Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Internet gateways'

The Internet of Things (IoT) provide the possibility to build dynamic industrial systems and applications to improve the quality of production in industrial areas. There are many Industrial IoT Gateways (IoTGWs) available on the market, all of which have different functionalities and properties. Here, the different properties of the IIoTGWs were explored, with the researcher’s as well as vendor’s perspective in mind. The most important properties were identified using research papers and technical data sheets, based on this, a model was created. The model showed the best two gateways available in the database. The results show that methods used can be applied in future research.

Multi-hop wireless ad hoc wireless networks have no fixed network infrastructure. Such a network consists of multiple nodes that maintain network connectivity through wireless links. Additionally, these nodes may be mobile and thus the topology of the network may change with time. It will be useful if the nodes in this network could communicate with the Internet; this can be done via gateways which in turn interconnect to the Internet. This functionality requires that the nodes in the ad hoc network to discover the gateway, using a gateway discovery protocol. However, a limiting factor (particularly for mobile nodes) is suing their limited energy supply provided by batteries. In order to understand the potential effect this thesis considers two key areas: internetworking between a multi-hop mobile wireless ad hoc network and the Internet and the energy utilization as a function of number of gateways and the mobility pattern of nodes. Using simulation on various mobility patterns and networks density scenarios, we show that increase the number of gateways in ad hoc network significantly improves the power efficiency of mobile node and therefore prevent network partition due to death nodes. The thesis also discusses about the impact of different environment and mobility patterns on the power consumption of mobile nodes which is a very important factor in the building and deployment of the cost-effective high performance wireless ad hoc networks.

Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e Telecomunicações
The need to be always connected to the world is now a reality in most countries; people want to be always reachable, want to be always connected to what is happening around them, in their city, worldwide. With the sharp increase in the number of users of social networks, the watchword of today is to share, from comments, photos or even videos, the important thing is to be connected to the world. Also in this area, vehicular networks, which have been initially designed to support security applications in order to improve road traffic, are now seen more as a way to provide entertainment to its users. And the best way to engage users is to give them what they use most in their daily life, Internet access. If the vehicles are able to share connection between themselves and with their passengers, this would be a breakthrough for this type of network. However, many problems still affect the vehicular networks: they are expected to be slowly deployed, so that the first nodes of the network will primarily use the already existing connections along the road, as an example, WI-FI hotspots. Due to the high mobility of the vehicles and hence the network, it is expected a significant number of handovers between access points along the route. Without an appropriate mobility protocol the loss of connection and session would be common. In order to make the process more transparent to the user, a network mobility protocol is required, not only to provide mobility to the vehicle, but also to its passengers. The aim of this MSc Dissertation focuses on the study of the types of existing mobility protocols and discusses the possibility of adapting them to the vehicular networks and to the communication between vehicles and their passengers. In this regard, it was decided to use the Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) for handover between base stations, and Nemo - PMIPv6 for handover of vehicular networks between fixed and mobile stations. These mechanisms have been extended and implemented to provide mobility in a vehicular network. To keep the link with the best quality possible along the path, it is also required an entity to monitor available access networks forcing the connection to the one that has better conditions, through a connection manager. The tests performed in the laboratory and on the road focused on the access technology IEEE 802.11p, a technology designed specifically for vehicle networks, and IEEE 802.11g, one of the technologies used today. The results of handovers performed on various road scenarios show that the mechanisms developed allow to provide transparent mobility for both vehicles and passengers, even in mobility between networks with a different number of vehicles to the infrastructure.
A necessidade de estar em permanente ligação com o mundo é já uma realidade na grande maioria dos países; as pessoas querem estar sempre contactáveis, querem estar sempre ligadas ao que se passa à sua volta, na sua cidade, em todo o mundo. Com o forte aumento do número de utilizadores das redes sociais a palavra de ordem da atualidade é partilhar, desde comentários, fotos ou até vídeos, o importante é estar ligado ao mundo. Também nesse sentido têm vindo a ser desenvolvidas as redes veiculares. Inicialmente pensadas para suportar aplicações de segurança de forma a melhorar o tráfego rodoviário são agora vistas como mais uma forma de proporcionar entretenimento aos seus utilizadores. E a melhor forma de cativar os utilizadores é dar-Ihes aquilo que mais utilizam no seu dia a dia, o accesso à Internet. Se os veículos forem capazes de partilhar ligação entre si e para com os seus passageiros, esse será um avanço importante para este tipo de redes. Contudo, muitos desafios afetam ainda as redes veiculares: prevê-se que tenham uma introdução gradual no mercado, mas lenta, pelo que os primeiros constituintes da rede terão sobretudo de usufruir das ligações já existentes ao longo da estrada, por exemplo, hotspots WI-FI. Devido à grande mobilidade dos veículos e consequentemente da rede prevê-se que o número de handovers entre pontos de accesso ao longo do trajeto seja elevado. Sem um protocolo de mobilidade apropriado a perda de ligação e sessão seria frequente. De forma a tornar o processo mais transparente para o utilizador é necessário um protocolo de mobilidade de rede capaz de não só fornecer mobilidade ao veículo, como também aos seus passageiros. O objetivo desta Dissertação de Mestrado centra-se no estudo dos tipos de protocolos de mobilidade já existentes e analisar a possibilidade de os adaptar para redes veiculares e comunicação entre veículos e para os seus passageiros. Neste sentido decidiu-se utilizar como base o protocolo Proxy Mobile IP (PMIPv6) para handover entre estações fixas, e o Nemo - PMIPv6 para handover de redes de veículos entre estações fixas e móveis. Estes mecanismos foram extendidos e implementados para proporcionarem mobilidade numa rede veicular. Para a ligação se manter com a melhor qualidade possível ao longo do trajeto é também necessário uma entidade que monitorize as redes de accesso disponíveis forçando a ligação do sistema à rede que apresentar melhores condições, através de um gestor de ligações. Os testes efetuados em laboratório e na estrada incidiram sobre as tecnologias de accesso IEEE 802.llp, uma tecnologia desenvolvida especialmente para as redes veiculares, e o IEEE 802.11g, uma das tecnologias mais utilizadas atualmente. Os resultados de handovers realizados em vários cenários de estrada mostram que os mecanismos desenvolvidos permitem fornecer mobilidade transparente dos veículos e seus passageiros, mesmo em mobilidade entre redes com um número diferente de veículos até à infra-estrutura.

This paper explores the role of classification and other terminological subject systems in subject gateways showing the Czech experience. The potential of combining a top level classification such as Conspectus with the application of further classified sets of subject access points using UDC is explained. Some examples are given of special subject gateways developed under a general gateway, all interlinked and providing similar interfaces and functionalities. The potential of a common strategy of subject access tools is emphasized, to further improve subject retrieval across the different gateways in a consistent and transparent manner.

Mestrado em Engenharia de Computadores e Telemática
Esta dissertação enquadra-se no projeto Smart Green Home, que resulta de uma parceria entre a Bosch e a Universidade de Aveiro, e visa criar um dispositivo (Gateway) capaz de interagir com um ambiente domestico inteligente e multi-tecnologias de forma a facilitar a sua integração em instalações existentes e ser o mais possível independente de marcas. Mais ainda, pretende-se criar um sistema de gestão de Gateways em produção por forma a tornar tarefas de manutenção simples e escaláveis. Relativamente a este sistema, ele trás ainda valor acrescentado para o utilizador permitindo o acesso remoto à sua casa e monitorizar e controlar os seus dispositivos, assim como outras capacidades. Para satisfazer os requisitos deste sistema, foi desenvolvida uma solução para ambas as componentes do sistema, a Gateway e o sistema de gestão. Esta solução foi implementada com sucesso e o seu funcionamento validado de acordo com os requisitos. Por último, uma avaliação à solução final implementada, com levantamento das suas limitações, foi realizada e são expostos possíveis futuros melhoramentos para o sistema.
This dissertation was done in the scope of the Smart Green Home project, that was born from a partnership between Bosch and the University of Aveiro, and strives to achieve a device (Gateway) capable of interacting with a smart home environment where multi-technologies are present allowing it to more easily integrate in existing installations along with being vendor independent. Additionally, it will be created a gateway management system to allow their maintenances to become effortless and scalable. Regarding this system, it also provides added value to the user by allowing remote access his home to monitor and control his devices, as well as other features. In order to fulfill this system requirements, a solution was developed for both of the system’s components, the Gateway and the management system. This solution was then successfully implemented and its functionality validated according to its requirements. Lastly, an evaluation to the final implemented solution was conducted, and its limitations gathered, exposing this way possible future improvements.

Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e Telecomunicações
Com o grande crescimento das comunicações móveis e fixas, o acesso à Internet tornou-se cada vez mais numa exigência, colocando à industria das Telecomunicações, especialmente aos operadores, grandes desafios. Serviços comuns como chamadas de voz, podem agora ser oferecidos pelos Internet Service Providers (ISPs) aos seus clientes sobre a forma de serviço Voice over IP (VoIP). Este serviço deixou de ser exclusivo das redes Public Switched Telephone Network/Integrated Services Digital Network (PSTN/ISDN) e passou a ser fornecido também na Internet. Mas devido à necessidade de manter as tradicionais redes PSTN/ISDN, houve a necessidade de criar um ambiente de convergência, não só para estas redes mas também para outros tipos de redes de acesso, independentemente da tecnologia. É neste campo que os organismos de normalização e os operadores têm dado os seus contributos, criando uma rede de controlo e de transporte comum baseada em IP para a convergência de serviços. Inicialmente o 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) definiu uma arquitectura de convergência móvel com a rede IP, constituída por elementos de controlo, transporte e serviço, de nome IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). Mais tarde, esta arquitectura serviu de base (core) para o grupo TISPAN do European Telecommunications Standard Institute (ETSI) na normalização das Redes de Próxima Geração. Esta Dissertação pretende dar uma resposta à convergência fixo-móvel no âmbito da arquitectura PSTN/ISDN Emulation Subsystem (PES) do TISPAN. Este sistema permite que todos os clientes de uma Rede de Próxima Geração de um operador acedam a serviços das redes PSTN/ISDN e Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) de uma forma simples e imperceptível. Com este intuito foram desenvolvidos cenários de testes para os sistemas Trunking e de Acesso da arquitectura PES, tendo como objectivo final a sua integração na plataforma de próxima geração Service Handling on ip NETworks (SHipNET). Esta Dissertação experimenta várias situações reais de chamadas de voz sobre os cenários de testes, e inicia a implementação de um novo elemento definido para a arquitectura PES, Access Gateway Control Function (AGCF), para o controlo de Media Gateways nas redes de Acesso. ABSTRACT: With the big growth of mobile and fixed communications, Internet access has become a requirement, putting the telecommunication industry, and especially the operators, in front of a major challenge. Services such as voice calls can now be offered by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to their customers. This service is no longer exclusive of Public Switched Telephone Network/Integrated Services Digital Network (PSTN/ISDN) and is now provided also through the Internet. But, because of the need to maintain the traditional PSTN/ISDN networks, there was a need to create a convergence, not only for these networks but also for other types of access networks, regardless of technology. The standards bodies and operators have made their contributions to create a network of control and transport policy, based on IP, for the services convergence. In the beginning the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) defined an architecture for mobile convergence with IP network, made up of control, transport and service elements, called IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). Later, the core IMS served the ETSI TISPAN group in standardization of Next Generation Networks. This thesis aims to give an answer for fixed-mobile convergence within the architecture defined by TISPAN PSTN/ISDN Emulation Subsystem (PES). This system, formed by a Trunking, originally defined by the 3GPP IMS, and Access part, allows all customers of a Next Generation Network operator, access to PSTN/ISDN and Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) network services in a simple way. With this purpose, scenarios were developed for Trunking and Access systems of PES arquitecture, with the goal to integrate into the next generation platform Service Handling on ip NETworks (SHipNET). This thesis tests several real situations of voice calls on testing scenarios, and begins the implementation of a new element defined for PES arquitecture, Access Gateway Control Function (AGCF), for Media Gateways control purpose in access networks.

La virtualizzazione permette a diverse applicazioni di condividere lo stesso dispositivo IoT. Tuttavia, in ambienti eterogenei, reti di dispositivi IoT virtualizzati fanno emergere nuove sfide, come la necessità di fornire on-the-fly e in maniera dinamica, elastica e scalabile, gateway. NFV è un paradigma progettato per affrontare queste nuove sfide. Esso sfrutta tecnologie di virtualizzazione standard per consolidare specifici elementi di rete su generico hardware commerciale. Questa tesi presenta un'architettura NFV per gateway IoT distribuiti, nella quale istanze software dei moduli dei gateway sono ospitate su un'infrastruttura NFV distribuita, la quale è operata e gestita da un IoT gateway Provider. Considereremo diversi IoT Provider, ciascuno con le proprie marche, o loro combinazioni, di sensori e attuatori/robot. Ipotizzeremo che gli ambienti dei provider siano geograficamente distribuiti, per un'efficiente copertura di regioni estese. I sensori e gli attuatori possono essere utilizzati da una varietà di applicazioni, ciascuna delle quali può avere diversi requisiti per interfacce e QoS (latenza, throughput, consumi, ecc...). L'infrastruttura NFV consente di effettuare un deployment elastico, dinamico e scalabile dei moduli gateway in questo ambiente eterogeneo e distribuito. Inoltre, l'architettura proposta è in grado di riutilizzare moduli il cui deployment è stato precedentemente compiuto. Ciò è ottenuto attraverso Service Function Chaining e un'orchestrazione dinamica a runtime. Infine, presenteremo un prototipo basato sulla piattaforma OpenStack.

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Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-05T13:24:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DANILO FREIRE DE SOUZA SANTOS - TESE (PPGCC) 2016.pdf: 5841474 bytes, checksum: ce59e0fd3d574e6d3b893f98154075e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016
Capes
O cenário introduzido pela Internet das Coisas potencializa a criação de um novo conjunto de aplicações e serviços, onde diversos dispositivos interagem entre si através da Internet. Esse cenário viabiliza o advento de novas tecnologias de transmissão sem fio de baixo consumo, como o Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE), as quais viabilizam a criação de redes pessoais (PAN) sem fio. Em paralelo, com a crescente disponibilidade de Dispositivos Pessoais de Saúde com capacidade de comunicação, um cenário onde informações de saúde podem ser disponibilizadas na Internet surge, viabilizando a criação de sistemas de Saúde Conectada. Entretanto, ao viabilizar a criação de redes PAN interconectando diversos dispositivos, a Qualidade de Serviço na rede necessária para o correto funcionamento desses dispositivos de saúde pode ser afetada, dado que redes PAN BLE não oferecem mecanismos para a diferenciação da Qualidade de Serviço entre os dispositivos conectados. Considerando esse contexto de compartilhamento de uma rede PAN entre diversos dispositivos, nesse trabalho propõe-se uma abordagem para o controle do fluxo adaptativo em Gateways BLE utilizando um mecanismo de distribuição de créditos temporal entre os clientes de uma rede PAN. Para essa priorização, informações fornecidas por aplicações são utilizadas para a distribuição e configuração dos parâmetros de conectividade dos dispositivos da rede PAN. Também são apresentados detalhes sobre o projeto e evolução arquitetural do controlador adaptativo, detalhando suas características de controle de fluxo com prioridade temporal. São apresentados resultados experimentais do funcionamento do controlador adaptativo em diferentes cenários. Esses resultados demonstram que o mesmo é capaz de garantir a Qualidade de Serviço de rede necessária para dispositivos específicos em um ambiente compartilhado. Para a validação desse trabalho em um cenário mais amplo, é apresentada uma arquitetura para Sistemas de Monitoramento Remoto de Pacientes padronizado para a Internet das Coisas. Esse sistema serve como base para a implantação e avaliação experimental do controlador de fluxo adaptativo em um Smart-Gateways BLE, onde informações de serviços e aplicações em saúde são utilizadas para priorizar Dispositivos Pessoais de Saúde a depender do seu contexto de uso.
The Internet of Things paradigm enables a new set of applications and services to be available in the Internet. This scenario makes possible the development of new low-power communication technologies, such asBluetooth Low-Energy (BLE), which creates wireless Personal Area Networks (PAN). At the same time, the rising availability of Personal Health Devices (PHD) capable of PAN communication and the desire of keeping a high quality of live are the ingredients of the Connected Health vision. However, as the number of PHDs increase, the number of other peripherals connected in the PAN also increases. Therefore, PHDs are now competing for medium access with other devices, decreasing the network Quality of Service of health applications in the BLE PAN, as these networks do not guarantee Quality of Service requirements for connected devices. In this context, where a BLEPAN is shared with multiple devices, it is where this work is immersed. In this work is presented an approach for adaptive flow-control of BLE Gateways using a temporal credit distribution mechanism between clients in a PAN. For this distribution, application context information is used for network prioritization and parameter configuration of PAN devices. In this work is detailed how the adaptive flow-control was designed and how was its architectural evolution, detailing how its temporal mechanism works. Experimental results are presented showing the controller behavior in different scenarios. These results show that using the proposed approach it is possible to guarantee Quality of Service requirements for target devices using a prioritization process in a shared medium. In order to validate this work in a broad scenario, it is also presented a standard-based Remote Patient Monitoring System architecture for the Internet of Things. This system is used as base infrastructure for prioritization of PHDs connections based on their state and requirements by the use of a Smart BLE Gateway. An implementation was developed showing the relevance of the problem and how a BLE adaptive controller can assist in the prioritization of devices in the context of healthcare services and applications.

This study focuses on the Internet of Things (IoT) gateway; a common middleware solution that bridges the gap between physical sensors and devices to internet applications. There is a shown interest in understanding the characteristics of different types of gateway architectures both from the research field and the industry, particularly the IT-consulting firm Attentec in Linköping, Sweden. A study has also been made on the open source C library libuv, used in the common web runtime engine NodeJS. The library has been used to study how asynchronous I/O operations can be used to improve the IoT gateway performance. A set of three general architectural approaches are identified. Common internal and external properties are identified based on state-of-the-art gateway implementations found in the industry. All of these properties are taken into account when a general gateway implementation is developed that is proposed to mimic any architectural level implementation of the gateway. A set of performance tests are conducted on the implementation to observe how different configurations of the gateway affect throughput and response time of data transmitted from simulated devices. The results show that the properties of the gateway do affect throughput and response time significantly and that libuv overall helps implement one of the best performing gateway configurations.

Machine learning algorithms that run on Internet of Things sensory data requires high data quality to produce relevant output. By providing data cleaning at the edge, cloud infrastructures performing AI computations is relieved by not having to perform preprocessing. The main problem connected with edge cleaning is the dependency on unsupervised pre-processing as it leaves no guarantee of high quality output data. In this thesis an IoT gateway is extended to provide cleaning and live configuration of cleaning parameters before forwarding the data to a server cluster. Live configuration is implemented to be able to fit the parameters to match a time series and thereby mitigate quality issues. The gateway framework performance and used resources of the container was benchmarked using an MQTT stress tester. The gateway’s performance was under expectation. With high-frequency data streams, the throughput was below50%. However, these issues are not present for its Glava Energy Center connector, as their sensory data generates at a slower pace.
AI4ENERGY

This thesis project explores two well-known real-time web technologies: WebSocket and WebRTC. It explores the use of a mobile phone as a gateway to connect wireless devices with short range of radio links to the Internet in order to foster an Internet of Things (IoT). This thesis project aims to solve the problem of how to collect real-time data from an IoT device, using the Earl toolkit. With this thesis project an Earl device is able to send real-time data to Internet connected devices and to other Earl devices via a mobile phone acting as a gateway. This thesis project facilitates the use of Earl in design projects for IoT devices. IoT enables communication with many different kinds of “things” such as cars, fridges, refrigerators, light bulbs, etc. The benefits of IoT range from financial savings due to saving energy to monitoring the heart activity of a patient with heart problems. There are many approaches to connect devices in order to create an IoT. One of these approaches is to use a mobile phone as a gateway, i.e., to act as a router, between IoT and the Internet. The WebSocket protocol provides efficient communication sessions between web servers and clients by reducing communication overhead. The WebRTC project aims to provide standards for real-time communications technology. WebRTC is important because it is the first real-time communications standard which is being built into browsers. This thesis evaluates the benefits which these two protocols offer when using a mobile phone as a gateway between an IoT and Internet. This thesis project implemented several test beds, collected data concerning the scalability of the protocols and the latency of traffic passing through the gateway, and presents a numerical analysis of the measurement results. Moreover, an LED module was built as a peripheral for an Earl device. The conclusion of the thesis is that WebSocket and WebRTC can be utilized to connect IoT devices to Internet.
I detta examensarbete utforskas två välkända realtidsteknologier på internet: WebSocket och WebRTC. Det utforskar användandet av en mobiltelefon som gateway för att ansluta trådlösa enheter - med kort räckvidd - till Internet för att skapa ett Internet of Things (IoT). Det här examensarbetet försöker med hjälp av verktyget Earl lösa problemet med hur insamlandet av realtidsdata från en IoT-enhet skall genomföras. I det här examensprojektet kan en Earl-enhet skicka data i realtid till enheter med Internetanslutning, samt till andra Earl-enheter, med hjälp av en mobiltelefon som gateway. Detta projektarbete förenklar användandet av Earl i design-projekt ör IoT-enheter. IoT tillåter kommunikation mellan olika sorters enheter, så som bilar, kyl- och frysskåp, glödlampor etc. Fördelarna med IoT kan vara allt från ekonomiska - tack vare minskad energiförbrukning - till medicinska i form av övervakning av puls hos patienter med hjärtproblem. Det finns många olika tillvägagångssätt för att sammankoppla enheter till ett IoT. Ett av dessa är att använda en mobiltelefon som en gateway, dvs en router mellan IoT och internet. WebSocket-protokollet erbjuder effektiv kommunikation mellan web-servrar och klienter tack vare minskad överflödig dataöverföring. WebRTC-projektet vill erbjuda standarder för realtidskommunikation. WebRTC är viktigt då det är den första sådana standarden som inkluderas i webläsare. Det här examensarbetet utvärderar fördelarna dessa två protokoll erbjuder i det fallet då en mobiltelefon används som gateway mellan ett IoT och Internet. I det här examensprojektet implementerades ett flertal testmiljöer, protokollens skalbarhet och fördröjningen av trafiken genom mobiltelefonen (gateway) undersöktes. Detta presenteras i en numerisk analys av mätresultaten. Dessutom byggdes en LED-modul som tillbehör till en Earl-enhet. Slutsatsen av examensarbetet är att WebSocket och WebRTC kan användas till att ansluta IoT-enheter till Internet.

Thesis (MTech(Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are being employed frequently to gather data from an ever-increasing variety of environments and phenomena. \iVSNs offers users in the industrial and academic community a low power, unobtrusive, adaptable and wireless alternative to traditional sensing equipment. This study focuses on the development of a configurable, low power and cost-effective gateway that will link a WSN to the Internet. In addition, the gateway provides onsite storage for the data collected by the WSN which may be uploaded at a scheduled time to a computer at a specified Internet address through a GSM or Ethernet link. Furthermore, the gateway provides a suitable platform capable of executing a variety of multitasking operating systems such as Windows Embedded CE or Linux. This multi-platform support permits the gateway the flexibility, through custom user applications, to adapt its functionality to the requirements of a WSN elm I the environments into which these networks may be deployed. This study has been successful in the design and development of a low-cost gateway solution, allel has produced a functional prototype system,

Den här uppsatsen beskriver processen av att skapa en plattformsoberoende mobilapplikation för att koppla upp mobila enheter mot trådlösa sensorer med hjälp av Bluetooth Low Energy, samla in data från uppkopplade sensorer och ladda upp den insamlade datan till en molnlagringstjänst. Allt eftersom konsumenter och forskare använder fler sensorer och andra Bluetooth-enheter, [1] ökar behovet av simplare och standardiserade lösningar för att arbeta med dessa. En litteraturstudie har genomförts där information om närliggande forskning insamlats och viktig information om de nödvändiga mjukvarukomponenter som krävs har utvärderats. I kombination med litteraturstudien har en IT-artefakt utvecklats i form av en mobilapplikation som har testats utefter insamlade krav för att säkerställa applikationens funktionalitet. Syftet med det här arbetet är att tydliggöra och konkretisera en mjukvaruutvecklingsprocess som kan användas för att skapa en mobilapplikation av det här slaget, samt vilka potentiella svårigheter som finns i dagsläget med att utforma den här typen av applikationer. Resultaten visar att en del tillverkare inte följer standarden för Bluetooth-kommunikation, detta gör det svårt att skriva generaliserade metoder för att hämta data från sensorer av alla typer och från samtliga tillverkare.
This thesis describes the process of creating a platform-independent mobile application for connecting mobile devices to wireless sensors using Bluetooth Low Energy, collecting data from connected sensors and uploading the collected data to a cloud storage service. As consumers and researchers use more sensors and other Bluetooth-devices, [1] one could argue that there is a need for simpler and standardised solutions to working with these. A literature study has been conducted where information on related research has been collected and important information about the necessary software components has been evaluated. In combination with the literature study, an IT artefact has been developed in the form of a mobile application that has been tested according to collected requirements to ensure the application's functionality. The purpose of this work is to contribute with a clear scientific process over what is required to create a mobile application of this kind and what potential difficulties exist in present-day design of this type of applications. The results show that some manufacturers may not be following the standards for Bluetooth data communication, thus making it hard to write generalized methods for retrieving data from sensors of any type or manufacturer.

L'Internet of Things (IoT) è oggetto di grande interesse per la ricerca e per l'industria. Le numerose tecnologie che sono state sviluppate rendono possibile la creazione di nuovi e utili servizi, ma introducono problemi legati alla reciproca incompatibilità. Nell'elaborato si analizza nel dettaglio questa situazione e si descrive l'implementazione di un sistema che ha come obiettivo la realizzazione di una rete composta da dispositivi che fanno uso di tecnologie differenti. Il progetto usa un Raspberry Pi come router, il cui scopo è quello di gestire le differenze fra gli standard di comunicazione utilizzati. Le tecnologie wireless supportate sono: WiFi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, nRF24L01 e moduli radio 433MHz. Sulla rete cosi formata è inoltre possibile lo sviluppo di applicazioni IoT, grazie alle logiche di funzionamento messe a disposizione dal sistema.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico
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O objetivo principal deste trabalho é permitir a interoperabilidade entre sistemas de gerenciamento de redes que seguem modelos de gerenciamento diferentes. Como os modelos de gerenciamento mais difundidos são os modelos OSI e Internet, é apresentada uma proposta de desenvolvimento de um gateway que possibilite esta integração. Além disso, a Aplicação Gateway definida permite também, que a funcionalidade fornecida pelo modelo de gerenciamento de OSI possa ser aplicada sobre o modelo de gerenciamento Internet.

With growing concerns on global energy demand and climate change, it is important to focus on efficient utilization of electricity in commercial buildings, which contribute significantly to the overall electricity consumption. Accordingly, there has been a number of Building Energy Management (BEM) software/hardware solutions to monitor energy consumption and other measurements of individual building loads. BEM software serves as a platform to implement smart control strategies and stores historical data. Although BEM software provides such lucrative benefits to building operators, in terms of energy savings and personalized control, these benefits are not harnessed by most small to mid-sized buildings due to a high cost of deployment and maintenance. A cloud-based BEM system can offer a low-cost solution to promote ease of use and support a maintenance-free installation. In a typical building, a conventional router has a public address and assigns private addresses to all devices connected to it. This led to a network topology, where the router is the only device in the Internet space with all other devices forming an isolated local area network behind the router. Due to this scenario, a cloud-based BEM software needs to pass through the router to access devices in a local area network. To address this issue, some devices, during operation, make an outbound connection to traverse through the router and provide an interface to itself on the Internet. Hence, based on their capability to traverse through the router, devices in a local area network can be distinguished as cloud and non-cloud devices. Cloud-based BEM software with sufficient authorization can access cloud devices. In order to access devices adhering to non-cloud protocols, cloud-based BEM software requires a device in the local area network which can perform traversal through the router on behalf of all non-cloud devices. Such a device acts as an IoT gateway, to securely interconnect devices in a local area network with cloud-based BEM software. This thesis focuses towards architecting, designing and prototyping an Internet-of-Things (IoT) gateway which can perform traversal on behalf of non-cloud devices. This IoT gateway enables cloud-based BEM software to have a comprehensive access to supported non-cloud devices. The IoT gateway has been designed to support BACnet, Modbus and HTTP RESTful, which are the three widely adopted communication protocols in the building automation and control domain. The developed software executes these three communication protocols concurrently to address requests from cloud-based BEM system. The performance of the designed architecture is independent of the number of devices supported by the IoT gateway software.
Master of Science

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
With the Internet of Things (IoT), it is predicted that the number of connected devices will reach 50 billion by 2020. Many of these devices often adopt, at application layer, mutually incompatible messaging protocols. A possible solution to this problem is to use the same messaging protocol among all devices. However, a single protocol is not always suitable for both constrained and unconstrained devices. Several solutions to the interoperability issue in the IoT have been proposed, but they neither provide transparent interoperation nor are extensible and configurable enough. Meanwhile, this paper proposes GoThings, a preliminary gateway architecture which can enable interconnectivity between different messaging protocols. GoThings is focused on extensibility, configurability and generality, in the context of IoT problems.
Com a Internet das Coisas (IoT), é previsto que o número de dispositivos conectados atingirá o número de 50 bilhões até 2020. Muitos desses dispositivos adotam, na camada de aplicação, protocolos de mensagem mutualmente incompatíveis entre si. Uma possível solução a esse problema é usar um mesmo protocolo de mensagem em todos os dispositivos. No entanto, um único protocolo nem sempre é adequado para dispositivos restritos e não restritos ao mesmo tempo. Diversas soluções à questão da interoperabilidade na IoT foram propostas, mas elas ou não proveem interoperabilidade transparente ou não são extensíveis e configuráveis o suficiente. Esta dissertação apresenta uma proposta de uma arquitetura para o desenvolvimento de gateways, a qual denominamos de GoThings, que permite habilitar a interconectividade entre diferentes protocolos de mensagem. A arquitetura proposta é focada na extensibilidade, configurabilidade e generalidade, no contexto de problemas da IoT.

[ES] La visión del Internet de las cosas (IoT) implica un ecosistema global hiperco-nectado en el que todos los dispositivos con capacidad de comunicación se conecten de manera ubicua a Internet. Sin embargo, para alcanzar todo el po-tencial de IoT, no es suficiente que los dispositivos estén conectados a Inter-net, también necesitan comunicarse e interactúan entre sí. Desafortunadamen-te, construir un ecosistema global de dispositivos que se conecten entre sí sin problemas es prácticamente imposible hoy en día. La razón es que IoT está constituida por una plétora de dispositivos heterogéneos en términos del for-mato de datos y componentes de comunicación que lo forman, como por ejemplo hardware, tecnologías y protocolos de comunicación. Esta heteroge-neidad lleva inevitablemente a la aparición de "silos verticales" que están aisla-dos al resto de IoT (p. ej., todavía necesitamos instalar 5 aplicaciones para in-teractuar con 5 dispositivos diferentes debido a la incompatibilidad entre estos dispositivos), exacerbada aún más por el hecho de que miles de millones de dispositivos de próxima generación dependerán de su capacidad de conectarse entre sí para obtener el mayor beneficio. Por lo tanto, la interoperabilidad de dispositivos es uno de los principales desa-fíos a enfrentar en al ámbito de investigación de IoT. En tal sentido, la abstrac-ción de la heterogeneidad hardware y software subyacentes de los dispositivos y la conversión de protocolos para el intercambio de información entre los mismos presenta una estrategia clave. En esta tesis se ha especificado una ar-quitectura de interoperabilidad para habilitar la comunicación entre dispositivos en IoT y su integración con plataformas IoT estándar. La arquitectura está fundamentada en tendencias de investigación recientes y mejores prácticas como el modelo de referencia arquitectónico (IoT-A) y la arquitectura funcio-nal M2M, pero adaptada a unos requerimientos que hacen que esta solución pueda utilizarse para la implementación de aplicaciones IoT en diferentes en-tornos. El diseño de la arquitectura, se ha llevado a una primera implementación proto-tipo, denominada smart IoT gateway, que tiene como objetivo habilitar la inter-operabilidad técnica y sintáctica de dispositivos heterogéneos. De forma análo-ga, se proyecta una segunda implementación, denominada arquitectura de in-terconexión la cual extiende las funcionalidades del smart IoT gateway a través de la integración de una entidad proxy de interconexión que permite la integración de dispositivos heterogéneos con plataformas IoT estándar. En forma consecuente con el actual enfoque pragmático de IoT, la utilidad y viabilidad de las implementaciones de la arquitectura se ha demostrado median-te testbeds aplicados a dos casos de uso IoT. Dichos casos de uso se derivan del proyecto Europeo INTER-IoT financiado por la Unión Europea a través del programa Horizonte H2020. El primero de ellos, es INTER-LogP, que tiene por objetivo mejorar los procesos de gestión de transporte y logística en entor-nos portuarios, por medio del intercambio de información entre las distintas plataformas IoT heterogéneas involucradas. El segundo, INTER-Health, pre-tende monitorizar el entorno y el estilo de vida de las personas de forma des-centralizada y con movilidad, para prevenir problemas de salud. Finalmente, la experiencia adquirida en el despliegue de estos casos de uso ha motivado el desarrollo de nuevas propuestas y estudios de aplicación de IoT que representan una contribución adicional de la presente tesis doctoral.
[CAT] La visió de la Internet de les coses (IoT) implica un ecosistema global hiperco-nectado en el qual tots els dispositius amb capacitat de comunicació es connec-ten de manera ubiqua a la Internet. No obstant això, per a aconseguir tot el po-tencial de IoT, no és suficient que els dispositius estiguen connectats a Inter-net, també necessiten comunicar-se i interactuen entre si. Desafortunadamen-et, construir un ecosistema global de dispositius que es connecten entre si sen-se problemes és pràcticament impossible hui dia. El raó és que IoT està consti-tuïda per una plètora de dispositius heterogenis en termes del for-mate de da-des i components de comunicació que ho formen, com per exemple maquinari, tecnologies i protocols de comunicació. Aquesta heteroge-neidad porta inevi-tablement a l'aparició de "sitges verticals" que estan aisla-dues a la resta de IoT (p. ex., encara necessitem instal·lar 5 aplicacions per a in-teractuar amb 5 dis-positius diferents a causa de la incompatibilitat entre aquests dispositius), exa-cerbada encara més pel fet que milers de milions de dispositius de pròxima generació dependran de la seua capacitat de connectar-se entre si per a obtindre el major benefici. Per tant, la interoperabilitat de dispositius és un dels principals desa-fíos a en-frontar en a l'àmbit d'investigació de IoT. En tal sentit, la abstrac-ción de l'hete-rogeneïtat maquinari i programari subjacent dels dispositius i la conversió de protocols per a l'intercanvi d'informació entre els mateixos presenta una estra-tègia clau. En aquesta tesi s'ha especificat una ar-quitectura d'interoperabilitat per a habilitar la comunicació entre dispositius en IoT i la seua integració amb plataformes estàndard. L'arquitectura està fonga-esmentada en tendències d'in-vestigació recents i millors pràctiques com el model de referència arquitectònic IoT-A i l'arquitectura funcional M2M, però adaptada a un requeriments que fan que aquesta solució puga utili-zarse per a la implementació d'aplicacions IoT en diferents entorns. El disseny de l'arquitectura, s'ha portat a una primera implementació proto-tipus, denominada smart IoT gateway, que té com a objectiu habilitar la inter-operabilitat tècnica i sintàctica de dispositius heterogenis. De forma análo-ga, es projecta una segona implementació, denominada arquitectura de in-terconexión la qual estén les funcionalitats del smart IoT gateway a través de la integració d'una entitat proxy d'interconnexió que permet la integració de dis-positius heterogenis amb plataformes IoT estàndard. En forma conseqüent amb l'actual enfocament pragmàtic de IoT, la utilitat i viabilitat de les implementacions de l'arquitectura s'ha demostrat medien-et testbeds aplicats a dos casos d'ús IoT derivats del projecte Europeu INTER-IoT finançat per la Unió Europea a través del programa Horitzó H2020. El primer d'ells, és INTER-LogP, que té per objectiu millorar els processos de gestió de transport i logística en entorns portuaris, per mitjà de l'intercanvi d'in-formació entre les diferents plataformes IoT hete-rogéneas involucrades. El segon, INTER-Health, pretén monitorar l'entorn i l'estil de vida de les perso-nes de forma descentralitzada i amb mo-vilidad, per a previndre problemes de salut. Finalment, l'experiència adquirida en el desplegament d'aquests casos d'ús ha motivat el desenvolupament de noves propostes i estudis d'aplicació de IoT que representen una contribució addicional de la present tesi doctoral.
[EN] The vision of the Internet of Things (IoT) implies a hyper-connected global ecosystem in which all devices with communication capacity are ubiquitously connected to the Internet. However, to reach the full potential of IoT, it is not enough that the devices are connected to Internet, they also need to communi-cate and interact with each other. Unfortunately, building a global ecosystem of devices that connect with each other without problems is practically impossible nowadays. The reason is that IoT is constituted by a plethora of heterogeneous devices in terms of the data format and communication components that make it up, such as hardware, technologies and communication protocols. This het-erogeneity inevitably leads to the appearance of "vertical silos" that are isolated from the rest of the IoT (e.g., we still need to install 5 applications to interact with 5 different devices due to the incompatibility between these devices), further exacerbated by the fact that billions of next-generation devices will depend on their ability to connect with each other to get the most benefit. Therefore, the interoperability of devices is one of the main challenges to face in the field of IoT research. In this sense, the abstraction of the underlying hardware and software heterogeneity of the devices and the conversion of pro-tocols for the exchange of information between them presents a key strategy. This thesis has specified an interoperability architecture to enable communica-tion between devices in IoT and its integration with standard platforms. The architecture is based on recent research trends and best practices such as the architectural reference model (IoT-A) and the M2M functional architecture but adapted to some requirements that make this solution be used for the imple-mentation of IoT applications in different environments. The design of the architecture has led to first prototype implementation, called smart IoT gateway, which aims to enable the technical and syntactic interoper-ability of heterogeneous devices. Analogously, a second implementation is planned, called an interconnection architecture which extends the functionali-ties of the smart IoT gateway through the integration of a proxy interconnec-tion entity that allows the integration of heterogeneous devices with standard IoT platforms. Consistent with the current pragmatic IoT approach, the utility and feasibility of architecture implementations have been demonstrated by means of testbeds applied to two IoT use cases. These use cases are derived from the European INTER-IoT project financed by the European Union through the Horizon H2020 program. The first of these is INTER-LogP, which aims to improve transport and logistics management processes in port environments, through the exchange of information between the different heterogeneous IoT plat-forms involved. The second, INTER-Health, pretend to monitor the environ-ment and lifestyle of people in a decentralized manner and with mobility, to prevent health problems. Finally, the experience acquired in the deployment of these cases of use has motivated the development of new proposals and IoT application studies that represent an additional contribution to the present doctoral thesis.
Al Estado Ecuatoriano, y en especial a la Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENSECYT) y a la Escuela Politécnica Nacional (EPN). [También] al proyecto europeo IoT financiado por la Unión Europea a través del programa Horizonte H2020
Yacchirema Vargas, DC. (2019). Arquitectura de Interoperabilidad de dispositivos físicos para el Internet de las Cosas (IoT) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/129858
TESIS

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Automação e Sistemas, Florianópolis, 2013.
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O conceito de Internet das Coisas vem ganhando força, promovendo a integração dos mais simples dispositivos à rede mundial de computadores. O padrão 6LoWPAN permite que tais dispositivos, mesmo com poucos recursos de energia, processamento e memória, conversem com dispositivos comuns compatíveis com o padrão IPv6 através do uso de técnicas de compressão e fragmentação. O presente trabalho contempla o projeto e implementação de nós que utilizam o padrão 6LoWPAN, assim como um Gateway para integração dos nós com uma rede Ethernet. O desempenho de tais dispositivos é avaliado e suas funcionalidades validadas. O padrão 6LoWPAN é analisado e comparado ao uso do IPv6 sem compressão em testes práticos.

Abstract : The Internet of Things concept is getting stronger by connecting the simplest devices to the Internet. 6LoWPAN allows these devices, despite their limitations of power availability, processing speed and memory, to communicate with IPv6 regular devices by the use of compression and fragmentation techniques. This work contemplates the project and implementation of 6LoWPAN nodes and a gateway for their integration to an Ethernet network. The performance of the devices is evaluated and their functionality validated. The 6LoWPAN specification is analysed and compared to the use of IPv6 without compression in practical tests.

Grazie alla costante evoluzione tecnologica, negli ultimi anni sempre più oggetti di vita quotidiana stanno accedendo ad Internet. Il proliferare dei dispositivi “smart” ha dato il via ad una nuova rivoluzione tecnologica: quella di Internet of Things (IoT), che sta portando nelle mani degli utenti un elevatissimo numero di informazioni in grado di offrire notevoli benefici alla vita di ogni giorno. Per poter accedere ai dati messi a disposizione risulterà necessario realizzare un servizio in grado di consentire la scoperta, l’accesso e l’interazione con i nodi della rete che si occuperanno della gestione delle informazioni. In letteratura sono già disponibili alcuni di questi meccanismi, ma essi presentano dei difetti che verrebbero ancor più accentuati dalle ridotte capacità computazionali dei terminali IoT. In questo progetto di tesi verrà presentato un servizio di discovery per gateway IoT Kura-based, pensato, grazie all’utilizzo del protocollo di messaggistica MQTT, per operare con terminali dalle performance limitate ed in situazioni di scarsa connettività. Il servizio realizzato prevede che degli smartphone Android richiedano a tutti i gateway in una determinata località i parametri per entrare nel loro network. La richiesta verrà inviata mediante un messaggio MQTT pubblicato in un topic location-specific su un broker remoto. I gateway che riceveranno il messaggio, se interessati alle caratteristiche del client, gli risponderanno comunicando i dati di accesso al network in modo che il dispositivo possa auto-configurarsi per accedervi. Ad accesso avvenuto client e gateway comunicheranno in modo diretto attraverso un broker locale. In fase di testing si valuteranno le performance del servizio analizzando i tempi di risposta e l’utilizzo di risorse lato gateway, e l’assorbimento di potenza lato client.

Internet est constitué de milliers de systèmes autonomes (Autonomous Systems, AS) qui échangent des informations de routage grâce au protocole BGP (Border Gateway Protocol). Chaque AS attend des autres qu'il lui donne des informations de routage correctes, et leur accorde donc une confiance totale. Le détournement de préfixe (prefix hijacking) exploite cette confiance afin d'introduire des routes falsifiées. Les techniques qui détectent cette attaque génèrent un nombre important d'alertes, composé de faux positifs résultant d'opérations de routage courantes. Dans cette dissertation, nous cherchons à trouver la cause principale de ces alertes, de manière indubitable. A cette fin, d'une part, nous réduisons le nombre d'alertes en analysant en profondeur ces réseaux, dont nous dérivons une série de structures qui reflètent les pratiques standard de routage du monde réel, et en considérant le risque associé à ces structures lors une attaque par détournement. D'autre part, nous utilisons des bases de données auxiliaires qui nous permettent de connaître la raison derrière un évènement de routage, qui n'est, en général, connue que du propriétaire du réseau. Précisément, nous regardons les préfixes à origines multiples (Multiple Origin AS, MOAS), et mettons en évidence une classification nous permettant d'éliminer 80% des alertes. Nous présentons un cas réel où un MOAS coïncide avec du spam et des sites d'arnaque en ligne. Nous étudions les préfixes non-disjoints, et présentons un prototype permettant d'éliminer 50% des alertes sub-MOAS.Nous explorons l'espace IP non assigné, cherchons des adresses IP joignables, et localisons une grande quantité de spam et des sites d'arnaques en ligne
The Internet is composed of tens of thousands Autonomous Systems (ASes) that exchange routing information using the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). Consequently, every AS implicitly trusts every other ASes to provide accurate routing information. Prefix hijacking is an attack against the inter-domain routing infrastructure that abuses mutual trust in order to propagate fallacious routes. The current detection techniques pathologically raise a large number of alerts, mostly composed of false positives resulting from benign routing practices. In this Dissertation, we seek the root cause of routing events beyond reasonable doubts. First, we reduce the global number of alerts by analyzing false positive alerts, from which we extract constructs that reflect real-world standard routing practices. We then consider the security threat associated with these constructs in a prefix hijacking scenario. Second, we use a variety of auxiliary datasets that reflect distinct facets of the networks involved in a suspicious routing event in order to closely approximate the ground-truth, which is traditionally only known by the network owner. Specifically, we investigate Multiple Origin AS (MOAS) prefixes, and introduce a classification that we use to discard up to 80% of false positive. Then we show a real-world case where a MOAS coincided with spam and web scam traffic. We look at prefix overlaps, clarify their global use, and present a prototype that discards around 50% of false positive sub-MOAS alerts. Finally, we explore the IP blackspace, study the routing-level characteristics of those networks, find live IP addresses, and uncover a large amount of spam and scam activities

Yes
The use of Information and Communications Technology (ICTs) in healthcare has the potential of minimizing medical errors, reducing healthcare cost and improving collaboration between healthcare systems which can dramatically improve the healthcare service quality. However interoperability within different healthcare systems (clinics/hospitals/pharmacies) remains an issue of further research due to a lack of collaboration and exchange of healthcare information. To solve this problem, cross healthcare system collaboration is required. This paper proposes a conceptual semantic based healthcare collaboration framework based on Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure that is able to offer a secure cross system information and knowledge exchange between different healthcare systems seamlessly that is readable by both machines and humans. In the proposed framework, an intelligent semantic gateway is introduced where a web application with restful Application Programming Interface (API) is used to expose the healthcare information of each system for collaboration. A case study that exposed the patient's data between two different healthcare systems was practically demonstrated where a pharmacist can access the patient's electronic prescription from the clinic.
British Council Institutional Links grant under the BEIS-managed Newton Fund.

Mestrado em Engenharia de Computadores e Telemática
Internet of Things (IoT) is a generic category of ICT architectures that includes the use of sensor-based, communication-enabled systems. A common architectural element in IoT is the sensors gateway that collects data from nearby sensors and relays them to higher-order remote services. The VR2Market project, in which this work is integrated, uses two implementations of the gateway, based on Android smartphones and RPI boards. With the new proposed IoT-inspired computing module, it is possible to migrate gateways to a smaller, more efficient hardware, while retaining the high-level programming abstraction. In this work, we propose and implement a new version of the gateway, named VR-Banway, using the Intel Edison compute module, taking into consideration the integration with additional service layers in VR2Market system, especially with respect to the required Ad hoc networks support. VR-Banway proved to be a solution capable of replacing the existing gateway component in the VR2Market system. The new approach uses a smaller module, reduces power consumption and is more portable. VR-Banway has been used in the context of firefighters monitoring, but is ready to be deployed in other domains.
A Internet of Things (IoT) é uma categoria genérica das arquiteturas de TIC que inclui o uso de sistemas baseados em sensores e comunicações. Um elemento comum das arquiteturas IoT é o agregador que recolhe dados de sensores nas proximidades e reencaminha-os para serviços remotos de mais alto nível. O projeto VR2Market, no qual este trabalho está integrado, usa duas implementações do agregador de dados, implementados em Android e RPI. Com o novo módulo proposto, inspirado na IoT, é possível migrar os agregadores de dados para dispositivos mais pequenos e mais eficientes mantendo a abstração de programação de alto nível. Neste trabalho, propomos e implementamos uma nova versão do agregador de dados, chamado VR-Banway, usando o módulo computacional Intel Edison, tendo em consideração a integração de novas camadas de serviços no VR2Market, especialmente no que diz respeito ao suporte de redes Ad hoc. VR-Banway provou ser uma solução capaz de substituir o componente de agregador de dados existente no sistema VR2Market. A nova abordagem usa um módulo mais pequeno, reduz o consumo de energia e é mais portátil. VR-Banway foi usado no contexto de monitorização de bombeiros, mas está preparado para ser implementado noutros domínios.

L'obiettivo di questo studio è quello di realizzare un'infrastruttura per ambienti industriali che permetta di monitorare e controllare dispositivi appartenenti al mondo dell'Internet of Things, basata su due tecnologie offerte dall'Eclipse Foundation. L'elaborato offre in primo luogo una panoramica sul mondo dell'IIoT e un'analisi approfondita delle piattaforme Eclipse Kura, utilizzata per la realizzazione di un gateway IoT ed Eclipse Kapua utilizzata per la realizzazione di una piattaforma Cloud. Successivamente il focus si sposta sull'implementazione dell'infrastruttura, mostrando nel dettaglio la sua installazione, la sua configurazione e lo sviluppo di componenti aggiuntivi. Lo studio si conclude infine, con l'esecuzione di una serie di test e una valutazione del risultato ottenuto.

This diploma thesis consists of theoretical description of M2M communication and main differences comparing with H2H communication. There is also a description of protocols used in Internet of Things and description of practical implementation of protocols WM-BUS and Z-Wave in Python programming language with usage of Django framework.

These (Ph.D.)--Northcentral University, 2008.
Title from PDF title page. Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-119). Also issued in print.

This dissertation presents measures of efficiency and locality for Internet addressing schemes. Historically speaking, many issues, faced by the Internet, have been solved just in time, to make the Internet just work~\cite{justWork}. Consensus, however, has been reached that today's Internet routing and addressing system is facing serious scaling problems: multi-homing which causes finer granularity of routing policies and finer control to realize various traffic engineering requirements, an increased demand for provider-independent prefix allocations which injects unaggregatable prefixes into the Default Free Zone (DFZ) routing table, and ever-increasing Internet user population and mobile edge devices. As a result, the DFZ routing table is again growing at an exponential rate. Hierarchical, topology-based addressing has long been considered crucial to routing and forwarding scalability. Recently, however, a number of research efforts are considering alternatives to this traditional approach. With the goal of informing such research, we investigated the efficiency of address assignment in the existing (IPv4) Internet. In particular, we ask the question: ``how can we measure the locality of an address scheme given an input AS-level graph?'' To do so, we first define a notion of efficiency or locality based on the average number of bit-hops required to advertize all prefixes in the Internet. In order to quantify how far from ``optimal" the current Internet is, we assign prefixes to ASes ``from scratch" in a manner that preserves observed semantics, using three increasingly strict definitions of equivalence. Next we propose another metric that in some sense quantifies the ``efficiency" of the labeling and is independent of forwarding/routing mechanisms. We validate the effectiveness of the metric by applying it to a series of address schemes with increasing randomness given an input AS-level graph. After that we apply the metric to the current Internet address scheme across years and compare the results with those of compact routing schemes.

Secure web gateways aim to protect end user systems against web based threats. Many proprietary commercial systems exist. However, their mechanisms of operation are not generally publicly known. This project undertook development and evaluation of an open source and standards based secure web gateway. The proof of concept system developed uses a combination of open source software (including the Greasyspoon ICAP Server, Squid HTTP proxy, and Clam Antivirus) and Java modules installed on the ICAP server to perform various security tasks that range from simple (such as passive content insertion) to more advanced (such as active content alteration). The makeup of the proof of concept system and the evaluation methodology for both effectiveness and performance are discussed. The effectiveness was tested using comparative analysis of groups of self-browsing high interaction client honey pots (employing a variety of security measures) and recording different system alteration rates. Performance was tested across a wide range of variables to determine the failure conditions and optimal set up for the components used. The system developed met the majority of the goals set, and results from testing indicate that there was an improvement in infection rates over unprotected systems. Performance levels attained were suitable for small scale deployments, but optimization is necessary for larger scale deployments.

Muchas compañías en nuestro país están transformando sus procesos, digitalizando sus productos y servicios para el alcance de los clientes, desde cualquier lugar y sin la necesidad de acercarse presencialmente a una oficina o local, sin embargo, el principal medio para el acceso a dichos servicios es Internet, además, la contratación de este servicio genera una dependencia directa con los proveedores de Telecomunicaciones. Hoy en Perú mas del 80% de la población tiene acceso a Internet, sin embargo, la experiencia en el uso no necesariamente es la mejor, ya que, se presentan muchas incidencias e interrupciones en el servicio, por ello las compañías se ven obligadas a establecer estrategias superlativas con el objetivo de mantener sus servicios o productos digitales siempre disponibles; dicho esto, este proyecto tiene como objetivo diseñar una arquitectura de Internet que, elimine esa dependencia de los proveedores de Telecomunicaciones y, utilizar esta capacidad con el objetivo de darle mayor flexibilidad a la red de datos, potenciar los niveles de continuidad, reducir costos y los más importante mantener los servicios siempre disponibles. La estrategia se basa en la operación de la red de datos, a través, de un sistema autónomo y prefijos IP públicos independientes, además utilizar el protocolo BGP para establecer las sesiones con los proveedores y no depender de ellos directamente, es decir la gestión de la capa perimetral ahora depende directamente de nuestra organización objetivo y no de los proveedores.
Many companies in our country are transforming their processes, digitizing their products and services for the reach of customers, from anywhere and without the need to go to the office, however, the necessary service to access is Internet, also, the hiring of this service generates a direct dependence with the Telecommunications providers. Today in Peru more than 80% of the population has access to the Internet, however, the experience in use is not necessarily the best, because there are many incidents and interruptions in the service, therefore companies are forced to establish superlative strategies in order to keep your digital services or products always available; Having said that, this project aims to design an Internet architecture that eliminates that dependence on telecommunications providers and uses this capacity in order to give greater flexibility to the data network, enhance continuity levels, reduce costs and the most important to keep the services always available. The strategy is based on the operation of the data network, through an autonomous system and independent public IP prefixes, in addition to using the BGP protocol to establish sessions with providers and not directly dependent on them, that is, management the edge layer is now directly up to our target organization and not the vendors.
Tesis

En la actualidad, la Internet de las Cosas (Internet of Things, IoT) es una tecnología esencial para la próxima generación de sistemas inalámbricos. La conectividad es la base de IoT, y el tipo de acceso requerido dependerá de la naturaleza de la aplicación. Uno de los principales facilitadores del entorno IoT es la comunicación machine-to-machine (M2M) y, en particular, su enorme potencial para ofrecer conectividad ubicua entre dispositivos inteligentes. Las redes celulares son la elección natural para las aplicaciones emergentes de IoT y M2M. Un desafío importante en las redes celulares es conseguir que la red sea capaz de manejar escenarios de acceso masivo en los que numerosos dispositivos utilizan comunicaciones M2M. Por otro lado, los sistemas celulares han experimentado un tremendo desarrollo en las últimas décadas: incorporan tecnología sofisticada y nuevos algoritmos para ofrecer una amplia gama de servicios. El modelado y análisis del rendimiento de estas redes multiservicio es también una tarea desafiante que podría requerir un gran esfuerzo computacional. Para abordar los desafíos anteriores, nos centramos en primer lugar en el diseño y la evaluación de las prestaciones de nuevos mecanismos de control de acceso para hacer frente a las comunicaciones masivas M2M en redes celulares. Posteriormente nos ocupamos de la evaluación de prestaciones de redes multiservicio y proponemos una nueva técnica analítica que ofrece precisión y eficiencia computacional. Nuestro principal objetivo es proporcionar soluciones para aliviar la congestión en la red de acceso radio cuando un gran número de dispositivos M2M intentan conectarse a la red. Consideramos los siguientes tipos de escenarios: (i) los dispositivos M2M se conectan directamente a las estaciones base celulares, y (ii) forman grupos y los datos se envían a concentradores de tráfico (gateways) que les proporcionan acceso a la infraestructura. En el primer escenario, dado que el número de dispositivos añadidos a la red aumenta continuamente, esta debería ser capaz de manejar el considerable incremento en las solicitudes de acceso. El 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) ha propuesto el access class barring (ACB) como una solución práctica para el control de congestión en la red de acceso radio y la red troncal. El ajuste correcto de los parámetros de ACB de acuerdo con la intensidad del tráfico es crítico, pero cómo hacerlo de forma dinámica y autónoma es un problema complejo cuya solución no está recogida en las especificaciones del 3GPP. Esta tesis doctoral contribuye al análisis del rendimiento y al diseño de nuevos algoritmos que implementen efectivamente este mecanismo, y así superar los desafíos introducidos por las comunicaciones masivas M2M. En el segundo escenario, dado que la heterogeneidad de los dispositivos IoT y las arquitecturas celulares basadas en hardware imponen desafíos aún mayores para permitir una comunicación flexible y eficiente en los sistemas inalámbricos 5G, esta tesis doctoral también contribuye al diseño de software-defined gateways (SD-GWs) en una nueva arquitectura propuesta para redes inalámbricas definidas por software que se denomina SoftAir. Esto permite manejar tanto un gran número de dispositivos como el volumen de datos que estarán vertiendo en la red. Otra contribución de esta tesis doctoral es la propuesta de una técnica novedosa para el análisis de prestaciones de redes multiservicio de alta capacidad que se basa en un nuevo enfoque del modelizado analítico de sistemas que operan a diferentes escalas temporales. Este enfoque utiliza el análisis del transitorio de una serie de subcadenas absorbentes y lo denominamos absorbing Markov chain approximation (AMCA). Nuestros resultados muestran que para un coste computacional dado, AMCA calcula los parámetros de prestaciones habituales de un sistema con mayor precisión, en comparación con los resultados obtenidos por otr
Nowadays, Internet of Things (IoT) is an essential technology for the upcoming generation of wireless systems. Connectivity is the foundation for IoT, and the type of access required will depend on the nature of the application. One of the leading facilitators of the IoT environment is machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, and particularly, its tremendous potential to offer ubiquitous connectivity among intelligent devices. Cellular networks are the natural choice for emerging IoT and M2M applications. A major challenge in cellular networks is to make the network capable of handling massive access scenarios in which myriad devices deploy M2M communications. On the other hand, cellular systems have seen a tremendous development in recent decades; they incorporate sophisticated technology and algorithms to offer a broad range of services. The modeling and performance analysis of these large multi-service networks is also a challenging task that might require high computational effort. To address the above challenges, we first concentrate on the design and performance evaluation of novel access control schemes to deal with massive M2M communications. Then, we focus on the performance evaluation of large multi-service networks and propose a novel analytical technique that features accuracy and computational efficiency. Our main objective is to provide solutions to ease the congestion in the radio access or core network when massive M2M devices try to connect to the network. We consider the following two types of scenarios: (i) massive M2M devices connect directly to cellular base stations, and (ii) they form clusters and the data is forwarded to gateways that provide them with access to the infrastructure. In the first scenario, as the number of devices added to the network is constantly increasing, the network should handle the considerable increment in access requests. Access class barring (ACB) is proposed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) as a practical congestion control solution in the radio access and core network. The proper tuning of the ACB parameters according to the traffic intensity is critical, but how to do so dynamically and autonomously is a challenging task that has not been specified. Thus, this dissertation contributes to the performance analysis and optimal design of novel algorithms to implement effectively this barring scheme and overcome the challenges introduced by massive M2M communications. In the second scenario, since the heterogeneity of IoT devices and the hardware-based cellular architectures impose even greater challenges to enable flexible and efficient communication in 5G wireless systems, this dissertation also contributes to the design of software-defined gateways (SD-GWs) in a new architecture proposed for wireless software-defined networks called SoftAir. The deployment of these SD-GWs represents an alternative solution aiming at handling both a vast number of devices and the volume of data they will be pouring into the network. Another contribution of this dissertation is to propose a novel technique for the performance analysis of large multi-service networks. The underlying complexity of the network, particularly concerning its size and the ample range of configuration options, makes the solution of the analytical models computationally costly. However, a typical characteristic of these networks is that they support multiple types of traffic flows operating at different time-scales. This time-scale separation can be exploited to reduce considerably the computational cost associated to determine the key performance indicators. Thus, we propose a novel analytical modeling approach based on the transient regime analysis, that we name absorbing Markov chain approximation (AMCA). For a given computational cost, AMCA finds common performance indicators with greater accuracy, when compared to the results obtained by other approximate methods proposed in the literature.
En l'actualitat, la Internet de les Coses (Internet of Things, IoT) és una tecnologia essencial per a la propera generació de sistemes sense fil. La connectivitat és la base d'IoT, i el tipus d'accés requerit dependrà de la naturalesa de l'aplicació. Un dels principals facilitadors de l'entorn IoT és la comunicació machine-to-machine (M2M) i, en particular, el seu enorme potencial per oferir connectivitat ubiqua entre dispositius intel · ligents. Les xarxes mòbils són l'elecció natural per a les aplicacions emergents de IoT i M2M. Un desafiament important en les xarxes mòbils que actualment está rebent molta atenció és aconseguir que la xarxa siga capaç de gestionar escenaris d'accés massiu en què una gran quantitat de dispositius utilitzen comunicacions M2M. D'altra banda, els sistemes mòbils han experimentat un gran desenvolupament en les últimes dècades: incorporen tecnologia sofisticada i nous algoritmes per oferir una àmplia gamma de serveis. El modelatge i análisi del rendiment d'aquestes xarxes multiservei és també un desafiament important que podria requerir un gran esforç computacional. Per abordar els desafiaments anteriors, en aquesta tesi doctoral ens centrem en primer lloc en el disseny i l'avaluació de les prestacions de nous mecanismes de control d'accés per fer front a les comunicacions massives M2M en xarxes cel · lulars. Posteriorment ens ocupem de l'avaluació de prestacions de xarxes multiservei i proposem una nova tècnica analítica que ofereix precisió i eficiència computacional. El nostre principal objectiu és proporcionar solucions per a alleujar la congestió a la xarxa d'accés ràdio quan un gran nombre de dispositius M2M intenten connectar-se a la xarxa. Considerem els dos tipus d'escenaris següents: (i) els dispositius M2M es connecten directament a les estacions base cel · lulars, i (ii) formen grups i les dades s'envien a concentradors de trànsit (gateways) que els proporcionen accés a la infraestructura. En el primer escenari, atès que el nombre de dispositius afegits a la xarxa augmenta contínuament, aquesta hauria de ser capaç de gestionar el considerable increment en les sol · licituds d'accés. El 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) ha proposat l'access class barring (ACB) com una solució pràctica per al control de congestió a la xarxa d'accès ràdio i la xarxa troncal. L'ajust correcte dels paràmetres d'ACB d'acord amb la intensitat del trànsit és crític, però com fer-ho de forma dinàmica i autònoma és un problema complex, la solució del qual no està recollida en les especificacions del 3GPP. Aquesta tesi doctoral contribueix a l'anàlisi del rendiment i al disseny de nous algoritmes que implementen efectivament aquest mecanisme, i així superar els desafiaments introduïts per les comunicacions massives M2M en les xarxes mòbils actuals i futures. En el segon escenari, atès que l'heterogeneïtat dels dispositius IoT i les arquitectures cel · lulars basades en hardware imposen desafiaments encara més grans per permetre una comunicació flexible i eficient en els sistemes sense fil 5G, aquesta tesi doctoral també contribueix al disseny de software-defined gateways (SD-GWS) en una nova arquitectura proposada per a xarxes sense fils definides per programari que s'anomena SoftAir. Això permet gestionar tant un gran nombre de dispositius com el volum de dades que estaran abocant a la xarxa. Una altra contribució d'aquesta tesi doctoral és la proposta d'una tècnica innovadora per a l'anàlisi de prestacions de xarxes multiservei d'alta capacitat que es basa en un nou enfocament del modelitzat analític de sistemes que operen a diferents escales temporals. Aquest enfocament utilitza l'anàlisi del transitori d'una sèrie de subcadenes absorbents i l'anomenem absorbing Markov chain Approximation (AMCA). Els nostres resultats mostren que per a un cost computacional donat, AMCA calcula els paràmetres de prestacions habituals d
Tello Oquendo, LP. (2018). Design and Performance Analysis of Access Control Mechanisms for Massive Machine-to-Machine Communications in Wireless Cellular Networks [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/107946
TESIS

The goal of the thesis was an analysis of IoT communication protocols, their vulnerabilities and the creation of a suitable anomaly detector. It must be possible to run the detector on routers with the OpenWRT system. To create the final solution, it was necessary to analyze the communication protocols BLE and Z-Wave with a focus on their security and vulnerabilities. Furthermore, it was necessary to analyze the possibilities of anomaly detection, design and implement the detection system. The result is a modular detection system based on the NEMEA framework. The detection system is able to detect re-pairing of BLE devices representing a potential pairing attack. The system allows interception of Z-Wave communication using SDR, detection of Z-Wave network scanning and several attacks on network routing. The system extends the existing detector over IoT statistical data with more detailed statistics with a broader view of the network. The original solution had only Z-Wave statistics with a limited view of the network obtained from the Z-Wave controller. The modular solution of the system provides deployment flexibility and easy system scalability. The functionality of the solution was verified by experiments and a set of automated tests. The system was also successfully tested on a router with OpenWRT and in the real world enviroment. The results of the thesis were used within the SIoT project.

Internet est le réseau le plus gigantesque que l'humanité ne se soit pourvu. Il fournit un nombre important de services à plus de deux milliards d'utilisateurs. Cette topologie grandissante et complexe pêche en stabilité, ce qui peut notamment être constaté quand un appel voix est interrompu, quand une page web à besoin d'être rafraîchie, etc. L'initiateur de cette instabilité est l'ensemble des événements constatés dans l'Internet. Ceci nous motive à une Étude profonde de la stabilité d'Internet afin de suggère des solutions à cette problématique. Internet est divisé en deux niveaux de base: le niveau AS (Autonomous System) et le niveau de routage. Cette distinction se répercute dans les protocoles de routage qui contrôlent le trafic Internet à travers deux types de protocoles: extérieur (inter-AS) et intérieur (intra-AS). L'unique protocole de routage extérieur utilité est le mode externe de BGP (External Border Gateway Protocol) tandis qu'il en existe plusieurs de type intérieur. De fait, la stabilisation de l'Internet est corrélée à la stabilité des protocoles de routage. Cela pousse les efforts de traitement de l'instabilité de l'Internet à Étudier le comportement du protocole de routage (BGP). Analyser les résultats des comportements de BGP dans son mode externe (eBGP) souffre d'un temps de convergence important menant notamment à des réponses lentes des évènements de topologie et, à terme, à la perte du trafic. Les études établissent également que le mode interne de BGP (iBGP) souffre de plusieurs types d'anomalies de routage causant la divergence. Afin d'illustrer la stabilité de BGP, nous avons besoin d'un modèle de routage qui formule la procédure de décision et le flot de signalisation. De plus, les améliorations de BGP ne peuvent pas être aisément validées dans l'Internet, rendant ainsi les modèles de BGP indispensables à une validation formelle. De fait, la première étape dans l'étude du routage inter-domaine est de définir un modèle approprié permettant la formulation de ses opérations et de prouver sa correction. Nous avons proposé deux modèles complémentaires: topologique et fonctionnel, avec lesquels nous avons formulé le processus de convergence du routage et démontré la sécurité et la robustesse de nos solutions d'inter/intra-AS. Notre proposition d'inter-AS élimine les déconnections transitoires causées par une faible convergence d'eBGP en suggérant une stratégie de backup lors d'une panne. Notre proposition d'intra-AS (skeleton) donne une alternative aux configurations internes existantes, pour laquelle nous avons montré l'absence d'anomalies.

Il presente lavoro ha come obiettivo proporre un'analisi di una delle tecnologie emersa negli ultimi anni: LoRaWAN, "Long Range Wide Area Network". In particolare l'obiettivo è testare le prestazioni nella trasmissione dei nodi LoRa a brevi distanze in ambienti indoor/outdoor attraverso un server della rete The Thing Network e sperimentare il servizio offerto dalla rete IoT Lepida della pubblica amministrazione della regione Emilia Romagna. Nel capitolo 2 viene descritta la tecnologia LoRaWAN e per quale motivo si presta bene ad implementare delle reti IoT. In particolare si analizza la struttura della rete attraverso lo stack tecnologico soffermandosi sulla modulazione LoRa (layer �fisico) e sullo strato MAC. Viene in�ne illustrata l'architettura della rete implementata che mette in comunicazione un End Device con The Thing Network e Lepida. Nel capitolo 3 viene presentata la Rete Lepida, ed attraverso la sperimentazione del suo servizio di rete IoT, viene descritto come è possibile registrare un nodo personale, specificando quali sono i tipi di connessione e le relative chiavi necessarie. In seguito vengono esposti i vari tipi di visualizzazione dati che il servizio mette a disposizione dell'utente. Nel capitolo 4 viene utilizzata la rete The Thing Network per mappare la copertura dell'intera zona del campus di Cesena e veri�care la connettività di un nodo LoRa con un Gateway privato presente in sede. Nel Capitolo conclusivo vengono esposte le considerazioni fatte in luce della sperimentazione di un servizio IoT, e delle potenzialità di LoRaWAN in generale.

This dissertation deals with the platform Z-Wave. This platform tries to create an universal system for smart home. The theoretical part of the work describes in details the platform itself as well as the applicable libraries for programming of applications and the available equipments. The practical part presents the new custom gateway. The hardware of this gateway is designed with utilization of the Z-Wave module, Raspberry Pi 3 microcomputer, touchscreen, powerbank and the body of the system. The body has been designed in the Solid Works CAD system and printed on a 3D printer. The needed firmware was loaded into the Z-Wave module ZM5304 and this module has been interconnected with the Raspberry Pi 3 through the printed circuit board of the custom design. The gateway drives OpenZWave network through the new own application written with help of Python wrapper of the library OpenZWave and other open source components. The part of the work is also the list and description of the alternative commercial gateways available on the Czech market.

Les progrès des technologies de communication à faible consommation d’énergie et à faible cout ont révolutionne les applications de télédétection et de surveillance. L’Internet des objets (IoT) a promis la création d’un écosystème d’appareils connectes à travers un large éventail d’applications, telles que les villes intelligentes. A l’heure actuelle, de nombreuses normes et technologies concurrentes tentent de saisir l’IoT, en particulier dans le domaine des technologies de télédétection et de communication. LoRa (Long Range) est l’une de ces technologies qui gagne en popularité et en attraction dans les réseaux de capteurs sans fil (WSN). La possibilité d’établir des communications longue distance avec des nœuds relativement simples, une infrastructure minimale, des besoins en énergie réduits et l’utilisation de bandes ISM sans licence offre un avantage concurrentiel significatif. Bien que la portée de communication dans LoRa puisse dépasser 15 kilomètres en visibilité directe, le débit binaire maximal pouvant être atteint est limite à quelques kilobits par seconde. De plus, lorsqu’une collision se produit dans LoRa, le débit est encore réduit en raison de pertes de trames et de retransmissions. Les travaux de cette thèse traitent le problème des collisions dans LoRa qui peuvent survenir sous une charge importante et qui dégradent les performances du réseau.Premièrement, nous considérons le contexte des communications en liaison montante dans LoRaWAN. Nous étudions le contexte des signaux LoRa en collision synchronisée, ou chaque appareil terminal doit retransmettre toute sa trame en collision après qu’une collision se produit dans LoRa. Ce comportement diminue le débit global et augmente la consommation d’énergie des terminaux et le délai des trames. Pour cette raison, afin d’atténuer les effets néfastes des collisions, nous avons proposé un algorithme de décodage pour résoudre les signaux LoRa en collision synchronisée, dans un trafic réseau sature et confirme. Nous avons remplacé le modèle de retransmission conventionnel de LoRa en un modèle faisant en sorte que les dispositifs terminaux transmettent des bitmaps au lieu de retransmettre des trames entières pour déterminer les symboles corrects de chaque trame en collision. Notre algorithme a pu améliorer significativement le débit global de la couche LoRaWAN MAC à base de LoRa, et diminuer la consommation d’énergie des émetteurs et le délai des trames.Deuxièmement, nous considérons le contexte des communications en liaison descendante dans LoRaWAN. Nous avons remarqué que la liaison descendante dans LoRa est un goulot d’étranglements. Nous avons donc travaillé sur la sélection de la passerelle par le serveur de réseau et son impact sur le débit, la consommation d’énergie et le délai. Nous avons étudié trois types de déploiement de passerelle et nous avons montre que les performances du système dépendent de ce déploiement. Nous avons montré que l’équilibrage du nombre de terminaux par passerelle (également connu sous le nom de charge) améliore le débit par rapport au choix de la passerelle avec la meilleure qualité de signal. En outre, nous avons montré que la combinaison de la charge et de la qualité du signal n’améliore pas davantage le débit. De plus, nous avons montré que le choix de la passerelle avec la meilleure qualité de signal diminue le délai des trames et la consommation d’énergie des terminaux par rapport au choix de la passerelle avec la charge la plus faible
The progress in low-energy, low-cost communication technologies have revolutionized remote sensing and monitoring applications. Internet of Things (IoT) has promised an ecosystem of connected devices across a wide range of applications such as in smart cities.Currently, many competing standards and technologies are attempting to seize the IoT, particularly in the area of remote sensing and communication technologies. LoRa (Long Range) is one of those technologies that is gaining popularity and attraction in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) applications. The ability to make long-distance communications with relatively simple nodes, minimal infrastructure, reduced power requirements, and the use of unlicensed ISM bands provides a significant competitive advantage. Although the communication range in LoRa can exceed 15 kilometers in line of sight, the maximum bit rate that can be achieved is limited to few kilobits per second. Additionally, when a collision occurs in LoRa, the throughput is further reduced due to frame losses and retransmissions. The work of this thesis deals with the problem of collisions in LoRa that may occur under heavy load, and which degrade the performance of the network.First, we consider the context for LoRaWAN uplink communications. We study the context of fully synchronized colliding LoRa signals, where each end-device has to retransmit its entire colliding frame after a collision occurs in LoRa. This behavior decreases the overall throughput, and increases the energy consumption of the end-devices, and the delay of the frames. Therefore, in order to mitigate the damaging effects of collisions, we proposed a decoding algorithm to resolve synchronized colliding LoRa signals, in a saturated and confirmed network traffic. We substituted the conventional retransmission model of LoRa by having end-devices transmitting bitmaps instead of retransmitting whole frames to determine the correct symbols of each colliding frame. Our algorithm was able to significantly improve the overall throughput of the LoRaWAN MAC layer based on LoRa, and to decrease the energy consumption of the transmitters and the delay of the frames.Second, we consider the context for LoRaWAN downlink communications. We noticed that the downlink in LoRa is a bottleneck. Hence, we worked on the gateway selection by the network server and its impact on the throughput, the energy consumption and the delay. We studied three types of gateway deployment and we show that the system performance depends on this deployment. We showed that balancing the number of end-devices per gateway (also known as load) improves the throughput compared to choosing the gateway with the highest signal quality. Moreover, we showed that combining load and signal quality does not further improve the throughput. In addition, we showed that choosing the gateway with the highest signal quality decreases the delay and energy consumption compared to choosing the gateway with the lowest load

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Apresentamos um sistema implementado em Linux? com o intuito de proteger redes contendo esta??es de trabalho Windows? contra agentes maliciosos. O sistema, denominado LIV - Linux? Integrated Viruswall, agrega caracter?sticas existentes em outras solu??es e acrescenta novas funcionalidades. Uma das funcionalidades implementadas ? a capacidade de detec??o de esta??es de trabalho contaminadas tendo como base a an?lise do tr?fego de rede. Outra ? o uso de uma t?cnica denominada compartilhamento armadilha para identificar agentes maliciosos em propaga??o na rede local. Uma vez detectado um foco de contamina??o, o LIV ? capaz de isol?-lo da rede, contendo a difus?o do agente malicioso. Resultados obtidos pelo LIV na prote??o de uma rede corporativa demonstram a efic?cia da an?lise do tr?fego de rede como instrumento de detec??o de agentes maliciosos, especialmente quando comparada a mecanismos tradicionais de detec??o, baseados exclusivamente em assinaturas digitais de c?digos maliciosos

La généralisation de l’usage de l’Internet, ces dernières années, a été marquée par deux tendances importantes. Nous citerons en premier, l’enthousiasme de plus en plus grand des utilisateurs pour les services médias. Cette tendance est particulièrement accentuée par l’avènement des contenus générés par les utilisateurs qui amènent dans les catalogues des fournisseurs de services un choix illimité de contenus. L’autre tendance est la diversification et l’hétérogénéité en ressources des terminaux et réseaux d’accès. Seule la valeur du service lui-même compte aujourd’hui pour les utilisateurs et non le moyen d’y accéder. Cependant, offrir aux utilisateurs un accès ubiquitaire à de plus en plus de services Internet, impose des exigences très rigoureuses sur l’infrastructure actuelle de l’Internet. En effet, L’évolution de l’Internet devient aujourd’hui une évidence et cette évolution est d’autant plus nécessaire dans un contexte de services multimédias qui sont connus pour leur sensibilité au contexte dans lequel ils sont consommés et pour générer d’énormes quantités de trafic. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous focalisons sur deux enjeux importants dans l’évolution de l’Internet. A savoir, faciliter le déploiement de services médias personnalisés et adaptatifs et améliorer les plateformes de distribution de ces derniers afin de permettre leur passage à l’échelle tout en gardant la qualité de service à un niveau satisfaisant pour les utilisateurs finaux. Afin de permettre ceci, nous introduisons en premier, une nouvelle architecture multi environnements et multi couches permettant un environnement collaboratif pour le partage et la consommation des services médias dans un cadre des réseaux média du futur. Puis, nous proposons deux contributions majeures que nous déployons sur la couche virtuelle formés par les Home-Boxes (passerelles résidentielles évoluées) introduite dans l’architecture précédente. Dans notre première contribution, nous proposons un environnement permettant le déploiement à grande échelle de services sensibles au contexte. Deux approches ont été considérées dans la modélisation et la gestion du contexte. La première approche est basée sur les langages de balisage afin de permettre un traitement du contexte plus léger et par conséquent des temps de réponse très petits. La seconde approche, quant à elle est basée sur les ontologies et les règles afin de permettre plus d’expressivité et un meilleur partage et réutilisation des informations de contexte. Les ontologies étant connues pour leur complexité, le but de cette proposition et de prouver la faisabilité d’une telle approche dans un contexte de services multimédias par des moyen de distribution de la gestion du contexte. Concernant notre deuxième contribution, l’idée et de tirer profit des ressources (disque et connectivité) des Home-Boxes déjà déployées, afin d’améliorer les plateformes de distribution des services médias et d’améliorer ainsi le passage à l’échelle, la performance et la fiabilité de ces derniers et ce, à moindre coût. Pour cela, nous proposons deux solutions pour deux problèmes communément traités dans la réplication des contenus : (1) la redirection de requêtes pour laquelle nous proposons un algorithme de sélection à deux niveaux de filtrage, un premier filtrage basé sur les règles afin de personnaliser les services en fonction du contexte de leur consommation suivi d’un filtrage basé sur des métriques réseaux (charges des serveurs et délais entre les serveurs et les clients) ; et (2) le placement et la distribution des contenus sur les caches pour lesquels on a proposé une stratégie de mise en cache online, basée sur la popularité des contenus
Users’ willingness to consume media services along with the compelling proliferation of mobile devices interconnected via multiple wired and wireless networking technologies place high requirements on the Future Internet. It is a common belief today that Internet should evolve towards providing end users with ubiquitous and high quality media services and this, in a scalable, reliable, efficient and interoperable way. However, enabling such a seamless media delivery raises a number of challenges. On one hand, services should be more context-aware to enable their delivery to a large and disparate computational context. On another hand, current Internet media delivery infrastructures need to scale in order to meet the continuously growing number of users while keeping quality at a satisfying level. In this context, we introduce a novel architecture, enabling a novel collaborative framework for sharing and consuming Media Services within Future Internet (FI). The introduced architecture comprises a number of environments and layers aiming to improve today’s media delivery networks and systems towards a better user experience. In this thesis, we are particulary interested in enabling context-aware multimedia services provisioning that meets on one hand, the users expectations and needs and on another hand, the exponentially growing users’ demand experienced by these services. Two major and demanding challenges are then faced in this thesis (1) the design of a context-awareness framework that allows adaptive multimedia services provisioning and, (2) the enhancement of the media delivery platform to support large-scale media services. The proposed solutions are built on the newly introduced virtual Home-Box layer in the latter proposed architecture.First, in order to achieve context-awareness, two types of frameworks are proposed based on the two main models for context representation. The markup schemes-based framework aims to achieve light weight context management to ensure performance in term of responsiveness. The second framework uses ontology and rules to model and manage context. The aim is to allow higher formality and better expressiveness and sharing. However, ontology is known to be complex and thus difficult to scale. The aim of our work is then to prove the feasibility of such a solution in the field of multimedia services provisioning when the context management is distributed among the Home-Box layer. Concerning the media services delivery enhancement, the idea is to leverage the participating and already deployed Home-Boxes disk storage and uploading capabilities to achieve service performance, scalability and reliability. Towards this, we have addressed two issues that are commonly induced by the content replication: (1) the server selection for which we have proposed a two-level anycast-based request redirection strategy that consists in a preliminary filtering based on the clients’ contexts and in a second stage provides accurate network distance information, using not only the end-to-end delay metric but also the servers’ load one and, (2) the content placement and replacement in cache for which we have designed an adaptive online popularity-based video caching strategy among the introduced HB overlay

The article has been reviewed and accepted for publication in Knowledge Organization 33 (2006)
This is a preprint of a paper to be published in Knowledge Organization. The paper gives a short overview of the history of use of UDC in Internet subject gateways (SGs) with an English interface, from 1993 to 2006. There were in total, nine quality controlled SGs that were functional for shorter or longer periods of time. Their typology and functionality is described. Quality SGs have evolved and the role of classification has changed accordingly from supporting subject organization on the interface and automatic categorization of resources, towards supporting a semantic linking, control and vocabulary mapping between different indexing systems in subject hubs and federated SGs. In this period, many SGs ceased to exist and little information remains available regarding their status. SGs currently using UDC, for some part of their resource organization, do not use a UDC subject hierarchy at the interface and its role in resource indexing has become more difficult to observe. Since 2000, UDC has become more prevalent in East European SGs, portals and hubs, which are outside the scope of this research. This paper is an attempt to provide a record on this particular application of UDC and to offer some consideration of the changes in requirements when it comes to the use of library classification in resource discovery.

With the emergence of Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies, as support to Internet of Things (IoT) applications, Long-Range (LoRa) popularity emerged, being actually one of the most up-and-coming LPWAN technologies, despite the low-rate transmissions and duty-cycle restrictions. Such recognition is due to LoRa's suitable characteristics for large-scale IoT networks, which span from long-range communications, guaranteed by its proprietary modulation scheme, to low power consumption, a fundamental feature for IoT sensor networks. The focus of this dissertation is the study of medium access control strategies in large-scale single-channel LoRa networks with multiple gateways with respect to the amount of delivered useful information and network access fairness. Firstly, it is proposed and analysed a medium access control strategy for LoRa networks with multiple single-channel gateways and the same transmission parameters are used by the entire network. It is based on the pure- ALOHA protocol used in LoRa, and each end-device uses control packets to advertise its transmissions. In the following, a new access strategy based on channel hopping is proposed. In this, each ED uses the transmission characteristics that are most convenient to it, with respect to the signal's quality with the single-channel GWs that are in its communication range. These strategies aimed to increase the efficiency of the network, allowing end-devices to transmit faster and increasing the percentage of successfully transmitted packets by reducing the amount of collisions, given the regulation of the competition in the access to the transmission medium.
Com o aparecimento das tecnologias Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN), como suporte para as aplicações da Internet of Things (IoT), Long- Range (LoRa) tornou-se popular, sendo atualmente uma das tecnologias LPWAN mais promissoras, ainda que as suas transmissões tenham baixas taxas de débito e restrições nos ciclos de trabalho. A popularidade deve-se às características que a tecnologia LoRa possui adequadas para redes IoT de larga escala, que vão desde transmissões de longo alcance, garantidas pelo esquema de modulação que esta utiliza, até ao baixo consumo de energia, aspeto crucial em redes de sensores da IoT. O foco desta dissertação é o estudo de estratégias de controlo de acesso ao meio para redes LoRa de grande escala com canal único e múltiplas gateways, relativamente à quantidade de informação útil entregue e à justiça no acesso ao meio. Inicialmente, é proposto e analisado um esquema de controlo de acesso ao meio para redes LoRa com múltiplas gateways e com um único canal, onde os mesmos parâmetros de transmissão são utilizados por toda a rede. Este é baseado no protocolo ALOHA puro utilizado no LoRa, e cada nó terminal utiliza pacotes de controlo para anunciar as suas transmissões. No seguimento, é proposto uma nova estratégia de acesso ao meio baseado na alteração do canal de transmissão. Neste, cada nó terminal usa as características de transmissão que lhe forem mais favoráveis, relativamente à qualidade de sinal que tem com as gateways que se encontram no seu alcance de comunicação. Estas estratégias visaram aumentar a eficiência da rede, permitindo que os nós terminais transmitam mais rapidamente, e aumentando a percentagem de pacotes transmitidos com sucesso através da redução da quantidade de colisões, possibilitada pela regulação da competição no acesso ao canal de transmissão.
Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e Telecomunicações

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
資訊管理系
104
Due to resource limitation, Internet of Things (IoT) devices may not have capabilities of Internet connection. Instead, current IoT devices are usually equipped with Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) for communication because of BLE’s low energy consumption. If such IoT devices wish to communicate with hosts on the Internet, the devices may need to connect to gateways with BLE and transmit data to the hosts via the gateways. In this case, the gateways should authenticate the devices and ensure that the devices are authorized to transfer data through the gateways. Also, the gateways need to communicate with the host on behalf of the devices. However, there is no standard or protocol defining means for IoT devices to communicate with Internet servers through gateways with BLEs. In light of this, this study proposes OpenBLEID and BLETunneling. OpenBLEID provides a means for gateways to authenticate the devices or device owners without knowledge of the devices in advance. In this case, OpenBLEID borrows the concept of OpenID. Devices can be first registered with an identity provider (IdP). Then, when a device wishes to send data through a gateway, the gateway can request its IdP to authenticate the device to determine the privileges of the device. On the other hand, BLETunneling enables authorized devices to transmit requests to Internet servers and receive responses from internet servers through a gateway. For the very sake of that, this study can contribute to establish specifications for IoT devices to communicate with Internet servers through gateways with BLEs.

La rapide progression des technologies sans fil au cours de ces dernières années a vu naître de nouveaux systèmes de communication dont les réseaux véhiculaires. Ces réseaux visent à intégrer les nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication dans le domaine automobile en vue d’améliorer la sécurité et le confort sur le réseau routier. Offrir un accès Internet aux véhicules et à leurs occupants peut sans doute aider à anticiper certains dangers sur la route tout en rendant plus agréables les déplacements à bord des véhicules. Le déploiement de ce service nécessite que des messages soient échangés entre les véhicules. Le routage constitue un élément crucial dans un réseau, car définissant la façon dont les différentes entités échangent des messages. Le routage dans les VANETS constitue un grand défi car ces derniers sont caractérisés par une forte mobilité entraînant une topologie très dynamique. Des protocoles ont été proposés pour étendre Internet aux réseaux véhiculaires. Toutefois, la plupart d’entre eux nécessitent un coût élevé de messages de contrôle pour l’établissement et le maintien des communications. Ceci a pour conséquence la saturation de la bande passante entrainant ainsi une baisse de performance du réseau. Nous proposons dans ce mémoire, un protocole de routage qui s’appuie sur des passerelles mobiles pour étendre Internet aux réseaux véhiculaires. Le protocole prend en compte la mobilité des véhicules et la charge du réseau pour l’établissement et le maintien des routes.
The fast progression of wireless technologies has motivated the emergence of new communications system called VANETS (Vehicular Adhoc Networks). VANETS enable vehicles on the roadway to communicate with each other and with road infrastructure using wireless capabilities. The applications of VANETS include improving safety and comfort on the road. For example, by providing Internet to vehicles, traveling can be safer and more comfortable. To provide Internet connectivity, messages need to be exchanged between the vehicles. However, it is hard to design an efficient routing protocol for connecting vehicles to Internet with a reasonable cost due to high mobility in VANETS. Although, several existing routing protocols have been proposed in the open literature to extend Internet to VANETS, they generate considerable overhead. This leads to unfairly consumption of bandwidth decreasing network performance. We design a routing protocol to connect vehicles to Internet through mobile gateways with the objective to make efficient use of the network bandwidth. Indeed, the protocol significantly reduces the communication overhead required to establish and maintain the routes relying on the mobility of the gateways and the network’s load.