Academic literature on the topic 'Internet radio'

This article analyses the possibility offered by the Internet to select radio content to build customized radios. Each internet user could select radio content, replacing the traditional radio stations that have always broadcasted. Previous results from our investigations are presented to allow us to compare the still-existing traditional radio to some of the offers on the Internet. Such a comparison will allow us to determine two different ways of listening to the radio on the Internet: the usual one, which allows the coexistence of listening and any parallel social practice (work, driving, etc.), and another one, appropriate to the internet, that adds visual attention to hearing. It is unavoidable to consider this as a loss compared to the visual independence that radio has always allowed. En este trabajo se analiza el hecho de que Internet ofrezca la posibilidad de seleccionar los contenidos que construirían radios individualizadas. Cada usuario de la Red podría ahora seleccionar contenidos radiofónicos reemplazando a las emisoras de radio tradicionales que siempre han transmitido en modelo «broadcasting». Se exponen resultados previos de nuestras investigaciones que permiten comparar la radio todavía existente con algunas de las ofertas presentes en la Red. La comparación permite en las conclusiones establecer la presencia de dos procedimientos de escucha de radio en la Red: el habitual, que permite la coexistencia entre escucha y práctica social paralela (trabajo, conducción de automóviles, etc.) y el propio de Internet, frente en la web de la emisora, que obliga a la atención visual además de la sonora. Resulta inevitable considerar a este último como una pérdida, frente la independencia visual que la radio siempre ha permitido.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is poised to revolutionise the way we live and communicate, and the manner in which we engage with our social and natural world. In the IoT, objects such as household items, vending machines and cars have the ability to sense and share data with other things, via wireless, Bluetooth, or Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) technology. "Smart things" have the capability to control their performance, as well as our experiences and decisions. In this exploratory paper, we overview recent developments in the IoT technology, and their relevance for criminology. Our aim is to partially fill the gap in the literature, by flagging emerging issues criminologists and social scientists ought to engage with in the future. The focus is exclusively on the IoT while other advances, such as facial recognition technology, are only lightly touched upon. This paper, thus, serves as a starting point in the conversation, as we invite scholars to join us in forecasting-if not preventing-the unwanted consequences of the "future Internet".

Rad se bavi analizom teorijskih stanovišta domaćih i stranih autora o budućnosti radija u eri interneta. Radio stanice više se ne mogu ograničiti na linearne, jednosmerne, tradicionalne kanale, jer su očekivanja publike da radio može pratiti kroz brojne druge kanale, na prvom mestu preko mobilnih telefona i drugih platformi koje su povezane na internet. Zahtev publike je i da ima određenu kontrolu nad sadržajem programa, ali se u tom slučaju postavlja pitanje ko će preuzeti uređivačku odgovornost nad takvim medijem? Samim tim, postavlja se pitanje da li je medij koji nema urednika uopšte medij u tradicionalnom smislu te reči ili je u pitanju neka nova, hibridna forma? Situacija u Srbiji je takva da većina radio stanica zapravo i nema informativni program, već je uglavnom reč o muzičkim stanicama. Činjenica koja se potvrđuje kroz istraživanja je takođe da se taj poslovni model nije pokazao uspešnim, a pritom je u dobroj meri uništio medijski pluralizam, jer se takav radio ne bavi ostvarivanjem javnog interesa. U takvoj situaciji, a zahvaljujući internetu, otvara se šansa ne samo za javne radijske servise da podignu svoj uticaj u javnosti, već i za specifične vrste radija, kao što je (g)lokalni radio i – još više – za radio zajednice.

The design of internet radio services for conventional radio, especially in the city of Bandung was made, because at this time many new services have sprung up with various innovations that can create new markets and can also "disrupt" or damage existing markets. This happens in various industries, including the conventional radio industry. The presence of new services such as internet radio, audio streaming, or music streaming can disrupt the services provided by conventional radio, especially in the city of Bandung. This can reduce customers and conventional radio revenue. Radio internet services can be a radio solution to stay afloat. Therefore, the radio industry needs a radio internet service plan that can describe internet radio services ranging from business to information technology. This study aims to make the design of internet radio services that are expected to be a solution to increase the potential for conventional radio revenue. Internet Radio is designed not only as a live broadcast service as it is today, but must be able to provide services that remain in accordance with the expertise of the radio industry and also with additional capabilities that are more in line with customer needs today.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama Lietuvos žiniasklaidos industrijų: laikraščių, žurnalų, radijo, televizijos ir interneto žiniasklaidos kaita nuo rinkos santykių pradžios Lietuvoje (pereinant į demokratiją XX amžiaus devintojo dešimtmečio pabaigoje). Straipsnyje nustatoma, kokiose industrijos gyvavimo ciklo stadijose veikė Lietuvos laikraščių, žurnalų, radijo, televizijos ir interneto žiniasklaidos industrijos 2011–2013 metais. Lietuvos žiniasklaidos industrijų gyvavimo ciklų stadijoms nustatyti taikomi šie kriterijai: vartotojų dalis arba vartojimo mastas (trukmė), industrijos subjektų apyvarta, bendras veiklos pelnas ir įmonių (transliuotojų) skaičius. Straipsnyje teigiama, kad 2011–2013 m. Lietuvoje leidžiamų laikraščių industrija veikė industrijos gyvavimo ciklo smukimo stadijoje, žurnalų industrija – brandos stadijoje, periodinės spaudos (laikraščių ir žurnalų) industrija – smukimo stadijoje, radijo ir televizijos industrijos – brandos stadijoje, o interneto žiniasklaidos industrija – augimo stadijoje.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: žiniasklaidos industrija, gyvavimo ciklas, stadija, pajamos. Deimantas Jastramskis. Stages in life-cycle of the industries of the Lithuanian mediaDeimantas Jastramskis SummaryThe article analyzes changes of the industries of the Lithuanian media (newspapers, magazines, radio, television and internet) since the period of the transition to democracy in Lithuania (in the end of the eighties of the 20th century) when free market relations in Lithuania started. Stages in the life-cycle of the industries of Lithuanian newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and internet media are ascertained. Stages in the life-cycle of the industries of Lithuanian media are determined according to certain criteria: the share of users (or the duration of use), the number of companies (broadcasters), the total turnover and profit of industry subjects.The article claims that in 2011–2013 the Lithuanian newspaper industry has been functioning in the stage of decline, the magazine industry in the maturity stage, the industry of the periodical press (newspapers and magazines) in the decline stage, the industries of radio and television in the maturity stage, and the internet media industry in the growth stage.

The growth of internet radio has brought a significant impact on change management and radio audiences. Marriage analog radio with internet technology into a new media (Internet Radio) is seen as an alternative solution to some problems of analog radio. Instrumentalist views on Technology Determinism gives the assumption that the function of technology is very dominant in shaping society. Philosophy of technology against this assumption, because Technology Determinism can not explain the meaning and implications of technology for humans. Internet radio using technology to facilitate community access, however the implications of its use to produce new problems in the realm of economic, cultural, social and political. Understanding awareness of the use of technology is the essence of the basic form of critical consciousness of society.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Comparative Media Studies, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 153-159).
(cont.) This thesis examines the evidence of community among listeners to three radio programs, who gather online to discuss radio programming in blogs, message boards and discussion forums provided by those programs. The three programs of focus are Air America Radio's The Majority Report, ABC Radio Networks' Sean Hannity Show, and National Public Radio's Talk of the Nation. The shows are analyzed in terms of how they perform by a new standard of interactive radio, whose benchmark has been established by The Majority Report. First identified in this thesis, the concept of high-interactivity radio brings together both vertical (between audience and broadcaster) and horizontal (intra-audience) interactivities. The relative success of high-interactivity radio is judged by a comparative analysis of the evidence of community in radio-online discussion areas, and the use of these online spaces by show producers as a vehicle for listener feedback, interaction, and content generation. The observations made in these three radio-online discussion areas can be practically applied to the work of broadcasters. Toward this end, the thesis closes with a brief ethnographic description of Open Source, a new public radio program currently attempting to develop its own version of high-interactivity radio.
by Joellen Easton.
S.M.

Orientador: Gilberto dos Santos Prado
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-27T10:00:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kuhn_Fernando_M.pdf: 5741865 bytes, checksum: f1ccb15a9cbbb6ccb0f30c8e42a6c233 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000
Resumo: "O rádio na Internet: rumo à quarta mídia" flagra um momento de transição no universo das comunicações, mais especificamente no que concerne à radiofonia. Após localizar os primórdios de tais mudanças, mostra como a rede Internet tomou possível e viável que qualquer emissora, por mínima a potência em que emita e independentemente de sua faixa de onda, com alcance e ambição local ou até mesmo pessoal, seja ouvida em todos os pontos do planeta, tudo isso a um custo relativamente baixo. A pesquisa aborda também as perspectivas que surgem no setor da radiodifusão: diversificação na gênese e no consumo das emissões, democratização de informações a partir da multiplicidade de fontes, facilidades na comunicação entre ouvintes e emissoras, o cultivo de idiomas ameaçados de desaparecimento e, por fim, a tendência das mídias impressa, radiofônica e televisiva a convergirem na Internet. Acompanhando o surgimento desta quarta mídia, um novo público, ao mesmo tempo leitor, ouvinte e telespectador, transformando-se aos poucos de paciente em agente, senhor de novos domínios e de ampliadas fronteiras
Abstract: The research called "Internet radio: towards fourth media" catches a moment of transition in the universe of the communications, more specificly in what concerns to radiophony. Afier locating the origins of such changes, it shows how Internet created conditions to any radiostation to be heard in every points of the planet, independently of its bandwidth, power and reaching area, and even if its interests are confined to a local (or personal) basis. All of this, at a relatively low cost. This work also approaches the perspectives that appear in the field of radiobroadcasting: diversification in the genesis and consumption of emitions, democratization of information due to the multiplicity of sources, facilities in the communication between listeners and radiostations, cultivation of endangered languages, and finally the tendency of printed, radiophonic and televising media to converge into Internet. While it happens, a new public at the same time reader, listener and telespectator, accompanies the appearance of this fourth media and slowly turns from patient to agent, owner of new domains and enlarged borders
Mestrado
Mestre em Multimeios

The net has become a widely used means of information and communication within the academic community and beyond. After the glimpse into German-speaking universities with Swahili studies, and the fascinating Kamusi project hosted by Yale University in our last number, we will plunge fully into life this time. There are several Tanzanian and Kenyan newspapers on the net now, most of them offered for free, some requiring subscription. One can find out about radio programs, the time they are being broadcast. Most of the radio stations offer to listen to the program in RealAudio. Students from East-Africa in the USA or in Canada maintain their own sites and offer information on their countries and culture, and many links to other sites related to Swahili language and culture. Johannes Fabian and Vincent de Rooij of the University of Amsterdam are in the process of setting up an internet journal on popular culture in Africa, Swahili texts being a special area of interest.

Durch seinen veränderten Distributionskanal im Vergleich zum terrestrischen Rundfunk kann Webradio als die neue Form des Radios bezeichnet werden. Exakter muss jedoch von einer unter vielen neuen Formen des Radios die Rede sein. Denn neben den Radioangeboten im WWW gibt es, besonders im Bereich des Digitalradios, mehrere neue Ausprägungen des Mediums Hörfunk, die sich größtenteils schon lange nicht mehr nur auf einen monomodal auditiven Content-Mix aus Service und Musik beschränken. Technologien werden zusammengeführt und vernetzt, woraus sich neue Rezeptionsmöglichkeiten ergeben. Am Beispiel des Webradios sollen diese nachfolgend für die Mutter aller Technologie- und Datennetze, dem Internet, aufgezeigt und auf die aktuelle Akzeptanz in der Bevölkerung untersucht werden. Wer nutzt überhaupt das Webradio? Warum wählt man gerade dieses Medium und wozu wird es vorrangig genutzt? Zu diesen Fragen wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit eine fragebogen-basierte Studie entworfen, deren Umsetzung jedoch den Rahmen sprengen würde und die daher hier nicht Gegenstand der Betrachtung sein soll. Ziel ist es, zunächst kommunikationswissenschaftliche Grundlagen des Webradios zu klären, um auf dieser Basis einen aussagekräftigen Fragebogen über Rezeption und Rezeptionsmotive zu erhalten.

El objeto de estudio de esta investigación se centra en el uso que hacen de Internet las bitcasters del Estado español, entendiendo por bitcasters todo web site que difunde algún tipo de contenido sonoro a través de la Red, bien sea mediante sistemas de audio bajo demanda, de sistemas de transmisión streaming o de una combinación de ambos.

El término bitcaster proviene de la fusión de las palabras bit y broadcaster. Creemos que el uso del concepto "radio" no es muy exacto cuando se aplica a la distribución de contenidos sonoros a través de Internet, puesto que la radiofonía, por definición, implica ciertas características tecnológicas, como el uso de ondas hertzianas, que no se emplean en la difusión telemática. Además, con el uso de este neologismo, que hace referencia exclusiva a la distribución de información sonora vía Internet, nos aseguramos de que no sea confundido con el fenómeno de la "Radio Digital" es decir, aquélla que emplea las ondas hertzianas para distribuir señales digitales utilizando la tecnología conocida como Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB).

Para proceder al estudio, se localizaron las bitcasters españolas que operaban en la Red. En este proceso, que duró 33 meses y que concluyó el 1 de enero del año 2000, se identificaron 20 bitcasters. Para ello, se recurrió a fuentes muy diversas: buscadores de Internet, revistas especializadas, programas de radio, televisión y prensa. Los 20 Web Sites localizados fueron "capturados" en un soporte de almacenamiento local, en julio de 2000, mediante programas especializados diseñados para tal fin (WebZip y Teleport Pro). De esta forma, las páginas de cada una de las bitcasters pudieron ser sometidas a una observación detallada, sin depender de las posibles modificaciones que los administradores llevaran a cabo en el mantenimiento y actualización de los contenidos on-line. Esta primera etapa de observación permitió obtener una visión general del uso de Internet como canal de distribución de contenidos sonoros.

En una segunda fase, iniciada con una nueva captura realizada en enero de 2001, se obtuvieron nuevos datos que posibilitaron un análisis comparativo de la evolución de las diferentes bitcasters, a partir del cual se detectaron las tendencias más relevantes en este sector audiovisual.


El análisis de las bitcasters españolas (2000-2001) se realizó siguiendo el siguiente proceso:

- Captura de los web sites.
- Detección y corrección de errores en la captura.
- Observación y clasificación de los elementos que integran el site.
- Cuantificación de los resultados.
- Comparación de los resultados de ambos períodos de observación.
- Análisis de resultados.

Las conclusiones más relevantes que se extraen de la observación estadístico-descriptiva de los datos obtenidos son las siguientes:

1. Las bitcasters españolas no se limitan a realizar difusiones en directo y aprovechan ciertas posibilidades tecnológicas de la Red. Este hecho se constata al observar los siguientes aspectos:

- La llamada "radio a la carta" es una forma de consumo diferenciada de la radio convencional. A pesar de que la mayoría de las bitcasters disponen de una emisora hertziana y muchas de ellas distribuyen su programación en directo a través de Internet, el servicio de audio bajo demanda supera al de la radio en directo. Por tanto, Internet aporta un valor añadido a la difusión de contenidos sonoros.

- Ninguna bitcaster utiliza el sistema de transmisión estándar de ficheros de manera exclusiva debido, entre otras razones, a los largos tiempos de espera que exigiría al interactor. Por tanto, las que lo emplean, lo combinan con el uso de tecnologias streaming, puesto que todas ellas disponen de algún programa específico para la distribución de contenidos sonoros.

2. Las bitcasters españolas surgidas a partir de una emisora hertziana utilizan Internet para difundir los mismos contenidos radiofónicos que ofrecen a través de las ondas:

- A pesar de las posibilidades que ofrece Internet, las bitcasters que tienen presencia hertziana no utilizan las capacidades del medio para crear nuevos productos sonoros. De hecho, no producen contenidos nuevos para la Red. No existe una diferenciación en los contenidos del medio electrónico ni en su tratamiento para adaptarlo al consumo a través de la Red. El medio se utiliza, por tanto, como un mero canal de distribución.

- Las empresas radiofónicas españolas, mayoritariamente, utilizan Internet como complemento a sus transmisiones hertzianas, como un servicio de valor añadido hacia sus oyentes o como medio para contactar con la audiencia pero sin valorar las propiedades de la Red como medio de comunicación válido para difundir contenidos periodísticos.


3. La oferta de contenidos videográficos en los web sites de las bitcasters españolas es muy escaso.

- Aunque el uso de las tecnologías streaming permite la difusión de contenidos videográficos a través de Internet, el ancho de banda requerido para que este tipo de media sea percibido con un mínimo de calidad es considerable. Algunas de las bitcasters, no obstante, incluyen material videográfico en sus web sites. Las que ofrecen contenidos en forma de vídeo a sus interactores lo hacen, mayoritariamente, utilizando el sistema de transmisión streaming. Se observa que, aunque la presencia de contenidos videográficos es escasa, existe una ligera tendencia a incorporar este tipo de media.

4. Las bitcasters utilizan los recursos de Internet para fidelizar a su audiencia

- Los documentos hipermedia tienen ciertas ventajas sobre otros soportes de información. Una de ellas es la posibilidad de actualizar los contenidos sin que ello suponga un enorme esfuerzo económico. El interés de los interactores hacia un web site será mayor si la información que ofrece se renueva constantemente. Este puede ser un motivo por le que la actualización de contenidos de los web sites de las bitcasters se realiza, normalmente, de forma diaria o semanal.

- A pesar de que las bitcasters utilizan mínimamente los servicios de comunicación electrónica colectiva, tales como los chats, los foros o las listas de distribución, se observa una tendencia a ser incorporados en los diseños de estos web sites. Estos servicios ayudan a mantener al visitante durante más tiempo en las páginas del site e, incluso, a promover posteriores visitas de un mismo interactor, que se puede sentir parte de una comunidad virtual.

5. Las estructuras de navegación de los web sites analizados no hacen concesiones a la experimentación ni explotan la parte lúdica que pueden proporcionar los enlaces por sí mismos.

- Las bitcasters definen las estructuras de navegación de sus sites para facilitar a los interactores el acceso a la información, en forma de árbol de acceso multilineal, cuyos enlaces pueden definirse, siguiendo la clasificación de Aarseth, como estáticos, determinados, de acceso explícito y controlados. Al renunciar al uso de enlaces ocultos, arbitrarios o condicionales, limitan la estructura a una forma de localización de contenidos.

6. La mayor parte de los web sites de las bitcasters españolas no se utilizan como soporte publicitario.

- Se observa que el índice de uso de los web sites como soporte publicitario es significativamente mayor en las bitcasters nacidas exclusivamente para la Red que en aquéllas que disponen de emisora hertziana. De hecho, todas las bitcasters que no tienen representación hertziana muestran publicidad en sus páginas.

- Las bicasters que disponen, además de una emisora hertziana de titularidad pública, no ofrecen banners publicitarios en sus páginas. En cambio, todas las bitcasters analizadas que se corresponden con emisoras de titularidad privada utilizan su web site como soporte publicitario.

Al no existir investigaciones previas sobre el uso de Internet como medio de distribución de contenidos sonoros, este trabajo fue planteado con el fin de obtener un panorama global y desarrollar las bases necesarias para acercarse al objeto de estudio. Los datos obtenidos han mostrado interesantes vías para continuar la investigación y ahondar en aspectos aún inexplorados. Futuros trabajos podrían centrarse, por ejemplo, en los géneros de los diferentes contenidos sonoros ofrecidos por las bitcasters o en el uso de los recursos interactivos como elementos fundamentales en la concepción productos sonoros innovadores.
The objective of this research is to describe the use of Internet by bitcasters from Spanish State. A bitcaster is every web site that diffuses some type of sonorous content through the Net, by audio under demand systems, streaming transmission systems or by the combination of both.

The term bitcaster comes from the fusion of the words: bit and broadcaster. We believe that the use of the "radio" concept is not very appropriated when it is applied to the distribution of sonorous contents through Internet. As a matter of fact, the radio transmission implies certain technological characteristics, as the use of hertzian waves that are not present in telematic diffusion. Besides, through the use of this neologism (bitcaster) in Spanish language -that makes exclusive reference to the sonorous distribution of information by Internet- we make for sure that readers do not get confused with Digital Radio phenomenon -the one that uses hertzian waves to distribute digital signals through the technology named Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB)-.

In order to begin our study properly, we located the Spanish bitcasters that operated in the Net using many different information ways: Internet searching engines, specialized magazines, radio and television programs, and daily press. During this process, that lasted 33 months and concluded on January 1st, 2000, we found 20 Spanish bitcasters. The located 20 web sites were "captured" in a local storage backup in July of 2000, using specialized software designed for it (WebZip and Teleport For). This procedure assured us that pages of each one of the bitcasters could be submitted to detailed observation, without depending on possible modifications that administrators server's could carry out for maintaining or updating their on-line contents. This first phase of observation allowed us to obtain a general vision of the use of Internet as sonorous contents distribution channel.

In a second phase of capturing, carried out in January, 200, we obtained new data that enabled us, not only to make a comparative analysis of the evolution of the different bitcasters, but to detect the most prominent tendencies in this audiovisual sector.

The analysis of the Spanish bitcasters (2000-2001) was carried out following the next process:

- Web site's capture.
- Observation and correction of errors derived from capture process.
- Observation and classification of the elements that form the site.
- Quantification of results.
- Results compare obtained from both capture period's.
- Analysis of results.

The most prominent conclusions extracted of the statistical-descriptive observation of data obtained were:

1. Spanish bitcasters do not limit themselves to carry out alive diffusions but take advantage of certain technological possibilities of the Net. This is explained by the detection of the following aspects:

- According to the consumption, the named "on demand radio" differs from the conventional radio. In spite of that, the majority of bitcasters have hertzian transmission, and although many of them they distribute its alive programming through Internet, the service "on demand" exceeds to the alive radio in its web pages offers. Therefore, Internet generates an added value to the sonorous diffusion of contents.

- None of the bitcaster utilizes the standard file's transmission system in an exclusive way. Among others reasons, it is caused by the long times of waiting that it requires to the interactor. Therefore, those bitcasters that use that system tends to combine it with the use of streaming technology and all of them have some specific software for the sonorous content's distribution.

2. Spanish bitcasters born from a hertizan broadcaster uses Internet to diffuse the same radio contents that offer through the waves:

- In spite of the possibilities that Internet offers, bitcasters that have hertzian presence do not utilize the Net capacities for the creation of sonorous products. In fact, they don't produce new contents for Internet. Also, there are not differences between hertzian contents either in the processing routine to adapt those contents to Internet consume. The Net is used, therefore, as a simple distribution channel.

- Most of the major Spanish radio broadcasters use Internet as complement to the hertzian transmission, and as an added value service to have some contact with the audience. Nevertheless, the properties and capabilities of the Net are not enough exploited for the diffusion of journalistic contents.

3. The Videographic offer in Spanish bitcaster's web sites is scarce:

- Although the use of streaming technologies allows diffusion of videographic contents through Internet, there is a minimum wide-band required in order to perceive the material with quality. Some of the bitcasters, nevertheless, include videographic material in their web sites. Those that offer video contents to their audience use streaming transmission's system. It is observed that, although the presence of video contents is scarce, there is a small tendency to increasing.

4. The bitcasters utilize Internet resources for obtaining audience fidelity:

- The hypermedia documents offer certain advantages upon other information backups. One of them is the possibility of bringing up to date contents without an enormous economic effort. The interest of interactors toward a web site would be greater if its information is constantly renewed. This is a reason that explains the motivation for updating web site content's, daily or weekly, of the bitcasters.

- In spite of that, there is a minimum use of collective communication electronic services by bitcasters (such as the chats, forums or distribution lists), but we have observed a tendency to incorporate these services to their web sites design. These offers contribute to keep web site's visitors during larger periods of time. Also, they promote subsequent visits of interactors who could feel as a part of a virtual community.

5. Navigation structures of analyzed web sites do not make concessions to experimentation either exploit entertainment possibilities provided by links.

- The bitcasters define the navigation structures of their sites to facilitate information's access to interactors. They do so in a multilineal way using links that, following Aarseth's classification, are defined as static, determined, controlled and of explicit access. When resigning to use hidden, arbitrary or conditional links, bitcasters limit the structure to an only way of content's locating.


6. The majority of the Spanish bitcasters web sites are not used as an advertising tool.

- We have observed that the average of use of web sites as an advertising tool is significantly greater in those bitcasters that were exclusively created for the Net, than in those who have also hertzian diffusion. In fact, all the bitcasters created specifically for Internet include advertising contents in their pages.

- Also, the bicasters related to a public hertzian broadcaster do not offer advertising banners in their pages. On the other hand, all the analyzed private bitcasters utilize their web sites as an advertising tool.


Because there is a lack of investigation about the use of Internet as sonorous contents distribution media, this research offers a global vision and develop some basis to properly approach to its study. The data and conclusions obtained during this investigation have shown interesting ways to future research that go deeper in a large amount of unexplored aspects related to the phenomena. Those jobs could be centered, for example, in the establishment of the various kinds of different sonorous contents offered by the bitcasters, or in the use of the interactive resources as fundamental aspects for the sonorous conception of innovative

L'Internet des objets (IoT) présente un nouveau style de vie en développant des maisons intelligentes, des réseaux intelligents, des villes intelligentes, des transports intelligents… etc., alors l'IoT se développe rapidement. Cependant, des recherches récentes se concentrent sur le développement des applications IoT sans tenir compte du problème de rareté du spectre IoT ont recontrant. L'intégration de la technologie de l'Internet des objets (IoT) et des réseaux radio cognitifs (CRN), formant l'Internet des objets par radio cognitive (CRIoT), est une solution économique pour battre la rareté du spectre IoT. Le but de cette thèse est de résoudre le problème du partage du spectre pour CRIoT; le travail en thèse est présenté en trois parties.Notre première contribution est de proposer deux nouveaux protocoles pour résoudre le problème de la prédiction de l'état des canaux pour les CRN entrelacés.Les deux protocoles utilisent le modèle de Markov caché (HMM). Dans la phase d'entrainement des deux protocoles, les données disponibles sont utilisées pour produire deux modèles HMM, un modèle HMM occupé et un modèle pas occupé.Les deux modèles sont utilisés ensemble pour produire le HMM à 2 modèles (2-model HMM). Dans la phase de prédiction, le premier protocole utilise le théorème de Bayes et le modèle HMM à 2 modèles, tandis que le second protocole utilise la machine à vecteur de support (SVM) qui emploie les paramètres produits à partir de l'application du modèle HMM à 2 modèles. Le HMM-SVM à 2 modèles est supérieure l’ HMM classique et le HMM à 2 modèles en termes de pourcentage réel, d'imprécision et de probabilité de collision des utilisateurs principaux(prédiction de faux négatifs). Dans notre deuxième contribution, nous avons proposé un protocole central pour ordonner les de paquets pour CRIoT à créneaux temporels. On applique l'optimisation des essaims de particules à permutation discrète (DP-PSO) pour programmer les paquets IoT parmi les créneaux libres obtenus en appliquant la technique d'estimation de canal des réseaux radio cognitifs proposée dans la première partie. Notre protocole proposé est appliqué aux établissements de santé intelligents.On a compose trois blocs de construction principaux pour la construction d'application utilisée; Blocage des appareils IoT, blocage des nœuds de brouillard de première couche et serveur de brouillard central. Chaque groupe d'appareils IoT est connecté à un nœud de brouillard, tous les nœuds de brouillard du système sont connectés au nœud de brouillard central. Le protocole proposé est nommé Planification basée sur l'optimisation des essaims de particules à permutation discrète(SDP-PSO). Une fonction de fitness objective est formulée avec trois paramètres;maximiser l'indice d'équité entre les nœuds de brouillard, minimiser le délai de mise en file d'attente des paquets et minimiser le nombre de paquets abandonnés qui ont dépassé leur temps dans le réseau sans être envoyés. Les performances du protocole SDP-PSO proposé surmontent un ancien protocole appelé vente aux enchères de spectre en termes d'équité entre les nœuds de brouillard, le délai moyen de mise enfile d'attente, le nombre de paquets abandonnés et la complexité temporelle et spatiale.Enfin, dans la troisième contribution, nous avons proposé un protocole d'ordonnancement de paquets distribués pour CRIoT. Notre proposition de protocole est appliquée à un contrôle de la circulation urbaine. Le système configuré dans cette partie se compose de trois blocs de construction principaux: le bloc d'appareils IoT,le premier bloc de couche de brouillard (unités routières (RSU)) et le deuxième bloc de couche de brouillard. Chaque groupe d'appareils IoT est connecté à une RSU, chaque groupe de RSU est connecté à un noeud de brouillard qui est en de tête du groupe. Les noeuds de brouillard sont connectés ensemble pour former un réseau maillé partiel
Internet of Things (IoT) presents a new life style by developing smart homes, smart grids, smart city, smart transportation, etc., so IoT is developing rapidly. However recent researches focus on developing the IoT applications disregarding the IoT spectrum scarcity problem facing it. Integrating Internet of Things (IoT) technology and Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs), forming Cognitive Radio Internet of Things (CRIoTs), is an economical solution for overcoming the IoT spectrum scarcity. The aim of this thesis is to solve the problem of spectrum sharing for CRIoT; the work in thesis is presented in three parts, each represents a contribution. Our first contribution is to propose two new protocols to solve the problem of channel status prediction for interweave CRNs. Both protocols use Hidden Markov Model (HMM). In the training stage of both protocols, the available data are trained to produce two HMM models, an idle HMM model and a busy one. Both models are used together to produce the 2-model HMM. In the prediction stage the first protocol uses Bayes theorem and the 2-model HMM, while the second protocol uses Support Vector Machine (SVM) employing the parameters produced from applying the 2-model HMM, named 2-model HMM-SVM. The 2-model HMM-SVM outperforms the classical HMM and 2-model HMM in terms of the true percentage, the inaccuracy and the probability of primary users’ collision (false negative prediction). In our second contribution, we proposed a centralized time slotted packet scheduling protocol for CRIoTs. It uses Discrete Permutation Particle Swarm Optimization (DP-PSO) for scheduling the IoT device packets among the free slots obtained from applying cognitive radio networks' channel estimation technique proposed in the first part. Our proposed protocol is applied to smart healthcare facility. Configuring three main building blocks for the used application architecture; the IoT devices block, the first layer fog nodes block and the central fog server. Each group of IoT devices is connected to a fog node, the entire fog nodes in the system are connected to the central fog node. The proposed protocol is named Scheduling based-on Discrete Permutation Particle Swarm Optimization (SDP-PSO). An objective fitness function is formulated with three parameters; maximizing the fairness index among fog nodes, minimizing the packets' queuing delay and minimizing the number of dropped packets that exceeded their allowed time in the network without being sent. The performance of the proposed SDP-PSO protocol overcomes an old protocol named spectrum auction in terms of the fairness between fog nodes, the average queuing delay, the number of dropped packets and the time and the space complexity. Finally, in the third contribution, we proposed a distributed packets' scheduling protocol for CRIoTs. Our proposed protocol can be applied to an urban traffic control. The configured system in this part consists of three main building blocks; the IoT devices block, the first fog layer block (Road Side Units (RSUs)) and the second fog layer block. Each group of IoT devices is connected to a RSU, each group of RSU are connected to a fog node which acts as their cluster head. The fog nodes are connected together forming a partial mesh network. The proposed distributed packets' scheduling protocol for CRIoTs is applying three distributed access strategies together with the SDP-PSO proposed in the second part to schedule the packets on the estimated free slots resulted from applying the protocol proposed in the first part. The used access strategies are the classical round robin, in addition to two proposed ones named; the vertex cover and the enhanced round robin. An objective fitness function near similar to that used in the centralized protocol, was applied but with some differences to make it suitable for distributed scheduling

The fall of the Eastern Block, the dissolution of former Yugoslavia and the subsequent enlargement of the European Union to include former socialist countries contributed to an increase in the movement of people from Eastern to Western Europe which began about a decade earlier. Among them, the Roma are probably the most clearly recognizable group and surely the ones that received, and keep receiving, more media attention. While their presence in the media as subjects of discussion is a topic worth analyzing, the present work is about their presence in a particular medium, the Internet, as actors and producers of content. As a population of Indian origin spread across Europe over the past five centuries, Roma have often been regarded as a diaspora. Ethnographic studies about diasporas and their usage of the Internet have often described diasporic websites as discoursive spaces in which new, hydrid identities are negotiated and stereotyping and marginalizing discourses about diasporic subjects are challenged. The role of languages in these websites, however, has often been neglected. On the other hand, sociolinguistic studies have highlighted how the Internet provides a space for vernacular language usage in which the relaxation of language norms and users’ creativity play a crucial role in overcoming the limitations in text transmission imposed by the medium. A partial bridge between these two trends of studies has been provided by the analysis of code-switching in diasporic websites, which has shown how meaningful language alternation is used to flag users’ hybrid identities. The study of the relationship between diasporic languages and identities on the Internet clearly appears to be in its infancy and only few case studies have looked at the interactions between each diaspora’s specific cultural and sociolinguistic settings and the usage of the Internet. Furthermore, many diasporas, including the Roma, speak unwritten languages which have not been or are just starting to be standardized. Processes of language standardization have always involved both identity and language policies and have often been pivotal in struggles for nationhood or minority rights recognition. While so far such processes tended to be mostly centralized and top-down, the Internet is offering a space for the spontaneous transition from orality to literacy. Thus, analyzing the interaction between diasporic, non-standardized languages and the identities of their speakers as manifested on the Internet can provide new insights into the relations between diasporic languages and identities and into language standardization processes. The present work investigates these issues by analyzing the on-line usage of Romani, the Indic language spoken by many Roma. The study draws on data collected through an online ethnography from Radio Romani Mahala, a website created and used by the recently dispersed community of the Mitrovica Roma. The data are analyzed both qualitatively, using discourse analytic methods, and quantitatively, using traditional sociolinguistic approaches. Combining such approaches allows drawing a nuanced picture of the phenomena under observation accounting both for micro level, individual patterns of usage and macro level trends shared by all users involved. Particular attention is also paid to the emerging Romani spelling and the role played by individual users in the establishment of shared writing norms. The interdisciplinarity of this approach will show how the interplay between diasporic identities and attitudes, non-standard language ideologies and the possibilities offered by the Internet is leading to effective language codification without the intervention of a central authority and outside the frame of any nation-state policy. Such findings call for a re-thinking of current notions on linguistic human rights. Based on the viability of the Romani model, I thus propose a theory of linguistic pluralism in trans-national contexts centred around the notion of cosmopolitan sociabilities, non-utilitarian, everyday interactions creating open and inclusive relations across and even despite perceived cultural divides.

La réduction de l’empreinte carbone de l’activité humaine est aujourd’hui un enjeu économique et écologique majeur. Les réseaux de communication ont un double rôle à jouer dans cette réduction. En premier lieu, les réseaux mobiles, et en particulier les stations de base, sont un gros consommateur d’électricité. Il est donc nécessaire d’optimiser leur fonctionnement pour réduire leur empreinte carbone. Ensuite, des réseaux de communication sont désormais nécessaires pour mieux gérer la production d’électricité et ainsi pouvoir augmenter la proportion d’électricité produite par des sources d’énergie renouvelables.Dans cette thèse, nous regardons ces deux aspects. Nous commençons par proposer une solution pour réduire la consommation d’énergie des réseaux mobiles. Pour cela, nous proposons des algorithmes pour optimiser l’allocation de puissance lorsque des mécanismes de mise en veille dynamique sont utilisés. Dans un second temps, nous proposons une solution pour améliorer le fonctionnement des réseaux d’objets connectés utilisés pour la gestion de l’électricité. Plus précisément, nous rendons plus fiables ces communications grâce à l’utilisation d’algorithmes de bandit multibras pour l’accès fréquentiel
The reduction of the carbon footprint of human activities is one of the current major economic and ecological challenges. Communication networks have a dual role in this reduction. On one hand, mobile networks, and in particular the base stations, are nowadays an important energy consumer. It is, thus, necessary to optimize their behavior in order to reduce their carbon footprint. On the other hand, some communication networks are necessary to better manage the electrical grid. Thanks to this better management, it is possible to improve the proportion of electricity produced by renewable energy sources.In this thesis, we look at both aspects. In a first step, we propose a solution to reduce the energy consumption of wireless mobile networks. For that purpose, we propose algorithms that optimize the power allocation when Cell Discontinuous Transmission is used by the base stations.In a second step, we propose a solution in order to improve the performance of Internet of Things networks used for the electrical grid. More precisely, we use multi-armed bandit algorithm for channel selection in IoT networks as a means of increasing the reliability of communications

When it comes to their Radio Access Network (RAN) infrastructure, no two Mobile Operators, serving remote service areas, are alike. Despite situations and technologies being diverse, a well designed optimized RAN solution must adapt itself to the existing networking technologies, both with regard to legacy core networks and modern telecommunication networks in order to produce the best network which is possible subject to many constraints. There is a misconception in technical circles that an optimized internet protocol (IP) enabled RAN architecture is more theoretical than practical. On the contrary, the aforesaid is highly dependent on the technology used. Packet optimized IP- GSM Radio Access Network (GRAN) architecture is proposed in this thesis, it uses Internet Protocol (IP) rather than proprietary protocols for communication between Base Transceiver Stations (BTS), Base Station Controllers (BSC), and the Network Switching Subsystem (NSS). This architecture must deliver carrier-grade mobility, scalability, and reliability; while being optimized for efficient roaming, routing and backhauling from remote service areas. In a geographic arena that spans across the globe, classical circuit-switched networks are not cost efficient due to their integrated call control (signaling) and switching architecture. A solution to this may be soft-switching which separates the call control (Media Gateway Controller (MGC)) and switching (Media Gateway (MG)) into separate nodes. This methodology would fundamentally change the way circuit-switched services, such as traditional voice telephony, are handled. For a service provider this enables a much more efficient network, because it allows optimized equipment location for voice termination into other carrier networks. Co-location of media gateways with satellite ground stations enables local termination to the public switched telephone network (PSTN), thus offloading a great deal of the traffic from the backhaul transmission network of the mobile operator. This thesis adopts soft-switching as part of the call routing processes. The thesis considers the problem of transporting voice and signaling from-to the remote service areas, efficient routing and backhaul to the location of most suitable operator’s point of presence. The thesis explores an alternative which uses a packet switched backbone (e.g. IP based) to transport the media as close (geographically) to the dialed party as possible before terminating it at the PSTN network, thus achieving optimal routing of voice and signaling. Considering the aforesaid, the thesis describes a detailed network architecture and an operational system prototype for maritime GSM network deployment, as a befitting and challenging example of remote service area.
När det gäller deras Radio access nät, finns det inte två Mobiloperatörer, som betjänar avlägsna områden, som är lika. Trots olika omständigheter och teknologier, ett väl designat optimerat RAN måste anpassa sig till den existerande nätverks teknologin, både med avseende på äldre befintlig teknologi och på moderna telekomnät, för att kunna skapa bästa möjliga nätverk givet många begränsningar. Det är en missuppfattning i tekniska kretsar att en optimerad IP anpassad RAN arkitektur är mer teoretisk än praktisk. Å andra sidan så är det ovan sagda väldigt beroende på vilken teknologi som har använts. En paket optimerad IP-GSM Radio Access Nätverks (IPGRAN) arkitektur är föreslagen i denna masters uppsats, den baseras på Internet Protokollet (IP) snarare än något egenutvecklat proprietärt protokol för komunikation mellan Basstation (BTS), Basstationscontroller (BSC), och nätets switchade subsystem (NSS). Denna arkitektur måste leverera carrier-grade (operatörs klassad) mobilitet, skalbarhet och tillgänglighet och samtidigt vara optimerat för effektiv roaming, routing och anslutning från avlägsna områden. På ett geografiskt område som sträcker sig runt hela jordklotet är inte klassiska kretskopplade nätverk kostnadseffektiva beroende på deras integrerade signallerings och samtals arkitektur. En bättre arkitektur kan vara en sk “softswitch” lösning som separerar samtalet i en (Media Gateway Controller (MGC)) och signaleringen (Media Gateway (MG)) i separata noder. Denna metod skulle på ett fundamentalt vis ändra det sätt på vilket traditionella kretskopplade tjänster som traditionell telefoni hanteras. För en tjänsteleverantör möjliggör detta ett mycket effektivare nätverk då det möjliggör optimerad utplacering av utrustning för terminering av rösttrafik in i andra operatörers nät. Samlokalisering av media gateways (MG:s) med jordstationer för satellitkommunikation möjliggör lokal anslutning till det allmänna telenätet (PSTN), vilket kraftigt minskar den trafik som behöver transporteras genom operatörens stomnät. Denna mastersuppsats behandlar “softswitching” som en del av metoden att växla och transportera samtalstrafik. Uppsatsen behandlar problemet med att skicka samtalstrafik och signalering från avlägsna områden, effektiv routing och transport av trafiken till den operatör som har den närmaste(alt. mest optimala) anslutningspunkten. Uppsatsen undersöker ett alternativ som använder ett paketförmedlat (IP baserat) transportsätt för att transportera trafiken geografiskt sett så nära den uppringda parten som möjligt innan den termineras i det allmänna telenätet (PSTN) varvid man uppnår optimal växling (alt. routing) av rösttrafik och signalering. I beaktande av ovanstående beskriver uppsatsen en detaljerad nätverksarkitektur och en funktionsduglig systemprototyp för ett maritimt GSM nät som ett utmanande exempel på ett avlägset beläget nät.

This report examines the development of the media economy over the past thirty-five years. Since beginning this project a decade ago, we have focused on analyzing a comprehensive as possible selection of the biggest telecoms, Internet and media industries (based on revenue) in Canada, including: mobile wireless and wireline telecoms; Internet access; cable, satellite & IPTV; broadcast television, specialty and pay television services as well as Internet-based video subscription and download services; radio; newspapers; magazines; music; Internet advertising; social media; operating systems; browsers, etc.

This Coastal and Hydraulic Engineering Technical Note (CHETN) details an evaluation of three Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)/Global Positioning System (GPS) real-time correction methods capable of providing centimeter-level positioning. Internet and satellite-delivered correction systems, Real Time Network (RTN) and Real Time eXtended (RTX), respectively, are compared to a traditional ground-based two-way radio transmission correction system, generally referred to as Local RTK, or simply RTK. Results from this study will provide prospective users background information on each of these positioning systems and comparisons of their respective accuracies during in field operations.

In this Insight Note, we report results of a phone survey that the RISE Tanzania Research team conducted with 2,240 parents (or alternate primary care-givers) of primary school children following the school closures in Tanzania. After the first case of COVID-19 was confirmed in Tanzania on 16 March 2020, the government ordered all primary schools closed the following day. Schools remained closed until 29 June 2020. Policymakers and other education stakeholders were concerned that the closures would lead to significant learning loss if children did not receive educational support or engagement at home. To help stem learning loss, the government promoted radio, TV, and internet-based learning content to parents of school-age children. The primary aims of the survey were to understand how children and families responded to the school closures, the education related activities they engaged in, and their strategies to send children back to school. The survey also measures households’ engagement with remote learning content over the period of school closures. We supplement the findings of the parent survey with insights from interviews with Ward Education Officers about their activities during the school closures. The survey sample is comprised of primary care-givers (in most cases, parents) of students enrolled in Grades 3 and 4 during the 2020 school year. The survey builds on an existing panel of students assessed in 2019 and 2020 in a nationally representative sample of schools.4 The parent surveys were conducted using Computer Assisted Telephonic Interviewing (CATI) over a two-week period in early September 2020, roughly two months after the re-opening of primary schools. We report the following key findings from this survey: *Almost all (more than 99 percent) of children in our sample were back in school two months after schools re-opened. The vast majority of parents believed it was either safe or extremely safe for their children to return to school. *Only 6 percent of households reported that their children listened to radio lessons during the school closures; and a similar fraction (5.5 percent) tuned into TV lessons over the same period. Less than 1 percent of those surveyed accessed educational programmes on the internet. Households with access to radio or TV reported higher usage. *Approximately 1 in 3 (36 percent) children worked on the family farm during the closures, with most children working either 2 or 3 days a week. Male children were 6.2 percentage points likelier to work on the family farm than female children. *Households have limited access to education materials for their child. While more than 9 out of 10 households have an exercise book, far fewer had access to textbooks (35 percent) or own reading books (31 percent). *One in four parents (24 percent) read a book to their child in the last week.

This paper studies the effect of internal conflict on local fiscal capacity using evidence from Colombia’s political conflict in the mid-20th century, better known as La Violencia. Following a difference-in-differences strategy, I find that internal conflict has negative long-term consequences in local fiscal capacity. More precisely, municipalities affected by La Violencia experienced an average reduction of 10.3% in their tax revenue and a fall of 2.8 percentage points on their ratio of taxes to total revenue. Effects lasted for more than a decade and are only partially explained by a population and economic activity downturn. These results are consistent with previous evidence indicating a negative effect of violence on tax collection efficiency at the local level.

Using digital traces to investigate demographic behaviours, I leverage in this paper aggregated web search data to develop a Future Orientation Index for 200 countries and territories across the world. This index is expressed as the ratio of Google search volumes for ‘next year’ (e.g., 2021) to search volumes for ‘current year’ (e.g., 2020), adjusted for country-level internet penetration rates. I show that countries with lower levels of future orientation also have higher levels of fertility. Fertility rates decrease quickly as future orientation levels increase; but at the highest levels of future orientation, this correlation flattens out. Theoretically, I reconstruct the role that varying degrees of future orientation might play in fertility decisions by incorporating advances in behavioural economics into a traditional quantity-quality framework à la Becker.