Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Internet – Cameroon'

Cette thèse a pour objet la description et l’analyse des marqueurs discursifs (MD) là, par exemple, ékyé et wèé en français parlé au Cameroun, variété de français régional qui s’inscrit dans le français parlé en Afrique subsaharienne. Elle propose une analyse centrée sur les échanges discursifs et prend en compte la pragmatique afin de montrer que la communication repose sur l’intersubjectivité langagière qu’on peut analyser au moyen de traces linguistiques comme les MD. Pour étudier ces phénomènes pragmatiques au demeurant très peu étudiés en français parlé au Cameroun, la recherche s’est organisée principalement autour des notions de flux discursif, d’implicite social et d’interaction afin de comprendre la structuration informationnelle et le contexte situationnel qui motivent l’apparition des MD là, par exemple, ékyé et wèé dans l’organisation du discours, tant dans la production que dans la réception. Le corpus se compose d’échanges radiophoniques d’une part et d’échanges internet d’autre part. La thèse est composée en deux parties. La première rend compte des aspects théoriques, même si nous l’illustrons parfois avec des extraits de notre corpus. La seconde est consacrée à l’analyse systématique des données (le fonctionnement des quatre MD là, par exemple, ékyé et wèé dans les discours radiophoniques et dans les écrits tirés d’internet). Cette analyse a permis de conclure à la difficulté de définir exactement ce qu’est un MD, et de relever l’existence de terminologies concurrentes, tant les théories qui décrivent et expliquent le fonctionnement des MD sont hétérogènes. Nous proposons une définition opérationnelle des MD pour l’analyse de notre corpus et nous plaidons pour une prise en compte des phénomènes oraux et liés à l’interaction dans les études sur le français régional en Afrique
This thesis sets out to describe and to analyse the discourse markers (DMs) là, par exemple, ékyé and wèé in Cameroon French, a regional variety of French that is spoken in Subsharan Africa. It is a pragmatic study of oral discourses that highlights how communication is based on speech inter-subjectivity such as DMs, which constitute linguistic traces. In order to study these uninvestigated pragmatic phenomena in Cameroon spoken French, three notions were of prime necessity, namely: discursive continuity, social implicity and interaction. These notions help to shed light on the informational structure and on the situational context of the DMs là, par exemple, ékyé and wèé in discourse organization as well as in its production or in its reception. The data of this study was got from two sources: on the one hand, radio programmes, and on the other hand, scripts collected from the internet. The study comprises two parts: Part one focuses on the theoretical concerns, alongside some illustrations of excerpts from the data. The second part provides a systematic analysis of the data (the functioning of the four DMs là, par exemple, ékyé and wèé in radio programmes and in internet scripts). This analysis enabled the confirmation that not only is it difficult to clearly define what a DM is but that there are also several competing terms and explanations, as theories regarding studies on DMs are heterogeneous. We propose an operational definition of DMs for the analysis of the data and suggest that studies on regional French spoken in Africa should take into account oral phenomena related to interaction

One of the most important aspects of monetary policy is an understanding of the transmission process: the mechanism through which the monetary policy actions of the Central Bank impact on aggregate demand and prices by influencing the investment and consumption decisions of households and firms. Thus, commercial banks are regarded as conveyers of monetary policy shocks and are expected to adjust retail interest rates in response to policy shocks one-to-one. In practice, commercial banks adjust their retail rates in response to changes in monetary policy with a lag of several months and this delay is often viewed as an impediment on the ability of the Central Bank to steer the economy. Several reasons, such as credit rationing and adverse selection, switching costs, risk sharing, consumer irrationality, structure of the financial system, menu costs and asymmetric information are some of the causes advanced for commercial banks retail rates being sticky. In spite of the important role of pass-through analysis in the monetary policy transmission process, it has received very little attention in Sub-Saharan Africa, especially in Cameroon and Nigeria, which have implemented a series of reforms. To this end, this study gives a comparative analysis of interest rate pass-through in Nigeria and Cameroon using retail rates (lending and deposit) and a discount rate (policy rate) from January 1990 to December 2010 for Nigeria and from January 1990 to June 2008 for Cameroon. The study examines the magnitude and speed of retail rate adjustments to changes in the Central Bank policy rate as well as examining the possibility of symmetric and asymmetric pass-through in both countries. In addition, the study also investigates whether there is pass-through of monetary policy from one country to the other. The empirical analysis employs four different types of co-integration techniques to test the presence of a long run co-integrating relationship between retail and the policy rates in order to ensure that the relationship detected is robust. Three sets of analyses are carried out in the study. Following Cottarelli and Kourelis (1994), the study employed a co-integration technique, firstly, to analyse pass-through for the entire sample, secondly, to analyse symmetric and asymmetric pass-through using a ten year rolling window analysis in an error correction framework. Finally, the policy rates were swapped around to investigate if there are transmissions of impulses from one country to the other. Overall, evidence from the entire sample and rolling window analysis suggests that monetary policy in Cameroon is less effective. This is perhaps one of the reasons why the Banque Des Etats De L’Afrique Centrale (BEAC) is unable to sterilise the excess liquidity of the banking sector in Cameroon. The long run pass-through of 0.72 and 0.71 for the entire sample, and the average long run pass-through for the rolling window of 0.78 and 0.76 for the lending and deposit rates, suggest that monetary policy is highly effective in Nigeria compared to Cameroon. The empirical evidence confirmed asymmetric adjustment in six rolling windows in the lending rate in Nigeria. Three rolling windows indicated that the direction of rigidity is downward, supporting Scholnick’s (1996) collusive pricing arrangement between banks, and the other three suggested that the lending rate is rigid in the upward direction, corroborating Scholnick’s (1996) customer reaction hypothesis. The deposit rate in Cameroon was also found to adjust asymmetrically and the direction of rigidity is downward, supporting Hannan and Berger’s (1991) customer reaction hypothesis. The investigation of impulse transmission between the two countries revealed that only the policy rate in Nigeria exerts some influence on the deposit rate in Cameroon. Policy recommendations are also discussed.

Comme le modele fordiste de developpement qui l'a longtemps sous-tendu, le financement interne du developpement, base sur une vision exclusivement bifilaire de ce mode de financement, est en crise. Car en effet, le dynamisme de nombreux espaces economiques aujourd'hui reperables dans le monde, et dont la modalite industrielle centrale est "l'industrialisation diffuse", met aussi en evidence un phenomene continu de financement des p. M. E. A travers des circuits non-bancaires et non-etatiques. Pour ce qui est du cameroun, la creation et le developpement de la grande majorite des p. M. E. Ici sont finances par des ressources comme : l'epargne personnelle des createurs d'entreprises, les tontines, l'aide familiale ainsi que le commerce et la rente immobiliere (cette derniere pouvant etre soit la rente locative soit enfin la "rente urbaine"). Tout ceci mettant alors en lumiere enfin, l'inadaptation des banques locales face aux besoins de financement de ces entreprises et surtout, la necessite pour ce pays de concevoir une institution de financement adaptee et qui puise ses mecanismes de fonctionnement sur ceux des tontines locales : instaurant ainsi une structure semi-formelle destinee au financement des petites et moyennes entreprises locales
Like the fordist economic model of development which subtended it for a long time, the vision of the internal (or inward) financing of the development, exclusively based under a state control and the financial intermediation, is now in crisis. For as a matter of fact, nowadays, the vitality of several economic spaces in the world seems to be more and more provided by both the dynamism and the abundance of their small industries. And, most of the time, the financing of these latters proceeds neither from the public sector nor the local banks (or financial intermediaries). In what concerning cameroun espacially, the creation just as the development of small and medium size enterprises here are based upon the using of the "parallel financing system". This system is made up of the innumerable local rotative and savings credit associations, the personal savings of firms creators, the family aid (or assistance), the revenues of commerce and the rent from landed estate. And, while showing the local banks incapacity to finance these small enterprises, this manifestation also seems to reveal the necessity, for cameroun, to set up a semi-formal financial institution assigned to the financing of the local small industries

Au Cameroun, les outils de l'Internet sont entrain de reconfigurer la vie sociale, via les appropriations. Comment se dessinent et se profilent les pratiques de l'Internet dans les foyers camerounais ? Quelles sont les raisons de l'engouement des Camerounais pour le Web ? Qui l'utilise ? Où et quand ? Quel temps lui est-il consacré ? Pour faire quoi et surtout comment les intègrent-ils dans leur quotidien et dans le processus de l'amélioration des conditions socio-économiques et culturelles? Pour répondre à ces questions, nous avons mené une enquête (sondage, interview, entretien semi directif,. . . ) auprès de 357 internautes de la ville de Yaoundé (capitale politique du Cameroun). Notre travail est nourri de leurs témoignages, de leurs idées et de leurs réflexions. L'orientation générale tend à prouver la volonté des Camerounais de rompre avec le modèle dans lequel l'espace est compartimenté en fonction de sa dimension locale, nationale ou internationale. Internet au Cameroun apparaît comme une grande fenêtre ouverte sur les opportunités qu'offre le monde.

Approximately 51.3% of small manufacturing businesses lack effective internal controls to deter fraud. Internal control strategies, when adequately implemented, can mitigate fraud and improve profitability in small manufacturing businesses. The objective of this single qualitative case study was to explore the internal control strategies used in a small manufacturing business to mitigate assets misappropriation fraud and improve profitability. Agency theory was the conceptual framework for this study. Five business managers in a small manufacturing firm in Cameroon participated in face-to-face semistructured interviews. The data analysis process included Yin's 5-step process. Identified themes included (a) governance at a higher management level, (b) vendor-related management approach, and (c) operational practices at the department level. Business leaders in small manufacturing firms could benefit from implementing the internal controls and procedures highlighted in this study to deter fraudulent billing from vendors, deceitful payment disbursement to vendors, and misrepresentation of financial statements by company executives. Fraud reduction might help business leaders to safeguard the company's assets and improve production goals by streamlining operational practices, leading to company profitability. In turn, business profitability would result in company leaders paying more taxes, which government officials may use for social amenities and change benefiting people in the community.

Apres un rappel des caracteres generaux du territoire et la description de la zone d'etude recouvrant deux entites biogeographiques distinctes (secteur de la foret dense mesophile et secteur des savanes periforestieres), l'inventaire des ligneux fourragers est effectue par trois approches complementaires (observation des degats sur les vegetaux, suivi des troupeaux, enquetes aupres des eleveurs). Parmi les diverses especes appetees par le betail, l'utilisation de criteres biogeographiques et ecologiques, mais aussi de diffusion pour les especes introduites, permet de distinguer plusieurs groupes dont quelques representants sont etudies separement, du point de vue de l'ecologie, des potentialites fourrageres et de la multiplication. La realisation d'essais d'alimentation sur ovins en cases individuelles et a partir des regimes mixtes a base de fourrages ligneux (alchornea cordifolia, flemingia macrophylla, gliricidia sepium, leucaena leucocephala) et gramineen (pennisetum purpureum), d'autre part les analyses chimiques et les mesures de digestibilite in vitro permettent la mise en evidence des potentialites respectives de ces especes en production animale

Au Cameroun, le développement rapide et exponentiel des TIC a suscité un énorme espoir au sein de la population notamment auprès des couches dites « vulnérables ». Il s’agit de femmes camerounaises et de jeunes qui voient en ces technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC), un moyen d’émigrer en Europe et en France en particulier. La « cybermigration maritale » est une parfaite illustration de la manière dont les Camerounaises, grâce aux TIC, construisent des « cyberstratégies migratoires » .« Chercher et trouver son blanc » sur la toile est devenu tellement banal que la cybermigration maritale semble être un véritable problème de société dans ce pays d’Afrique centrale. Ainsi, cette thèse s’attache à analyser dans la perspective socio-anthropologique ce phénomène qui touche certaines camerounaises de Yaoundé et du Nord-Pas-de-Calais. L’approche empirique faite d’entretiens semi-directifs et de récits de vie répond à quatre principales questions, à savoir :Qui est cybermigrante ? Comment parvient-elle à émigrer ? Pourquoi émigre-t-elle ? Et quelles sont les technologies modernes de l’information et de la communication qu’utilise-t-elle pour émigrer ? Dans une deuxième approche, cette thèse s’attache à rendre compte de la « cybermigration maritale », telle qu’elle est racontée par les femmes camerounaises du Nord-Pas-de-Calais. Ainsi, la « cybermigration maritale » est donc abordée sous deux angles à savoir : la cybermigration maritale « vue du dehors » avec les potentielles cybermigrantes de Yaoundé et la cybermigration « vue du dedans » avec les cybermigrantes du Nord-Pas-de-Calais
In the Cameroon the rapid and exponential development of ICT has aroused great hope amongst the population especially where the most vulnerable categories are concerned, in particular young people and women who see this information and communication technology as a means to emigrate. Cybermigration is a perfect illustration of the way in which Cameroonians build migratory "cyberstrategies" thanks to ITC. "To look for and find and white man" on the net has become so commonplace that marital cybermigration seems to be a real social problem in this central African country. Thus, this thesis strives to analyse by means of a socio-anthropological perspective this phenomenon which concerns a certain number of Cameroonians from Yaoundé and the Nord-Pas-de-Calais. The empirical approach consisting of semi-direct interviews and life stories answers four main questions which are: Who is a cybermigrant ? How does she manage to emigrate? Why does she emigrate? Which modern information and communication technologies does she use in order to emigrate? In second part, this thesis tries to make sense and describe the marital cybermigration as it is told of by Cameroonian women of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais. Marital cybermigration is therefore dealt with from two points of view wich are : cybermigration seen from the outside with potential cybermigrant women and cybermigration seen from wikim with cameroonien cybermigrants from the Nord-Pas-de-Calais area

Le développement fulgurant des technologies de l’information et de la communication et singulièrement internet au Cameroun a été suivi par un discours marqué d’une certaine passion autour de la mise en oeuvre de la société de l’information. Sans être réticents aux innovations introduites par les nouveaux moyens de télécommunications, nous avons voulu signaler que « l’entrée du Cameroun dans la société de l’information » pose un certain nombre de questions par rapport aux infrastructures de télécommunications, aux réseaux de télécommunications, à la concurrence dans le secteur des télécommunications, etc.…auxquelles il convient d’apporter des réponses claires et précises. Par ailleurs, la réflexion juridique exige une certaine distance vis-à-vis de ces technologies dans la mesure où il se développe des dérapages et atteintes auxquelles s’ajoutent la complexité et la technicité de la matière. Il est alors nécessaire de se doter d’outils pouvant contribuer à les prévenir ou les sanctionner, dans le respect des règles démocratiques
The lightning development of information and communication technologies and particularly internet in Cameroon was followed by a speech marked with a certain passion around the implémentation of the information society. Without being reluctant to the innovations introduced by the new means of telecommunications, we wanted to indicate that " the entry into the information society " set down certain number of questions with regard to the infrastructures of telecommunications, to the telecommunication networks, to the competition in the sector of telecommunications, etc… to which it is advisable to bring clear and precise answers. Besides, the legal reflection requires a certain distance towards these technologies as far as it develops skids and infringements to which are added the complexity and the technicality of the subject. It is then necessary to be equipped with tools which can contribute to prevent or to sanction them, in the respect for the democratic rules

Cette étude porte sur l’évaluation de la performance du système bancaire de la zone CEMAC sur la période 1993-2008. La performance interne est captée par l’efficacité technique des firmes bancaires. Celle-ci est mesurée par les approches non paramétriques des modèles de frontière de production, en considérant les crédits comme output de l’industrie bancaire. La décomposition de l’indice de MALMQUIST permet de constater que les banques de la zone présentent des scores contrastés, même si globalement elles affichent une meilleure efficacité d’échelle. L’analyse des externalités des services financiers est limitée au seul cadre du Cameroun et elle est évaluée par l’impact du microcrédit sur le niveau de vie des ménages bénéficiaires, dans une logique de réduction de la pauvreté monétaire et de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle. Les résultats indiquent que la variation du revenu des ménages est conditionnée par l’usage fait du crédit et par les facteurs environnementaux
The objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of the banking system of CEMAC countries from 1993 to 2008. We capture the internal performance of the bank through the technical efficiency of banking firms. We measure this, using non-parametric approaches of production frontier models, while considering credit as the output of the banking industry. Using the MALMQUIST decomposition index, we observe that banks in the zone have quite different scores, even if globally they have a better scale efficiency. The analysis of the externalities of financial services is limited to Cameroon only. We evaluate this through the impact of micro-credits on the standard of living of the beneficiary households within the framework of monetary poverty and multi-dimensional poverty reduction. The results show that the change in households’ incomes is determined by what the loans are used for and by environmental factors

La présente thèse a pour ambition de comprendre les mécanismes de la production de l’habitat précaire à Yaoundé et les stratégies des différents acteurs privés et publics pour le résorber. Elle résulte d’une méthodologie qui combine la recherche documentaire, les observations directes, les enquêtes par questionnaire auprès d’un échantillon représentatif des ménages des quartiers à habitat précaire de Yaoundé, et les entretiens auprès des chefs de quartiers, responsables d’associations et ONG de Yaoundé, oeuvrant dans l’amélioration des quartiers à habitat précaire. Il ressort de cette étude que les quartiers à habitat précaire de la ville de Yaoundé se développent essentiellement sur les versants de collines escarpées et dans les fonds de vallées marécageuses. Ils posent de réels problèmes qui poussent les pouvoirs urbains d’une part à les raser (Municipalité) et d’autre part à y mettre en oeuvre des stratégies et/ou programmes d’amélioration (l’État à travers le PPAB et le PDUE ; les ONG, les associations des quartiers, les particuliers, etc.). En effet, l’habitat précaire dans les quartiers étudiés a tout d’abord occupé les versants de collines escarpées, puis s’est étalé dans les marécages, zones en principe non aedificandi. Ces quartiers rassemblent près de 90 % de la population de la ville. Cette dernière, qui provient d’horizons géographiques divers, n’a pas de titre foncier lui garantissant la propriété et les transactions foncières s’y font dans l’illégalité. Les habitations quant à elles, sont construites par des tâcherons qui emploient des matériaux de fortune. Les quartiers à habitat précaire de la ville de Yaoundé ont de réels problèmes d’assainissement. L’évacuation des déchets solides constitue une question épineuse pour les ménages, surtout en termes d’accès aux services de collecte de qualité. Le réseau de distribution de l’électricité présente de façon permanente des défaillances, et l’approvisionnement en eau se fait soit en sous-location à partir d’un robinet appartenant à un particulier, soit à la borne fontaine, soit à une source ou dans un puits d’eau. L’occupation anarchique des versants de collines escarpées et des fonds de vallées marécageuses est à l’origine de nombreux phénomènes "naturels" dont l’érosion, les glissements de terrain et les inondations. Les stratégies de traitement de l’habitat précaire par les pouvoirs urbains publics sont orientées d’une part vers le déguerpissement sans indemnisation des populations n’ayant ni titre foncier, ni permis de construire, et d’autre part vers le désenclavement par restructuration. Plusieurs ONG et associations des quartiers contribuent à l’assainissement de certains quartiers à habitat précaire dans la ville de Yaoundé. Aussi, les populations de ces quartiers emploient des techniques de fortune pour stabiliser les milieux occupés et faire ainsi face aux problèmes hydrologiques et géomorphologiques. Les opérations de restructuration des secteurs à habitations précaires et de recasement des populations installées dans des zones à risque réel, sont des opérations d’aménagement adaptées dans le contexte socio-économique yaoundéen. Pour une amélioration plus efficace, l’État doit impérativement procéder à des changements structurels normatifs et administratifs à différentes échelles. La législation devrait donc envisager l’option d’un réaménagement des secteurs précaires des quartiers dans le but à long terme de normaliser la situation foncière de leurs habitants. Les pouvoirs publics doivent prendre conscience de l’utilité d’intégrer la problématique des quartiers à habitat précaire dans la planification de l’évolution de leur territoire
The present thesis has as an ambition to understand the mechanisms of the production of the precarious habitat in Yaounde and the strategies of the various private and public actors to reabsorb it. It results from a methodology which combines the document retrieval, the direct observations, the investigations by questionnaire near a representative sample of the households of the districts with precarious habitat of Yaounde, and the talks at the chiefs of districts, persons in charge of associations and ONG of Yaounde, working in the improvement of the districts with precarious habitat. It comes out from this study that the districts with precarious habitat of the town of Yaounde develop primarily on the slopes of steep hills and in the funds of marshy valleys. They pose real problems which push the urban powers on the one hand to shave them (Municipality) and on the other hand to implement at it strategies and/or programs of improvement (the State through the PPAB and the PDUE; ONG, associations of the districts, individuals, etc). Indeed, the precarious habitat in the studied districts first of all occupied the slopes of steep hills, then was spread out in the marshes, zones in theory not aedificandi. These districts gather nearly 90% of the population of the city. The latter, which comes from various geographical horizons, does not have a land title guaranteeing the property to him and the land transactions are done there in the illegality. The dwellings as for them, are built by drudges who employ materials of fortune. The districts with precarious habitat of the town of Yaounde have real problems of cleansing. The evacuation of solid waste constitutes a thorny question for the households, especially in terms of access to the services of collection of quality. The distribution network of electricity present in a permanent way of the failures, and the water provision is done either in sub-renting starting from a tap pertaining to a individual, or on the terminal fountain, or with a source or in a water well. The anarchistic occupation of the slopes of steep hills and the funds of marshy valleys is in the beginning many “natural” phenomena of which erosion, landslides and floods. The strategies of treatment of the precarious habitat by the public urban powers are directed on the one hand towards the abandonment without compensation for the populations not having neither land title, nor building permit, and on the other hand towards opening-up by reorganization. Several ONG and associations of the districts contribute to the cleansing of certain districts with precarious habitat in the town of Yaounde. Also, the populations of these districts employ techniques of fortune to stabilize the occupied mediums and to thus make vis-a-vis the hydrological and geomorphological problems. The operations of reorganization of the sectors with precarious dwellings and of rehousing of the populations installed in zones at real risk, are operations of installation adapted in the socio-economic context yaoundéen. For a more effective improvement, the State must imperatively carry out normative and administrative structural changes various scales. The legislation should thus plan the option of a refitting of the precarious sectors of the districts with a long-term aim to standardize the land situation their inhabitants. The public authorities must become aware of the utility to integrate the problems of the districts into precarious habitat in the planning of the evolution of their territory

Depuis 1996, conflits armés, grand banditisme (coupeurs de route) et razzias ont forcé des centaines de milliers de Centrafricains à migrer, à l’intérieur de leur pays (déplacés internes) ou vers l'étranger proche (réfugiés au Cameroun et au Tchad). Au travers divers courants de la géographie (politique, du développement, des mobilités), ce travail montre que les migrations forcées se construisent au croisement entre les pratiques des migrants et les choix politiques des structures d'encadrement (États, groupes armés, organisations d'aide humanitaire). Il se fonde sur une approche transversale de la migration forcée (du lieu d'origine au retour éventuel) et sur des enquêtes de terrain multi-situées (Centrafrique, Cameroun, Tchad). Une première partie démontre que les violences ne sont pas causées par la faiblesse de l'État centrafricain, mais par les politiques de ses dirigeants. Les populations sont prises pour cible dans des conflits irréguliers pour contrôler l'appareil d'État et par des groupes armés qui pillent les ressources (bétail, récoltes, infrastructures publiques, diamants). Une seconde partie montre que si les insécurités jouent sur l'ampleur, la répartition spatiale et la durée des exils, les migrants orientent leurs cheminements selon leurs habitudes circulatoires. Ils empruntent divers champs de mobilités pour fuir les violences (mobilités agricoles et pastorales, relations villes-campagnes). Une troisième partie met en perspective le rôle de l'aide humanitaire et des politiques d'asile dans la production de l'espace migratoire, autour de deux formes d’accueil : les camps de réfugiés, la dispersion des migrants dans des villes et des villages
Since 1996, armed conflicts, organized crime (road bandits) and raids have forced hundreds of thousands of Central African Republic people to migrate within their own country (IDPs) or to bordering countries (refugee in Cameroon and Chad). Through various geographical schools (political, development, mobility), this work demonstrate that forced migrations results from both the practices of migrants and the political choices or the supervisory organizations (states, armed groups, humanitarian organizations). It is based on a transversal approach of forced migration (ranging from the starting point of the migrant up to his possible return) and multi-located field surveys (CAR, Cameroon, Chad). The first part shows that violence is not caused by the weakness of the CAR state, but by the policies of its leaders. The populations are targeted in the course or irregular conflicts aimed at controlling the political machinery and by armed groups plundering ressources (livestock, crops, public infrastructure, diamonds). The second part shows that if insecurities influence the extent, the spatial distribution and the duration of exiles, migrants direct their paths according to their regular circulations. They use various fields of mobility to escape violence (agricultural and pastoral mobility, urban-rural relationship). A third part put sinto perspective the role of humanitarian aid and asylum policies in the production of the migratory space (refugee, camps, dispersion of migrants)

Les fonctions du juge dans les cinq pays d'Afrique francophone étudiés ayant en partage l'usage du français sont rendues possibles par la reconnaissance d'un statut particulier, lequel permet au juge de trancher, notamment les litiges individuels du travail qui lui sont proposés, et de rendre, plus généralement, des décisions. En pratique, toutefois, certains facteurs rendent pour le moins difficile l'intervention du juge. Quels sont les raisons, les causes d'un tel constat? La réponse à cette question suppose une réflexion à partir d'une analyse approfondie et comparée des législations en vigueur dans les cinq pays étudiés à savoir: le Cameroun, le Congo-RDC, la Guinée, le Mali et le Sénégal. Les systèmes juridiques de ces pays connaissent des points de similarité mais aussi des divergences du fait, notamment, de leurs histoires coloniales. En effet, quand bien même, la transposition du modèle du "juge et de ses fonctions" a su s'imposer et a fait disparaître les juridictions coutumières, elle n'en continue pas moins à poser des difficultés, notamment dans le traitement des litiges individuels du travail. En dépit de caractéristiques supposées "communes", les modes d'organisation et d'administration judiciaires des cinq pays varient fortement. Plus fondamentalement encore, l'approche comparative permet de souligner combien les réalités socioculturelles continuent d'influencer l'orientation et la mise en oeuvre des fonctions du juge, notamment lorsqu'il intervient dans les litiges individuels du travail
The functions of Judge in the Five Africa French speaking countries studies are made possible by the recognition of a special status, which allows Judge to decide, especially in the individual labour disputes that are referred to his office, and generally by delivering judgments. In practice, however, certain factors make it difficult to perform the Judge's duties. What the reasons and causes of such a finding are? The answer to such a question requires a reflection through and comparative analysis of the laws in force in Five countries, which deserve special attention: Cameroon, DR Congo, Guinea, Mali and Senegal. A study of Judge's in these countries shows that their legal systems are experiencing points of similarity but also divergences due, especially to their colonial histories. Indeed, even if the transposition of the model of the "Judge and functions" has been imposed and has eliminated customary Courts, it continues to pose difficulties especially in treatment of individual labour disputes. Despite the supposed "common" characteristics, the ways of organising judicial administration vary widely in the Five countries. More fundamentally, the comparative approach emphasises how socio-cultural realities continue to influence the direction and implementation of functions of Judge, especially when intervening in individual labour disputes

Le lac Tchad étonne par sa singularité. Alors que le développement des autres grandes zones humides sahéliennes a reposé sur les périmètres irrigués, le sien a reposé sur la valorisation du mouvement des eaux par l'agriculture, l'élevage et la pêche, et par les mobilités. Quasi espace vierge dans les années 1940, le Lac est devenu une région densément peuplée et cosmopolite exportant des vivriers diversifiés sur les marchés urbains de la sous-région. À travers l'analyse des dynamiques agraires et territoriales de la fenêtre lacustre camerounaise, ce travail interroge les opportunités qu'offrent, dans un environnement incertain, le multiusage des ressources et les mobilités à l'intensification des processus productifs et à la densification démographique.Le renforcement des complémentarités et synergies entre activités dégage les voies d'une intensification écologique du mode d'exploitation et d'un développement territorial, créateurs de richesse et d'emplois. En favorisant l'émergence de rapports sociaux et d'institutions innovantes assurant l'accès aux ressources productives et aux marchés à une grande diversité de populations, le statut de marge territoriale de la fenêtre lacustre a été déterminant dans la dynamique d'intensification. L'incertitude hydro-écologique, économique et démographique a été intégrée au fonctionnement « normal » du système agraire et à celui de territoires qui se singularisent par leur mobilité. Aujourd'hui, c'est l'incertitude politique qui menace l'avenir du lac Tchad. Elle résulte des conflits de pouvoirs locaux constitutifs du rapport de l'État aux populations, et de l'action publique à travers les politiques agricoles et environnementales
The Lake Chad is unique in the Sahelian band. Whereas large scale irrigated schemes has characterized the other wetlands, here the development of agriculture, cattle breeding and fishing has been based on the use of the water floods and on mobilities. Almost virgin until the 1940s, the Lake has become a highly populated and cosmopolitan area, exporting diversified foodstuffs to the urban markets of the sub-region. Through the analysis of agrarian and territorial dynamics of the Cameroonian lake shores, this research questions to which extent multi-use of the natural resources and mobilities may allow further agricultural intensification and population increase in such an uncertain environment.Closer complementarity and synergy between activities pave the way for ecological intensification and territorial development inducing wealth and job generation. Due to its marginal nature, the Cameroonian part of the Lake has been the place of continuous social innovations, ensuring to a great diversity of people the access to productive assets and markets. In this sense, it has been actually decisive for the dynamic of intensification. Hydro-ecological, economic and demographic uncertainty has been integrated into the “normal” functioning of the agrarian system and territory. Nowadays, the political uncertainty threatens the future of the Lake Chad. It results both from agricultural and environmental policies and from conflicts between local authorities, that are constitutives of the relation between the State and the populations

The objective of this study was to determine the factors which can affect the adoption of e-banking in Cameroon. To conduct that research, we tried to understand how demographic characteristics, attitudes and social influences impact on the customer’s decision to adopt e-banking; to investigate barriers and challenges with regard to the adoption of e-banking; to identify the differences in perception regarding e-banking between e-banking users and non-users; and to determine whether or not e-banking offers more opportunities in comparison with the traditional banking system used in Cameroon. Through an in-depth interview and questionnaires filled by bank’s customer, the factors influencing the adoption of e-banking in Cameroon were identified. These were demographic factors such as age, income, educational level and occupation. Psychological factors such as perceptions of relative advantage, compatibility, complexity and perceived cost were also identified. Perceived risk was found to have a negative impact on e-banking adoption. A measure of the relationship between the factors and the adoption of e-banking was determined. Negative perceptions and attitudes influence the decision-making process, resulting in negative consumer behaviour outcomes. Social influences, including the opinions of friends, parents and colleagues, were found to have an influence on e-banking adoption. With regard to the research objectives that identified factors discouraging customers from using e-banking, the lack of trust, lack of information, lack of knowledge and perceived risk by non-users hindered the adoption of e-banking. Challenges and barriers with regard to e-banking adoption were also identified, namely resistance to change by bank employees, lack of knowledge, absence of e-laws and legislation for e-banking, absence of a proper telecommunications infrastructure and shortage of IT training. This research is especially valuable for the Cameroon banking industry, as the findings will provide insights for banks interested in implementing e-banking strategies.
Business Management
M. Com. (Business Management)

Doctors and nurses in most developing countries lack access to adequate health information, that is, the lifeblood for the delivery of quality health care services. This problem is further compounded by the fact that correct techniques and equipment are not applied to provide access to reliable health information. Based on previous literature, it is assumed that information should be managed in the same way capital, labour and human resources are managed so that healthcare providers and medical professionals should be able to have relevant information to assist then in their daily activities, to help them to learn, to diagnose and to save lives. Relevance and reliability are paramount in meeting health information needs. A number of studies have shown that the application of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the management of health information is a prerequisite to wider accessibility and availability of relevant health information. Health information management is the continuum of processes in managing health-related information. It is composed of the use of technologies (computers, hardware, software and telecommunication), personnel (trained information specialists), and the allocation of financial resources to achieve the major goals of the organisation such as a hospital. The aim is to collect, process, store, retrieve and disseminate adequate health information to the right person, in the right form, at the right time. This study investigated the application of ICTs in the management of health information by medical professionals in six selected government hospitals in Yaounde, Cameroon. The basis of the study was that through the effective application of ICTs in the management of health information, relevant and timely information would be made available to medical professionals. It was the researcher's view that unless we understand the importance of information in the development of the health system, and apply the use of ICTs in its management, the delivery of health care services will constantly remain poor. Data was collected from six government hospitals in Yaounde through a self-administered questionnaire given to nurses and medical doctors. The data collected from 141 medical professionals [doctors and nurses] were presented, using descriptive statistics in the form of frequency distribution and percentage. The findings of the study revealed that medical professionals are dissatisfied with the major method of information exchange activities, that is, face-to-face interaction with colleagues. In addition, the study found that health information is captured, processed and stored manually. This is very detrimental to medical professionals, because relevant information is not always available when needed. The study found that the barriers to adequate information exchange activities were lack of information support services, irregular distribution of information and poor co-operation and collaboration among medical professionals. The study also revealed the non-availability of ICTs and Internet resources and lack of basic computer skills. Consequently, there is low utilisation of ICTs by medical professionals and limited information needs are being satisfied. Medical professionals unanimously favoured the application of Internet services or an electronic health information resource to supplement the current method of managing and accessing health information. Lack of training on the use of computers and Internet resources were the main factors that hinder the use of ICTs by medical professionals. The study concluded by calling on directors of hospitals, medical professionals and the Ministry of Health Officials to provide ICTs and Internet resources to medical professionals and provide them with basic computing skills and training. It further called for the recognition of information as an important resource for national development and called for formulation of a national information policy. With an information policy, information needs would be clearly defined and the provision of information services throughout the country would be regulated. In addition, medical professionals must create a free-flow of information and constant communication outlet to exchange and disseminate local health information. The high demand for basic training on the use of ICTs could be provided through in-service training or refresher courses.
Thesis (M.I.S.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.

This study was planned to explore “the role of e-learning on the professional development of student-teachers in Cameroon”. The researcher’s concern with elearning was sanctioned by the need for a teaching and learning strategy that can help institutions of learning address their problems and improve on their outcome. Seven (7) specific hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The study also sought to find out challenges faced by student-teachers in the implementation of e-learning. The study involved a mixed methodological approach. In this respect, a survey of 796 student-teachers drawn from eight (8) Primary Government Teacher Training Colleges and three (3) Higher Teacher Training Colleges was carried out. Also, an experiment with 191 student-teachers of the Higher Teacher Training College was conducted using blended learning. Purposive sampling, cluster sampling, simple random sampling and systematic random sampling techniques were applied where necessary to obtain the sample. Moreover, in the survey, data was collected using a questionnaire while the experimental phase generated data in terms of scores from the first and second test respectively. The student t-test, One-way ANOVA, and Correlation Coefficient were used to test the research hypotheses. Findings of this study offer new evidence that elearning has a significant influence on the professional development of studentteachers in Cameroon. Findings revealed that slow Internet lines or access speed constitute a serious challenge to effective e-learning in Cameroon (Mean = 3.2852). Findings further suggest that Internet-Based Problem Solving and Computer-Based Direct Instruction have an unprecedented role in fostering the professional development of student teachers in Cameroon. Based on this result, recommendations are made to training institutions to embrace ICTs and become more flexible by adopting learning approaches that are dynamic and multi-dimensional as problems in education are becoming more complex.
Curriculum and Instructional Studies
D. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)