affair, in German because of the surge of contestation due to the revisionism of Eduard Bernstein. As a result the guesdism - allied of the German social-democrats- declines in France and criticism grows about the hegemonic position of the Germans inside the European socialism. Beside the analysis of the meeting places and of the men who meet in these places, three long parts concern the events and actions which determine their relationship. A very clear decrease of contacts between German and French socialists during the last years before the war can be notice through this triple approach, which can be explained by a growing indifference towards the others, as well as a concentration on domestic affairs and a growing identification, for some of them at least, with the interests of the nation. This long-term analysis contributes to a better understanding of the reasons for the socialists to rally the national defense in august 1914
4
Marcobelli, Elisa. "Solidarité en crise ? : les socialistes français, allemands et italiens face aux crises internationales au temps de la Ile Internationale (1889-1915)." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0163.
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L'opposition à la guerre de la IIe Internationale se résume souvent à un mot : « l'échec » ; celui de 1914. Or, ce jugement est réducteur et tend à lire toute l'existence de cette organisation en fonction de l'événement qui a marqué sa fin. Cette thèse propose d'étudier l'évolution de l'Internationale sans projeter sur celle-ci le déclenchement funeste de la Première Guerre mondiale : elle analyse le combat contre la guerre des socialistes français, allemands et italiens, au sein de l'Internationale et dans chaque espace national. L'attention est particulièrement centrée sur le positionnement des socialistes pendant les crises diplomatiques internationales qui se succédèrent au début du XXe siècle. Il en ressort un constat ambivalent. D'un côté, les efforts de l'Internationale contre la guerre ne peuvent plus être considérés comme un échec. L'institution a bien réussi à créer un sentiment communautaire se fondant sur la volonté de s'opposer à la guerre. Alors que les crises se succédaient, elle apprit à répondre à ces situations de troubles internationaux. D'un autre côté, cependant, la performativité de cette opposition à la guerre changeait en fonction de l'implication directe de la France, de l'Allemagne ou de l'Italie dans les crises diplomatiques en cours. Lorsqu'un pays courrait un danger, ses socialistes exprimaient des sentiments de défiance à l'égard des camarades étrangers, ce qui empêchait ponctuellement l'Internationale de prendre des initiatives efficaces contre les dangers de la situation internationale<br>Opposition to the war by the Second International has often been considered a failure. This judgment, however, is reductive and tends to read the whole history of this organization on the basis of its position in 1914. In this study the International is investigated independently of the outbreak of the First World War. Our focus is on the struggle against the war by French, German, and Italian Socialists within the International and independently of it. Particular attention is paid to the international diplomatie crises that foliowed one anotheruntil 1914. The resuit is ambivalent. On the one hand, the Internationale efforts against the war no longer appears as a failure. The institution succeeds in creating a sensé of community based on the will to oppose the war. While the crises corne and go, it learns to respond to international crises. On the other hand, the performativity of the opposition to the war changes when France, Germany, and Italy are directly involved in diplomatie crises. When a country is in danger, its socialists express feelings of mistrust towards foreign comrades, which temporarily prevents the International from taking effective initiatives against the dangerous international situation
5
Albin, Jean-François. "Crise et impérialisme : histoire et actualité des approches marxistes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 10, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PA100020.
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Partant notamment des analyses de Marx relatives aux contradictions du procès d'extraction, de réalisation et d'accumulation de la valeur, des tendances inhérentes à la crise comme matérialisation cyclique de l'inégal développement du mode de production capitaliste, sous la triple forme de la sous-consommation, de la disproportion et de la baisse tendancielle du taux de profit, nous chercherons à retracer de manière critique l'émergence et l'affirmation des premières théories marxistes de l'impérialisme sur la période de la Deuxième Internationale. Cette présentation nous conduira à examiner l'ensemble des médiations historiques et théoriques qui articulent la conceptualisation de l'impérialisme aux notions d'accumulation capitaliste, de crise, de rapports entre Etats, de monopole, de capital financier et de guerre. Nous chercherons à considérer dans quelle mesure ces théories dépassent la conjoncture historique particulière à laquelle elles se rattachent et seraient en mesure de fonder une théorie matérialiste des relations internationales<br>Starting from Marx's analyzes relatives to the contradictions of the process of extraction, realization and accumulation of value, of the tendencies inherent in the crisis as the cyclical materialization of the unequal development of the capitalist mode of production, in the triple form of under-consumption, disproportion and the downward trend in the rate of profit, we will seek to critically trace the emergence and affirmation of the first Marxist theories of imperialism during the period of the Second International. This presentation will lead us to examine the whole historical and theoretical mediations which link the conceptualization of imperialism to the notions of capitalist accumulation, crisis, relations between states, monopoly, financial capital and war. We will seek to consider to what extent these theories go beyond the particular historical conjuncture to which they are attached and would be able to support a materialist theory of international relations
6
Casellato, Claudio <1997>. "International Trade Modelling with Temporal Relational Graph Neural Networks." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/21414.
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Graph Neural Networks (GNN) are a powerful technique to model data on graph domains with neural networks. They are mainly used on static networks where nodes and edges do not change over time and only one type of edge is present between two nodes. To overcome this issue new models extended the GNN model to incorporate temporal data and relational data. The resulting model is defined as a Temporal Relational Graph Neural Networks (TRGNN). We use this novel technique to model the trade evolution of the International Trade Network (ITN) for different products. The nodes in the network represent the countries, encoded as a feature vector. The products are encoded as feature vectors and the edges represent the trade relations for each product between two countries, encoded as a relational feature vector. We then analyze the topological, statistical properties and predictive capabilities of the developed model. We then analyze and visualize the evolution of the feature embeddings of countries and relations between countries. We then evaluate the predictive performance on link prediction and reconstruction capabilities.
7
Toffano, Sofia <1996>. "Global goods and international trade: two eras of globalization compared." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/19967.
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Questa tesi di laurea magistrale intende analizzare l’impatto dei beni cosiddetti “globali” su cultura e società. Il primo capitolo sarà dedicato alla nascita delle connessioni globali, in particolare di tipo commerciale, a seguito delle scoperte geografiche del XV e del XVI secolo. Seguirà quindi un secondo capitolo dedicato ai beni globali del XVII e del XVIII secolo, costituiti da sostanze coloniali importate dai paesi scoperti e conquistati nei secoli precedenti. Il terzo capitolo sarà invece dedicato ai beni globali attuali, analizzati tramite un’ottica contemporanea. L’intenzione della tesi è quella di fare un confronto tra la globalizzazione che ha caratterizzato la prima età moderna e la globalizzazione che caratterizza il mondo attuale.
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Sabellek, Andreas [Verfasser], and W. de [Akademischer Betreuer] Boer. "Die weltraumqualifizierte Datenakquisition des Übergangsstrahlungsdetektors im AMS-02 Experiment auf der Internationalen Raumstation / Andreas Sabellek. Betreuer: W. de Boer." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2009. http://d-nb.info/101372156X/34.
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Zanchetta, Maria <1998>. "Maritime Geopolitics and the role of port cities and international straits in a multilateral context." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/21808.
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This dissertation examines port cities, maritime choke points and international straits to analyze the relevance of multilateralism and the implications of a complex interplay between power politics, balance of power and multilateral cooperation. Several case studies in the Black Sea, in the Mediterranean and in international straits can namely shed light on the transnational challenges and the need to cooperate despite a fierce competition for natural resources. Global phenomena such as the interconnectedness of international maritime trade imply the need to overcome mere power politics, even though tensions and diverging geopolitical interests persist. The analysis is based on a highly multidisciplinary approach and relies on the methodology of Global history as a tool to analyze the evolution of globalization in port cities and maritime routes beyond a mere Eurocentric perspective. The challenges in maritime choke points can be considered as the evidence that classical political assumptions such as the concept of balance of power are being reshaped and important analogies with early modern political contexts can be detected. The dissertation aims to prove that a multidisciplinary analysis of maritime straits and port cities can be beneficial to grasp the evolution of classical political concepts, starting from the historical roots of global phenomena up to the forms of multilateralism promoted by international organizations such as the OSCE and the SCO.
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Molin, Filippo <1995>. "Epidemic diseases: between cooperation and competition The evolution of the international sanitary cooperation and new challenges." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/20718.
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L’elaborato analizza le origini e l’evoluzione della cooperazione sanitaria internazionale come risposta alla lotta contro le malattie infettive. Per meglio capire le complesse relazioni tra malattie infettive, cooperazione sanitaria, diplomazia e commercio è necessario capire il contesto storico in cui queste relazioni si sono sviluppate. Partendo dall'età moderna, questo studio analizza la nascita dell'idea che una risposta internazionale è desiderabile per affrontare crisi sanitarie a carattere epidemico, e come quest'ultima si sia sviluppata fino ad oggi. Per raggiungere lo scopo prefissato, la prima parte della tesi si concentra sulla definizione di termini chiave legati alle epidemie del passato il cui significato si è evoluto nel corso dei secoli, a cui segue un’analisi storica delle principali teorie legate alla diffusione delle malattie e come quest’ultime venivano considerate. Successivamente, viene presa in considerazione l’introduzione del vaiolo nel continente americano, gli effetti demografici sulla popolazione locale, le misure di contenimento adottate e il suo uso come strumento bellico. Lo studio procede prendendo in esame le reti d’informazione in epoca moderna, tra notizie vere e notizie false. Seguono le politiche sanitarie della Repubblica di Venezia ed il loro ruolo come modello internazionale, usate non solo come strumento di tutela della salute pubblica ma anche come strumento di politica estera. Viene poi esplorato il network delle stazioni di quarantena e le patenti di sanità ed in che modo hanno contribuito a mantenere attivi gli scambi commerciali. Viene inoltre trattato l’importante passo verso una maggiore globalizzazione della lotta contro le malattie infettive dato delle numerose campagne di vaccinazione transnazionale fino a raggiungere la prima pietra miliare della cooperazione sanitaria: la Conferenza di Parigi del 1851 a cui fanno seguito le successive conferenze sanitarie. La parte finale dell’elaborato si concentra su eventi più recenti con particolare attenzione al periodo della guerra fredda con la campagna vaccinale contro il vaiolo, portata avanti con sforzo congiunto tra Stati Uniti e Unione Sovietica nonostante le tensioni geopolitiche. Tuttavia, viene discussa anche la campagna di disinformazione sovietica degli anni ’80 sull’HIV. La tesi prosegue con le origini e lo sviluppo dell’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità e il programma COVAX contro il COVID-19. L’elaborato si conclude con una riflessione sul futuro della cooperazione sanitaria internazionale e i possibili pericoli che quest’ultima potrebbe essere chiamata ad affrontare: la minaccia del bioterrorismo e le nuove malattie infettive dovute al salto di specie e al cambio climatico.
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PARTIGIANI, FABIO. "Performance analysis of national and international shooting level athletes." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/210575.
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CASABIANCA, ELIZABETH JANE. "Essays on international trade, poverty and inequality." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242835.
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Negli ultimi 30 anni, un gran numero di paesi in via di sviluppo ha cominci-
ato ad essere maggiormente coinvolto nel commercio internazionale. L’ipotesi
era che la riduzione delle barriere al commercio avrebbe innalzato i livelli di
crescita economica e sviluppo sociale. Tuttavia, l’evidenza a livello microe-
conomico mostra l’aumento delle disuguaglianze economiche e sociali anche
in quei paesi nei quali i flussi di commercio sono aumentati. Inoltre, non `e
ancora chiaro il ruolo che il commercio internazionale ha avuto nella drastica
diminuzione della povert`a osservata negli ultimi decenni.
La tesi contribuisce in vario modo alla letteratura microeconomica che
si prefigge di studiare il rapporto tra commercio internazionale, povert`a e
disuguaglianza nei paesi in via di sviluppo.
In particolare, il secondo capitolo si concentra sulla determinazione dell’
impatto che il commercio internazionale potrebbe avere sui salari delle donne.
Attraverso la costruzione di una tavola di corrispondenza tra dati a livello
individuale per il Per`u e dati a livello occupazionale su abilit`a raccolti dalla
banca dati O*NET, il secondo capitolo aggiunge al dibattito una compren-
sione delle occupazioni in termini di mansioni svolte da un lavoratore. I
risultati suggeriscono che i salari delle donne impiegate in occupazioni che
richiedono un livello relativo di mansioni interattive pi`u elevato sono posi-
tivamente associati con una maggiore apertura al commercio internazionale
e questa associazione permane nei diversi livelli di qualifica.
Nel terzo capitolo si prendono in esame le differenze tra l’impatto dis-
tributivo derivante dalla liberalizzazione preferenziale e multilaterale sul be-
nessere delle famiglie utilizzando dati a livello individuale per il Paraguay. A
questo scopo, sono stimati i tassi di pass-through intra-MERCOSUR e MFN
oltre che l’impatto delle variazioni di prezzo derivanti dalle politiche com-
merciali sulle famiglie nel loro ruolo di consumatori e lavoratori salariati. I
risultati indicano che dal processo di liberalizzazione intrapreso dal Paraguay
ne hanno beneficiato le famiglie lungo tutta la distribuzione del reddito e
soprattutto, mostrano che questi benefici differiscono a secondo del tipo di
liberalizzazione commerciale intrapresa.<br>Over the past 30 years, many developing countries have entered the world
markets by taking part in international trade. The prevailing assumption
was that lowering barriers to trade would lead to higher levels of economic
growth and social development. Micro-level based research however shows
that income and social inequality as well as exclusion have increased even
in countries that experienced remarkable growth in trade flows; moreover, if
and how international trade can be accounted for the extraordinary progress
made in reducing poverty levels in the last decade continues to be an open
question.
The dissertation contributes in different ways to the existing micro-level
literature aimed at investigating the linkages between international trade,
poverty and inequality in developing countries.
In particular, the second chapter looks at identifying if and how inter-
national trade has an adverse effect on female workers through their wages.
Matching individual level data for Peru with occupational level data on abili-
ties collected from the O*NET database, the second chapter also adds to the
discussion a task level understanding of occupations. The results suggests
that wages of women employed in relative interactive intensive occupations
are positively associated with trade openness, and this association holds for
different levels of skills.
The third chapter looks at dissecting the distributional impact of pref-
erential and multilateral trade liberalization on household well-being using
individual level data for Paraguay. For this purpose, the intrazone and
applied MFN tariff pass through rate on the price of traded goods are es-
timated, and the impacts of trade induced price changes on households as
consumers and as income earners are calculated. The results indicate that
trade liberalization has benefited households along the entire income distri-
bution and, most importantly, show that these benefits differ according to
the type of liberalisation policies implemented.
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Alongi, F. "ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN CHINA BETWEEN MODERNIZATION AND LEGAL TRANSPLANTS: THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL COOPERATION." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/465102.
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La ricerca si propone di ricostruire i più recenti sviluppi nel regime giuridico cinese di tutela ambientale, esaminando in particolare l’influenza sempre più importante esercitata dalla cooperazione giuridica internazionale. A tal fine, si esamineranno i principali programmi di cooperazione, illustrandone gli obiettivi e l’impatto sulla formulazione e sull’implementazione della legislazione in materia ambientale nella Repubblica Popolare Cinese. L’indagine procederà di pari passo con un’analisi dei principali trapianti giuridici promossi dai programmi di cooperazione internazionale e delle criticità (di ordine linguistico, culturale e giuridico) incontrate da tali programmi. L’indagine si soffermerà quindi sulle iniziative implementate da numerose organizzazioni internazionali al fine di assicurare l’accesso alla giustizia per le vittime di danni ambientali e di promuovere l’adozione di strumenti privatistici per la tutela dell’ambiente. Infine, si trarranno le conclusioni dell’analisi condotta, sottolineando l’impatto dei programmi di cooperazione esaminati sullo sviluppo del diritto dell’ambiente in Cina e prospettando le sfide future.<br>The objective of this research is to assess the role which international legal cooperation initiatives have played in the development of environmental law in the People’s Republic of China. To this end, the most significant cooperation programmes shall be examined, outlining their targets and scope and their impact on the drafting and implementation of Chinese environmental law. The analysis shall proceed in lockstep with an inquiry on the legal transplants which may have been channeled through these cooperation projects and on the tensions caused by the introduction of foreign models whenever insufficient attention was paid to the pitfalls of legal translation or to the existing legal and institutional framework. I will then try to show how, over the last decade, international actors have relied on legal cooperation projects to ensure access to justice for environmental tort victims and to carve out a bigger role for private enforcement mechanisms. Finally, I will draw some conclusions as regards the effectiveness of legal cooperation as a tool to influence policy and to channel foreign legal models into the Chinese legal system and I will examine some of the challenges which lay ahead.
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Henzelmann, Martin. "Tagungsbericht zur Internationalen Konferenz Linguistik als diskursive Schnittstelle zwischen Recht, Politik und Konflikt: Institut für Slavistik der Technischen Universität Dresden, 02.–04.02.2017." De Gruyter, 2017. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A71379.
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Vom 02. bis 04. Februar 2017 wurde vom Institut für Slavistik der TU Dresden eine internationale Konferenz mit dem Titel Linguistik als diskursive Schnittstelle zwischen Recht, Politik und Konflikt ausgerichtet, die durch die Graduiertenakademie der TU Dresden aus Mitteln der Exzellenzinitiative des Bundes und der Länder gefördert wurde. Der thematische Schwerpunkt richtete sich auf differenzierte Analysen, die im Spannungsfeld zwischen juristischer Terminologie, Herausforderungen der Translationswissenschaft sowie der Konfliktlinguistik angesiedelt sind. Die Dresdner Organisatoren begrüßten anlässlich der Tagung Gäste aus Deutschland, Italien, Rumänien, Russland, Slowenien, Tschechien und aus der Ukraine, die die Ergebnisse aktueller Forschungsprojekte und themenbezogener Studien vorstellten.
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Iandolo, Stefano. "Firm performances, international activities and innovation. A micro level analysis on Italian firms." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/2613.
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2015 - 2016<br>The aim of this dissertation is to contribute to the debate on the relationship between innovation and internationalization. After providing in Chapter 1 a comprehensive overview of the theoretical and empirical debate on this relationship, we investigate in chapter 2 the impact of being involved in international market on innovation disentangling different strategies of foreign activity in order to add empirical evidence to the branch of the literature on learning-to-innovate-by-internationalization (LIBI) (Chapter 2). Finally, in Chapter 3, we examine the role of persistency in both innovation and export activity to see if the long-lasting involvements ensure higher returns on productivity. We will go through these different steps using data on Italian manufacturing firms covering an eight year time-span (1998-2006), drawn from three waves (VIII, IX, X) of the AIDA Capitalia Survey of Manufacturing firms.
Going more in detail, in Chapter 1 we go through the debate going on in the literature in recent decades analyzing the change in theoretical perspective from an industry level approach that was in the vogue up to the end of ‘90s, to the growing importance of firms’ heterogeneity that has been introduced at start of the century. This change in perspective has been reflected in the empirical literature and we will see the different branches and the main contributions to them.
The contribution to the literature we want to give in Chapter 2 is not only focused on exports as in the majority of the works in this field (see for surveys Wagner 2007, 2012; and, for Italy, Gattai, 2015) but the novelty of our approach is to consider different level of involvements in international activities: export, FDI and outsourcing. Moreover, we measure the impact of these strategies on different kinds of innovation: first of all, we will see if and how each strategy influences innovation performance as a whole, then we distinguish between product and process innovation. Our estimation models have been carried out through complementary methodologies: starting, first of all,
FIRM PERFORMANCES, INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES AND INNOVATION.
A MICRO LEVEL ANALYSIS ON ITALIAN FIRMS.
with probit estimation, then moving to propensity score matching estimation to cope with endogeneity issues, and finally also using Heckman correction to control for any selection bias due to unobservable. What comes out from our results is that: 1) both exports and FDIs have a positive impact on innovation and the latter strategy has also an higher impact on the probability of introducing innovation if we consider any type of innovation; 2) when we consider product innovation, exporting and investing abroad raise the probability of introducing such kind of innovation; 3) outsourcing, instead, shows positive and significant coefficient when we consider process innovation suggesting that firms contracting out to other partners some stages of the production may introduce some innovation to optimize the whole process. Then, since destination of international activities may influence the outcome, we also distinguish countries of destination in three different classes (EU15, Industrialized non-European countries and non-industrialized non-European countries) and we find, that exporters and FDI makers have higher probability to introduce innovation if they undertake their activities in countries outside the Europe, but, in particular and somehow surprisingly, exporting towards non-European and less developed countries raise the probability of introducing product innovation since firms have to face greater consumer heterogeneity in less-developed countries than in more developed ones, since Italian customers have more similar tastes to customers from developed countries so firms have to modify their products to meet foreign tastes.
In Chapter 3 we change our perspective considering both innovation and internationalization strategies jointly and changing the variable of interest analyzing how the persistence in innovation activity influences the performance of the firm (measured through the total factor productivity à la Levinsohn and Petrin) and if this relationship changes if firms export persistently or do not. Using OLS and then a two step system Arellano-Bond GMM, we at first consider the effects of these strategies separately, and then, we consider them jointly. What we find is that when we consider the strategies separately they do not seem to allow firms to gain productivity. Our estimation results are in favour of the hypotheses of learning-by-exporting and learning-by-doing: persistent innovation efforts must be associated with a permanent presence on foreign markets since firms that persistently innovate and persistently export have better results in terms of productivity than persistently exporting firms that do not innovate persistently and than firms that do not export persistently. [edited by author]<br>Obiettivo fondamentale della tesi è fornire un contributo al dibattito sulla relazione tra innovazione ed internazionalizzazione. Dopo aver fornito nel Capitolo 1 una esaustiva e completa rassegna della letteratura (teorica ed empirica) sull’argomento, nel Capitolo 2 passeremo, considerando diverse strategie di internazionalizzazione, ad analizzare l’impatto della partecipazione ad attività internazionali sull’innovazioneper fornire ulteriore evidenza empirica al filone della letteratura noto come “learning-by-internationalization” (LBI). Un ulteriore importante obiettivo di tale capitolo è considerare se le destinazioni di attività internazionali influiscono sui ritorni in termini di innovazione per le imprese. Nel capitolo conclusivo dell’elaborato, infine, esamineremo il ruolo della persistenza, sia nelle decisioni di innovazione che nell’attività di export, per vedere se un più duraturo coinvolgimento in tali attività (solo in una o in entrambi) possa assicurare un maggiore ritorno in termini di produttività. Tutte le analisi, volte al raggiungimento degli obiettivi sopracitati, sono state condotte attraverso l’utilizzo di dati sulle imprese manifatturiere italiane, osservate per un periodo di tempo di 8 anni, forniti da tre diverse wave (VIII, IX, X) dei dati Unicredit-Capitalia (19982006).
Approfondendo più nel dettaglio i contenuti dei vari capitoli che compongono l’elaborato, nel Capitolo 1, affrontiamo il dibattito, ancora aperto, che ha attraversato la letteratura nelle ultime due decadi, mettendo in risalto come progressivamente, l’oggetto di analisi si sia progressivamente spostato da un approccio più industry-level – più in voga fino alla fine degli anni ’90 del secolo scorso – verso una sempre crescente attenzione al ruolo centrale che hanno le caratteristiche specifiche delle imprese e la loro eterogeneità. Il contributo del secondo capitolo di questo elaborato, invece, non è incentrato solo sull’importanza delle esportazioni, come la maggior parte dei lavori in questo campo (per delle rassegne esaustive vedere Wagner 2007, 2012; e, per l’Italia, Gattai, 2015); uno degli
FIRM PERFORMANCES, INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES AND INNOVATION.
A MICRO LEVEL ANALYSIS ON ITALIAN FIRMS.
elementi di principale novità è aver considerato congiuntamente tre diverse strategie di internazionalizzazione: esportazioni, investimenti diretti esteri (IDE) e outsourcing. In questo capitolo, inoltre, la dimensione per valutare la performance dell’impresa e, quindi, il diverso impatto delle diverse strategie di internazionalizzazione, è l’innovazione (che noi consideriamo sia senza distinguere tra le diverse tipologie, sia anche solo come innovazione di prodotto). Le stime di questo capitolo sono state condotte attraverso l’utilizzo di tecniche econometriche complementari: partendo dall’utilizzo di stime con variabili dipendenti binarie, in particolare di probit con random effects, implementeremo il propensity score matching per affrontare i problemi di enodgeneità e di “selection bias on observables”; infine, attraverso l’utilizzo della procedura di Heckman, controlleremo eventuali “selection bias due to unobservables”. I risultati principali di questo capitolo sono: 1) sia le esportazioni che gli IDE hanno un effetto positivo sulla probabilità delle imprese di introdurre innovazione e gli IDE hanno anche un effetto maggiore, se consideriamo l’innovazione senza distinguerne le tipologie; 2) se consideriamo, invece, l’introduzione di innovazioni di prodotto, anche in questo caso, le imprese coinvolte in tale tipo di attività hanno un probabilità maggiore di innovare se confrontate con le rispettive controparti non attive sui mercati internazionali; 3) l’outsourcing, invece, mostra un coefficiente positivo e significativo solo nel caso dell’innovazione di processo, suggerendo che le imprese che esternalizzano alcune fasi della produzione possono avere un ritorno in termini di innovazione che consentirebbe loro di migliorare l’intero processo produttivo. Dato che le destinazioni delle attività internazionali possono avere effetti differenti sull’innovazione, le raggrupperemo in 3 differenti classi (i Paesi che fanno parte dell’Europa a 15, Paesi non europei industrializzati, Paesi non europei meno industrializzati). I nostri risultati sottolineano come le imprese esportatrici e che investono all’estero abbiano una maggiore probabilità, se comparate con le loro controparti non attive sui mercati internazionali, di introdurre innovazioni se le loro attività sono rivolte a Paesi al di fuori dell’Europa a 15. In particolare, risultato forse inaspettato, esportare verso Paesi non appartenenti all’Europa a 15 e meno sviluppati, sembra garantire una maggiore probabilità di introdurre innovazioni di prodotto. Questo risultato sembra sottolineare come le imprese che si rivolgono a tali mercati, a causa di una maggiore eterogeneità delle preferenze dei mercati di destinazione rispetto al mercato domestico italiano, debbano fare uno sforzo maggiore in termini di innovazione per rendere appetibili i propri prodotti.
Nel terzo ed ultimo capitolo della tesi, analizzeremo la relazione tra innovazione e internazionalizzazione sotto una diversa prospettiva. Considereremo, infatti, congiuntamente, le scelte strategiche sia in termini di innovazione che di internazionalizzazione, cambiando anche la variabile di interesse con cui misuriamo la performance delle imprese: la produttività totale dei fattori á la Levinsohn and Petrin. Oggetto di interesse di questo capitolo, in particolare, è analizzare se le performance delle imprese cambiano se le imprese intraprendono separatamente o congiuntamente le due strategie e, inoltre, se portarle avanti nel tempo in maniera continua ha effetti positivi. Analizzeremo, prima singolarmente, poi congiuntamente le diverse scelte strategiche attraverso l’utilizzo prima di un OLS e poi di un two-step system GMM á la Arellano-Bond. Quello che emerge dalla nostra analisi è che quando consideriamo le strategie separatamente,
queste non sembrano assicurare alle imprese vantaggi in termini di produttività, ma, a conferma delle ipotesi di learning-by-exporting e di learning-by-doing, le imprese che innovano costantemente nel tempo devono associare anche una costante attività di export per avere benefici. Imprese che intraprendono una sola attività, infatti, anche se costantemente nel tempo, non sembrano invece avere ritorni positivi in termini di produttività. [a cura dell'autore]<br>XV n.s.
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Benedetto, Alessandra. "Pre-contractual agreements in international commercial contracts: legal dynamics and commercial expediency." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/1302.
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2010 - 2011<br>La materia dei contratti internazionali è andata acquisendo sempre maggiore importanza e diffusione negli ultimi anni. Questo fatto costituisce, in qualche modo, la conseguenza dei profondi cambiamenti che hanno interessato il mondo delle relazioni commerciali.
Oggigiorno, grazie alla creazione di un mercato unico europeo e, soprattutto, quale conseguenza diretta della globalizzazione, la gran parte dei businessmen tendono a spingere i propri affari ben oltre i confini nazionali, quando non accantonano addirittura la dimensione “geografica” e si avvalgono dei più moderni strumenti della comunicazione forniti dalla tecnologia (e-commerce).
La categoria dei contratti internazionali dà vita, invero, a non pochi problemi: anzitutto, non è dato rinvenirne una specifica definizione e non è sempre facile stabilire quale regime normativo (nazionale) sia applicabile nel singolo caso, a prescindere dalle apposite regole già esistenti.
Un altro aspetto molto rilevante è costituito dalla notevole complessità (spesso dovuta al valore economico dell’operazione commerciale) della fase delle negoziazioni durante la quale le parti, solitamente, si comunicano l’un l’altra la propria volontà e la misura entro la quale sono disposti a farsi reciproche concessioni, fissano i singoli steps attraverso cui addivenire al raggiungimento di un accordo, valutano la concreta fattibilità dell’affare.
In un tale contesto complesso esse, spesso, fissano in appositi documenti i profili del futuro regolamento contrattuale su cui hanno già raggiunto un accordo e, nel far questo, non di rado escludono i lawyers dalla redazione degli stessi. Il risultato pratico è che, piuttosto frequentemente, le formulazioni di questi documenti danno vita a notevoli problemi interpretativi.
La risoluzione di una controversia emersa dalla lettera di un contratto internazionale rende necessario che il giudice o, più spesso, l’arbitro tenga in debito conto gli sviluppi della legislazione in molti degli ordinamenti nazionali, degli strumenti normativi transnazionali e di ogni altra pratica emersa in tema di accordi commerciali. Giudici e arbitri, infatti, nel formulare le proprie decisioni non possono prescindere da tali sviluppi avutisi nella pratica del commercio, andando oltre i confini tracciati dalla normativa nazionale prescelta.
Questa tesi si propone di analizzare gli effetti connessi al contenuto dei documenti pre-contrattuali, secondo quella che è la disciplina degli ordinamenti di Common Law e di Civil Law, nonché negli strumenti a vocazione transnazionale come, ad esempio, i Principi UNIDROIT, i Principles of European Contract Law, Draft Common Frame of Reference, U.N. Convention on the International Sales of Good (CISG) e, emenata recentemente, la proposta di regolamento Common European Sales Law.
Più specificamente, due sono i profili presi in considerazione: anzitutto, ci si domanda fino a che punto una dichiarazione pre-contrattuale possa considerarsi vincolante in sé e per sé. In secondo luogo, si tratta di appurare fino a che punto una dichiarazione pre-contrattuale possa produrre effetti giuridici venendo incorporata nel futuro contratto o, comunque, inducendo alla stipula del contratto stesso.
Il metodo d’indagine adottato consiste, anzitutto, nell’analisi delle regole sulla formazione dei contratti previste dagli ordinamenti più rappresentativi afferenti al Common Law ed al Civili Law, nonché dai documenti transazionali su menzionati.
Segue, poi, uno studio sull’interpretazione e la qualificazione delle lettere di intenti e degli altri pre-contractual statements risultati di maggiore impiego nella prassi del commercio internazionale e, prima ancora, alla luce delle disposizioni normative riconducibili agli ordinamenti nazionali.
La tesi si propone, in definitiva, di conseguire i seguenti obiettivi: 1) verificare quali siano gli eventuali riflessi sugli attuali trends relativi alla disciplina nazionale e transnazionale; 2) individuare quali fattori di policy incidono sulla evoluzione giuridica; 3) appurare se si venga a creare, o meno, una qualche interferenza tra diritto nazionale e transnazionale; 4) stabilire quale sia la relazione esistente tra Hard Law e Soft Law. [a cura dell'autore]<br>X n.s.
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Kazinec, Darius. "Issues of cyber warfare in international law." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110705_132153-12860.
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Cyber has been around for over a decade and yet we are still faces with a situation of a
very weak or rather no regulation. This is being heavily influenced by our weak technological
development and due to the nature of cyberspace and the Internet. Cyber warfare poses
interesting questions for us. It is one of a kind type of warfare, the one we cannot see or feel, but
it‘s impacts are instantaneous and potentially devastating. States and scholars agree on that.
This thesis attempts to explore possibilities of application of existing international laws
to amend this situation and answer the questions if it is adequate or at all possible. While
scholars are still arguing about the basics of what cyber warfare and cyberspace actually is, it
keeps on evolving. States on the other hand have recognized the potential threat of cyber warfare
a long time ago and are attempting to mend the existing legal void, however not successfully.
The effects of their efforts are limited only to a small number of States. States who are not
willing to give up their cyber capability would also stay clear from such international legislation.
International treaties and State practice were analyzed in search of a way to
accommodate cyber warfare under the current regime. The findings show that application of
existing legal basis to cyber warfare is at best difficult and strained. The reality is that cyber
warfare does not fit adequately under any of the legal umbrellas at the moment. Application of... [to full text]<br>Kibernetinis karas jau egzistuoja daugiau nei dešimtmeti tačiau mes vis dar turime labai
silpną šio reiškinio reguliavimą. Tokia situacija yra stipriai įtakota mūsų silpnu techniniu
galimybių bei interneto struktūros. Kibernetinis karas yra labai keblus. Tai yra naujoviškas
kariavimo būdas kurio mes nematome, bet jo pasekmes gali būti žaibiškos ir niokojančios.
Mokslininkai ir pasaulio valstybės tai jau seniai pripažino.
Šis darbas bando atskleisti galimybes tarptautines teises reguliavimui kibernetinio karo
atžvilgiu, jeigu tai iš viso yra įmanoma. Tačiau mokslininkai vis dar ginčijasi dėl kibernetinio
karo ir kibernetines erdvės terminologijos, tuo tarpu kibernetinio karo grėsme tik didėja. Pasaulio
valstybes tai suprasdamos bando ištaisyti teisės trukumus, tačiau nesėkmingai. Bet kokie
pasiūlymai ir susitarimai galioja tik nedideliam valstybių ratui. O didžiosios valstybės tuo tarpu
nenoriai atsisakytu savo kibernetinio pajėgumo.
Darbe buvo išanalizuotos tarptautinės sutartys bei valstybių praktika bandant pritaikyti
esamus režimus kibernetinio karo reguliacijai. Darytinos išvados, kad esamos tarptautinės
teisinės bazės taikymas geriausiu atveju yra sudėtingas ir nenatūralus. Realybė yra tai, kad
kibernetiniam karui netinka nei vienas režimas. O toks jo taikymas, deja sukelia daugiau
problemų nei buvo prieš tai. Tačiau dar nėra išsemtos visos galimybės ir ateitis gali parodyti
teisingą sprendimą. Tuo tarpu valstybes yra pasiruošusios vesti derybas dėl tarptautinės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Tolkušinas, Kasparas. "Defective Arbitration Clauses in International Commercial Contracts." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110124_131045-86915.
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Usually in a drafting process of a contract arbitration clause is left at the end of a contract. Sometimes it happens that parties really do not wish start discussions on how should arbitration clause look like or what details should it contain, because either parties think they would never come to a conflict or they are short in time and leave arbitration clause unconsidered. Absence of proper attention when drafting arbitration clauses is likely to give rise to defective arbitration clauses, which lead to much higher than expected time and money costs or even make arbitration impossible.
Master thesis analyses defective arbitration clause types and provision of a way to create correct arbitration clauses. In order to reach this goal gradual completion of tasks is necessary, which involves: a) identification of the main features of defective arbitration clause, b) identification of the main elements of well drafted arbitration clause, c) identification of the main types of defective arbitration clauses, d) provision of a classification of defective arbitration clauses, e) provision of as much as possible ways to avoid defective arbitration clauses and f) analysis doctrine and case law in this field and result encompassing conclusions. First part of master thesis briefly defines international commercial contract. This way the geographical scope of master thesis object is defined. Second part presents the roots of defective arbitration clause. Second part encompasses... [to full text]<br>Dažniausiai rengiant tarptautines komercines sutartis arbitražinė išlyga eina sutarties pabaigoje. Kartais nutinka taip, kad šalys nerodo didelio noro kelti diskusijų dėl to kaip turėtų atrodyti arbitražinė išlyga arba kokius sudėtinius elementus ji turėtų turėti. Šalys gali manyti, kad ginčas mažai tikėtinas, todėl neverta gilintis į arbitražinę išlygą arba dėl laiko stokos įkeliama atsitiktinė arbitražinė išlyga. Pakankamo dėmesingumo trūkumas ruošiant arbitražinės išlygas dažniausiai leidžia kilti arbitražinėms išlygoms su spragomis, kurios esant ginčui priverčia šalis sugaišti daug daugiau laiko ir suvartoja daug daugiau finansinių resursų nei tikėtasi arba išvis paverčia arbitražą kaip ginčų sprendimo būdą šalių atveju neįmanomą.
Magistriniame darbe nagrinėjamos arbitražinės išlygos su spragomis ir siekiama pasiūlyti būdą, kaip parengti taisyklingas arbitražines išlygas. Šiems tikslams pasiekti būtinas nuoseklus užduočių įvykdymas, apimantis: a) pagrindinių arbitražinės išlygos su spragomis bruožų nustatymą, b) pagrindinių taisyklingai parengtos arbitražinės išlygos elementų nustatymą, c) pagrindinių arbitražinės išlygos su spragomis tipų nustatymą, d) arbitražinių išlygų su spragomis klasifikacijos pateikimą, e) būdų išvengti arbitražinių išlygų su spragomis pateikimą ir f) doktrinos bei teismų praktikos analizę ir apibendrinančių išvadų pateikimą. Pirmoji magistrinio darbo dalis glaustai apibrėžia tarptautinę komercinės sutartį. Tokiu būdu geografinės magistrinio darbo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Vaštakas, Linas. "The definition of terrorism in international law." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130626_184831-12211.
Full textAbstract:
In light of the widely acknowledged absence of the definition of terrorism in international law and once again unsuccessful attempts to agree on it in April 2013 at the United Nations, this thesis aims to propose such a definition.
Chapter One firstly attempts to answer why international law needs to define terrorism. It analyzes international criminalization of terrorism, sectoral anti-terrorism conventions and the obligations to fight terrorism imposed on states by the Security Council. Disagreeing with the views expressed by Rosalyn Higgins and John Dugard, the author advances arguments how such a definition could help solve problems of efficiency and legitimacy in all these fields.
Chapter Two then asks why, if a definition is needed, it does not already exist. The Chapter surveys the major historical attempts to define terrorism, aiming to identify the greatest obstacles and advances to agreeing on a definition. Notably, it finds that the main obstructions were disagreements whether states and national liberation movements can be actors of terrorism. Aside from treaty definitions, the author also analyzes and criticizes the arguments in the 2011 Ayyash judgment by the Special Tribunal for Lebanon over the alleged emergence of a peacetime definition of terrorism in customary international law.
Chapter Three then draws on the first two Chapters and analyzes the elements of the definition of terrorism: actors, conduct, intent, targets, motive and scope. It aims to explain... [to full text]<br>Atsižvelgdamas į plačiai pripažįstamą faktą, kad tarptautinėje teisėje nėra terorizmo apibrėžimo, ir į dar kartą nepavykusius Jungtinių Tautų Organizacijos 2013 m. balandžio mėnesio bandymus dėl jo susitarti, šis darbas siekia pasiūlyti tokį apibrėžimą.
Pirmasis skyrius iš pradžių bando paaiškinti, kodėl tarptautinėje teisėje reikalingas terorizmo apibrėžimas. Skyriuje nagrinėjami tokie klausimai kaip tarptautinis terorizmo kriminalizavimas, sektorinės kovos su terorizmu konvencijos ir Saugumo Tarybos valstybėms nustatyti įsipareigojimai kovoti su terorizmu. Prieštaraudamas Rosalyn Higgins ir John Dugard išreikštoms nuomonėms, autorius pateikia argumentus, kaip toks apibrėžimas galėtų išspręsti efektyvaus reguliavimo problemas visose minėtose srityse.
Antrasis skyrius tuomet klausia, kodėl, jeigu apibrėžimas reikalingas, jis vis dar neegzistuoja. Skyrius apžvelgia pagrindinius istorinius mėginimus apibrėžti terorizmą, siekdamas nustatyti pagrindines kliūtis ir svarbiausius pasiekimus tariantis dėl apibrėžimo. Autorius atskleidžia, kad pagrindinės kliūtys kilo dėl nesutarimų, ar valstybės ir nacionalinio išsivadavimo judėjimai gali būti terorizmo vykdytojai. Be sutartyse pateikiamų apibrėžimų, autorius nagrinėja ir kritikuoja Specialiojo Tribunolo Libanui 2011 m. Ayyash byloje pateiktus argumentus, kad taikos metu taikomas terorizmo apibrėžimas neva jau susiformavo tarptautinėje paprotinėje teisėje.
Trečiajame skyriuje, remiantis pirmųjų dviejų skyrių išvadomis, nagrinėjami... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>Rappelant l'absence de la définition du terrorisme en droit international, cette thèse vise à proposer une telle définition.
Le Chapitre Un explique le besoin de définir le terrorisme. Par la suite, le Chapitre analyse la criminalisation du terrorisme international, les conventions sectorielles contre le terrorisme et les obligations de combattre le terrorisme imposée par le Conseil de sécurité. En désaccord avec les opinions exprimées par Rosalyn Higgins et John Dugard, l'auteur avance des arguments défendant une telle définition, et expliquant comment elle pourrait contribuer à résoudre les problèmes d'efficacité et de légitimité dans tous ces domaines.
Le Chapitre Deux demande alors pourquoi, si une définition est nécessaire, elle n'existe pas. Ce Chapitre examine les principales tentatives historiques pour définir le terrorisme. Il essaie d'identifier les principaux obstacles et avancées à l'accord. On en conclut que les principaux obstacles étaient les désaccords concernant le fait que les Etats et les mouvements de libération nationale puissent être des acteurs du terrorisme. Mis à part les définitions conventionnelles, l'auteur analyse également et critique les arguments de l'arrêt de Ayyash 2011 par le Tribunal spécial pour le Liban sur la prétendue émergence d'une définition du temps de paix du terrorisme en droit international coutumier.
Le Chapitre Trois s'appuie ensuite sur les deux premiers chapitres et analyse les éléments de la définition du terrorisme: les... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Basara, Laurent. "Performance of the Electromagnetic Calorimeter of AMS-02 on the International Space Station ans measurement of the positronic fraction in the 1.5 – 350 GeV energy range." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENY012/document.
Full textAbstract:
L'expérience AMS-02 est un détecteur de particules installé sur la station spatiale internationale (ISS) depuis mai 2011, date à partir de laquelle il mesure les caractéristiques des rayons cosmiques afin d'apporter des réponses aux problématiques soulevées par la physique des astroparticules depuis quelques décennies, en particulier l'étude indirecte de la matière sombre et la recherche d'antimatière. Les aspects phénoménologiques de la physique des rayons cosmiques sont revus dans la première partie. Une deuxième décrit les performances en vol des différents sous-détecteurs d'AMS-02, en particulier du calorimètre électromagnétique. Il est montré, en utilisant les particules au minimum d'ionisation (MIPs), qui constituent l'essentiel du rayonnement cosmique, que le calorimètre fonctionne comme prévu, et que l'on retrouve les mêmes performances qu'au sol. Cette étude est utilisée pour suivre au cours du temps l'évolution des performances du détecteur. Elle permet également de développer un estimateur de charge pour les noyaux utilisant le calorimètre. Une troisième et dernière partie s'attache enfin à déterminer le rapport positronique. La principale difficulté de cette mesure est d'identifier les positons en rejetant les protons grâce aux caractéristiques des gerbes dans la calorimètre. Après avoir défini des variables pertinentes pour cette séparation, nous construisons un estimateur via une analyse multivariée, en nous appuyant sur des simulations Monte-Carlo d'électrons pour les plus hautes énergies. Au-delà de 100 GeV, nous obtenons un taux de réjection de l'ordre de 10 000 pour 90% d'efficacité. Après avoir estimé la confusion de charge, cet estimateur nous permet finalement, de déterminer le rapport positronique pour les données acquises pendant les 18 premiers mois et pour des énergies allant de 1.5 à 350 GeV<br>The AMS-02 experiment is a particle detector installed on the International Space Station (ISS) since May 2011, which measures the characteristics of the cosmic rays to bring answers to the problematics risen by the astroparticle physics since a few decades, in particular the study of dark matter and the search of antimatter. The phenomenological aspects of the physics of cosmic rays are reviewed in a first part. A second one describes the in-flight performances of the different subdetectors of AMS-02, in particular the electromagnetic calorimeter. It is shown, using particles at the ionizing minimum (MIPs), accounting for the main part of cosmic rays, that the calorimeter works as expected, and we find the same performances as on ground. This study is used to follow in time the evolution of the detector performances. It also allows to develop a charge estimator for the nuclei using the calorimeter. A third and final part, deals with the determination of the positronic fraction. The main difficulty of this measurement is to identify the positrons by rejecting the protons thanks to the characteristics of the showers in the calorimeter. After having defined variables relevant for this separation, we build an estimator using a multivariate analysis and Monte-Carlo simulations of electrons for the higher energies. Above 100 GeV, we obtain a rejection factor of about 10 000 at a 90% efficiency. After having estimated the charge confusion, this estimator, finally, allows us to determine the positronic ratio for the first 18 months of data and energies ranging from 1.5 to 350 GeV
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Junas, Povilas. "Emergence of self-ruling mass media in international relations." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110606_114008-36457.
Full textAbstract:
Independence and liberty of cyberspace enabled inception of new kind mass media. Internet based news organization no longer needed to obey national laws and acknowledge states' superiority in international political communication. News organizations, like Google, Facebook, Twitter, Wikileaks, etc., have emerged as mighty actors in the international communicative activities. They are being driven by self-interests, which not necessary conform sovereign states' interests. The development of new kind mass media are not being determined by national laws or other offline rules. This study determined the role of self-ruling mass media in the international political communication. Also, this work showed that emergence of new kind mass media have caused substantial decline of sovereign states' power in international political communication.<br>Liberalus, atviras ir decentralizuotas internatas – erdvė, kurioje vystoji naujos rūšies masinio informavimo priemonės. Jos yra nepavaldžios nacionalinių valstybių vyriausybėms ir veikia skatinamos savų interesų. Google, Wikileaks, Facebook, Twitter ir kitos netradicinės internatinės žiniasklaidos organizacijos tapo įtakingomis ir galingomis veikėjomis tarptautinės politinės komunikacijos procese. Jos vystosi ne pagal valstybių sukurtas taisyklės, tačiau pagal savas. Jos yra pirmos viršvalstybinės naujienų agentūros. Šis tyrimas atskleidė savivaldžių žiniasklaidos organizacijų vaidmenį ir galią tarptautinėje politinėje komunikacijoje. Taip pat tyrimas parodė, kad naujo tipo žiniasklaidos iškilimas lėmė valstybių galios tarptautinėje politinėje komunikacijoje mažėjimą.
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Miliauskas, Vaidas. "Whether international law allows preemptive use of military force?" Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110622_172449-22004.
Full textAbstract:
This master thesis provides an analysis of the legality of preemptive self-defence under international law. In assessing the lawfulness of preemptive self-defence two basic sources of international law: customary and treaty law are examined.
The analysis of the UN Charter rules showed that there is strong disagreement between scholars regarding the legality of anticipatory self-defence. However, the term “armed attack” in article 51 UN Charter should embrace imminent threats. Two basic reasons are: the advent of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and new methods of warfare; the inherent right of anticipatory self-defence was not exhausted after the adoption of the UN Charter. The examination of customary international law showed that the Caroline doctrine allows states to act in anticipation of an armed attack if the requirements of necessity and proportionality are fulfilled. In addition, the analysis of state practice and opinion juris prior and after September 11, 2001, revealed that anticipatory self-defence is not prohibited. The conclusion is maid that the right of anticipatory self-defence, if requirements of necessity and proportionality are fulfilled, is not illegal under international law.
In contrast, the analysis of the UN Charter rules showed that preemptive self-defence against perceived threats is not legal under the UN Charter, because there is no actual armed attack or imminent threat against which state can legally defend itself. In addition, preemptive... [to full text]<br>Šioje magistro tezėje analizuojamas preventyviosios savigynos teisėtumo tarptautinėje teisėje klausimas. Du pagrindiniai tarptautinės teisės šaltiniai: sutarčių bei paprotinė tarptautinė teisė yra nagrinėjami siekiant išsiaiškinti, ar preventyvioji savigyna yra legali tarptautinė teisėje.
Pirmoje darbo dalyje nagrinėjamas preventyviosios savigynos prieš neišvengiamas grėsmes (angl. anticipatory self-defence) legalumas dviejų pagrindinių tarptautinės teisės šaltinių atžvilgiu. Pagrindinė tarptautinė sutartis reguliuojanti karinės galios naudojimą yra Jungtinių Tautų (JT) Chartija. Nagrinėjant preventyviosios savigynos prieš neišvengiamas grėsmes legalumo JT Chartijos normų, reguliuojančių savigyną, atžvilgiu, buvo nustatyta, kad autoriai nesutaria dėl to, ar JT Chartija leidžia naudoti karinę galią prieš neišvengiamas grėsmes. Pagrindiniai mokslininkų nesutarimai kyla dėl JT Chartijos 51 straipsnio, kuris leidžia JT valstybėm narėm savigynos tikslais naudoti karinę galią, ginkluoto užpuolimo atveju, formuluotės. Iš esmės, nesutariama dėl dviejų frazių vartojamų JT Chartijos 51straipsnyje: „prigimtinė teisė“ bei „ginkluotas užpuolimas“ (angl. „the inherent right“, „armed attack“). Autorių susiskaidymas šiuo klausimu neleido nustatyti, ar preventyvioji savigyna prieš neišvengiamas grėsmes yra legali. Dėl to, buvo nagrinėjama, ar JT Chartijos 51 straipsnyje minima ginkluoto užpuolimo sąvoka apima neišvengiamas grėsmes ir tokiu būdu minėta tarptautinė sutartis leidžia... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Leonavičiūtė, Simona. "Diplomatic asylum in the context of public international law." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120703_133030-41044.
Full textAbstract:
Every state may face a bid for protection in embassies or consulates from persons looking for a shelter in dangerous situations to their lives and safety. Even though diplomatic asylum is more peculiar to Latin America region, no State is prevented from such seekers. Practical examples show that diplomatic asylum helped to safe thousands of people in countries where instability of governments exist, during wars or in situations where no other alternative of protection was available. Grant of diplomatic asylum is a problematic issue because it raises question which value should prevail: inviolability of premises or non interference into internal affairs, protection of human rights or sovereignty of State.
This master thesis attempts to find out what is the current position of diplomatic asylum in the context of public international law and on what grounds it could be granted in embassies and consulates. For this aim, the thesis is focused on the evolution and main features of diplomatic asylum, on its relation with regional and universal international law instruments, on dominating positions to diplomatic asylum in the case law.
International treaties, state practice and various positions of legal writers were analyzed in order to reveal grounds for granting diplomatic asylum. In the States where diplomatic asylum is recognized, it is granted according to the existing legal regulation. In the States where diplomatic asylum is not considered as legal institute, it is granted on... [to full text]<br>Kiekviena valstybė savo ambasadose ar konsulatuose gali sulaukti asmenų prašančių prieglobsčio dėl gresiančio pavojaus gyvybei ar saugumui. Nors diplomatinis prieglobstis yra būdingesnis Lotynų Amerikos regionui, nė viena valstybė nėra apsaugota nuo tokio prašymo. Praktiniai pavyzdžiai rodo, kad diplomatinis prieglobstis padėjo išgelbėti tūkstančius gyvybių ten, kur vykdavo dažna politinės valdžios kaita, per karus, ar tokiose situacijose, kur nebuvo galima rasti jokios kitos apsaugos. Diplomatinio prieglobsčio suteikimas yra problematiškas klausimas, kadangi nėra aišku, kam turėtų būti teikiama pirmenybė: atstovybės patalpų neliečiamybei ar nesikišimo į valstybės vidaus reikalus principui, žmogaus teisių apsaugai ar valstybės suverenitetui.
Šiuo magistro darbu siekiama išsiaiškinti diplomatinio prieglobsčio svarbą tarptautines teisės kontekste, kokie yra galimi pagrindai šiam prieglobsčiui suteikti. Šiam tikslui pasiekti, didelis dėmesys skiriamas diplomatinio prieglobsčio vystymuisi ir pagrindiniams bruožams, jo santykiui su regioniniais ir visuotiniais tarptautines teises dokumentais, dominuojančia pozicija teismų praktikoje.
Pagrindams diplomatiniui prieglobsčiui rasti buvo analizuojamos tarptautinės sutartys, šalių praktika ir skirtingos autorių nuomonės. Tose šalyse, kur diplomatinis prieglobstis yra pripažįstamas, jis yra suteikiamas pagal esamą teisinį reguliavimą. Kitose šalyse, nepripažįstančiose diplomatinio prieglobsčio kaip teisinio instituto, jis yra suteikiamas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Heil, Melanie [Verfasser], and W. de [Akademischer Betreuer] Boer. "Measurement of the positron fraction in cosmic rays from 0.5-350 GeV with the AMS-02 detector on the International Space Station / Melanie Heil. Betreuer: W. de Boer." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1037154355/34.
Full text
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Razulevičius, Ernestas. "Lietuvos užsienio prekybos plėtros perspektyvos." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20140626_200305-19423.
Full textAbstract:
Darbo objektas – Lietuvos užsienio prekybos perspektyvos. Darbo tikslas – ištirti galimas Lietuvos užsienio prekybos plėtros perspektyvas. Uždaviniai: 1. Pateikti tarptautinės prekybos aspektus. 2. Išskirti tarptautinės prekybos politikos reguliavimo instrumentus ir institucijas, išryškinant aplinkosaugos politikos integravimo tarptautinėje prekyboje klausimus. 3. Apžvelgti bendrąją ES prekybos politiką ir Lietuvos užsienio prekybos situacijos pokyčius įstojus į ES. 4. Atlikti Lietuvos užsienio prekybos SSGG analizę. 5. Atlikti Lietuvos įmonių vertinimą apie jų užsienio prekybos situaciją. 6. Pateikti Lietuvos užsienio prekybos tendencijas ir perspektyvas. Hipotezė – Lietuvos užsienio prekyba turi neišnaudotas tarptautinės prekybos galimybes. Šis darbas susideda iš įvado, trijų pagrindinių dalių bei išvadų ir pasiūlymų. Darbo pirmoje dalyje supažindinama su tarptautinės prekybos samprata, ją skatinančiais veiksniais, privalumais, trūkumais bei protekcionizmo esme. Taip pat šioje dalyje išskiriamos tarptautinę prekybą įtakojančios organizacijos, aplinkosauginių aspektų taikymo būtinybė tarptautinėje prekyboje ir numatomi susitarimai bei instrumentai. Antrame darbo skyriuje pateikiama Lietuvos užsienio prekybos apžvalga, atskleidžiant užsienio prekybos politikos instrumentus. Šioje dalyje nagrinėjami pagrindiniai Lietuvos užsienio prekybos rodikliai ir jų pokyčiai iki ir po įstojimo į ES, atliekama Lietuvos užsienio prekybos SSGG analizė. Trečioje dalyje pateikiamas Lietuvos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>Object - perspectives of Lithuanian International Trade. Purpose – to examine potential perspectives of Lithuanian international trade development. Objectives: • To describe instruments and institutions of international trade regulation. • To review Lithuanian foreign trade situation in global international trade system. • To carry out SWOT analysis of Lithuanian international trade system. • To provide tendencies and perspectives of Lithuanian foreign trade. Hypothesis – Lithuanian foreign trade has a lot of unrealized international trade opportunities. Structure: This paper consists of three main parts. The first part describes the concept of international trade, its advantages, disadvantages and instruments of foreign trade regulation. The second part analyses the aspects of Lithuanian international trade, its statistical indexes, and it shows its strong and weak sides. The third part provides analysis and interpretation of research which reveals Lithuanian foreign trade tendencies and perspectives. The survey-based investigation showed that Lithuania’s main export partners are the EU countries and there is a tendency for the export to increase to the Russian market. The investigation showed Lithuanian companies’ strong sides which involve cheap manpower resources and good geographical position to export goods to the EU and Russian markets. In conclusion, it has been indentified that Lithuanian foreign trade volume will increase and it has unrealized perspectives of... [to full text]
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Šilinytė, Evelina. "The definition of torture in contemporary international law and practice." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120703_131129-34868.
Full textAbstract:
Torture is prohibited in a great number of international treaties. Some of the documents prohibit torture in general terms; some of them propose the definition of torture. The purpose of this research is to analyse how the legal scope of torture definition enshrined in the CAT has changed throughout the years and to what extent the definition of torture is applicable in contemporary legal practice. In the first part the international legal regulation will be discussed explaining which international documents prohibit torture, which of them define torture, what monitoring and judicial mechanisms are created. The definition of torture is differently interpreted in the jurisprudence of international tribunals. The actions which were not defined as torture 50 years ago are understandable as torture in recent jurisprudence. The second part is aimed to analyse how definition of torture evolved in international law during the years and how it was narrowed in the USA practice. Different interpretations of the definition of torture are compared in order to analyse which elements of torture definition enshrined in the CAT used in contemporary international judicial practice and to what extent they are applicable. This explains to what extent definition of torture is applicable by international judicial bodies in contemporary practice and what requirements it should fulfil to ensure the needs of contemporary human values. In the third part the definition of torture applicable in... [to full text]<br>Tarptautinės sutartys draudžia kankinimus. Vienos jų tiesiog draudžia kankinimus, kitos – pateikia kankinimų apibrėžimą. Šio darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti, kaip keitėsi teisinė kankinimo apibrėžimo apimtis ir kokia apimtimi jis yra taikomas šiuolaikinėje tarptautinės teisės praktikoje. Pirmoje darbo dalyje aptariama tarptautinė teisinė bazė, aiškinant kurie dokumentai draudžia kankinimus, kurie nustato kankinimų apibrėžimą, aiškinama kokie yra sukurti monitoringo ir kiti teisines priežiūros mechanizmai. Kankinimų apibrėžimas yra skirtingai interpretuojamas tarptautinių tribunolų jurisprudencijoje. Veiksmai, kurie prieš 50 metų nebuvo klasifikuojami kaip kankinimai, šiandien jau patenka į šią sąvoką. Antroje dalyje analizuojama kaip kankinimų apibrėžimas, pateiktas JT Konvencijoje prieš kankinimą, laikui bėgant, kito ir kaip jo taikymas buvo apribotas JAV praktikoje. Lyginamos įvairios kankinimų apibrėžimo interpretacijos, siekiant išanalizuoti JT Konvencijos prieš kankinimą apibrėžimo elementus, naudojamus šiuolaikinėje tarptautinėje teisėje ir išsiaiškinti kokia apimtimi jie yra taikomi. Taip paaiškinama, kokia apimtimi šiuolaikinėje praktikoje šį apibrėžimą taiko tarptautinės teisminės institucijos ir kokius reikalavimus jis turi atitikti, tam kad užtikrintų šiolaikinių žmogiškųjų vertybių poreikius. Trečioje dalyje analizuojamas kankinimo apibrėžimas, kuris yra taikomas Lietuvoje. Reikia pripažinti, kad Lietuvoje nėra aiškaus kankinimų apibrėžimo ir normos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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DONADELLI, MICHAEL. "International diffusion of shocks under different degrees of cross-country shocks comovement and economic integration." Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11385/200934.
Full textAbstract:
This paper studies the international transmission of shocks under different degrees of cross-country shocks comovement and economic integration via a two
country-two good model with recursive preferences, frictionless markets, and correlated short- and long-run innovations. In contrast to recent studies, I show that
the inclusion of cross-country balance sheet linkages and borrowing constraints does
not represent a necessary condition to produce a strong international propagation
mechanism. The novel risk sharing mechanism embodied in the model produces
symmetric and synchronized movements in consumption and stock prices even if
there are uncorrelated shocks and segmented goods markets. Nevertheless, model's
results give rise to a "quantitative trade-off". On the one side, the presence of
correlated long-run growth prospect is needed to produce a relatively low risk-free
rate and a relatively high equity risk premium (consistent with asset pricing data),
a no-close to unity cross-country consumption growth correlation (consistent with
international consumption data), and the Backus-Smith correlation. On the other
side, a negative short-run shock is key to produce a large and synchronized drop
in real and financial
flows (consistently with the properties of the 2008-2009 global
demand collapse).
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Steponavičiūtė, Jūratė. "Tarptautinės sutarties samprata šiuolaikinėje tarptautinėje teisėje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20061212_130547-93183.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, the concept of international treaty in contemporary international law is being analyzed. The concept of international treaty is being reviewed to international as well as to national extent of Lithuania and some other countries, applying the national law of different countries and international law, which define the concept of international treaty. The subject of the research – the main features of an international treaty, advantages and disadvantages of its consolidation in national and international law. The main objective is, by analyzing literature and the practice of courts, to reveal the concept of contemporary international treaty to international and national extent, and to reveal the advantages and disadvantages of international documents, which consolidate the main elements of an international treaty, as well as to find an optimal opportunity to sort out the problem of an ambiguous concept of international treaty.
Appealing to the main instruments of international law, the major features of an international law are revealed: it must be an international agreement; it must governed by international law; it must be made in written form; concluded between States or international organizations; embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments; whatever its particular designation. In the paper a problem of insufficient revelation of the main features of an international treaty in international law is analyzed. One more feature of an... [to full text]
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Vasiliauskienė, Violeta. "The fight against terrorism in the context of international humanitarian law." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140303_135329-20805.
Full textAbstract:
In the last decade the fight against terrorism was carried out not only by measures indicated in national criminal procedure laws or international treaties outlining measures in the fight against terrorism, but also using military forces and carrying out military measures. Thus the dissertation aims to establish when and to what extent is the international humanitarian law (hereinafter – IHL) applied in the fight against terrorism, that is, to analyze in what cases the fight against terrorism amounts to armed conflict, what is the status of terrorists taking part in the armed conflict according to IHL, and to evaluate in the light of IHL principles and rules the specific measures taken against terrorists. Firstly the dissertation analyses the question of the definition of terrorism and proposes a possible definition of this phenomenon. Further on the dissertation analyzes the instances when the IHL rules are applied in the fight against terrorism, that is, when such situation amounts to an armed conflict, and evaluates the main criteria of armed conflict – intensity and organization – and their application in the fight against terrorism. The dissertation also explores the questions of the status of terrorists taking part in an armed conflict, distinguishing those taking part in international and non-international armed conflicts, and exploring the criteria for the direct participation in hostilities for such persons. Finally, the dissertation analyzes the specific measure of... [to full text]<br>Pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais kovą su terorizmu pradėta vykdyti ne tik pasitelkiant nacionaliniuose baudžiamojo proceso įstatymuose ar tarptautinėse sutartyse, skirtose kovai su terorizmu, numatytas priemones, tačiau ir naudojant karines pajėgas bei atliekant karinius veiksmus. Taigi disertacijoje iškeliamas tikslas nustatyti, kada ir kokiu mastu taikoma tarptautinė humanitarinė teisė (toliau – THT) kovoje su terorizmu, tai yra, ištirti, kokiais atvejais kova su terorizmu laikytina ginkluotu konfliktu, koks yra teroristų, dalyvaujančių ginkluotame konflikte, statusas pagal THT ir atsižvelgiant į THT normas įvertinti specifines kovos priemones, naudojamas kovojant su teroristais. Pirmiausiai disertacijoje analizuojamas terorizmo apibrėžimo klausimas ir pateikiamas galimas terorizmo apibrėžimas. Toliau disertacijoje vertinama, kuriais atvejais kovojant su terorizmu bus taikomos THT normos, tai yra, kada kova su terorizmu prilygsta ginkluotam konfliktui, tiriami ginkluoto konflikto intensyvumo ir organizuotumo kriterijai ir jų taikymas kovos su terorizmu situacijose. Disertacijoje taip pat tiriama, koks yra teroristų, dalyvaujančių ginkluotame konflikte, statusas pagal THT, išskiriant tarptautiniuose ir netarptautiniuose ginkluotuose konfliktuose dalyvaujančius asmenis, taip pat išsamiai išanalizuojant asmenų tiesioginio dalyvavimo ginkluotame konflikte kriterijus. Galiausiai disertacijoje tiriama specifinė kovos su terorizmu priemonė – tikslinių nužudymų, ypač naudojant... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Gordon, William. "Mobile livelihoods: a case study of Lithuanian international long-haul truck drivers." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110607_135718-12080.
Full textAbstract:
Research Question: how are Lithuanian international long-haul truck drivers’ livelihoods constructed in terms of work, home, and everyday life?
Research Problem and significance. The aim of this research is to look at work, home, and everyday life in the context of mobility and mobile livelihoods in Lithuanian international long-haul truckers. Portrayals of truckers in media and pop culture are often negative or sensationalized, including stories about truck accidents, smuggling, immoral behaviors, or problems with the law. This research is a response to such perceptions, motivated by the fact that there is no qualitative research on truck drivers in Lithuania.
Research Tasks
1. Create a theoretical base for analyzing and interpreting mobile lives using various theoretical approaches on mobility, place, home, community, and boundaries.
2. Present and analyze empirical work from the field of Lithuanian long-haul truck drivers based on emic frameworks of ‘kasdienybė’ and ‘namai’.
3. Apply theoretical approach of mobile livelihoods along with emic frameworks of ‘kasdienybė’ and ‘namai’ from the Lithuanian case toward an analysis of Cameroon long-haul truck drivers’ work-lives.
Methods. Fieldwork conducted with Lithuanian international long-haul truck drivers who spent 5-6 days or more on the road at a time, with just 2-4 days per month ‘at home’ (in Lithuania). Empirical section relies on two primary informants with whom I spent a total of 3 ½ weeks traveling. Research... [to full text]<br>Tyrimo klausimas. Ką reiškia namai, darbas bei kasdieniniai poreikiai Lietuvos tarptautinių tolimųjų reisų vairuotojams, „gyvenantiems ant ratų“ ?
Tyrimo problema ir reikšmė. Šio tyrimo tikslas yra pažvelgti į Lietuvos tarptautinių tolimųjų reisų vairuotojų. kultūrą ir vietą mobilumo ir mobiliojo pragyvenimo kontekste. Lietuvos žiniasklaidoje tolimųjų reisų vairuotojai dažnai yra apibūdinami neigiamai arba hiperbolizuotai, įskaitant pasakojimus apie transportą, nelaimingus atsitikimus, kontrabandą, amoralų elgesį, ar problemas su įstatymu. Šis tyrimas yra atsakas į tokį suvokimą ir motyvuojama tuo, kad Lietuvoje nebuvo atlikta tolimųjų reisų vairuotojų gyvenimo kokybiško tyrimo.
Tyrimo uždaviniai:
1. Sukurti teorinį pagrindą, skirtą analizuoti ir interpretuoti mobilų gyvenimą, taikant įvairius teorinius požiūrius į mobilumą, vietą, namus, bendruomenę ir etninius skirtumus.
2. Pateikti ir išanalizuoti empirinį darbą apie Lietuvos tolimųjų reisų vairuotojus, remiantis eminiais terminais - "kasdienybė" ir "namai".
3. Pagal atliktą analizę, palyginti požiūrį į mobiliojo gyvenimo esmę kartu su eminiais terminais - "kasdienybė" ir "namai" – tarp Lietuvos ir Kamerūno tolimųjų reisų vairuotojų.
Metodai. Taikytas duomenų rinkimas apie Lietuvos tolimųjų reisų vairuotojus, kurie vidutiniškai praleidžia 5-6 dienas ar daugiau kelyje, su 2-4 dienomis per mėnesį "namuose" (Lietuvoje). Empirinio skyriaus duomenys pagrįsti dviejų pagrindinių asmenų, su kuriais aš praleidau 3 ½... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Burinskienė, Aurelija. "The application of electronic commerce technologies in the development of international trade." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20101119_134711-94935.
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In summary there is a presentation of discussed problem, its topicality; the aim and tasks, methods of research, defended propositions, scientific novelty, conclussions of doctoral thesis are presented as well. The aim of research – to examine complex application of electronic commerce technologies in international trade and to propose the model, which can be applied to evaluate efficiency when electronic commerce technologies are used in international trade.<br>Santraukoje pristatoma gvildenama problema, jos aktualumas, tyrimo tikslas ir uždaviniai, tyrimo metodika, ginamieji teiginiai, mokslinis darbo naujumas, pagrindinės disertacinio tyrimo išvados. Darbo tikslas – kompleksiškai išnagrinėti elektroninės komercijos technologijų taikymo tarptautinėje prekyboje ypatumus ir parengti modelį, skirtą vertinti elektroninės komercijos technologijų panaudojimo tarptautinėje prekyboje efektyvumą.
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Apolevič, Jolanta. "The Impact of the Principles of International Environmental Law on Nuclear Law." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140922_141136-97141.
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The thesis presents an investigation of the direct and indirect impact of environmental legal principles on international nuclear law and the regulation of nuclear activities, seeking to offer an up-to-date material for decision-making institutions and society on the main challenges that are necessary to overcome in order to reach the situation where nuclear energy could in the most effective way contribute to the implementation of environmental aims and where the environment could be adequately protected against any risks of the possible transboundary damage caused by nuclear activities developed for peaceful purposes (the analysis carried out in the thesis adopts an ecocentric rather than anthropocentric approach). The environmental legal principles chosen as an object for the analysis are those that provide for the guidelines and directions for the development of the international norms of nuclear law as well as lay down the regime for protecting natural environment (environmental safeguards) and international liability for environmental damage caused as a result of nuclear activities (i.e., the principles of cooperation, sustainable development, prevention, precaution, polluter pays, and the principle of information). After defining the points of interaction between international environmental law and nuclear law, the analysis proceeds with the examination of problems related to the evolution of environmental legal principles and their perspectives in the area of the... [to full text]<br>Disertacijoje nagrinėjama tiesioginė ir netiesioginė aplinkos teisės principų įtaka tarptautinei branduolinei teisei ir branduolinės energetikos objektų reguliavimui, siekiant informuoti sprendimus priimančias institucijas ir visuomenę apie pagrindinius iššūkius, kuriuos reikia įveikti siekiant, kad branduolinė energetika kiek įmanoma veiksmingiau prisidėtų įgyvendinant aplinkosauginius tikslus, o aplinka būtų tinkamai apsaugota nuo taikiais tikslais vystomos branduolinės veiklos keliamos tarpvalstybinės žalos rizikos (analizės metu vyrauja ekocentrinis, o ne antropocentrinis požiūris). Analizės objektu pasirinkti tie aplinkos teisės principai, kurie numato gaires tarptautinėms branduolinės teisės normoms plėtotis, nustato gamtos apsaugos režimą (saugiklius) bei tarptautinę atsakomybę, atsirandančią dėl branduolinės energetikos objektų sukelto žalingo poveikio aplinkai (t.y. bendradarbiavimo, darnaus vystymosi, prevencijos, atsargumo, teršėjas moka ir informavimo principai). Nurodžius tarptautinės aplinkos teisės ir branduolinės teisės sąlyčio taškus, toliau nagrinėjamos problemos dėl aplinkos teisės principų raidos ir perspektyvų branduolinės energetikos objektų reglamentavimo srityje, pateikiama susijusi nacionalinių ir tarptautinių ginčų sprendimo institucijų dėl branduolinės energetikos objektų praktika, atsakoma į klausimą, kuris iš minėtų aplinkos teisės principų veikimo modelių – tiesioginis ar netiesioginis – yra veiksmingesnis siekiant įgyvendinti užsibrėžtus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Vagelli, Valerio [Verfasser], and W. de [Akademischer Betreuer] Boer. "Measurement of the cosmic (e+ + e-) flux from 0.5 GeV to 1 TeV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02) on the International Space Station / Valerio Vagelli. Betreuer: W. de Boer." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1067496769/34.
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Darašaitė, Ingrida. "The 9/11 effect upon international organizations and its implications for small states." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080616_111150-50825.
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In the thesis transformation of the international organizations will be analyzed. Nation-state foreign policy approach will be applied to the analysis, because international organizations are a peculiar kind of political systems. This leads to the general key research question: how and why do international organizations change? The methodological purpose of the thesis is too show the limits of existing scholarship on international organizations, because they neglect the external factors behind actual change within international organizations. The organizations NATO and the UN were chosen as cases. The UN from an international law point of view is undeniably the most important IO and the only truly system-wide IO; whereas NATO is seen by many as simply the strongest IO due to its combined military strength. In the thesis it will be argued that the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 served as an external shock and had an empirical effect on NATO and the UN. The main empirical aim of the analysis is to explore 9/11 effect upon two cases of IOs, namely the UN and NATO, in an attempt to gain better understanding of their transformation processes. The intention is also to explore the further effect of this change upon the security policy situation of small states. The research question of the thesis: how and why were the United Nations and North Atlantic Treaty Organization affected by the events of 9/11? Therefore the following tasks are set in the analysis: 1. to construct... [to full text]<br>Šioje analizėje nagrinėjami tarptautinių organizacijų transformacijos procesai. Tyrimo aspektas, kuriuo remiantis bus nagrinėjamos tarptautinės organizacijos yra pritaikytas iš valstybės užsienio politikos studijų. Šis tarptautinių organizacijų nagrinėjimo aspektas analizėje taikomas, kadangi kaip ir valstybės, tarptautinės organizacijos yra savitos politinės sistemos. Kaip jau minėta, tyrime nagrinėjami tarptautinių organizacijų kaitos procesai, todėl pagrindinė tyrimo problema – kaip ir kodėl tarptautinės organizacijos keičiasi. Šiuolaikiniai politikos mokslų tyrinėtojai analizuodami tarptautinių organizacijų kaitą yra linkę nagrinėti vidinę organizacijų dinamiką, t.y. veiksnius organizacijų viduje, sąlygojančius organizacijų pasikeitimus. Tokiu būdu yra pamirštama organizaciją supanti išorinė aplinka. Šioje analizėje dėmesys bus skiriamas išorinės aplinkos, t.y. išorinio šoko poveikio organizacijoms tyrimui. Tyrimo objektas - NATO ir Jungtinių Tautų (JTO) organizacijos. Analizei pasirinktos šios organizacijos, kadangi karine prasme NATO yra vertinama kaip stipriausia ir sėkmingiausia tarptautinė organizacija pasaulyje. Tuo tarpu JTO yra didžiausia tarptautinė bei vienintelė globali organizacija. Analizės tikslas - ištirti 2001 m. rugsėjo 11-osios teroro aktų JAV poveikį JTO ir NATO organizacijoms, išanalizuoti šio įvykio sąlygotus abiejų organizacijų pasikeitimų procesus ir ��ių pasikeitimų įtaką mažųjų valstybių saugumo politikos situacijai. Iš analizės tikslo kyla... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Nikitinas, Vilius. "Civil liability of rail carriers under CIM and SMGS international conventions: a comparative analysis." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20131030_082240-21874.
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The subject of study covers the institute of carriers’ liability governed by two international legal acts, namely, SMGS and CIM. The work analyses the four main civil liability clauses established in each of them and identifies the commonalities and differences of legal regulation. Relying on the experience in the international regulation of carriers’ liability in other modes of transport as well as on the analysis of SMGS, CIM and SMGS/CIM, the need for developing a new uniform system of rail carriers’ liability is investigated and a draft new legal act governing international carriage by rail is proposed. This research relies on the regulation of carriers’ liability in air, sea or road transport only to the extent to which this helps in finding more advanced models of carriers’ liability, in comparing such models, and in adapting them to carriage by rail. A detailed analysis of other modes of transport could be the subject of another research, therefore, this study does not dwell on such analysis.<br>Šios disertacijos tyrimo objektas – vežėjo civilinės atsakomybės institutas, reglamentuojamas dviejų skirtingų tarptautinės teisės aktų – 1951 metų Tarptautinio krovinių vežimo geležinkeliais susitarimo (SMGS) ir 1999 metų Vienodųjų tarptautinio krovinių vežimo geležinkeliais sutarties taisyklių (CIM). Pirmoje dalyje analizuojamos SMGS sukurtos vežėjo geležinkeliais civilinės atsakomybės sąlygos. Antroje dalyje nagrinėjamos vežėjo civilinės atsakomybės pagal CIM nuostatas sąlygos. Atskirai išanalizavus CIM bei SMGS aktų turinį, trečioje disertacijos dalyje vertinama šių tarptautinių dokumentų esminiai panašumai bei skirtumai atsakomybės reguliavimo srityje. Disertacijoje koncentruotai pateiktas minėtų aktų palyginimas laikantis darbe naudojamos struktūros, t.y. atskirai palyginamos vežėjo civilinės atsakomybės sąlygos. Ketvirtojoje dalyje aptariami CIM/SMGS bendrojo važtaraščio bruožai, jo taikymo praktika, teisinės prezumpcijos, galimybė naudotis elektronine važtaraščio forma bei galimų pretenzijų nagrinėjimas. Penktojoje dalyje nagrinėjama galimybė sukurti bendrą CIM/SMGS teisinę sistemą, kuri ne tik suderintų šias konvencijas tarpusavyje, tačiau ir įtvirtintų naujas teisės normas, atsižvelgiant į kitų vežimo būdų (oru, jūra, keliais) tarptautinį reglamentavimą. Šioje dalyje koncentruojamasi į pasiūlymus dėl būsimo vieningo akto tarptautiniuose pervežimuose geležinkeliais, akcentuojant teisinės civilinės atsakomybės reglamentavimą.
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Petrauskaitė, Dovilė. "Principle of self-determination of peoples in international law and the borders of implementation." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080924_213505-88461.
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Principle of self-determination of peoples is one of the issues of international law, which is complicated. International commentators agree that the content of the principle is unclear. The same should be said about the borders of implementation of the principle. There are a number of legal acts on the question, however the two problems remain. This master thesis was aimed to analyze and to reveal the purport of the principle of self-determination of peoples and the borders of implementation.<br>Laisvas tautų apsisprendimo principas tarptautinėje teisėje yra priskiriamas sudėtingesniems klausimams. Mokslininkai analizavę principą pabrėžia, kad sunku yra atskleisti principo esmę, nes ji yra labai neapibrėžta. Sunku apibrėžti ir aiškias principo taikymo ribas. Nors yra priimta daug teisinių dokumentų, kurie reglamentuoja laisvo tautų apsisprendimo principo taikymą, jie neatskleidžia principo esmės bei mažai prisideda prie ribų nustatymo. Šio darbo tikslas buvo išanalizuoti ir atskleisti laisvo tautų apsisprendimo principo esmę bei jo taikymo ribas.
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Maskeliūnaitė, Lijana. "The model for multicriteria evaluation of the quality of passenger transportation by international trains." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130122_170551-82864.
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The dissertation considers the problems, associated with passenger transportation by international trains (PTIT). The research object is the process of passenger transportation by international trains (PPTIT). By using the experimental methods, the significances (weights) and the order of preferences of the qualitative criteria, describing this process, are determined. The complex model, deve-loped by the author for multicriteria PTIT evaluation, allows for determining a single-valued quantitative criterion for evaluating a particular train travelling on a particular route. The main aim of the dissertation is to offer a methodology for evaluating the quality of passenger transportation by international trains (QPTIT).
The dissertation consists of the Introduction, four chapters, the description of the obtained results, the list of references as well as the author’s publications on the topic of the thesis and 12 annexes.
The Introduction briefly describes the research problem and object, the topicality of the work, its aim and objectives, and the applied research methods, as well as the novelty and practical value of the results obtained and the defended statements. Finally, the Introduction presents the list of the author’s publications and reports delivered at the conferences on the topic of the dissertation.
Chapter 1 presents the analysis of the Lithuanian and EU standards and regulations, defining the quality of passenger transportation by rail. It also describes the... [to full text]<br>Disertacijoje nagrinėjamos tarptautinio keleivių vežimo geležinkeliais (TKVG) problemos. Pagrindinis darbo objektas – tarptautinio keleivių vežimo geležinkeliais procesas (TKVGP). Eksperimentiniais metodais nustatyti kelionės traukiniu kokybės kriterijų reikšmingumas ir šių kriterijų grupių svarba (pirmumas). Autorės suformuluotas TKVG kompleksinis daugiakriterinis vertinimo modelis leido nustatyti vieno traukinio, vykstančio tam tikru maršrutu, vienareikšmį kiekybinį rodiklį. Pagrindinis disertacijos tikslas – pateikti tarptautinio keleivių vežimo geležinkeliais (kelionės traukiniu) kokybės (TKVGK) vertinimo metodologiją.
Disertaciją sudaro įvadas, keturi skyriai, rezultatų apibendrinimas, naudotos literatūros ir autorės publikacijų disertacijos tema sąrašai bei 12 priedų.
Įvade trumpai aptarta tiriamoji problema, darbo aktualumas, pristatytas tyrimų objektas, suformuluotas darbo tikslas bei uždaviniai, aprašyta tyrimų metodika, mokslinis darbo naujumas, praktinė rezultatų reikšmė bei pateikti ginamieji teiginiai. Įvado pabaigoje pristatomos autorės paskelbtos publikacijos ir pranešimai konferencijose disertacijos tema.
Pirmajame skyriuje atlikta geležinkelio infrastruktūros, riedmenų ir TKVGP mokslinių darbų analizė. Taip pat atlikta Lietuvos Respublikos (Europos Sąjungos) norminių dokumentų, reglamentuojančių keleivių vežimo geležinkeliais kokybę, analizė.
Antrasis skyrius skirtas AB ,,Lietuvos geležinkeliai“ (LG) veiklos ir keleivių vežimo rodiklių apžvalgai, kelionės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Pociūtė, Aušrinė. "Užsienio arbitražų sprendimo pripažinimas ir santykis su apeliacija (revizija)." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20110709_152133-84251.
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Santrauka Šiame darbe analizuojami arbitražo teisinės prigimties, arbitražinio susitarimo bei sprendimo esmė bei probleminiai klausimai, pateikiama užsienio arbitražų sprendimo pripažinimo procedūros ir užsienio arbitražų sprendimo nepripažinimo pagrindų problematika, tiriami užsienio arbitražų sprendimo pripažinimo ir apeliacijos (revizijos) panašumai, skirtumai bei tarpusavio santykis. Remiantis darbo eigoje atliktos analizės rezultatais, atskleidžiami Lietuvos bei pasirinktų užsienio valstybių užsienio arbitražų sprendimo pripažinimo teisinio reglamentavimo, teismų praktikos panašumai ir skirtumai, identifikuojamos problemos ir pateikiamas galimas jų sprendimas. Atskirų valstybių nacionalinių įstatymų užsienio arbitražų sprendimo pripažinimo klausimų reglamentavimo įvairovė bei nevieninga teismų praktika sąlygoja analizuojamų problemų gajumą. Daugiausia darbe analizuojamas 1958m Niujorko konvencijos ir Lietuvos komercinio arbitražo įstatymo nuostatų taikymas užsienio arbitražų sprendimo pripažinimo srityje. Vadovaujantis atlikta teisine analize, galima daryti išvadą, kad norint harmonizuoti užsienio arbitražų sprendimo pripažinimo reglamentavimą, reikalingas ne tik vieningas užsienio arbitražų sprendimo pripažinimo nuostatų aktas- Niujorko konvencija, bet ir ją įgyvendinantis, tarptautiniu lygiu priimtas, Niujorko konvencijos įgyvendinimo aktas, kuris leistų suvienodinti nacionalinius įstatymus ir sudarytų tinkamas sąlygas užsienio arbitražų sprendimo pripažinimo vieningai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>Summary The Recognition of Foreign Arbitral Awards and Relation with Appeal (Revision) This article analyses the nature of arbitrage, the essence of arbitral agreement and decision. The main issues presented are problematic points of recognition procedure and grounds of disclaimer of foreign arbitral awards. Furthermore, while using comparative method the aim of this article was to disclose and investigate similarities, differences and relations between foreign arbitral award recognition and appeal (revision). According to the results of the analysis, there were discovered similarities and differences of Lithuanian and selected foreign countries court rulings adopted in the cases of recognition of arbitral awards. Therefore, the appropriate problems were identified and possible solutions of recent regulation were offered. In Addition, the vitality of these problems are influenced due to variety of national regulations and disunity of judicial practice of every single foreign country. Analysis of the rules of the New York convention and The Law of commercial arbitration of Republic of Lithuania as well as application of them is the central topic of this article. Following the legal analysis of this article, it is concluded that the harmonizing purpose of recognition of foreign arbitral award regulations determines the New York convention cannot secure appropriate legal practice as international implementation and enactment of this convention is necessary due to harmonize... [to full text]
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Šapokaitė, Žaneta. "Tarptautinių organizacijų komunikacinė praktika Lietuvoje: UNESCO ir JTVP atvejis." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110218_090846-70977.
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Informacinių technologijų, inovacijų ir besiformuojančių naujų socialinių struktūrų paskatinti globalizacijos procesai kasdien intensyvėja. Informacijos srautai tarsi sujungia pasaulį, ima formuotis bendri interasai tarp valstybių. Daugybė aktualių nacionalinių klausimų, vienoje ar kitoje šalyje, virsta globaliais. Šiandieninės problemos išsprūsta iš valstybinės galios ribų ir aplinkosaugos, saugumo, švietimo, skurdo klausimai tampa aktualūs visam pasauliui. Siekdamos užkirsti kelią ar surasti tam tikrų sprendimų, kaip intensyvėjančios globalios problemos galėtų būti suvaldytos, valstybės ima bendradarbiauti. Tokį bendradarbiavimą iliustruoja ne tik užsienio politikos plėtotė ar tarptautinių santykių vystymasis, bet ir tarptautinių organizacijų kūrimasis. Nors aukščiausios tarptautinės organizacijos valdymo institucijos numato organizacijos veiklos politiką, priima tam tikus tarptautinius standartus, o valstybės narės privalo nuolat jų laikytis, vis dėl to kiekviena šalis, priklausanti bet kuriai tarptautiniai organizacijai, gali siekti nacionalinių ir globalių interesų įgyvendinimo. Net ir maža politiškai bei ekonomiškai silpna valstybė gali apčiuopiamai prisidėti prie globalių problemų sprendimų. Tokia yra ir Lietuva. Priklausanti ne vienai tarptautiniai organizacijai, ši valstybė siekia ir nacionalinių ir globalių tikslų. Tokie tikslai įgyvendinami kruopščiai planuojant veiksmus, tiriant nuolat kintančią aplinką ir kuriant efektyvias komunikacines strategijas. Tarptautinių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>Summary
Induced by information technologies, innovations and developing new social structures- globalization process increase every day. Information flows connects the world, starts to develop new mutual interests between countries. Many relevant national questions in one or another country become global. Today those problems slip from national power and so environmental, security, education, poverty questions becomes important for everyone. Actually countries start to collaborate by trying to stop or find certain decisions, how growing global problems could be controlled. That kind of collaboration illustrates not only development of foreign countries or increase of international relations, but also formation of international organizations. Although the authority institutions of all the highest international organizations plans the work politics, accepts certain international standards and member countries have to follow them and still every country that belongs to any international organization, can pursue national and global interest accomplishment. Even small politically and economically week countries can greatly contribute to solutions of global problems. Actually Lithuania is also that kind of country. Member of international organizations, this country pursue national and global goals. These goals can be accomplished by accurately planning actions, researching constantly changing environment and creating effective communication strategies. By applying actions and... [to full text]
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Milkeraitytė, Kristina. "Private Military and Security Companies and Their Personnel in the Context of International Humanitarian Law." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090629_101808-18164.
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The tendency after the end of the Cold war to downsize national armies on the one hand and persistent armed conflicts in unstable African, Near East and Balkan regions on the other created opening conditions for the revival and rapid evolvement of the private business structures that provide military and security services. Prevailing viewpoint that PMSCs and their personnel represent the new form of the mercenary is not correct from the IHL perspective and could lead to serious human rights abuses. Numerous cases and analysis of the scholar literature shows that inaccurate qualification of the PMSCs’ employees’ status results into deprivation of certain scope of protection from private contractors. Moreover, since there are no accountability and control mechanisms, a high risk for the abuses and impunity for violations of the IHL occurs.
Present master thesis aims to analyze international legal status of the PMSCs and their personnel in the context of armed conflict. It also assesses conformity of the existing practice to the IHL norms. In order to conclude a comprehensive research, author provides historical perspective of the warfare privatization, surveys factors that contributed to the outsourcing of military functions, defines what is PMSC, what are their types and capacity of each type, highlights distinguishing features between mercenaries and private contractors and gives a review of the contemporary practice of their use in the armed conflicts.
Hypothesis that... [to full text]<br>Pasibaigus Šaltajam karui išryškėjusi tendencija valstybėms mažinti savo ginkluotąsias pajėgas ir nuolatiniai kariniai konfliktai nestabiliuose Afrikos, Artimųjų Rytų, Balkanų regionuose sudarė palankias sąlygas atgyti ir sparčiai plėtotis privačių, karines ir saugumo paslaugas teikiančių, kompanijų verslui. Vyraujantis požiūris, kad PKSK-jų darbuotojai atstovauja naują samdinystės formą nėra teisiškai korektiškas ir gali lemti grubius žmogaus teisių pažeidimus. Gausi praktika bei mokslinės literatūros analizė rodo, kad privačių kompanijų darbuotojų teisinis statusas klaidingai ir skirtingai kvalifikuojamas pagal tarptautinę humanitarinę teisę. Viena vertus tai sąlygoja kad kompanijų darbuotojams nesuteikiama jiems priklausanti apsauga. Antra vertus, nesant aiškių tarptautinės PKSK-jų atskaitomybės ir kontrolės mechanizmų, susidaro sąlygos piktnaudžiavimui bei nebaudžiamumui už įvykdytus nusikaltimus.
Šiame magistro baigiamajame darbe siekiama išanalizuoti PKSK-jų ir jų darbuotojų tarptautinį teisinį statusą ginkluotų konfliktų metu ir įvertinti egzistuojančios praktikos atitikimą tarptautinės humanitarinės teisės normoms. Siekiant atlikti išsamų tyrimą, iškelti uždaviniai pateikti istorinę karo privatizacijos apžvalgą, aptarti procesą skatinančius faktorius, apibrėžti, kas yra PKSK, kokie jų tipai ir kiekvieno iš jų kompetencija, išryškinti skiriamuosius privačių karių ir samdinių bruožus bei apžvelgti dabartinę praktiką šioje srityje.
Remiantis pirmine literatūros analize... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Sultan, Aysel. "HIV/AIDS related stigma and discrimination issues from cross-cultural aspects of international social work." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130614_105504-21833.
Full textAbstract:
Stefan Elbe (2005) in his writing about international security dimensions calls HIV/AIDS as a “global security threat” and emphasizes the importance of the disease acknowledgement by the scholars and international policy-makers. Indeed, HIV/AIDS is already for a long time not considered solely as a health problem, on the contrary, the medicalisation of the disease, remains one of the biggest obstacles to the global prevention and holistic treatment approaches. This research highlights those particular obstructions in the essence of cross-cultural peculiarities, bringing more vividness into idea of how HIV/AIDS related challenges are seen in different communities, despite of being a globally actual issue for more than three decades. It is almost an undeniable reality that HIV/AIDS pandemic unites millions and millions of people throughout the world each year, and no matter how bitter might the fact of comprehension be, it still continues to take lives away, therefore, investigations and researchers must be going on, for making the survival a better experience.
This study provides case-studies of stigma and discriminatory challenges as a cultural systems (both internal and external) with its own symbols, rules, thinking models, approaches, norms, laws, values, beliefs, prejudices, taboos, goals, contexts, and political abutments through the exploration of cultural resources that specific societies adopt. Besides that, psychological and existential analysis are used to reveal... [to full text]<br>ŽIV/AIDS jau ilgą laiką nėra laikoma tik kaip sveikatos problema, priešingai, medicininiu požiūriu išlieka viena iš didžiausių problemų taikant pasaulines prevencijos ir holistinį gydymą. Šis tyrimas pabrėžia problemos skirtingose kultūrose ypatumus, todėl dėmesys kreipiamas kaip su ŽIV/AIDS susijusios problemos vertinamos skirtingose bendruomenėse. todėl tyrimai ir tyrėjai turi būti vyksta, už išlikimo geresnį įspūdį. Šis tyrimas atskleidė diskriminacijos problemas, kurios atsiskleidė skirtingose kultūrose per tam tikrus simbolius, taisykles, mąstymo modelius, pagalbos metodus, įstatymus, vertybines nuostatas, tabu. Tyrimo duomenys analizuoti taikant psichologinį ir egzistencinį požiūrius. Bendras tyrimo dalyvių skaičius 13 (11 sergančių ŽIV ir 2 ekspertai). Duomenys rinkti Azerbaidžane, Lietuvoje ir Vokietijoje.
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Bertašienė, Rūta. "Tarptautinių teismų įtaka tarptautinės teisės normų kūrimui." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20061211_142135-28165.
Full textAbstract:
Šiame magistro baigiamajam darbe nagrinėjama dviejų teismų – Tarptautinio teisingumo teismo ir Europos teisingumo teismo daroma įtaka tarptautinių teisės normų kūrimui. Tarptautinė teisė šiuo metu apima labai plačias ir sudėtingas tarptautinio pobūdžio sferas. Tačiau tarptautinėje teisėje nėra institucijos, kuri priimtų visuotinai privalomus tarptautinius teisės aktus. Šioje sistemoje tarptautinės teisės subjektai patys kuria tarptautines teisės normas ir principus, ir patys jų laikosi. Nemažą, nors ir netiesioginę įtaką kuriant bei plėtojant tarptautinės teisės normas turi ir tarptautiniai – pasauliniai bei regioniniai – teismai. Daugeliu atvejų minėtų tarptautinių teismų priimami sprendimai turėjo įtakos sprendžiant panašias bylas ir ateityje bei įtvirtinant tarptautinius visuotinai pripažįstamus teisės principus. Be to, tiek Tarptautinis teisingumo teismas, tiek Europos teisingumo teismas ne tik sprendžia ginčus tarp šalių, bet taip pat „užpildo“ egzistuojančias parlamentinės kontrolės spragas.<br>Influence on creation of international law rules by two courts – the International Court of Justice and the European Court of Justice is analyzed in this master’s final job. The international law covers wide and difficult range of the international spheres. But there is no institution in the international law, which would enact the international acts. Subjects themselves create law rules and principles at the same time sticking to them. The international courts – global and regional have quite big although indirect influence on development of the international law rules. In many cases, judgments made by the international courts, had the influence on solving similar cases in the future and on assessing internationally conventional law principles. Furthermore the International Court of Justice and the European Court of Justice not only solve issues between sides, but also “fill” the gap in the parliamentary control.
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Mockienė, Akvilė. "Is the insolvency of the State legitimate basis to suspend or repudiate on international financial obligations?" Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090730_144742-25837.
Full textAbstract:
The author of this thesis raised question if the insolvency of a State is the legitimate basis for suspension or repudiation on international financial obligations. Since there is no uniform way to deal with the issue, the attention is given to different practices and guidelines of court’s reasoning. In order to answer the legal question, prove or neglect the hypothesis and fulfill goals descriptive, analytical and comparative methods are used. The paper consists of four major parts and proceeds in the following order.
Part one provides general understanding of State as subject of international law, gives basic legal characteristics of Sovereign debt, introduces the legal definition of insolvent State and explores responsibility of the State in case of unilateral suspension or repudiation on external public debt.
The second part explores the existing judicial regulation, defines the absence of international law containing a uniform or a codified insolvency law of states and outlines the main principles applicable to the dispute resolution between insolvent Sovereign State and its creditors. This section also analyzes the frequent practice of solvency crises resolutions and sifts through main judicial problems. It is concluded that current Sovereign crisis resolution violates the main fundamental principle of the rule of law: that one must not be judge in one's own cause. Author emphasizes that diversity among creditors creates uncertainty among all participants as to how... [to full text]<br>Darbo tikslas yra atsakyti į klausimą, ar valstybės nemokumas yra teisėtas pagrindas sustabdyti arba panaikinti tarptautinių įsipareigojimų vykdymą. Jam pasiekti naudojami aprašomasis, analitinis bei palyginamasis metodai. Magistro baigiamasis darbas yra sudarytas iš keturių pagrindinių dalių.
Pirmiausia yra pristatoma valstybės kaip tarptautinės teisės subjekto samprata, bendra valstybės skolos charakteristika, pateikiamas nemokios valstybės apibrėžimas bei analizuojama valstybės atsakomybė vienašališkai sustabdant tarptautinių įsipareigojimų vykdymą arbą jų atsisakant.
Antrojoje dalyje atskleidžiama nemokios valstybės is jos kreditorių santykių reglamentacija, aptariami bendrieji teisės principai taikytini valstybės nemokumui. Analizuojama dabartinė nemokių valstybių problemų sprendimo praktika bei atskleidžiamos pagrindinės teisinės problemos.
Trečioji dalys yra skirta sąlygų, kurioms esant nemoki valstybė gali teisėtai atsisakyti vykdyti savo finansinius įsipareigojimus, analizei. Prieinama prie išvados, kad valstybės nemokumas gali būti teisėtas pagrindas sustabdyti arba panaikinti tarptautinių įsipareigojimų vykdymą , tačiau tik esant tam tikroms aplinkybėms – kuomet tarptautinių finansinių įsipareigojimų vykdymas pažeidžia pagrindinius nemokios valstybės piliečių poreikius bei teises.
Paskutinėje dalyje pristatomi siūlymai kaip galima būtų teisiškai reguliuoti nemokios valstybės ir jos kretitorių santykius. Pateikti projektai palyginami, aptariamos jų trūkumai ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Valeišaitė, Vita. "Tarptautinė humanitarinė teisė Antrojo pasaulinio karo metu." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070102_162531-42357.
Full textAbstract:
Antrasis pasaulinis karas – vienas iš baisiausių karų žmonijos istorijoje. Jis nusinešė
daugiau nei 60 milijonų žmonių gyvybių. Pagrindinis tarptautinės humanitarinės teisės tikslas –
apsaugoti žmonių gyvybes. Deja, Antrojo pasaulinio karo metu to padaryti nepavyko. Šiame
darbe siekiama apžvelgti šio karo metu galiojusias tarptautinės humanitarinės teisės normas, jų
spragas, valstybių įsipareigojimų apimtį ir vykdytus pažeidimus bei išsiaiškinti jų priežastis. Taip
pat apžvelgiama Antrojo pasaulinio karo įtaka vėlesnei tarptautinės humanitarinės teisės raidai.
Pirmoje darbo dalyje apžvelgtos pagrindinės iki Antrojo pasaulinio karo priimtos
tarptautinės humanitarinės teisės normos, Tarptautinių diplomatinių konferencijų baigiamieji
aktai, siekta išsiaiškinti valstybių ketinimus ir tikslus dėl tarptautinių ginkluotų konfliktų
reglamentavimo. Toliau apžvelgiami tarptautiniai konfliktai, autoriaus nuomone, turėję priversti
tarptautinę bendriją susimąstyti dėl humanitarinės teisės normų veiksmingumo. Pirmasis
pasaulinis karas ir Italijos – Etiopijos karas parodė, kad galiojusias teisės normas būtina tobulinti,
nes jos nesugebėjo užtikrinti pagrindinių humanitarinės teisės tikslų – apsaugoti žmonių gyvybių
bei padaryti karą humaniškesnį.
Antroji šio darbo dalis skirta karo aukų apsaugai. Iš pradžių kalbama apie sužeistųjų
ir ligonių apsaugą ginkluoto konflikto metu. Jų padėtį reglamentavo 1929 m. Ženevos
konvencija dėl sužeistųjų ir sergančiųjų padėties veikiančiose armijose... [to full text]<br>The Second World War is one of the most terrible wars in the history of mankind. There were about 60 million direct victims of the war. The main aim of international humanitarian law is to protect lives of human beings. Unfortunately, it failed to do this during the Second World War. In this work it is intended to review the main rules which were in effect during this war, their gaps and imperfections, the obligations of the belligerents and violations committed by them. It is also discussed the impact of the World War Two to the future development of the international humanitarian law.
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Sipas, Gediminas. "Tiesioginės užsienio investicijos Lietuvoje – galimybės ir perspektyvos." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20100224_140052-70841.
Full textAbstract:
Ekonomikos magistro baigiamojo darbo tema yra aktuali, kadangi užsienio kapitalo vaidmuo šalių ekonomikos plėtrai tampa vis didesnis. Užsienio investicijos - sparčiausias technologijos perdavimo būdas. Besivystančios šalys būtų sugaišusios daug dešimtmečių, kad pasiektų tą technologijos tobulumo lygį, kurį išsivysčiusios šalys buvo pasiekusios jau amžiaus viduryje, jei ne užsienio investicijos. Šio magistro baigiamojo darbo tikslas - ištirti Lietuvos galimybes ir perspektyvas pritraukiant tiesiogines užsienio investicijas, bei pateikti pasiūlymus joms pagerinti. Darbe nagrinėjami tiesioginių užsienio investicijų teoriniai aspektai, aptariama tiesioginių užsienio investicijų samprata, formos, strategijos, teisinis reglamentavimas. Analizuojamas teoriškai pagrįstas tiesioginių užsienio investicijų poveikis vietinės ekonomikos plėtrai, tiriami veiksniai turintys įtakos tiesioginėms užsienio investicijoms, bei priežastys palankiam investiciniam klimatui sukurti. Remiantis įvairiais statistikos šaltiniais: Lietuvos statistikos departamento, Ekonominio bendradarbiavimo ir plėtros organizacijos, Jungtinių Tautų prekybos ir plėtros konferencijos, Pasaulio Ekonomikos Forumo, Pasaulio banko, bei Lietuvos bankų ataskaitomis, įvairiais metodais analizuojama tiesioginių užsienio investicijų dinamika Lietuvoje ir lyginama su pasirinktomis Europos Sąjungos šalimis. Tyrimas įvertina Lietuvos galimybes ir perspektyvas pritraukiant investicijas, išskiria bendrus veiksnius, kurie lemia užsienio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>Final Economic Master's thesis is relevant, because the role of foreign capital for economic development is becoming greater. Inflow of foreign capital can provide the fastest way for developing countries to acquire industrial technology for economic development. Developing countries would be lost many decades to reach that level of excellence in technology, which developed countries had already reached in middle age, if not foreign investment. The Master's objective - is to explore the possibilities and prospects for attracting foreign direct investment in Lithuania, and to make proposals to improve them. Master's paper deals with foreign direct investment in theoretical aspects, discusses the concept of foreign direct investment, forms, strategies, legal framework. Analyzes the impact of foreign direct investment to local economic development, examines the factors affecting foreign direct investment, and the reasons for the favorable investment climate to create. Based on various statistical sources: the Lithuanian Statistics Department, Economic Cooperation and Development Organization, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the World Economic Forum, the World Bank and Lithuanian banks statistics, the dynamics of foreign direct investment in Lithuania was examined and compared with selected European Union countries. Conditions of promotion of foreign investments are discussed, features attractive for investors and causing doubts and concerns when undertaking... [to full text]
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Farhat, Daniel Felles. "On the transmission mechanism of international business cycles." Diss., [Riverside, Calif.] : University of California, Riverside, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?Ver=1&Exp=02-08-2015&FMT=7&DID=1818036021&RQT=309&attempt=1.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 2009.<br>Includes abstract. Title from first page of PDF file (viewed February 9, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-88). Issued in print and online. Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations.
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Bolmont, Julien. "Détection des gamma dans l'expérience AMS et analyse temporelle des sursauts gamma par la mission HETE-2." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011463.
Full textAbstract:
AMS est un détecteur de particules qui sera embarqué à bord de la Station Spatiale Internationale début 2008. Avec son trajectomètre en silicium et son calorimètre électromagnétique, il pourra détecter les photons entre 1 GeV et 300 GeV. <br />Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous donnons les résultats obtenus lors de l'analyse des données d'un test sur faisceau du calorimètre électromagnétique. A l'aide d'un logiciel de simulation rapide, nous évaluons les capacités de détection d'AMS en gamma. Nous donnons des prédictions de flux pour différents types de sources astrophysiques et pour un halo de matière noire supersymétrique au centre galactique.<br />HETE-2 est un satellite actuellement en fonctionnement qui est conçu pour détecter et localiser les sursauts gamma. Du fait des énergies mises en jeu, ce type de source pourrait être utilisé pour tester des domaines de la physiques inaccessibles aux accélérateurs. <br />Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, nous étudions les courbes de lumières de douze sursauts gamma observés par le détecteur FREGATE à bord d'HETE-2 et pour lesquels une mesure du redshift est disponible. En étudiant les écarts temporels entre des photons de différentes énergies, nous pouvons déterminer une limite inférieure sur l'échelle de gravitation quantique de Eqg > 10^15 GeV.
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Abraitytė, Ilona. "Krovinių ekspedijavimo teisinės normos ir pagrindai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20061228_131741-46345.
Full textAbstract:
Baigiamajame magistro darbe yra nagrinėjama ekspeditoriaus veikla ir jo vieta krovinių gabenime, analizuojama ekspedicijos sutartis, ekspeditoriaus veikla pagal sutartį, jo įsipareigojimai, taip pat aptarta tarptautinių krovinių vežimo organizavimas ekspedicijos sistemoje, tarptautinių gabenimų teisės normos ir dokumentai.
Darbe išsamiai išnagrinėta ekspedicijos sutartis, kurioje numatoma ekspeditoriaus teisės, pareigos ir atsakomybė. Darbe nagrinėjama bendri krovinių vežimo automobilių, geležinkelių, vandens ir oro transportu klausimai, bendroji krovinių vežimo koncepcija, transporto rūšies parinkimas, vežimo dokumentacija. Pakankamai detaliai darbe yra apibrėžta ekspeditoriaus veiklos sritys, ekspedicijų rūšys, prekių fizinis išskirstymas.
Atskirose dalyse nagrinėjami krovinių vežimai kelių, geležinkelių, jūrų ir oro transportu, jų komercinė esmė, analizuojami kombinuotieji vežimai.
Siekiant praktiškiau įvertinti ekspeditorių veiklą buvo pasirinkta Lietuvos įmonė AB „Lietuvos Geležinkeliai“. Atlikti trijų metų statistiniai palyginimai. Ekspedijavimo paslaugos, kurias teikia AB „Lietuvos Geležinkeliai“, turi didelę paklausą. Tą rodo gabenami kroviniai tranzitu per Lietuvos teritoriją, taip pat importo ir eksporto operacijų kasmetinis apimčių didėjimas.
Darbo pabaigoje pateiktos išvados, kurios atspindi darbo tikslą ir darbe panaudotos medžiagos apibendrinimą. Darbo išvados, autorės nuomone, padės atskleisti krovinių ekspedijavimo įmonių, ekspeditorių reikšmingumą... [to full text]<br>The contens of the summary: the goal of Master thesis is to analyze the dispatcher’s activity and his place in the loads carrying. There are analyzed the contract of expeditionary, dispatcher’s activity according the contract, commitments, the organization of international loads in the expeditionary system, and international documents of loads under a right in the international law, - discussed also.
The contract of expeditionary with its rights, obligations and liabilities are described properly. In the work are analyzed the general questions of carrying loads by cars, railways, air and water transport, general concept of load carrying, selection of transportation sort, carrying documentation.
In the very properly way are detailed the dispatcher’s activity field, types of expeditions, physical distribution of goods.
Carrying of loads by ways, railways, air and water transport with all commercial points are analyzed in the separate parts of the work. The combinative hauls are analyzed too.
The theoretical solutions of expeditionary activity are illustrated using invoking analysis of ST “Lietuvos Geležinkeliai”. There are described the statistics of three last year. Expeditionary service of ST “Lietuvos Geležinkeliai” has a very big demand. This is shown of the carrying loads by transit and yearly spread increasement of import and export operations.
In the part of conclusions the result are presented. The conclusions will help us to reveal the importance of dispatchers and... [to full text]
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Tamaševičiūtė, Renata. "Vilniaus ikimokyklinių įstaigų dalyvavimas tarptautiniuose projektuose: patirtis ir problemos." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070816_164654-02456.
Full textAbstract:
Šiame darbe nagrinėjamas Vilniaus ikimokyklinių įstaigų dalyvavimas tarptautiniuose projektuose- jų patirtis bei problemos. Analizuojami ikimokyklinėms įstaigoms skirtų tarptautinių projektų tikslai, uždaviniai, paskirtis ir pan. Analizuojama vilniaus ikimokyklinių įstaigų vadovų nuomonė apie galimybę dalyvauti tarptautiniuose projektuose.<br>In research I concentrated to Vilnius city pre-school institutions participation in to the internationals projects. That is why I analyze in this research do they need such international projects and what kind of benefit is from them.Participating in projects activity get many of positive objects – teachers get new experience, they more trusted in own strength. And the main thing is that these international projects likes to children in education institution.
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Krasauskaitė, Miglė. "Personalo atranka tarptautinėse įmonėse." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20090908_193855-91894.
Full textAbstract:
Personalo atranka – tai planingas individo paskyrimas į darbo vietą. Personalo atrankos procesas leidžia surinkti reikiamą informaciją apie kandidatą ir apie jo galimą įtaką organizacijai. Darbo objektas – personalo atrankos metodai. Darbo tikslas – ištirti personalo atrankos metodų taikomų vykdant personalo atranką tarptautinėse įmonėse ypatumus. Darbo struktūra: Darbą sudaro įvadas, 3 dalys ir išvados. Pagrindinė darbo medžiaga aprašyta 8 – 48 puslapiuose, įskaitant 6 lenteles ir 23 paveikslus. Taip pat pateikiami 3 priedai. Panaudotos literatūros sąrašą sudaro 44 šaltiniai. Atrankos procesas turėtų apimti abipusį sprendimą: organizacija sprendžia, siūlyti darbą ar ne ir kaip maloniai tai daryti, o kandidatas į darbuotojus sprendžia, atitinka ar ne organizacija ir siūlomas darbas jo poreikius ir tikslus. Šiame darbe išskiriamos trys pagrindinės dalys. Pirmoje dalyje („Personalo atrankos organizacijose teoriniai aspektai“) siekiama atskleisti teorinius personalo atrankos aspektus. Išskirti pagrindiniai personalo atrankos etapai bei aptartos dažniausiai pasitaikančios personalo atrankos klaidos. Personalo atranką savo darbuose nagrinėjo R. Adamonienė, A. Sakalas, V. Šilingienė, N. Anderson, M. Born, N. Cunningham-Snell, P.A. Iles ir kt. Antroje dalyje („Personalo atrankos organizacijose empirinis ištyrimo lygis“) apžvelgiama kokie tyrimai personalo atrankos srityje jau yra atlikti, taip pat aptarta dabartinė situacija Lietuvoje. Efektyvią personalo atranką savo darbuose... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>Personnel selection – is planed setting new individual to work place. The process of personnel selection allows getting all information about the candidate and about the influence which he can give to the organization. The object of master paper is methods of personnel selection. The purpose is to make a research of methods which are used in personnel selection ant to create the model of personnel selection. The structure of master paper: Master paper puts of introduction, 3 parts and conclusion. The main material is put in paged No. 8-42 including 6 tables and 23 figures. Also there are 3 additions. There are 45 sources in the list of used literature The process of selection takes both side decisions: organization makes decision whether to propose job place and how attractive it should it should do it; candidate makes decision whether the organization and job proposal satisfy his needs and proposes. There are three basic parts in this master paper. The first part of the paper is analysis of theoretical aspects. In this part are separated the most important stages in personnel selection. Also there are discussed the most frequent mistakes of personnel selection. In the second part of master paper are presented works of other scientist and the researchers they made. Also there are some facts about situation in Lithuania. In the fiord part of master paper are placed the analyses of the research which was made in international companies of Lithuanian market. The research was... [to full text]