Academic literature on the topic 'Internet mobile – Québec (Province) – Québec'

Le présent texte propose de jeter un regard sur les choix linguistiques des minorités de langue officielle (de langue anglaise au Québec et de langue française dans les autres provinces) en ce qui a trait à leur usage de cinq médias (radio, télévision, journaux, livres, Internet), en fonction de la disponibilité des médias de langue minoritaire dans la province et de la densité de population de la minorité de langue officielle dans la municipalité de résidence. Bien que la densité soit le plus fort des deux indicateurs, les résultats montrent que les deux variables servent à éclairer le rapport des minoritaires aux médias.

Nous présentons, dans cet article, la liste des taxons de plantes vasculaires exotiques (espèces, sous-espèces, variétés, hybrides) qui sont naturalisés sur le territoire du Québec. Cette liste a été constituée à partir de listes publiées précédemment, d’une revue de littérature, de bases de données accessibles sur Internet et grâce à des renseignements fournis par des botanistes professionnels. Un taxon a été inclus dans la liste uniquement s’il existait une preuve valable de la présence de la plante sur le territoire québécois, que ce soit sous la forme d’un spécimen d’herbier ou par le biais d’une mention attestée par un botaniste, photographie à l’appui. Plusieurs informations ont été colligées pour chaque taxon de la liste, soit le continent d’origine, le motif d’introduction et l’année de la plus vieille preuve de naturalisation. Un total de 899 taxons de plantes vasculaires (880 espèces, auxquelles s’ajoutent 18 hybrides), groupés au sein de 95 familles, ont été introduits au Québec depuis le début du xviie siècle et se sont par la suite naturalisés. La plupart des taxons (63 %) sont des plantes vivaces et la vaste majorité (82 %) proviennent d’Eurasie. Environ 39 % des taxons ont été introduits à des fins ornementales et 18 % à des fins utilitaires ; il n’a pas été possible de découvrir un motif d’introduction pour 403 taxons (45 % du total). La flore du Québec serait constituée d’environ 26 à 28 % de plantes exotiques, un pourcentage similaire à celui estimé pour l’Ontario ou pour plusieurs autres États voisins de la province. Cette mise à jour de la liste des plantes vasculaires exotiques naturalisées du Québec n’est probablement pas complète, mais sa publication vise à inciter les botanistes québécois à l’enrichir au cours des prochaines années.

AbstractObjective:To examine the pattern and correlates of public support for twelve public health interventions aimed at reducing sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption.Design:Cross-sectional population-based survey. Respondents were recruited using a random digit dialling procedure (landline telephone) and a random selection of telephone numbers (mobile telephone). Sampling quotas were applied for age, and the sample was stratified according to administrative regions.Setting:The province of Québec, Canada.Subjects:One thousand adults aged between 18 and 64 years and able to answer the survey questionnaire in French or English.Results:Support was observed for a number of public health interventions, but the more intrusive approaches were less supported. Support for taxation as well as for sale and access restriction was positively associated with the perceived relevance of the government intervention, perceived effectiveness, and perceived associations between SSB consumption and chronic diseases. Believing that SSB consumption is a personal choice and daily consumption were generally negatively associated with strong support and positively associated with strong opposition. Sparse associations between sociodemographic and socio-economic characteristics were observed, with the exception of sex and age: women were generally more likely to support the examined public health strategies, while younger respondents were less likely to express support.Conclusions:Increasing perceived effectiveness and government responsibility for addressing the issue of SSB consumption could lead to increased support for SSB interventions. Increasing the belief that SSB consumption could be associated with chronic diseases would increase support, but SSB consumers and younger individuals are expected to be resistant.

Recent expansions in regulated offerings to include online forms of gambling have been undertaken amid animated debate on the potential impacts of this legalization. The objective of the present study is to examine changes in online gambling patterns before and after the opening of Espacejeux: the state-operated gambling website in Québec, Canada. Information on gambling habits was drawn from two repeated cross-sectional surveys conducted with samples representative of the general adult population of the province of Québec in 2009 (N = 11,888) and 2012 (N = 12,008). Behavioural data were retrieved from the Online Poker Database of the University of Hamburg (ODP-UHH) for 4,591,298 (2009/2010) and 2,909,562 (2013) unique real money poker identities; all Québec players were retained for analysis. Gambling patterns before and after legalization of online gambling were compared. The prevalence of Internet gambling remained stable: 1.5% of the population gambled online in 2012 compared to 1.4% in 2009. Of those surveyed, 82.5% continued to gamble on unregulated sites in 2012 and data from OPD-UHH confirmed that 90% of all real money online poker players still bet on unregulated sites in 2013. Results suggest that it may be prudent for government stakeholders to consider alternative approaches for managing online gambling offerings. Longitudinal analyses are needed to disentangle the effects of legalization of online gambling.RésuméL’augmentation récente d’offres réglementées, notamment des jeux en ligne, a fait l’objet de vifs débats sur les répercussions possibles de cette légalisation. Cette étude examine les changements dans les modèles de jeux en ligne avant et après l’ouverture d’Espacejeux, le site de jeux exploité par la province de Québec, au Canada. L’information sur les habitudes de jeu a été tirée de deux enquêtes transversales répétées, réalisées avec des échantillons représentatifs de la population générale adulte de la province de Québec en 2009 (N = 11 888) et 2012 (N = 12 008). Les données comportementales ont été tirées de la base de données de poker en ligne de l’Université de Hambourg (ODP-UHH) sur 4 591 298 (2009/2010) et 2 909 562 (2013) joueurs de poker avec argent réel. Tous les joueurs québécois ont été retenus pour l’analyse. On a comparé les modèles de jeu avant et après la légalisation de jeux en ligne. La prévalence de jeu sur Internet est restée stable : 1,5 % de la population a joué en ligne en 2012 contre 1,4 % en 2009. Parmi les personnes sondées, 82,5 % d’entre elles ont continué de jouer sur des sites non réglementés en 2012 et les données de l’Université de Hambourg ont permis de confirmer que 90 % des joueurs de poker en ligne avec argent réel misent toujours sur des sites non réglementés en 2013. Avec ces résultats, les parties prenantes du gouvernement seraient avisées d’envisager d’autres approches pour la gestion des offres de jeux en ligne. Il faut effectuer des analyses longitudinales pour distinguer clairement les effets de la légalisation du jeu en ligne.

Recent expansions in regulated offerings to include online forms of gambling have been undertaken amid animated debate on the potential impacts of this legalization. The objective of the present study is to examine changes in online gambling patterns before and after the opening of Espacejeux: the state-operated gambling website in Québec, Canada. Information on gambling habits was drawn from two repeated cross-sectional surveys conducted with samples representative of the general adult population of the province of Québec in 2009 (N = 11,888) and 2012 (N = 12,008). Behavioural data were retrieved from the Online Poker Database of the University of Hamburg (ODP-UHH) for 4,591,298 (2009/2010) and 2,909,562 (2013) unique real money poker identities; all Québec players were retained for analysis. Gambling patterns before and after legalization of online gambling were compared. The prevalence of Internet gambling remained stable: 1.5% of the population gambled online in 2012 compared to 1.4% in 2009. Of those surveyed, 82.5% continued to gamble on unregulated sites in 2012 and data from OPD-UHH confirmed that 90% of all real money online poker players still bet on unregulated sites in 2013. Results suggest that it may be prudent for government stakeholders to consider alternative approaches for managing online gambling offerings. Longitudinal analyses are needed to disentangle the effects of legalization of online gambling.RésuméL’augmentation récente d’offres réglementées, notamment des jeux en ligne, a fait l’objet de vifs débats sur les répercussions possibles de cette légalisation. Cette étude examine les changements dans les modèles de jeux en ligne avant et après l’ouverture d’Espacejeux, le site de jeux exploité par la province de Québec, au Canada. L’information sur les habitudes de jeu a été tirée de deux enquêtes transversales répétées, réalisées avec des échantillons représentatifs de la population générale adulte de la province de Québec en 2009 (N = 11 888) et 2012 (N = 12 008). Les données comportementales ont été tirées de la base de données de poker en ligne de l’Université de Hambourg (ODP-UHH) sur 4 591 298 (2009/2010) et 2 909 562 (2013) joueurs de poker avec argent réel. Tous les joueurs québécois ont été retenus pour l’analyse. On a comparé les modèles de jeu avant et après la légalisation de jeux en ligne. La prévalence de jeu sur Internet est restée stable : 1,5 % de la population a joué en ligne en 2012 contre 1,4 % en 2009. Parmi les personnes sondées, 82,5 % d’entre elles ont continué de jouer sur des sites non réglementés en 2012 et les données de l’Université de Hambourg ont permis de confirmer que 90 % des joueurs de poker en ligne avec argent réel misent toujours sur des sites non réglementés en 2013. Avec ces résultats, les parties prenantes du gouvernement seraient avisées d’envisager d’autres approches pour la gestion des offres de jeux en ligne. Il faut effectuer des analyses longitudinales pour distinguer clairement les effets de la légalisation du jeu en ligne.

Poker players are at high risk of experiencing gambling problems. Despite the feminization of gambling, little is known about the problems associated with poker playing among women. This cross-sectional study aims to examine relationships between gambling problems and factors generally associated with gambling problems (gambling behaviours, substance use and mental health) among women poker players. A total of 46 women were recruited through a broader prospective cohort study from the province of Quebec, Canada. The outcome variable of interest was participants’ scores on the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI); the predictive variables were gambling behaviours, alcohol and drug misuse (DEBA-Alcohol and drugs) and mental health (Beck anxiety and depression). Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that the factors associated with gambling problems among women poker players are distinct from those of men. For women, severity of gambling problems is positively associated with Internet poker playing, playing slot machines and smoking cigarettes (p < .05). However, among these women, alcohol and drug misuse and mental health are not associated with gambling problems. Therefore, it is important to understand the risks associated with women poker players to develop preventive strategies adapted for this population and to adjust interventions accordingly.RésuméLes joueurs de poker sont une population à risque de présenter des problèmes de jeu. Malgré la féminisation des jeux de hasard et d’argent (JHA), les connaissances sont limitées quant aux problèmes liés au poker chez les femmes. Cette étude transversale vise à documenter le lien entre les problèmes de jeu et les facteurs généralement associés aux problèmes de jeu (comportements de jeu, consommation de substances et santé mentale) chez les joueuses de poker. Au total, 46 femmes ont été recrutées dans le cadre d'une étude de cohorte prospective plus large réalisée dans la province de Québec, au Canada. Le score à l'Indice Canadien du Jeu Excessif (ICJE) était la variable dépendante; les variables prédictives étaient les comportements de jeu, l'abus d'alcool et de drogues (DEBA-Alcool et Drogues) et la santé mentale (Inventaire d’anxiété et de dépression de Beck). Les analyses de régression logistique ont révélé que les facteurs associés aux problèmes de jeu chez les joueuses de poker sont distincts de ceux des hommes. Pour les femmes, la gravité des problèmes de jeu est positivement associée à jouer au poker sur Internet, à jouer aux machines à sous et à fumer des cigarettes (p < 0,05). Toutefois, chez ces femmes, ni l'abus d'alcool et de drogues, ni la santé mentale ne sont pas associés aux problèmes de jeu. Il est donc important de comprendre les risques associés aux problèmes de jeu chez les joueuses de poker afin de développer des stratégies de prévention adaptées à cette population et d'ajuster les interventions en conséquence.

The need to sustain and/or create a collective identity is regularly seen as one of the cultural priorities of diasporic peoples and this, in turn, depends upon the existence of a uniquely diasporic form of communication and connection with the country of origin. Today, digital media technologies provide easy information recording and retrieval, and mobile IT networks allow global accessibility and participation in the redefinition of identities. Vis-à-vis our understanding of the proximity and connectivity associated with globalisation, the role of ICTs cannot be underestimated and is clearly more than a simple instrument for the expression of a pre-existing diasporic identity. Indeed, the concept of “e-diaspora” is gaining popularity. Consequently, research into the role of ICTs in the lives of diasporic peoples contributes to a definition of the concept of diaspora, understood here as the result of the dispersal of all members of a nation in several countries. In this context, I will demonstrate how members of the Bulgarian diaspora negotiate not only their identities but also their identifications through one of the most popular community websites, Facebook. My methodology consists of the active observation of Bulgarian users belonging to the diaspora, the participation in groups and forums on Facebook, and the analysis of discourses produced online. This research was conducted for the first time between 1 August 2008 and 31 May 2009 through the largest 20 (of 195) Bulgarian groups on the French version of Facebook and 40 (of over 500) on the English one. It is important to note that the public considered to be predominantly involved in Facebook is a young audience in the age group of 18-35 years. Therefore, this article is focused on two generations of Bulgarian immigrants: mostly recent young and second-generation migrants. The observed users are therefore members of the Bulgarian diaspora who have little or no experience of communism, who don’t feel the weight of the past, and who have grown up as free and often cosmopolitan citizens. Communist hegemony in Bulgaria began on 9 September 1944, when the army and the communist militiamen deposed the country’s government and handed power over to an anti-fascist coalition. During the following decades, Bulgaria became the perfect Soviet satellite and the imposed Stalinist model led to sharp curtailing of the economic and social contacts with the free world beyond the Iron Curtain. In 1989, the fall of the Berlin Wall marked the end of the communist era and the political and economic structures that supported it. Identity, Internet, and Diaspora Through the work of Mead, Todorov, and boyd it is possible to conceptualise the subject in terms of both of internal and external social identity (Mead, Todorov, boyd). In this article, I will focus, in particular, on social and national identities as expressions of the process of sharing stories, experiences, and understanding between individuals. In this respect, the phenomenon of Facebook is especially well placed to mediate between identifications which, according to Freud, facilitate the plural subjectivities and the establishment of an emotional network of mutual bonds between the individual and the group (Freud). This research also draws on Goffman who, from a sociological point of view, demystifies the representation of the Self by developing a dramaturgical theory (Goffman), whereby identity is constructed through the "roles" that people play on the social scene. Social life is a vast stage where the actors are required to adhere to certain socially acceptable rituals and guidelines. It means that we can consider the presentation of Self, or Others, as a facade or a construction of socially accepted features. Among all the ICTs, the Internet is, by far, the medium most likely to facilitate free expression of identity through a multitude of possible actions and community interactions. Personal and national memories circulate in the transnational space of the Internet and are reshaped when framed from specific circumstances such as those raised by the migration process. In an age of globalisation marked by the proliferation of population movements, instant communication, and cultural exchanges across geographic boundaries, the phenomenon of the diaspora has caught the attention of a growing number of scholars. I shall be working with Robin Cohen’s definition of diaspora which highlights the following common features: (1) dispersal from an original homeland; (2) the expansion from a homeland in search of work; (3) a collective memory and myth about the homeland; (4) an idealisation of the supposed ancestral homeland; (5) a return movement; (6) a strong ethnic group consciousness sustained over a long time; (7) a troubled relationship with host societies; (8) a sense of solidarity with co-ethnic members in other countries; and (9) the possibility of a distinctive creative, enriching life in tolerant host countries (Cohen). Following on this earlier work on the ways in which diasporas give rise to new forms of subjectivity, the concept of “e-diaspora” is now rapidly gaining in popularity. The complex association between diasporic groups and ICTs has led to a concept of e-diasporas that actively utilise ICTs to achieve community-specific goals, and that have become critical for the formation and sustenance of an exilic community for migrant groups around the globe (Srinivasan and Pyati). Diaspora and the Digital Age Anderson points out two key features of the Internet: first, it is a heterogeneous electronic medium, with hardly perceptible contours, and is in a state of constant development; second, it is a repository of “imagined communities” without geographical or legal legitimacy, whose members will probably never meet (Anderson). Unlike “real” communities, where people have physical interactions, in the imagined communities, individuals do not have face-to-face communication and daily contact, but they nonetheless feel a strong emotional attachment to the nation. The Internet not only opens new opportunities to gain greater visibility and strengthen the sense of belonging to community, but it also contributes to the emergence of a transnational public sphere where the communities scattered in various locations freely exchange their views and ideas without fear of restrictions or censorship from traditional media (Appadurai, Bernal). As a result, the Web becomes a virtual diasporic space which opens up, to those who have left their country, a new means of confrontation and social participation. Within this new diasporic space, migrants are bound in their disparate geographical locations by a common vision or myth about the homeland (Karim). Thanks to the Internet, the computer has become a primary technological intermediary between virtual networks, bringing its members closer in a “global village” where everyone is immediately connected to others. Thus, today’s diasporas are not the diaspora of previous generations in that the migration is experienced and negotiated very differently: people in one country are now able to continue to participate actively in another country. In this context, the arrival of community sites has increased the capacity of users to create a network on the Internet, to rediscover lost links, and strengthen new ones. Unlike offline communities, which may weaken once their members have left the physical space, online communities that are no longer limited by the requirement of physical presence in the common space have the capacity to endure. Identity Strategies of New Generations of Bulgarian Migrants It is very difficult to quantify migration to or from Bulgaria. Existing data is not only partial and limited but, in some cases, give an inaccurate view of migration from Bulgaria (Soultanova). Informal data confirm that one million Bulgarians, around 15 per cent of Bulgaria’s entire population (7,620,238 inhabitants in 2007), are now scattered around the world (National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria). The Bulgarian migrant is caught in a system of redefinition of identity through the duration of his or her relocation. Emigrating from a country like Bulgaria implies a high number of contingencies. Bulgarians’ self-identification is relative to the inferiority complex of a poor country which has a great deal to do to catch up with its neighbours. Before the accession of Bulgaria to the European Union, the country was often associated with what have been called “Third World countries” and seen as a source of crime and social problems. Members of the Bulgarian diaspora faced daily prejudice due to the bad reputation of their country of origin, though the extent of the hostility depended upon the “host” nation (Marcheva). Geographically, Bulgaria is one of the most eastern countries in Europe, the last to enter the European Union, and its image abroad has not facilitated the integration of the Bulgarian diaspora. The differences between Bulgarian migrants and the “host society” perpetuate a sentiment of marginality that is now countered with an online appeal for national identity markers and shared experiences. Facebook: The Ultimate Social Network The Growing Popularity of Facebook With more than 500 million active members, Facebook is the most visited website in the world. In June 2007, Facebook experienced a record annual increase of 270 per cent of connections in one year (source: comScore World Metrix). More than 70 translations of the site are available to date, including the Bulgarian version. What makes it unique is that Facebook positively encourages identity games. Moreover, Facebook provides the symbolic building blocks with which to build a collective identity through shared forms of discourse and ways of thinking. People are desperate to make a good impression on the Internet: that is why they spend so much time managing their online identity. One of the most important aspects of Facebook is that it enables users to control and manage their image, leaving the choice of how their profile appears on the pages of others a matter of personal preference at any given time. Despite some limitations, we will see that Facebook offers the Bulgarian community abroad the possibility of an intense and ongoing interaction with fellow nationals, including the opportunity to assert and develop a complex new national/transnational identity. Facebook Experiences of the Bulgarian Diaspora Created in the United States in 2004 and extended to use in Europe two or three years later, Facebook was quickly adopted by members of the Bulgarian diaspora. Here, it is very important to note that, although the Internet per se has enabled Bulgarians across the globe to introduce Cyrillic script into the public arena, it is definitely Facebook that has made digital Cyrillic visible. Early in computer history, keyboards with the Cyrillic alphabet simply did not exist. Thus, Bulgarians were forced to translate their language into Latin script. Today, almost all members of the Bulgarian population who own a computer use a keyboard that combines the two alphabets, Latin and Cyrillic, and this allows alternation between the two. This is not the case for the majority of Bulgarians living abroad who are forced to use a keyboard specific to their country of residence. Thus, Bulgarians online have adopted a hybrid code to speak and communicate. Since foreign keyboards are not equipped with the same consonants and vowels that exist in the Bulgarian language, they use the Latin letters that best suit the Bulgarian phonetic. Several possible interpretations of these “encoded” texts exist which become another way for the Bulgarian migrants to distinguish and assert themselves. One of these encoded scripts is supplemented by figures. For example, the number “6” written in Bulgarian “шест” is applied to represent the Bulgarian letter “ш.” Bulgarian immigrants therefore employ very specific codes of communication that enhance the feeling of belonging to a community that shares the same language, which is often incomprehensible to others. As the ultimate social networking website, Facebook brings together Bulgarians from all over the world and offers them a space to preserve online memorials and digital archives. As a result, the Bulgarian diaspora privileges this website in order to manage the strong links between its members. Indeed, within months of coming into online existence, Facebook established itself as a powerful social phenomenon for the Bulgarian diaspora and, very soon, a virtual map of the Bulgarian diaspora was formed. It should be noted, however, that this mapping was focused on the new generation of Bulgarian migrants more familiar with the Internet and most likely to travel. By identifying the presence of online groups by country or city, I was able to locate the most active Bulgarian communities: “Bulgarians in UK” (524 members), “Bulgarians in Chicago” (436 members), “Bulgarians studying in the UK” (346 members), “Bulgarians in America” (333 members), “Bulgarians in the USA” (314 members), “Bulgarians in Montreal” (249 members), “Bulgarians in Munich” (241 members), and so on. These figures are based on the “Groups” Application of Facebook as updated in February 2010. Through those groups, a symbolic diasporic geography is imagined and communicated: the digital “border crossing,” as well as the real one, becomes a major identity resource. Thus, Bulgarian users of Facebook are connecting from the four corners of the globe in order to rebuild family links and to participate virtually in the marriages, births, and lives of their families. It sometimes seems that the whole country has an appointment on Facebook, and that all the photos and stories of Bulgarians are more or less accessible to the community in general. Among its virtual initiatives, Facebook has made available to its users an effective mobilising tool, the Causes, which is used as a virtual noticeboard for activities and ideas circulating in “real life.” The members of the Bulgarian diaspora choose to adhere to different “causes” that may be local, national, or global, and that are complementary to the civic and socially responsible side of the identity they have chosen to construct online. Acting as a virtual realm in which distinct and overlapping trajectories coexist, Facebook thus enables users to articulate different stories and meanings and to foster a democratic imaginary about both the past and the future. Facebook encourages diasporas to produce new initiatives to revive or create collective memories and common values. Through photos and videos, scenes of everyday life are celebrated and manipulated as tools to reconstruct, reconcile, and display a part of the history and the identity of the migrant. By combating the feelings of disorientation, the consciousness of sharing the same national background and culture facilitates dialogue and neutralises the anxiety and loneliness of Bulgarian migrants. When cultural differences become more acute, the sense of isolation increases and this encourages migrants to look for company and solidarity online. As the number of immigrants connected and visible on Facebook gets larger, so the use of the Internet heightens their sense of a substantial collective identity. This is especially important for migrants during the early years of relocation when their sense of identity is most fragile. It can therefore be argued that, through the Internet, some Bulgarian migrants are replacing alienating face-to-face contact with virtual friends and enjoying the feeling of reassurance and belonging to a transnational community of compatriots. In this sense, Facebook is a propitious ground for the establishment of the three identity strategies defined by Herzfeld: cultural intimacy (or self-stereotypes); structural nostalgia (the evocation of a time when everything was going better); and the social poetic (the strategies aiming to retrieve a particular advantage and turn it into a permanent condition). In this way, the willingness to remain continuously in virtual contact with other Bulgarians often reveals a desire to return to the place of birth. Nostalgia and outsourcing of such sentiments help migrants to cope with feelings of frustration and disappointment. I observed that it is just after their return from summer holidays spent in Bulgaria that members of the Bulgarian diaspora are most active on the Bulgarian forums and pages on Facebook. The “return tourism” (Fourcade) during the summer or for the winter holidays seems to be a central theme in the forums on Facebook and an important source of emotional refuelling. Tensions between identities can also lead to creative formulations through Facebook’s pages. Thus, the group “You know you’re a Bulgarian when...”, which enjoys very active participation from the Bulgarian diaspora, is a space where everyone is invited to share, through a single sentence, some fact of everyday life with which all Bulgarians can identify. With humour and self-irony, this Facebook page demonstrates what is distinctive about being Bulgarian but also highlights frustration with certain prejudices and stereotypes. Frequently these profiles are characterised by seemingly “glocal” features. The same Bulgarian user could define himself as a Parisian, adhering to the group “You know you’re from Paris when...”, but also a native of a Bulgarian town (“You know you’re from Varna when...”). At the same time, he is an architect (“All architects on Facebook”), supporting the candidacy of Barack Obama, a fan of Japanese manga (“maNga”), of a French actor, an American cinema director, or Indian food. He joins a cause to save a wild beach on the Black Sea coast (“We love camping: Gradina Smokinia and Arapia”) and protests virtually against the slaughter of dolphins in the Faroe Islands (“World shame”). One month, the individual could identify as Bulgarian, but next month he might choose to locate himself in the country in which he is now resident. Thus, Facebook creates a virtual territory without borders for the cosmopolitan subject (Negroponte) and this confirms the premise that the Internet does not lead to the convergence of cultures, but rather confirms the opportunities for diversification and pluralism through multiple social and national affiliations. Facebook must therefore be seen as an advantageous space for the representation and interpretation of identity and for performance and digital existence. Bulgarian migrants bring together elements of their offline lives in order to construct, online, entirely new composite identities. The Bulgarians we have studied as part of this research almost never use pseudonyms and do not seem to feel the need to hide their material identities. This suggests that they are mature people who value their status as migrants of Bulgarian origin and who feel confident in presenting their natal identities rather than hiding behind a false name. Starting from this material social/national identity, which is revealed through the display of surname with a Slavic consonance, members of the Bulgarian diaspora choose to manage their complex virtual identities online. Conclusion Far from their homeland, beset with feelings of insecurity and alienation as well as daily experiences of social and cultural exclusion (much of it stemming from an ongoing prejudice towards citizens from ex-communist countries), it is no wonder that migrants from Bulgaria find relief in meeting up with compatriots in front of their screens. Although some migrants assume their Bulgarian identity as a mixture of different cultures and are trying to rethink and continuously negotiate their cultural practices (often through the display of contradictory feelings and identifications), others identify with an imagined community and enjoy drawing boundaries between what is “Bulgarian” and what is not. The indispensable daily visit to Facebook is clearly a means of forging an ongoing sense of belonging to the Bulgarian community scattered across the globe. Facebook makes possible the double presence of Bulgarian immigrants both here and there and facilitates the ongoing processes of identity construction that depend, more and more, upon new media. In this respect, the role that Facebook plays in the life of the Bulgarian diaspora may be seen as a facet of an increasingly dynamic transnational world in which interactive media may be seen to contribute creatively to the formation of collective identities and the deformation of monolithic cultures. References Anderson, Benedict. L’Imaginaire National: Réflexions sur l’Origine et l’Essor du Nationalisme. Paris: La Découverte, 1983. Appadurai, Ajun. Après le Colonialisme: Les Conséquences Culturelles de la Globalisation. Paris: Payot, 2001. Bernal, Victoria. “Diaspora, Cyberspace and Political Imagination: The Eritrean Diaspora Online.” Global Network 6 (2006): 161-79. boyd, danah. “Social Network Sites: Public, Private, or What?” Knowledge Tree (May 2007). Cohen, Robin. Global Diasporas: An Introduction. London: University College London Press. 1997. Goffman, Erving. La Présentation de Soi. Paris: Editions de Minuit, Collection Le Sens Commun, 1973. Fourcade, Marie-Blanche. “De l’Arménie au Québec: Itinéraires de Souvenirs Touristiques.” Ethnologies 27.1 (2005): 245-76. Freud, Sigmund. “Psychologie des Foules et Analyses du Moi.” Essais de Psychanalyse. Paris: Petite Bibliothèque Payot, 2001 (1921). Herzfeld, Michael. Intimité Culturelle. Presse de l’Université de Laval, 2008. Karim, Karim-Haiderali. The Media of Diaspora. Oxford: Routledge, 2003. Marcheva, Marta. “Bulgarian Diaspora and the Media Treatment of Bulgaria in the French, Italian and North American Press (1992–2007).” Unpublished PhD dissertation. Paris: University Panthéon – Assas Paris 2, 2010. Mead, George Herbert. L’Esprit, le Soi et la Société. Paris: PUF, 2006. Negroponte, Nicholas. Being Digital. Vintage, 2005. Soultanova, Ralitza. “Les Migrations Multiples de la Population Bulgare.” Actes du Dolloque «La France et les Migrants des Balkans: Un État des Lieux.” Paris: Courrier des Balkans, 2005. Srinivasan, Ramesh, and Ajit Pyati. “Diasporic Information Environments: Reframing Immigrant-Focused Information Research.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 58.12 (2007): 1734-44. Todorov, Tzvetan. Nous et les Autres: La Réflexion Française sur la Diversité Humaine. Paris: Seuil, 1989.

Les nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) permettent de mener davantage d’activités en dehors des lieux de travail et de résidence. De plus en plus de commerces offrent un accès sans-fil gratuit à l’Internet (WiFi) en même temps que le nombre d’appareils mobiles capables de se brancher à l’Internet est en pleine croissance. L’individu qui recherche une connexion Internet gratuite dans la ville pour pratiquer des activités à distance a vraisemblablement l’embarras du choix. Tandis que de nombreuses études s’intéressent à l’impact des TIC sur des lieux comme des milieux sociaux, rares sont celles qui s’interrogent sur les qualités physiques de ces milieux. Les architectes et les urbanistes abordent rarement le WiFi comme un élément de design : la présence de ce dernier se limitent souvent à quelque chose considéré anecdotique ou invasif. Ce projet de recherche, mené à Québec dans le cadre d’un mémoire de Maîtrise en sciences de l’architecture au sein du Groupe interdisciplinaire de recherche sur les banlieues (GIRBa), se penche sur les divers profils d’utilisation et d’appropriation du WiFi afin de réfléchir à celui-ci comme un élément important de design pour les lieux publics et semi-publics au 21e siècle. Pour ce faire, ce projet identifie les lieux et les secteurs les plus populaires pour l’utilisation du WiFi par l’analyse de la base de données de l’organisme à but non lucratif, ZAP Québec, qui gère le service WiFi des lieux publics et semi-publics à Québec depuis 2006. Ensuite, une enquête Internet mené auprès d’un échantillon de 63 utilisateurs WiFi à Québec suggère une diversité de profils d’usage de l’Internet sans-fil. En dernier lieu, une analyse spatiale inspiré du Pattern Language développé par Christopher Alexander dans les années 1970 a permit d’identifier des configurations spatiales récurrentes dans les lieux publics et semi-publics les plus fréquentés. Ce mémoire révèle que certaines tendances observées tant chez les usagers que les lieux les plus fréquentés peuvent servir à guider les stratégies d’implantation du WiFi et le design des lieux où son utilisation est prévue. Bien que ce mémoire demeure exploratoire et soulève beaucoup de questions, il porte un nouveau regard sur un phénomène qui mérite d’être l’objet de futures études. Des directions possibles pour ces dernières sont discutées en conclusion.
New information and communication technologies (NICT) are transforming the way people conduct activities in spaces outside the home and office. With the spread of wireless Internet (WiFi) into public and semi-public places and the increasing number of mobile devices capable of accessing the Internet, the city is now full of places where activities can be conducted remotely. Studies looking at the impact by NICT frequently address its impact on the social ambiance of places, but rarely consider the physical nature of its use. Seldom is WiFi approached by architects and urban planners as a design element—or it is reduced to something seen as ancillary or even invasive. This study, which was carried out as part of a Masters of science in architecture thesis conducted in Quebec City at the Interdisciplinary Research Group on the Suburbs (GIRBa) at Université Laval, addresses this latter judgment critically by looking at WiFi use and users as sources of inspiration for designing urban places of gathering in the 21st century. Through the analysis of data from the central server of a local Quebec City non-profit WiFi provider, ZAP Québec, an Internet survey conducted among sixty-three WiFi users and a spatial analysis using Christopher Alexander’s Pattern Language (1977), this Master’s thesis shows that the geographic variations of WiFi use can aid in orienting the development of WiFi networks and the places where WiFi is to be used. A typology of users also sheds light on a certain set of individuals who use WiFi and their varying practices. While the exploratory nature of this study may raise more questions than it answers, its findings aid in proposing a variety of approaches to WiFi integration within the urban environment as well as several directions for future research.

This study examines the role of the Internet in the life of diasporic women. Twenty-nine qualitative interviews were conducted with Mainland Chinese immigrant women in Montreal, Canada to answer three research questions: (1) what is the use and value of the Internet as perceived by these women; (2) how have they experienced the Internet given their particular social situation as immigrants in Montreal; and (3) what diasporic identities are related to these women's Internet practices. The research found that the Internet was perceived by these women mainly as a tool to obtain information, facilitate communication, and access recreation. Its appropriation reflected their special social situation as immigrants and women. Their Internet experience was largely involved in the reproduction of their identification with China, Canada and the Mainland Chinese diaspora, and in some case, in the production of new cultural positions. The study also suggests directions for future research.

Ce mémoire vise à comprendre l’image promotionnelle des activités de montagne au Québec. L’objectif principal de cette recherche est d’identifier les attributs les plus fréquemment utilisés dans la promotion de la montagne québécoise. Une analyse des contenus photographique et textuel a été réalisée. Pour chacun des contenus, l’importance accordée aux attributs fonctionnels et psychologiques a été étudiée. Il en ressort que la place accordée aux attributs psychologiques est plus importante dans le contenu photographique, tandis que les attributs fonctionnels caractérisent le texte. La présence d’attributs associés à la wilderness a également été analysée. L’étude révèle que la majorité des montagnes étudiées ne présentent pas leur destination comme un espace de la wilderness. Ce dernier élément permet d’appréhender le rapport entretenu avec l’environnement naturel dans le cadre de la montagne de ski. En somme, cette étude est révélatrice du type de tourisme que constitue le ski alpin au Québec.

Extensive church building programmes and the relocation of existing churches were important features of Protestant congregational life in industrializing cities across Britain and North America. In Montreal, building booms in the 1860s, 70s, and 80s led many congregations to abandon their old churches in the centre of the city and rebuild on a grander scale 'uptown', closer to the residential neighbourhoods to which their wealthier members were moving. In the early twentieth century, when a new phase of growth engulfed the city, many of the same congregations again faced the dilemma of whether or not to move. Whereas the earlier period was characterized by a strong evangelical consensus, the subsequent period was associated with wider-ranging theological and social debates: the context of decision-making had changed.
For each period, I explore the impact of building decisions on 'domestic' ministries to church members and on the 'public' ministries that congregations carried out in the environs of their churches and in working-class neighbourhoods. In doing so, I draw on a variety of methodological approaches and on local sources that have not previously been synthesized. A database containing temporal and spatial information for every Protestant church built in Montreal between 1760 and 1914 was also constructed for this project. Case studies of six 'uptown' congregations, and of a downtown neighbourhood that was a popular mission field, are carried out. Investigation of documentary sources such as church minute books and correspondence is complemented by cartographic and sociological analyses of church membership using city directories, tax rolls, censuses, and the recently completed Montreal l'Avenir du Passe historical geo-database. A systematic sampling of local newspapers and denominational records brings to life the many congregational controversies and dilemmas that spilled over into the public sphere during a time of dramatic urban, social, and theological change.
A range of external factors, both material and spiritual, affected the choices that were made. I show how investment in religious edifices during the original phase of church moves, as well as the heightened social exclusivity that these moves generated, made it more challenging for the next generation to adapt their religious institutions to the needs of the twentieth-century city. Congregations simultaneously had to deal with a number of ongoing tensions: the logic of institutional maintenance versus the logic of mission, competition versus cooperation amongst Protestant institutions, and the dynamic between capitalist materialism and Christianity. Unless these tensions were skilfully negotiated by church leaders, they threatened to destroy either the viability or the integrity of religious institutions.

La présente recherche porte sur l'attractivité du territoire touristique. Elle vise à identifier les principaux attributs qui rendent le territoire attractif et à comprendre comment le positionnement d'un produit ou d'une destination touristique peut avoir une influence sur l’attractivité. De plus, cette recherche vise à déterminer les attributs de l'attractivité territoire pouvant être utilisés afin de positionner une destination touristique. Une recension des écrits a été réalisée afin d’identifier les principaux attributs de l’attractivité du territoire touristique. Par la suite, les attributs ont été divisés en quatre grands groupes (patrimoine naturel, logistique, produits touristiques et facteurs sociaux économiques) afin d’identifier ceux présentant une plus grande influence. Ces attributs ont été utilisés afin d’effectuer une analyse empirique du positionnement à partir des sites Internet des associations touristiques régionales (ATR) de Montréal, Québec, Laval, Laurentides, Chaudière-Appalaches, Charlevoix et Îles-de-la-Madeleine. Une analyse descriptive a révélé que ces sept régions se positionnement non seulement en fonction des segments de marchés ciblés, mais aussi par l'origine des visiteurs. L’analyse de la littérature a permis de définir l’attractivité comme étant le potentiel d'une région à attirer des touristes selon la quantité et de la diversité des attributs naturels et humains présents sur le territoire. De plus, elle a permis de constater une évolution dans le temps des attributs de l’attractivité du territoire. Les résultats de la recherche ont aussi démontré que le positionnement des attributs peut avoir une influence positive sur le choix des touristes et sur l'attractivité du territoire. Cette influence se veut plus significative lorsque la promotion de la destination se fait à l'aide d'attributs qui ont une image forte.

Un rapport de l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économique (OCDE, 2006), souligne que « ces dernières années, le nombre d’étudiants en sciences et en technologie a augmenté en valeur absolue, mais a diminué en valeur relative ». Charland (2003) cite Fourez qui annonçait en 1994 que « les cours de sciences étaient souvent vus par les élèves, mais aussi par les enseignants, comme un simple processus de transmission de contenu, ce qui a eu pour effet d’entraîner une baisse de motivation et d’intérêt quant aux questions scientifiques ». Dans le même article, on propose une solution qui consisterait à « contextualiser » l’enseignement des sciences et à les rendre plus signifiantes pour les élèves. Klopfer et Squire (2007), quant à eux, proposent le Mobile Learning en tant que modèle d’apprentissage prometteur. Parmi les recherches innovatrices dans ce domaine, il y a le projet GéoÉduc3D de l’Université Laval. La présente étude vise à poser un regard sur des énoncés théoriques pouvant être retenus dans le développement d’un scénario pédagogique destiné à un jeu sérieux sur plateforme mobile. Le développement de la une pensée critique sera ciblé dans un contexte de résolution de problèmes à caractère environnemental chez nos élèves de quatrième secondaire, dans les classes de Science et technologie, poursuivant ainsi certaines visées du Programme de formation de l’école québécoise.

Plusieurs spécialistes de l’orientation interviennent auprès d’une population adolescente, caractérisée par son utilisation multiple et fréquente d’Internet et des médias sociaux (Thoër et Millerand, 2017; CEFRIO, 2017). Or, quoique les sites web et Facebook des écoles offrent un environnement scolaire numérique avec des possibilités pour l’orientation scolaire et professionnelle (OSP) auprès des jeunes, leur usage reste à ce jour relativement peu documenté. Notre recherche s’intéresse aux usages numériques en OSP en milieu scolaire. Autant le rôle de l’OSP au sein du Programme de formation de l’école québécoise (OCCOQ, 2013; MELS, 2007) que l’influence des interactions communautaires dans les intentions d’avenir des jeunes (Law, 1981) servent de cadre de référence pour comprendre ces usages. L’objectif principal de cette recherche qualitative est d’explorer les usages des sites web et Facebook en OSP au sein d’une commission scolaire francophone et de ses établissements d’enseignement secondaire au Québec. Treize sites web (547 éléments web) et treize sites Facebook (1531 publications) d’une commission scolaire ont fait l’objet d’une analyse documentaire rigoureuse. Les résultats de la recherche indiquent que, pour les sites web et les sites Facebook, l’OSP se fait rare, sous-exploite les possibilités qu’offrent les sites, vise une population principalement adulte et offre très peu de visibilité. Les analyses permettent de dégager trois principaux constats : l’OSP tirerait profit à occuper l’environnement numérique scolaire auprès des jeunes, les formateurs auraient avantage à offrir de l’accompagnement aux professionnels de l’orientation et les spécialistes de l’orientation auraient intérêt à adopter une posture éclairée devant l’usage du numérique.
Plusieurs spécialistes de l’orientation interviennent auprès d’une population adolescente, caractérisée par son utilisation multiple et fréquente d’Internet et des médias sociaux (Thoër et Millerand, 2017; CEFRIO, 2017). Or, quoique les sites web et Facebook des écoles offrent un environnement scolaire numérique avec des possibilités pour l’orientation scolaire et professionnelle (OSP) auprès des jeunes, leur usage reste à ce jour relativement peu documenté. Notre recherche s’intéresse aux usages numériques en OSP en milieu scolaire. Autant le rôle de l’OSP au sein du Programme de formation de l’école québécoise (OCCOQ, 2013; MELS, 2007) que l’influence des interactions communautaires dans les intentions d’avenir des jeunes (Law, 1981) servent de cadre de référence pour comprendre ces usages. L’objectif principal de cette recherche qualitative est d’explorer les usages des sites web et Facebook en OSP au sein d’une commission scolaire francophone et de ses établissements d’enseignement secondaire au Québec. Treize sites web (547 éléments web) et treize sites Facebook (1531 publications) d’une commission scolaire ont fait l’objet d’une analyse documentaire rigoureuse. Les résultats de la recherche indiquent que, pour les sites web et les sites Facebook, l’OSP se fait rare, sous-exploite les possibilités qu’offrent les sites, vise une population principalement adulte et offre très peu de visibilité. Les analyses permettent de dégager trois principaux constats : l’OSP tirerait profit à occuper l’environnement numérique scolaire auprès des jeunes, les formateurs auraient avantage à offrir de l’accompagnement aux professionnels de l’orientation et les spécialistes de l’orientation auraient intérêt à adopter une posture éclairée devant l’usage du numérique.
Many school counsellors work with a youth population that makes varied and frequent use of the internet and social media (Thoër & Millerand, 2017; CEFRIO, 2017). Although web sites and Facebook available in schools offer young people a digital environment with possibilities for educational and career development (ECD), their utilization is not yet widely documented. Our research interest is the use of digital resources for ECD in the school environment. The role of ECD in the Quebec school system’s program of education (OCCOQ, 2013; MELS, 2007) as well as the influence of community interactions on young people’s plans for their future (Law, 1981) serve as terms of reference for understanding their use. The main objective of this qualitative research is to explore the use of web sites and Facebook for ECD in secondary schools in a Quebec French school board. Thirteen web sites (547 web elements) and thirteen Facebook sites (1531 publications) from one school board were the subject of a rigorous documentary analysis. The results of this research indicate that ECD is rare on websites and Facebook sites, that it underutilizes the potential of the sites, that it is directed mainly towards an adult population and that it has very little visibility. The analysis provides three main findings: ECD would benefit from occupying the digital environment available to young people, training should be available to accompany guidance professionals in their use of digital media and school counsellors should adopt a positive posture towards these methods and towards the digital environment.
Many school counsellors work with a youth population that makes varied and frequent use of the internet and social media (Thoër & Millerand, 2017; CEFRIO, 2017). Although web sites and Facebook available in schools offer young people a digital environment with possibilities for educational and career development (ECD), their utilization is not yet widely documented. Our research interest is the use of digital resources for ECD in the school environment. The role of ECD in the Quebec school system’s program of education (OCCOQ, 2013; MELS, 2007) as well as the influence of community interactions on young people’s plans for their future (Law, 1981) serve as terms of reference for understanding their use. The main objective of this qualitative research is to explore the use of web sites and Facebook for ECD in secondary schools in a Quebec French school board. Thirteen web sites (547 web elements) and thirteen Facebook sites (1531 publications) from one school board were the subject of a rigorous documentary analysis. The results of this research indicate that ECD is rare on websites and Facebook sites, that it underutilizes the potential of the sites, that it is directed mainly towards an adult population and that it has very little visibility. The analysis provides three main findings: ECD would benefit from occupying the digital environment available to young people, training should be available to accompany guidance professionals in their use of digital media and school counsellors should adopt a positive posture towards these methods and towards the digital environment.

In this thesis, I investigate the potential of E-Government in enhancing ethnic economies. I focus on the Chinese ethnic economy because it is a crucial component of the Canadian economy. I conducted a survey among 50 Chinese businesses in Montreal, interviewed officers in the local government and a Chinese business association to explore their opinions of E-Government for Chinese ethnic economic development. Based on the results, I developed a suite of web-based information, Geographic Information Systems and E-Commerce tools that were integrated into an E-Government application. Lastly, the prototype was compared with other E-Government sites to determine its unique features. I found that E-Government was a possible tool for advancing economic development in the Montreal Chinese community by providing categorized information, translated and customized government services and geographic information for their business decisions. It is hoped that this application can be used to promote economic development in other communities and ethnic economies.

Peu de recherches empiriques sont consacrées au choix d'adoption de projets de Gouvernement en ligne. Ainsi, cette étude vise à développer un modèle expliquant les freins et les moteurs d'adoption des projets transversaux de Gouvernement en ligne qui requièrent une intégration inter-ministérielle; ce modèle étant nécessaire à la compréhension de l'adoption de cette innovation qu'est le Gouvernement en ligne. Alors qu'il était attendu de l'étude empirique sur 115 M/O majeurs au Québec que plusieurs dimensions d'adoption des portails transversaux de Gouvernement en ligne soient déterminantes telles que la technologie, l'environnement du ministère ou organisme (M/O), le système de délivrance de l'innovation du M/O et dans une moindre mesure la présence d'organisation facilitante en tant que catalyseur de la relation: technologie/adoption; seule la dimension organisation est déterminante dans les freins et moteurs d'adoption desdits projets transversaux de portails de Gouvernement en ligne, elle est légèrement catalysée par la présence d'organisation facilitante qui renforce le lien entre l'organisation du M/O et l'adoption de projets transversaux intégrés de Gouvernement en ligne. L'étude de cas follow-up confirme ces résultats en y ajoutant des éclairages nouveaux et des nuances précieuses à l'analyse en matière notamment de facteurs déterminants tels que la présence ou le manque de financement qui sont respectivement moteur ou frein d'adoption. La présente étude se caractérise comme suit en vue d'en mesurer la généralisabilité : dès qu'un terrain d'étude présente un enjeu de faire participer plusieurs entités de tailles et de ressources différentes dans un projet commun dont le coût et les ressources sont différentes d'un participant à l'autre. L'objectif est louable en vue de servir un client commun mais la participation est faite sur une base de consensus et sans modèle global de gouvernance. Donc pour caractériser notre objet d'étude, elle touche toute entité qui a des unités semi indépendantes et tente de les entraîner dans un projet commun qui requière de mettre l'intérêt général du groupe au-dessus de ceux individuels des participants.

L'introduction d'Internet dans le milieu journalistique, au Québec comme ailleurs, met au défi le groupe des journalistes professionnels. En questionnant les termes de journaliste et de journalisme et en heurtant certaines représentations, elle touche à l'identité du groupe, à la production historique de sa spécificité. Tenter de dessiner cette identité du groupe confrontée à un changement spécifique implique une démarche de recherche inductive, qualitative et itérative réalisée sur plusieurs fronts : un approfondissement de l'histoire du journalisme québécois au travers de l'analyse documentaire de textes émanant des instances professionnelles et syndicales, l'étude des impacts de la nouvelle technologie sur le milieu journalistique et notamment l'observation et l'analyse des sites et des pratiques professionnelles développées par les ‘journalistes en ligne' sur les sites de plusieurs médias traditionnels, et finalement l'étude spécifique de certaines pratiques de publication en ligne avec une observation participante menée sur un weblog personnel. Cette démarche articulée avec la réflexion théorique sur l'identité aboutit à dresser un portrait de la forme identitaire du groupe des journalistes du Québec qui se révèle avant tout comme une production discursive spécifique, fondée sur différentes stratégies discursives. Celles-ci renvoient principalement à la participation du groupe à la nation, à la filière corporatiste, à la dualité institutionnelle et l'auto-organisation et sont interpellées et parfois remises en cause par les acteurs ‘non-professionnels' de la diffusion d'information en ligne. L'enjeu de cette recherche consiste à dévoiler les mécanismes de la permanence, les processus qui ont fait et font que le groupe des journalistes s'est constitué et perdure, qu'il continue de faire face aux changements, voire même aux crises, même si sa composition, son territoire et ses stratégies changent.