Journal articles: 'Internet gateways'

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Batbayar, Khulan, Emmanouil Dimogerontakis, Roc Meseguer, Leandro Navarro, Esunly Medina, and Rodrigo M. Santos. "The RIMO Gateway Selection Approach for Mesh Networks: Towards a Global Internet Access for All." Proceedings 2, no. 19 (October 25, 2018): 1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2191258.

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Community wireless mesh networks have emerged as cooperative initiatives to provide Internet Access in areas where traditional ISP costs are not affordable for the population. It is common in wireless mesh networks sharing several capacity limited Internet gateways to provide Internet access. As routing does not handle capacity planning, end-users have to select gateways in such a way that the overall capacity of all gateways could be used effectively. An efficient gateway selection should minimize the processing logic and measurements over the mesh network. Selecting a high performance gateway can also ensure that the overall network load is balanced. This paper presents RIMO, a standalone best-effort algorithm for client nodes to select their preferred gateway without interacting with other client nodes. RIMO-based selection matches the gateway performance of the reference brute-force and omniscient algorithms for 60% of the test duration while reducing the gateway performance measurement cost from a factor of n to 2. With a reduced overhead and high efficiency, the RIMO algorithm automates the aggregation of multiple Internet gateways in wireless mesh networks, which results in robust last mile Internet connectivity to people in vulnerable situation.

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Matni, Nagib, Jean Moraes, Helder Oliveira, Denis Rosário, and Eduardo Cerqueira. "LoRaWAN Gateway Placement Model for Dynamic Internet of Things Scenarios." Sensors 20, no. 15 (August 4, 2020): 4336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154336.

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Extended Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) has recently gained a lot of attention from the industrial and research community for dynamic Internet of Things (IoT) applications. IoT devices broadcast messages for neighbor gateways that deliver the message to the application server through an IP network. Hence, it is required to deploy LoRaWAN gateways, i.e., network planning, and optimization, in an environment while considering Operational Expenditure (OPEX) and Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) along with Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. In this article, we introduced a LoRaWAN gateway placement model for dynamic IoT applications called DPLACE. It divides the IoT devices into groups with some degree of similarity between them to allow for the placement of LoRaWAN gateways that can serve these devices in the best possible way. Specifically, DPLACE computes the number of LoRaWAN gateways based on the Gap statistics method. Afterward, DPLACE uses K-Means and Fuzzy C-means algorithms to calculate the LoRaWAN gateway placement. The simulations’ results proved the benefits of DPLACE compared to state-of-the-art LoRaWAN gateway placement models in terms of OPEX, CAPEX, and QoS.

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Bawden, David, and Lyn Robinson. "Internet subject gateways revisited." International Journal of Information Management 22, no. 2 (April 2002): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0268-4012(01)00051-2.

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Omer Farooq, Muhammad. "RIoT: A Routing Protocol for the Internet of Things†." Computer Journal 63, no. 6 (March 17, 2020): 958–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxaa012.

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Abstract The routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL) is a standard routing framework for Internet of Things (IoT). It supports multipoint-to-point (MP-to-P), point-to-point (P-to-P) and point-to-multipoint (P-to-MP) communications. It is known that RPL’s control overhead can result in the protocol’s poor performance in P-to-P and P-to-MP communications especially in its non-storing mode of operation. Here, we present a routing protocol for the Internet of Things (RIoT) that supports MP-to-P, P-to-P and P-to-MP communications. The protocol can construct P-to-P and P-to-MP routes with relatively lower control overhead. Another salient feature of RIoT is that it supports multiple gateways in the same network with an aim to reduce memory requirement for storing a forwarding table. Furthermore, RIoT is also capable of handling mobility-based IoT use cases. To facilitate communication among nodes connected to different gateways in the same network, here we also present an inter-gateway communication mechanism. We implemented RIoT in the Contiki operating system, and it is extensively evaluated using emulation and real testbed-based experiments. We analyzed the impact of the number of gateways, radio duty cycling (RDC) and mobility on the routing protocols’ performance. Our results demonstrate that either with or without RDC RIoT demonstrates statistically significantly better packet delivery ratio, per-packet end-to-end delay and control overhead compared to the RPL-based protocol. RIoT’s multi-gateway communication architecture substantially reduces the memory requirement to store a forwarding table. Our results also demonstrate that multiple gateways in a network reduce the network partitioning problem in mobile scenarios. Hence, RIoT also demonstrates better performance in mobile scenarios compared to the RPL-based protocol.

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BHARDWAJ, GARGI, and UDAI SHANKAR. "Load Balanced Fuzzy Control based Adaptive Gateway Discovery for Ubiquitous Internet Access in MANET." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 14, no. 12 (September 11, 2015): 6334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v14i12.1743.

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Integrating MANETs (Mobile Ad-hoc Networks) nodes to the Internet require either a connection to the Internet or they can connect to the Internet through the Internet gateways. For the second case if a node in a MANET has discover the gateway to connect to the fixed hosts in the Internet and it can be done either by broadcasting a gateway discovery request message initiated by nodes itself or by broadcasting periodic gateway advertisement messages from the gateways. End to end packet delay and throughput are strongly dependent on the time needed to discover the gateways.Nodes in a MANET use number of hops as metric to select a path to a gateway, if all the nodes select its nearest gateway to access the Internet then there may be situations when the network performance degrades because some nodes along the path have too many packets waiting in the queue.This paper presents a novel solution to access internet through mobile nodes in ad hoc network. Here the gateway replies with an advertisement message which is broadcasted to the whole network instead of sending a unicast reply to the requesting node. The traffic load taken into account along a path in addition with minimum hop count to select an efficient gateway. The AODV routing protocol has been used for routing in the MANET domain.A new strategy of gateway discovery was investigated and impact of new metric on the gateway selection in NS-2 was observed. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms over the existing scheme with high throughput and lower end to end delay.

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Sangaiah, Arun Kumar, Ali Asghar Rahmani Hosseinabadi, Morteza Babazadeh Shareh, Seyed Yaser Bozorgi Rad, Atekeh Zolfagharian, and Naveen Chilamkurti. "IoT Resource Allocation and Optimization Based on Heuristic Algorithm." Sensors 20, no. 2 (January 18, 2020): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20020539.

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The Internet of Things (IoT) is a distributed system that connects everything via internet. IoT infrastructure contains multiple resources and gateways. In such a system, the problem of optimizing IoT resource allocation and scheduling (IRAS) is vital, because resource allocation (RA) and scheduling deals with the mapping between recourses and gateways and is also responsible for optimally allocating resources to available gateways. In the IoT environment, a gateway may face hundreds of resources to connect. Therefore, manual resource allocation and scheduling is not possible. In this paper, the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is used to solve the RA problem in IoT with the aim of optimal RA and reducing the total communication cost between resources and gateways. The proposed algorithm has been compared to the other existing algorithms. Results indicate the proper performance of the proposed algorithm. Based on various benchmarks, the proposed method, in terms of “total communication cost”, is better than other ones.

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Li, Xin, and Qian Zhu. "A New MANET Accessing Internet Method Based on Complex Network." Advanced Materials Research 886 (January 2014): 668–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.886.668.

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Considering the complex network characteristics of mobile ad hoc network, a new MANET accessing Internet model was proposed. In this model, transmit power was adjusted by residual energy of the node, and added long-range edge in network to make MANET with more obvious small world characteristics. On this basis, the paper proposed a gateway programming model, which introduced a decision node to harmonize the utilization of gateways and routes. The model, as the basis of the gateway configuration, optimized the placement of the gateway. The simulation results indicate that the performance of delay, overhead and throughput has promoted after the model was introduced, which validates the validity of the model.

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Place, Emma. "International Collaboration on Internet Subject Gateways." IFLA Journal 26, no. 1 (February 2000): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/034003520002600108.

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Srivastava, Prakash, and Rakesh Kumar. "An Optimal Fuzzy Load Balanced Adaptive Gateway Discovery for Ubiquitous Internet Access in MANET." Journal of Information Technology Research 9, no. 4 (October 2016): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitr.2016100104.

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A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous collection of independent nodes cooperating together to form an infrastructure less network spontaneously. For increasing usability of MANET domain which finds application in natural disaster such as earthquake, floods etc. it is also desired to be connected with Internet through Internet gateways. Therefore, an efficient gateway discovery mechanism is required for MANET-Internet integration. Existing schemes use one or multiple parameters for optimal selection of gateway which causes a particular gateway to be selected many times which results in higher delay latency and packet drops due to prevailing congestion at a particular gateway. To avoid this situation, the authors have utilized the potential of fuzzy logic to ascertain the decision of load balancing at the Internet gateway. Besides this, their scheme also incorporates an effective adaptive gateway discovery mechanism. Consequently, enhanced performance is achieved as compared to existing state-of-the-art related schemes. The proposed approach is evaluated by simulation and analytical validation.

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GUO, WENJING, and WEI ZHANG. "ROUTING BETWEEN NODES AND MULTIPLE GATEWAYS IN WIRELESS MESH SENSOR NETWORK." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 20, no. 08 (December 2011): 1477–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126611008067.

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Aiming at such an application of wireless mesh sensor network (WMSN) so that continuous flow is transmitted, this paper proposes a model "maximum lifetime maximum throughput" based on the ant colony algorithm and minimum cost maximum flow method to address the routing issue between sensor nodes and multiple gateways in WMSN. In the proposed model, a sensor node is allowed to connect through more than one of the available gateways to the Internet. Between the source node and each gateway, a routing path with minimum link cost and maximum available bandwidth is attempted to be found. Then, considering the bandwidth demand of the flow originating from the sensor node and the available bandwidth on each optimal path, the flow traffic is allocated to appropriate gateways. Simulation results have shown that the proposed model not only prolongs network lifetime, but also improves network throughput.

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Jafarian, Yazdan, and Farshid Abdi. "Structural Model of Tendency to Use Online Payment Gateway in Online Shopping and Customer Knowledge Management (Case Study: Pasargad Bank)." Modern Applied Science 10, no. 10 (May 18, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v10n10p1.

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Tendency to use online payment gateway in online is influenced by individual characteristics such as risk-taking, internet knowledge, online payment knowledge and risk of customer knowledge management tools used in payment gateway and in this study, these factors have been studied simultaneously in form of a model. In online payment, payment gateways are repeated contact point between service institutions such as banks and their customers that institutions can use this opportunity to attract new customers or increase royal customers. In addition to individual characteristics, customers are facing different tools of knowledge management such as shared databases, document repositories and work applications and these tools can have different effects on risk perception and their willingness to do online shopping using internet payment gateways. In this study, structural equation partial least squares statistical method was used. Also questionnaire was used to collect data in the given population, because customer’s members of the Pasargad bank were accustomed online shopping.In summary, risk-taking has negative and significant impact on the risk is perceived of knowledge management tools and internet knowledge was not known as a factor which have a significant negative impact on the perceived risk, but the impact of internet knowledge on preference to use online payment and online payment rather tendency to use internet payment gateway in online shopping was positive and significant. Also, the perceived risk of customer knowledge management tools has negative and significant correlation with tendency to buy using online payment in online shopping by users. On the other hand, the final conclusions of the research carried out in more detail and also practical suggestions for increasing the effectiveness of managers to use knowledge management tools in the payment gateway are presented.

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Tiwari, Mahesh kumar, UDAI SHANKAR, and AJAY KUMAR. "EFFICIENT MANET- INTERNET INTEGRATION FOR MOBILE DEVICES." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 14, no. 1 (November 20, 2014): 5343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v14i1.2130.

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A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) consists of wireless mobile nodes without having a fixed infrastructure support. The communication between these mobile nodes is carried out without any centralized control. The communication among the nodes within the infrastructure less networks is done through Ad-Hoc routing protocols, But whenever any mobile node want to communicate to a node in a network that is outside the ad hoc network such as internet, there should be an appropriate mechanism for establishing this connection with the internet node or host. Gateway discovery is a fundamental process in connecting MANET with the internet. A mobile node can connect to the internet by discovery of some specialized nodes called as gateway nodes. These Gateway nodes act as a bridge between the mobile ad hoc networks node and the internet. The basic aim of the gateway discovery approach is to modify the route discovery process so that it is not only used for discovery of destination mobile nodes but also the gateways. In this paper we are going to present a review of various gateway discovery approaches which are used for establishing the interconnection of mobile ad hoc networks and internet and going to propose a algorithm that reduce the discovery time of the gateway by selective forwarding and simultaneously also optimize the gateway discovery control overheads.

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Geng, Jiang Tao, and Xiao Bo Xiong. "Research on Mobile Information Access Based on Internet of Things." Applied Mechanics and Materials 539 (July 2014): 460–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.539.460.

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The paper design mobile information collection system based on Internet of Things, implemented access gateway by smart mobile devices through a variety of ways, such as Wi-Fi and access the underlying perceptual information based on ZigBee wireless sensor networks. On the one hand, For information sensitivity of the sensor network, we design the mobile terminal through the gateway access authentication protocol, and effective solute the authentication and information between mobile devices and gateways, gateway and sensor network nodes obtain permission problem; on the other hand, according to the practical application of mobile information collection characteristics, the paper proposed information collection strategy based on historical data movement path to solve the problem for too long the device connection is established when the mobile smart devices collecting information along fixed lines, increasing the actual data transmission time and improve the efficiency of information transmission.

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Liu, Chuan Gang, Chi Hui Chiang, and Ya Wen Liao. "Gateway Placement under the Consideration of the Starvation of TCP Flows in Wireless Mesh Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 2751–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.2751.

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Wireless mesh networks are expected to provide wireless broadband access to Internet. In such networks, gateway placement is an important topic, which usually dominates the overall wireless performance, and hence there have been lots of the related works. However, recent paper even discovers that the starvation of TCP flows usually occurs near wireless gateways. Some TCP flows will starve just due to TCP flows of the node next to the gateway. Hence, possible ways to improve this critical issue should be developed urgently. However, until now, there have not been the feasible ways without modifying MAC and TCP mechanisms. Hence, in this paper, we plan the gateways placement under the consideration of this issue. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first work to plan gateway placement under considering the starvation of TCP flows. Our work also provides a new view in the field of planning wireless mesh networks.

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Patel, Deepak Kumar, and Rakesh Kumar. "A Review Of Internet Gateway Discovery Approaches For Mobile Adhoc Networks." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 4, no. 2 (October 30, 2005): 495–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v4i2b2.3315.

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A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) consists of wireless mobile nodes without having a fixed infrastructure. The communication between these mobile nodes is carried out without any centralized control. The communication among the nodes within the infrastructure less networks is done through some routing protocol. But whenever any mobile node want to communicate a node in a network that is outside the ad hoc network such as internet, there should be an appropriate mechanism for establishing this connection. Gateway discovery is a fundamental process in connecting MANET with the internet. A mobile node can connect to the internet by discovery of some specialized nodes called as gateway nodes These Gateway nodes act as a bridge between the mobile ad hoc networks and the internet. The basic aim of the gateway discovery approach is to modify the route discovery process so that it is not only used for discovery of destination mobile nodes but also the gateways. In this paper we are going to present a review of various gateway discovery approaches which are used for establishing the interconnection of mobile ad hoc networks and internet.

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Dou, Zhengxiong, Xiaonan Wang, and Yanli Li. "Anycast-Tree Addressing-Based Routing for 6LoWPAN." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 10, no. 4 (October 2018): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitn.2018100101.

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This article proposes an anycast-tree addressing-based routing scheme for 6LoWPAN. In this scheme, multiple gateways are introduced to 6LoWPAN and divide 6LoWPAN into multiple tree topologies. Anycast is used to construct a tree topology which is called an anycast tree and where a gateway works as a root. A node joins the anycast tree identified by the nearest gateway to acquire a unique address, and achieves communications with the Internet via the nearest gateway. Anycast trees are distributed around 6LoWPAN, so the depth of an anycast tree is substantially shortened and the routing path and latency are also reduced. Moreover, if a gateway fails, its descendants can communicate with the Internet via the nearest active gateway and update their addresses instead of reacquiring new addresses. The performance parameters of this scheme are evaluated, and the data results show that this scheme effectively shortens the routing latency.

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Rasna, Rasna, and Ahmad Ashari. "Application of Load Balancing with the Nth Method on Multiple Gateway Internet Networks." IJCCS (Indonesian Journal of Computing and Cybernetics Systems) 13, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijccs.39074.

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The Performance of a Network Is Necessary by the Office of the Special Jayapura Regent in matters related to networking. One of the technological problems to increase connections in the network is to use three ISPs and become microtik as a balanced load. Each ISP uses load sharing that can be divided evenly in each section. Wireless networks that are connected to distributed systems make load balancing techniques that can be received from a system. Load balancing can be applied to HTTP servers, proxies, databases, and gateways. This research implements a proxy with load balancing method on an internet network that has three gateway lines through a router. Expected to be expected to be expected to be expected to load three ISP. The results of the research on the application of load balancing with the method on several internet gateways in the Jayapura District Regent Office is an inconsistency in bandwidth for each client before the implementation of the Nth method and using the Nth method with ten active clients can used when bandwidth on some clients is not much different and more evenly distributed than without load load balancing Nth.

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Simadiputra, Vincent, and Nico Surantha. "Rasefiberry: Secure and efficient Raspberry-Pi based gateway for smarthome IoT architecture." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 1035–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i2.2741.

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Internet-of-Things or IoT technology becomes essential in everyday lives. The risk of security and privacy towards IoT devices, especially smarthomes IoT gateway device, becoming apparent as IoT technology progressed. The need for affordable, secure smarthome gateway device or router that smarthome user prefer. The problem of low-performance smarthome gateways was running security programs on top of smarthome gateway programs. This problem motivates the researcher designing a secure and efficient smarthome gateway using Raspberry Pi hardware as an affordable smarthome gateway device and able to run both smarthome gateways and security programs. In this research, researchers implemented snort as intrusion detection system (IDS), openHab as IoT gateway applications, and well-known encryption algorithms for file encryption in Raspberry PI 3B+ model. The researcher evaluated Snort capability on network attacks and compared each of the well-known encryption algorithm efficiency. From the result, we found Rasefiberry customized snort configuration for Raspberry pi 60 percent of the simulated network attacks. Twofish encryption algorithms were found to have best encryption time, throughput, and power consumption compared to other encryption algorithms in the research. Rasefiberry architecture successfully processes both lightweight security programs and Openhab smarthome gateway programs with a lowperformance computing device such as Raspberry Pi.

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Shang, Kun, and Zhi Hua Zhai. "An Analysis to Improve Congestion Algorithm of TCP." Advanced Materials Research 171-172 (December 2010): 756–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.171-172.756.

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Congestion is an important issue in the research of end-to-end congestion control. The congestion issue in transmission with TCP is studied. Under the situation of different round trip time and multiple congested gateways, ECC (Explicit Congestion Control) algorithm is proposed to solve the congestion problem of TCP. The basic idea is to explicitly improve Congestion by adding mechanism at both end systems and gateways. Then study the tile congestion of Internet data transmission. Internet data transmission relies on end system mechanisms to keep Congestion. As the number of the users has been very large, this scheme has become vulnerable. It is required to deploy some congestion mechanism at gateways.

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Song-Chyau Liang and J. R. Yee. "Locating internet gateways to minimize nonlinear congestion costs." IEEE Transactions on Communications 42, no. 9 (1994): 2740–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/26.317415.

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Redaktion, TATuP. "Building national and large-scale internet information gateways." TATuP - Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis 8, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 98–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14512/tatup.8.2.98b.

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Głowacz, Andrzej, Michał Grega, Mikołaj Leszczuk, Zdzisław Papir, Piotr Romaniak, Paweł Fornalski, Michał Lutwin, Jürgen Enge, Tabea Lurk, and Viliam Šimko. "Open internet gateways to archives of media art." Multimedia Tools and Applications 59, no. 3 (March 26, 2011): 897–920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-011-0784-3.

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Zaman, Rafi U., Humaira M. Alam, Khaleel Ur Rahman Khan, and A. Venugopal Reddy. "Improvement of Adaptive Load Balanced Gateway Discovery Protocol in Hybrid Integrated Internet-MANET." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 11, no. 3 (April 27, 2017): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v11i3.6706.

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<p class="0abstract">Internetworking of different types of networks is envisaged as one of the primary objectives of the future 5G networks. Integrated Internet-MANET is a heterogeneous networking architecture which is the result of interconnecting wired Internet and wireless MANET. Multiprotocol gateways are used to achieve this interconnection. There are two types of Integrated Internet-MANET architectures, two-tier and three-tier. A combination of two-tier and three tier architectures also exists, called the Hybrid Framework or Hybrid Integrated Internet-MANET. Some of the most important issues common to all Integrated Internet-MANET architecture are: efficient gateway discovery, mobile node registration and gateway load balancing. Adaptive WLB-AODV is an existing protocol which addresses the issues of Gateway load balancing and efficient Gateway discovery. In this paper, an improvement is proposed to Adaptive WLB-AODV, called Adaptive Modified-WLV-AODV by taking into account route latency. The proposed protocol has been implemented in Hybrid Integrated Internet-MANET and has been simulated using network simulation tool ns-2. Based on the simulation results, it is observed that the proposed protocol delivers better performance than the existing protocol in terms of performance metrics end-to-end delay and packet loss ratio. The performance of the proposed protocol is further optimized using a genetic algorithm.</p>

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Reed, Martin B., and Stuart Nash. "First Steps in Mesh WiFi Network Design by Genetic Algorithm." Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/squjs.vol17iss2pp214-223.

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Given a mesh of wireless nodes for WiFi customers covering a city district, we describe a genetic algorithm-based approach to the problem of selecting a small fixed number of nodes as gateways to the internet, and linking the remaining nodes to the gateways either directly or by 'hopping', to create an efficient mesh network structure. The algorithm uses a modification of k-means clustering to allocate nodes to gateways.

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Dodds, Douglas. "Who needs subject gateways, portals or hubs?" Art Libraries Journal 32, no. 3 (2007): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200014942.

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Early users of the internet and the World Wide Web soon realised that there was a need to gather together links to sites of interest to art and design researchers. The Art, Design, Architecture and Media (ADAM) information gateway attempted to satisfy this demand, whilst also helping to develop appropriate methodologies and standards. One of ADAM’s successors, Artifact, adopted an expanded role and provided additional services. Artifact subsequently became part of Intute: Arts and Humanities, which covers a broader range of subjects. Surveys, usage figures and social bookmarking sites such as del.icio.us suggest that some – but not all – users and potential users appreciate the services that gateways, portals and hubs can provide.

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Al-Abass, Gesoon j. k., and Huda R. ALkifaey. ""A survey on the most important internet of things technologies "." Muthanna Journal of Pure Science 6, no. 2 (December 17, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.52113/2/06.02.2019/1-12.

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"Internet of things (IoT) domain targets human with smart resolutions through the connection of “M2M” in all over the world, effectively. It was difficult to ignore domain importance field of IoT with the new deployment of applications such as smartphone in recent days. The most important layer in architecture of IoT is network layer, because of various systems (perform of cloud computing, switching, hub, gateway, so on), different technologies of connection (Long-Term Evolution (LTE), WIFI, Bluetooth, etc.) gathered in layer. Network layers should transfer the information from or to various applications/objects, via gateways/interfaces between networks that are heterogeneous, therefore utilizing different connection technologies, protocols. Recent work highlighted IoT technologies state-of-the-art utilized in architectures of IoT, some variations among them in addition to the applications of them in life."

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Al mojamed, Mohammad. "Integrating Mobile Ad Hoc Networks with the Internet Based on OLSR." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (October 23, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8810761.

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Although a standalone and isolated mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is practical in many scenarios, integration with the Internet is much more advantageous. The integration of a MANET with the Internet provides MANET users with Internet access and hence increases the scope of the MANET application. In addition, the Internet can benefit from this integration by an extension of the network coverage area. However, the integration of heterogeneous networks raises many issues. To overcome the incompatibilities between different architectures, gateways are used. This paper proposes a lightweight integration scheme for a MANET and the wider Internet, based on the optimized link state routing (OLSR). OLSR routing messages are reengineered and optimized to meet the needs of integration without involving additional routing messages for gateway discovery. The compulsory registration of a MANET node with a gateway node in a traditional integration is not required in the proposed approach, meaning that nodes can move freely within the local MANET with no disruption in the connection to another node in the external network. The proposed system is evaluated using the OMNET++ network simulator and is compared to another existing system. The simulation results demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach.

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Basford, Philip J., Florentin M. J. Bulot, Mihaela Apetroaie-Cristea, Simon J. Cox, and Steven J. Ossont. "LoRaWAN for Smart City IoT Deployments: A Long Term Evaluation." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 23, 2020): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030648.

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LoRaWAN is a Low-Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology designed for Internet of Things (IoT) deployments; this paper presents experiences from deploying a city-scale LoRaWAN network across Southampton, UK. This network was deployed to support an installation of air quality monitors and to explore the capabilities of LoRaWAN. This deployment uses a mixture of commercial off-the-shelf gateways and custom gateways. These gateway locations were chosen based on network access, site permission and accessibility, and are not necessarily the best locations theoretically. Over 135,000 messages have been transmitted by the twenty devices analysed. Over the course of the complete deployment, 72.4 % of the messages were successfully received by the data server. Of the messages that were received, 99% were received within 10 s of transmission. We conclude that LoRaWAN is an applicable communication technology for city-scale air quality monitoring and other smart city applications.

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Wu, Zhenyu, Kai Qiu, and Jianguo Zhang. "A Smart Microcontroller Architecture for the Internet of Things." Sensors 20, no. 7 (March 25, 2020): 1821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20071821.

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The interoperations of endpoint devices are generally achieved by gateways in Internet of Things (IoT) systems. However, the gateways mainly focus on networking communication, which is lack of data logic control capabilities. The microcontrollers with embedded intelligence could work as an intermediate device to help the interconnections of the endpoint devices. Moreover, they could help control the endpoint devices. In this paper, a microcontroller architecture with intelligent and scalable characteristics is proposed. The intelligence means that the microcontroller could control the target endpoint devices by its logical circuits, and the scalability means that the microcontroller architecture could be easily extended to deal with more complex problems. Two real world industrial implementations of the proposed architecture are introduced. The implementations show that the microcontroller is important to provide the intelligent services to users in IoT systems. Furthermore, a simulation experiment based on the cloud model is designed to evaluate the proposed method. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed architecture.

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Mufti, Waseem Akhtar. "Lightweight Coordination Patterns for Applications of the Internet of Things." Applied Computer Systems 25, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acss-2020-0013.

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Abstract Applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) are famously known for connecting devices via the internet. The main purpose of IoT systems (wireless or wired) is to connect devices together for data collection, buffering and data gateway. The collected large size of data is often captured from remote sources for automatic data analytics or for direct decision making by its users. This paper applies the programming pattern for Big Data in IoT systems that makes use of lightweight Java methods, introduced in the recently published work on ClientNet Distributed Cluster. Considering Big Data in IoT systems means the sensing of data from different resources, the network of IoT devices collaborating in data collection and processing; and the gateways servers where the resulting big data is supposed to be directed or further processed. This mainly involves resolving the issues of Big Data, i.e., the size and the network transfer speed along with many other issues of coordination and concurrency. The computer network that connects IoT may further include techniques such as Fog and Edge computing that resolve much of the network issues. This paper provides solutions to these problems that occur in wireless and wired systems. The talk is about the ClientNet programming model and its application in IoT systems for orchestration, such as coordination, data communication, device identification and synchronization between the gateway servers and devices. These devices include sensors attached with appliances (e.g., home automations, supply chain systems, light and heavy machines, vehicles, power grids etc.) or buildings, bridges and computers running data processing applications. As described in earlier papers, the introduced ClientNet techniques prevent from big data transfers and streaming that occupy more resources (hardware and bandwidth) and time. The idea is motivated by Big Data problems that make it difficult to collect it from different resources through small devices and then redirecting it. The proposed programming model of ClientNet Distributed Cluster stores Big Data on the nearest server coordinated by the nearest coordinator. The gateways and the systems that run analytics programs communicate by running programs from other computers when it is essentially required. This makes it possible to let Big Data rarely move across a communication network and allow only the source code to move around the network. The given programming model greatly simplifies data communication overheads, communication patterns among devices, networks and servers.

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Kishor, Kaushal, Parma Nand, and Pankaj Agarwal. "Design adaptive Subnetting Hybrid Gateway MANET Protocol on the basis of Dynamic TTL value adjustment." APTIKOM Journal on Computer Science and Information Technologies 3, no. 2 (July 1, 2018): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/aptikom.j.csit.115.

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Mobile ad hoc Network is infrastructure less wireless network and decentralized way, and then for a large network number of nodes dynamically therefor the connection established between source node to destination node is really challenging. The challenge is interconnecting ad hoc network to the internet seems from the needs to inform ad hoc nodes about available gateways in an extremely challenging scenario while a making a minimum consumption of the source network resources. Then an efficient gateway discovery of an ad hoc network becomes one of the central factors to enable the economic consumption of hybrid ad hoc network in future mobile and wireless network. In mobile ad hoc network have multihop nature of MANET therefore several reachable gateways for mobile node at any period of time. If the mobile node receives gatways advertisement from more than one gateway. It has to determine which gateway to use for connecting to the net. Most existing protocol choose the gateway which is closer in terms of the number of physical hops. This paper has focused on design an efficient and adaptive subnetting hybrid gateway discovery mechanism on the basis of dynamic TTL value adjustment such that congestion and unnecessary overhead is reduced. Selecting the gateway on the basis of one and two parameters will increase the performance and throughput of the network. The main objective of adaptive gateway discovery to determine the optimal TTL value in terms of number of hops to determine the proactive area, nodes outside this area follow the reactive approach. Consequently, for achieving a good trade off between performanceand network operating expense.

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You, Chang Seok, Jeong Seon Yeom, and Bang Chul Jung. "Performance Analysis of Cooperative Low-Power Wide-Area Network for Energy-Efficient B5G Systems." Electronics 9, no. 4 (April 22, 2020): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9040680.

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Low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs) have received extensive attention from both academia and industry, since they can efficiently provide massive connectivity to internet of things (IoT) devices in wide geographical areas with low cost and low power consumption. Recently, it was shown that macro-diversity among multiple gateways significantly improves the performance of uplink LPWANs by coherently combining multiple received signals at gateways. We call such networks cooperative LPWANs. In this paper, the error performance of an uplink cooperative LPWAN is mathematically analyzed in terms of outage probability, bit error rate (BER), and diversity order. It is assumed that there exist multiple (two or more) gateways that have multiple antennas and are located at arbitrary positions in the LPWAN area. Each gateway exploits the optimal maximum-ratio combining (MRC) technique to decode the received signal, and then the signals after MRC are delivered to the cloud fusion center for coherent combining in the cooperative LPWAN. The main results, the closed-form expressions of outage probability and BER, were derived by utilizing the hyper-Erlang distribution. Furthermore, the macro-diversity order was mathematically derived. The mathematical analysis was validated through extensive computer simulations. It worth noting that the mathematical analysis of the error performance of cooperative LPWANs is the first theoretical result in the literature to the best of our knowledge.

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He, Shen, Jing Huang, and Penglin Yang. "Build with intrinsic security: Trusted autonomy security system." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 16, no. 11 (November 2020): 155014772097453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147720974535.

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Security of Internet of things network is difficult to manage because Internet of things devices are heterogeneous and always deployed in remote places. Based on these features, attacks against Internet of things network like distributed denial-of-service and system intrusion are easier than traditional network. In order to enhance Internet of things network’s security, in this article we propose the concept of intrinsic security to establish a trusted and autonomy Internet of things network. Intrinsic security emphasizes that network itself must be trusted and security autonomous to address the security problems which are caused by remote and heterogeneous. Based on this thought, we designed the architecture of Trusted Autonomy Security System. Trusted Autonomy Security System maintains a LAN characterized by trusted and security autonomy, in which all Internet of things network gateways formed a decentralized autonomy system to evaluate if other gateways or Internet of things devices are secure. Compared to traditional Internet of things networks, this architecture uses trusted computing technique to build the basic of security, and makes Internet of things network available to manage security automatically. In addition, the decentralized architecture could reduce security risks caused by compromise of single node in Internet of things network. With these advantages, it can be expected that this novel idea will have more development in Internet of things scenarios with high security requirements.

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Kim, Young-Min, Yu-Jin Lim, Hyun Yu, Jae-Hwoon Lee, and Sang-Hyun Ahn. "Load Balancing Schemes in the MANET with Multiple Internet Gateways." KIPS Transactions:PartC 13C, no. 5 (October 30, 2006): 621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3745/kipstc.2006.13c.5.621.

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Hill, David T., and Krishna Sen. "Wiring the Warung to Global Gateways: The Internet in Indonesia." Indonesia 63 (April 1997): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3351511.

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Stotts, L., S. Seidel, T. Krout, and P. Kolodzy. "Manet gateways: radio interoperability via the internet, not the radio." IEEE Communications Magazine 46, no. 6 (June 2008): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2008.4539466.

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Sadique, Kazi Masum, Rahim Rahmani, and Paul Johannesson. "IMSC-EIoTD: Identity Management and Secure Communication for Edge IoT Devices." Sensors 20, no. 22 (November 16, 2020): 6546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226546.

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The Internet of things (IoT) will accommodate several billions of devices to the Internet to enhance human society as well as to improve the quality of living. A huge number of sensors, actuators, gateways, servers, and related end-user applications will be connected to the Internet. All these entities require identities to communicate with each other. The communicating devices may have mobility and currently, the only main identity solution is IP based identity management which is not suitable for the authentication and authorization of the heterogeneous IoT devices. Sometimes devices and applications need to communicate in real-time to make decisions within very short times. Most of the recently proposed solutions for identity management are cloud-based. Those cloud-based identity management solutions are not feasible for heterogeneous IoT devices. In this paper, we have proposed an edge-fog based decentralized identity management and authentication solution for IoT devices (IoTD) and edge IoT gateways (EIoTG). We have also presented a secure communication protocol for communication between edge IoT devices and edge IoT gateways. The proposed security protocols are verified using Scyther formal verification tool, which is a popular tool for automated verification of security protocols. The proposed model is specified using the PROMELA language. SPIN model checker is used to confirm the specification of the proposed model. The results show different message flows without any error.

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Berto, Riccardo, Paolo Napoletano, and Marco Savi. "A LoRa-Based Mesh Network for Peer-to-Peer Long-Range Communication." Sensors 21, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 4314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134314.

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LoRa is a long-range and low-power radio technology largely employed in Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios. It defines the lower physical layer while other protocols, such as LoRaWAN, define the upper layers of the network. A LoRaWAN network assumes a star topology where each of the nodes communicates with multiple gateways which, in turn, forward the collected data to a network server. The main LoRaWAN characteristic is the central role of the gateways; however, in some application scenarios, a much lighter protocol stack, relying only on node capabilities and without the presence of gateways, can be more suitable. In this paper, we present a preliminary study for realizing a LoRa-based mesh network, not relying on LoRaWAN, that implements a peer-to-peer communication between nodes, without the use of gateways, and extends node reachability through multi-hop communication. To validate our investigations, we present a hardware/software prototype based on low-power-consumption devices, and we preliminarily assess the proposed solution.

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Добрынин, С. Л., and В. Л. Бурковский. "MONITORING AND PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS OF TECHNOLOGICAL EQUIPMENT ON THE BASED OF INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS." ВЕСТНИК ВОРОНЕЖСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА, no. 5() (November 18, 2020): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2020.16.5.001.

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Произведен обзор технологий в рамках концепции четвертой промышленной революции, рассмотрены примеры реализации новых моделей управления технологическими процессами на базе промышленного интернета вещей. Описано техническое устройство основных подсистем системы мониторинга и контроля, служащей для повышения осведомленности о фактическом состоянии производственных ресурсов в особенности станков и аддитивного оборудования в режиме реального времени. Архитектура предлагаемой системы состоит из устройства сбора данных (УСД), реализующего быстрый и эффективный сбор данных от станков и шлюза, передающего ликвидную часть информации в облачное хранилище для дальнейшей обработки и анализа. Передача данных выполняется на двух уровнях: локально в цехе, с использованием беспроводной сенсорной сети (WSN) на базе стека протоколов ZigBee от устройства сбора данных к шлюзам и от шлюзов в облако с использованием интернет-протоколов. Разработан алгоритм инициализации протоколов связи между устройством сбора данных и шлюзом, а также алгоритм выявления неисправностей в сети. Расчет фактического времени обработки станочных подсистем позволяет более эффективно планировать профилактическое обслуживание вместо того, чтобы выполнять задачи обслуживания в фиксированные интервалы без учета времени использования оборудования We carried out a review of technologies within the framework of the concept of the fourth industrial revolution; we considered examples of the implementation of new models of process control based on the industrial Internet of things. We described the technical structure of the main subsystems of the monitoring and control system to increase awareness of the actual state of production resources in particular machine tools and additive equipment in real time. The architecture of the proposed system consists of a data acquisition device (DAD) that implements fast and efficient data collection from machines and a gateway that transfers the liquid part of information to the cloud storage for further processing and analysis. We carried out the data transmission at two levels, locally in the workshop, using a wireless sensor network (WSN) based on ZigBee protocol stack from the data acquisition device to the gateways and from the gateways to the cloud using Internet protocols. An algorithm was developed for initializing communication protocols between a data acquisition device and a gateway, as well as an algorithm for detecting network malfunctions. Calculating the actual machining time of machine subsystems allows us to more efficiently scheduling preventive maintenance rather than performing maintenance tasks at fixed intervals without considering equipment usage

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Tsai, Wen-Chung, Shi-Xiang Zhu, Nien-Ting Huang, and Mao-Lun Chiang. "An Implementation of Hardware-Accelerated Serial Interface of IoT Gateway for Enabling Machine-Type Communication: A Case Study of Networking IR Controllable Home Appliances." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2019 (April 3, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1506237.

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In this paper, we propose an implementation of machine-type communications by combining a novel hardware-accelerated serial interface and a conventional Internet of things (IoT) gateway. Even all home appliances with an infrared (IR) remote controller can be operated through the Internet. In the future, application paradigms will transfer from human-type communications to machine-type communications to provide services such as health care and smart-home control systems. Therefore, commercial IoT gateways are required for intranet-Internet bridging of various wireless access services. Home appliances that are currently used or will foreseeably be used in the future lack network capabilities but can be controlled by an IR remote controller. Accordingly, to leverage existing IR control capabilities, we implemented a smart-home control system, which enables an IR signal to be remotely controlled to emit through the Internet. The implemented system provides a hardware-accelerated serial interface to sample IR signals—including extremely high-frequency signals—and includes a hardware-based data compression mechanism able to reduce the size of oversampled data and save flash memory space. A more intelligent control style can thus be realized by leveraging existing home appliances for the smart-homes of the future.

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Kaed, Charbel El, Imran Khan, Andre Van Den Berg, Hicham Hossayni, and Christophe Saint-Marcel. "SRE: Semantic Rules Engine for the Industrial Internet-Of-Things Gateways." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 14, no. 2 (February 2018): 715–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tii.2017.2769001.

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Xi Chen, Siu-Chung Wong, and Chi K. Tse. "Adding Randomness to Modeling Internet TCP-RED Systems With Interactive Gateways." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 57, no. 4 (April 2010): 300–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2010.2043388.

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Sauter, Thilo, and Maksim Lobashov. "How to Access Factory Floor Information Using Internet Technologies and Gateways." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 7, no. 4 (November 2011): 699–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tii.2011.2166788.

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Tsudik, G. "Datagram authentication in internet gateways: implications of fragmentation and dynamic routing." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 7, no. 4 (May 1989): 499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/49.17713.

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Sidorchuk, Roman, Irina Skorobogatykh, Anastasia Lukina, Sergey Mkhitaryan, and Anastasia Stukalova. "Access to the Rail Station as a Customer Value: Simulation of Passenger Flows in Rail Stations with Disinfection Gateway Installations." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 6, no. 4 (October 21, 2020): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6040122.

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This research applied secondary data collection methods to predict passenger flows, which involved analyzing traffic flows at rail stations and statistical methods, which involved assessing the relationship between variables and regression. Observation methods were used to measure current passenger flows at the rail station entrances. Passengers’ safety perception was assessed to understand the customer value of transport services. This assessment was based on an online survey, an analysis of official requests from passengers to the station directorates, and feedback from passengers and station visitors posted on the Internet. Traditional and content analysis methods were used to study passengers’ requests and feedbacks. It was substantiated that due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the concept of transportation security and the role of health safety as a customer value in passenger service have become more prominent. The possibility for passenger flow simulation to ensure people’s safe passage through a disinfection gateway is clearly shown. Public space management structures in transportation hubs can use the simulation results of this paper to solve the problem of passenger flow control along with installation of disinfection gateways at the station entrances for additional security. This is one of the few studies that explores the impact of using disinfection gateways to manage passenger flows in train stations.

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Vecchio, Massimo, Paolo Azzoni, Andreas Menychtas, Ilias Maglogiannis, and Alexander Felfernig. "A Fully Open-Source Approach to Intelligent Edge Computing: AGILE’s Lesson." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 12, 2021): 1309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041309.

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In this paper, we describe the main outcomes of AGILE (acronym for “Adaptive Gateways for dIverse muLtiple Environments”), an EU-funded project that recently delivered a modular hardware and software framework conceived to address the fragmented market of embedded, multi-service, adaptive gateways for the Internet of Things (IoT). Its main goal is to provide a low-cost solution capable of supporting proof-of-concept implementations and rapid prototyping methodologies for both consumer and industrial IoT markets. AGILE allows developers to implement and deliver a complete (software and hardware) IoT solution for managing non-IP IoT devices through a multi-service gateway. Moreover, it simplifies the access of startups to the IoT market, not only providing an efficient and cost-effective solution for industries but also allowing end-users to customize and extend it according to their specific requirements. This flexibility is the result of the joint experience of established organizations in the project consortium already promoting the principles of openness, both at the software and hardware levels. We illustrate how the AGILE framework can provide a cost-effective yet solid and highly customizable, technological foundation supporting the configuration, deployment, and assessment of two distinct showcases, namely a quantified self application for individual consumers, and an air pollution monitoring station for industrial settings.

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Kelly, M. G. (Peggy), and James H. Wiebe. "Teaching Mathematics with Technology: Mining Mathematics on the Internet." Arithmetic Teacher 41, no. 5 (January 1994): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/at.41.5.0276.

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Throughout the Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (NCTM 1989) the notion of students and teachers as critical thinkers, information seekers, and problem solvers is a priority. The Internet, an electronic highway connected by gateways from one computer network to another, furnishes a telecommunications link around the world. The Internet enables students and teachers to access authentic, real-time data for critical analysis. With access to such Internet service providers as a university computer network or a commercial service like Compuserve, Prodigy, or Applelink, students and teachers become active information seekers.

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Griffiths, Laura. "Free Legal Databases at IALS Library." Legal Information Management 7, no. 1 (March 2007): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1472669606001137.

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Laura Griffiths provides information about the portals or gateways of qualitatively evaluated links to legal information on the internet, including FLAG, INTUTE: Law and eagle-I, and repositories of information produced by IALS and its partners such as FLARE and the Current Legal Research Topics database.

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Rababah, Baha, and Rasit Eskicioglu. "Distributed Intelligence Model for IoT Applications Based on Neural Networks." International Journal of Computer Network and Information Security 13, no. 3 (June 8, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5815/ijcnis.2021.03.01.

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Increasing the implication of IoT data puts a focus on extracting the knowledge from sensors’ raw data. The management of sensors’ data is inefficient with current solutions, as studies have generally focused on either providing cloud-based IoT solutions or inefficient predefined rules. Cloud-based IoT solutions have problems with latency, availability, security and privacy, and power consumption. Therefore, Providing IoT gateways with relevant intelligence is essential for gaining knowledge from raw data to make the decision of whether to actuate or offload tasks to the cloud. This work proposes a model that provides an IoT gateway with the intelligence needed to extract the knowledge from sensors’ data in order to make the decision locally without needing to send all raw data to the cloud over the Internet. This speeds up decisions and actions for real-time data and overcomes the limitations of cloud-based IoT solutions. When the gateway is unable to process a task locally, the data and task are offloaded to the cloud.

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Kamgueu, Patrick Olivier, Emmanuel Nataf, and Thomas Djotio. "Architecture for an efficient integration of wireless sensor networks to the Internet through Internet of Things gateways." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 13, no. 11 (November 2017): 155014771774473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147717744735.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Internet gateways'

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